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Prepared by:

Syed Wajahat Ali&

 Imaduddin Siddiqui

Study Guide for the

Training Session 

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Note from the IUMUN Secretariat:

This study guide has been specially compiled for the training sessions for delegates. It

hopes to accomplish its goal of educating delegates about the topic at the same time

opening doors for further research about the topic. The aim of the study guide is not to

restrict delegates to the information and facts that has been presented in the guide but

rather to help them and to give them a direction so that they may understand what sort

of topics they should become accustomed to and research upon.

To further aid the delegates, there are certain important links mentioned at the end of 

the study guide to further help the delegates in extensive research so as to make the

discussion more comprehensive and detailed in order to solve the problems that have

been mentioned in the guide.

 Syed Wajahat Ali Manager Delegate Training

IUMUN ’  11

Imaduddin Siddiqui 

Officer Delegate Training

IUMUN ’  11 

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TOPIC: Restructuring, Rejuvenating and Revitalizing

Afghanistan:

Background of Afghanistan’s current position:

After more than two decades of conflict, a new opportunity emerged for the peaceful

development of Afghanistan when the Taliban regime fell in late 2001 and a political

agreement was reached between the various Afghan factions in Bonn in December of the

same year. The years of fighting had started with the former Soviet Union‟s intervention in

Afghanistan in December 1979 to support the communist regime that had taken power in a

military coup in the previous year. The following 10 years saw fierce fighting, until the Soviet

forces withdrew in 1989. In 1992, the Mujahedin took over Kabul and installed a new

government. However, much of the country remained under the control of local warlords and

it was in response to the growing lawlessness and increased factional fighting that the Taliban

movement emerged. The Taliban

took over Kabul in 1996, following heavy fighting between the various factions that left much

of the city destroyed, and eventually controlled almost 90 percent of the country however it is

to note that the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1267 back in 1999

creating the so-called al-Qaeda and Taliban Sanctions Committee, which links the two groups

as terrorist entities and imposes sanctions on their funding, travel, and arms shipments but

even the U.N at this time would not have comprehended such an ambitious plan by Al-Qaeda

and the Taliban in the upcoming years as it so happened.

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 On September 11th 2001, United

States is shacked to its very

foundation when 2 airliners

deliberately crashes into the twin

towers of World Trade center in

Manhattan, NY, thereby initiating

a chain of events that eventually

resulted in U.S along with its

allies to ground their troops in

Afghanistan in hope to capture

Osama Bin Laden who according

to the CIA is the architect of the

tragic event in 2001. The firststage of infiltration began in

October 7th 2001 when U.S.

military, with British support,

begins a bombing campaign

against Taliban forces, officially launching Operation Enduring Freedom. Canada, Australia,

Germany, and France pledge future support. The war's early phase mainly involves U.S. air

strikes on al-Qaeda and Taliban forces that are assisted by a partnership of about one

thousand U.S. special forces, the Northern Alliance, and ethnic Pashtun anti-Taliban forces.

The first wave of conventional ground forces arrives twelve days later. Most of the ground

combat is between the Taliban and its Afghan opponents. This triggers the retreat of the

Talibans and Al Qaeda into their strongholds into the mountains. The Taliban regime unravels

rapidly after its loss at Mazar-e-Sharif on November 9, 2001, to forces loyal to Abdul Rashid

Dostum, an ethnic Uzbek military leader. Over the next week Taliban strongholds crumble

after coalition and Northern Alliance offensives on Taloqan (11/11), Bamiyan (11/11), Herat

(11/12), Kabul (11/13), and Jalalabad (11/14). On November 14, 2001, the UN Security

Council passes Resolution 1378, calling for a "central role" for the United Nations in

establishing a transitional administration and inviting member states to send peacekeeping

forces to promote stability and aid delivery.

After the fall of Kabul in November 2001, the United Nations invites major Afghan factions,

most prominently the Northern Alliance and a group led by the former king (but not the

Taliban), to a conference in Bonn, Germany. On December 5, 2001, the factions sign the

Bonn Agreement, endorsed by UN Security Council Resolution 1383. The agreement,

reportedly reached with substantial Iranian diplomatic help because of Iran's support for the

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 Northern Alliance faction, installs Hamid Karzai as interim administration head, and creates

an international peacekeeping force to maintain security in Kabul. The Bonn Agreement is

followed by UN Security Council Resolution 1386 on December 20, which establishes the

International Security Assistance Force, or ISAF.

In June 2002, Hamid Karzai, chairman of Afghanistan's interim administration since

December 2001, is picked to head the country's transitional government. His selection comes

during an emergency loya jirga assembled in Kabul, attended by 1,550 delegates (including

about 200 women) from Afghanistan's 364 districts. Karzai, leader of the powerful Popalzai

tribe of Durrani Pashtuns, returned to Afghanistan from Pakistan after the 9/11 attacks to

organize Pashtun resistance to the Taliban. Some observers allege Karzai tolerates corruption

by members of his clan and his government. The Northern Alliance, dominated by ethnic

Tajiks, fails in its effort to set up a prime ministership, but does succeed in checking

presidential powers by assigning major authorities to the elected parliament, such as thepower to veto senior official nominees and to impeach a president and he makes his

presidency worth it when in June 2004 an assembly of 502 Afghan delegates agrees on a

constitution for Afghanistan, creating a strong presidential system intended to unite the

country's various ethnic groups. The act is seen as a positive step toward democracy and

better governance however much work is to be done in a country which has a economy in

turmoil and no social security whatsoever at the same time with heavy amount of foreign

troops on its land amidst fierce fighting.

(does not include the additional 30000 troops that President Obama recently sent)

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1.  Establishing a reconstruction Model :

The U.S. military creates a civil affairs framework to coordinate redevelopment with UN and

nongovernmental organizations and to expand the authority of the Kabul government. These

so-called provincial reconstruction teams, or PRTs, are stood up first in Gardez in November,followed by Bamiyan, Kunduz, Mazar-e-Sharif, Kandahar, and Herat. Command for

individual PRTs is eventually handed over to NATO states. While credited with improving

security for aid agencies, the model is not universally praised. Concern mounts that the PRT

system lacks central controlling authority, is disorganized, and creates what a U.S. Institute of 

Peace report calls "an ad hoc approach" to security and development. Such criticism grows

beyond the PRT program and becomes a common theme in the NATO war effort, as a maze

of “national caveats” restricts the activities of member forces. Critics contend this limits the

coalition's effectiveness.

2.  Enduring US-Afghan Relations and Commitment :

Afghan President Hamid Karzai and President George W. Bush issue a joint declaration that

pronounces their respective countries strategic partners. The declaration gives U.S. forces

access to Afghan military facilities to prosecute "the war against international terror and the

struggle against violent extremism." The alliance's goal, the agreement says, is to "strengthen

U.S.-Afghan ties and help ensure Afghanistan's long-term security, democracy, and

prosperity." Moreover, the agreement calls for Washington to "help organize, train, equip, and

sustain Afghan security forces as Afghanistan develops the capacity to undertake this

responsibility," and to continue to rebuild the country's economy and political democracy.

3.  Democracy and Afghanistan:

More than six million Afghans

turn out to vote for the Wolesi

Jirga (Council of People), the

Meshrano Jirga (Council of 

Elders), and local councils.

Considered the most democratic

elections ever in Afghanistan,

nearly half those casting ballots

are women, viewed as a sign of 

political progress in a highly

patriarchal and conservative

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 society. Sixty-eight out of 249 seats are set aside for female members of Afghanistan's lower

house of parliament and 23 out of 102 are reserved in the upper house.

4.  United Nations Mission In Afghanistan:

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) was established on 28

March, 2002 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1401.Its original mandate

was to support the Bonn Agreement (December 2001) reviewed annually, this mandate

has been altered over time to reflect the needs of the country and was recently extended

until 23 March 2012 by Resolution 1974.UNAMA‟s mandate currently has the following

elements: providing political and strategic advice for the peace process; providing good

offices; helping the government to implement the Afghanistan Compact. The Afghanistan

National Development Strategy and the National Drugs Control Strategy; promoting

human rights; providing technical assistance; and continuing to manage and coordinate all

UN-led humanitarian relief, recovery, reconstruction and development activates in

Afghanistan. These were endorsed by the UN Security Council in resolution 1662.

5.  United Nation Agencies in Afghanistan

  UNDP (United Nations Development Program)

  UNAMA (United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan)

  UNCC (United Nations Compensation Commission)

  UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification)

  UN-HABITAT (United Nations Centre for Human Settlements)

  UNCSD (United Nations Common Supplier Database)

  UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)

  UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

  UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)

  UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)

  UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund for Afghanistan)

  UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees)

  UNICEF (United Nations Children‟s Fund) 

  UN ICT TF (United Nations Information and Communication Technologies

Taskorce)

  UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)

  UNIFEM (United Nations Development Fund for Women)

  UNJLC (United Nations Joint Logistics Center)

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   UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime)

  UNOPS (UN Office for Project Services) 

6.  United Nations Security Council Resolutions concerning Afghanistan:

  Resolution 8 (1946) of 29 August - admission as Member of United Nations.

  Resolution 622 (1988) of 31 October - authorizes UNGOMAP deployment.  Resolution 647 (1990) of 11 January - extends UNGOMAP for a final two months.

  Resolution 1076 (1996) of 22 October - calls for an end to hostilities, outsideinterference and supply of arms to the parties to the conflict; denouncesdiscrimination against women and girls in Afghanistan.

  Resolution 1193 (1998) of 28 August - demands an end to hostilities and aninvestigation into the killing of two UN staff members and the military adviser to theUN Special Mission to Afghanistan.

  Resolution 1214 (1998) of 8 December - repeats demands of resolution 1193 andreaffirms support for the United Nations Special Mission to Afghanistan.

  Resolution 1267 (1999) of 15 October - demands the Taliban turn over Usama bin

Laden, forbids aircraft to take-of or land in Taliban-controlled territory withoutapproval and freezes assets of the Taliban.

  Resolution 1333 (2000) of 19 December - repeats demand that the Taliban turn overbin Laden and imposes further measures on their territory pending concurrence withthe demand.

  Resolution 1363 (2001) of 30 July - establishes a monitoring mechanism for themeasures imposed under the previous two resolutions.

  Resolution 1386 (2001) of 20 December - authorizes the deployment for six monthsof an International Security Force For Afghanistan.

7.  Obama’s Afghan Surge 

On December 1st

2009, nine months after renewing the U.S. commitment to the Afghan wareffort, President Obama announces a major escalation of the U.S. mission. In a nationally

televised speech, the president commits an additional thirty thousand forces to the fight, on

top of the sixty-eight thousand in place. These forces, Obama says, "will increase our ability

to train competent Afghan Security Forces, and to partner with them so that more Afghans

can get into the fight. And they will help create the conditions for the United States to transfer

responsibility to the Afghans." For the first time in the eight-year war effort, a time frame is

put on the U.S. military presence, as Obama sets July 2011 as the start of a troop drawdown.

But the president does not detail how long a drawdown will take. Obama says U.S. national

interests are linked to success in the Afghan war effort, and argues that this temporary surge

will force Afghan political and military institutions to assume responsibility for their own

affairs.

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8.  Drugs Trafficking and production:

Afghanistan is, as of March, 2010, the greatest illicit opium producer in the world. Opium

production in Afghanistan has been on the rise since U.S. occupation started in 2001. Based

on UNODC data, there has been more opium poppy cultivation in each of the past fourgrowing seasons (2004 – 2007) than in any one year during Taliban rule. Also, more land is

now used for opium in Afghanistan than for coca cultivation in Latin America. In 2007, 92%

of the opiates on the world market originated in Afghanistan. This amounts to an export value

of about $64 billion, with a quarter being earned by opium farmers and the rest going to

district officials, insurgents, warlords and drug traffickers. In the seven years (1994 – 2000)

prior to a Taliban opium ban, the Afghan farmers' share of gross income from opium was

divided among 200,000 families.In addition to opiates, Afghanistan is also the largest

producer of hashish in the world.

Afghanistan‟s role as the world‟s largest opium producer is well documented. Until recently,

the majority of Afghan opium production had taken place in Taliban controlled territory.

According to the US Department of State‟s International Narcotics Control Strategy Report,

  March 2001 (INCSR), Afghanistan remained the world‟s major  producer of opium poppy

despite a protracted drought, and ongoing civil war. The report also noted that “the Taliban,

which controls 96 percent of the territory where poppy is grown, promoted poppy cultivation

to finance weapons purchases as well as military operations.

In 2000, the Taliban had issued a ban on opium production, which led to reductions in

Pashtun Mafia opium production by as much as 90%. Soon after the 2001 U.S. led invasion

of Afghanistan, however, opium production increased markedly. By 2005, Afghanistan

had regained its position as the world‟s #1 opium producer and was producing 90% of the

world‟s opium, most of which is processed into heroin and sold in Europe and Russia. Afghan

opium kills 100,000 people every year worldwide. While U.S. and allied efforts to combat the

drug trade have been stepped up, the effort is hampered by the fact that many suspected drug

traffickers are now top officials in the Karzai government. In fact, recent estimates by the

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimate that 52% of the nation's GDP,

amounting to $2.7 billion annually, is generated by the drug trade. The rise in production has

been linked to the deteriorating security situation, as production is markedly lower in areas

with stable security. The poppy eradication policy propagated by the international community

and in particular the United States, as part of their War on Drugs, has been a failure,

exacerbated by the lack of alternative development projects to replace livelihoods lost as a

result of poppy eradication. Rather than stemming poppy cultivation, poppy eradication has

succeeded only in adding to the extreme poverty in rural areas and general discontent,

especially in the south of Afghanistan. The extermination of the poppy crops is not seen as a

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 viable option because the sale of poppies constitutes the livelihood of Afghanistan's rural

farmers. Some 3.3 million Afghans are involved in producing opium. Opium is more

profitable than wheat and destroying opium fields could possibly lead to discontent or unrest

among the indigent population. Several alternatives to poppy eradication have been proposed,

including controlled opium licensing for poppy for medicine projects.

According to EU agencies, Afghanistan has been Europe‟s main heroin supplier for more than

10 years. Heroin enters Europe primarily by two major land routes: the long-standing „Balkan

route‟ through Turkey; and, since the mid-1990s, the „northern route‟, which leaves northern

Afghanistan through Central Asia and on to Russia (and is sometimes colloquially referred to

as the „silk route‟). Estimated number of problem opioids users in EU: 1.5 million (1.3– 1.7

million), average prevalence between 4 and 5 cases per 1,000 adult population (aged 15 – 64).

In 2005 there were around 7,000 acute drug deaths, with opioids being found in around 70 %

of them. There was a minimum of 49,000 seizures resulting in the interception of an estimated19.4 tonnes of heroin. Countries reporting the largest number of seizures included UK, Spain,

Germany, Greece, France. Countries reporting the largest quantities of heroin seized in 2005

are Turkey, UK, Italy, France, the Netherlands.

9.  Human Rights situation in Afghanistan:

In the review of 2009 by the Afghan-international Joint Co-ordination Monitoring Board

(JCMB) acknowledged that progress in the area of human rights has been slow. There was

and remains till this day insufficient civilian oversight of government security forces, law

enforcement agencies, most notably the National Directorate of Security (NDS),

Afghanistan's intelligence agency. Afghan people lack confidence in the formal justice

institutions. Cooperation between the Ministry of Justice and the Afghan Independent Human

Rights Commission slows down the implementation and mainstreaming of human rights.

Seventeen people were executed in 2008 and at least 111 others remain on death row.

Afghanistan has voted against a UN General Assembly resolution calling for a worldwide

moratorium on executions. Civilian casualties have risen since 2001 with 2008 the bloodiest

year yet. Most of these deaths were at the hands of insurgents but in that same year 40 per

cent of the casualties were due to operations by Afghan and international security forces. The

US military has since taken serious steps to make sure civilians don't sustain collateral

damage by dramatically reducing both air strikes and nighttime raids. Women increasingly

have participated in politics and public life but continue to suffer from high rates of domestic

violence with little recourse to legal protection. The controversy surrounding President

Karzai's signing of a Shia Law restricting the rights of Shia women caused a major world-

wide blow forcing president Karzai to review it. While access to education for girls and

women have improved considerably since the Taliban were ousted, girls in rural areas

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 continue to face intimidation, harassment, threats and attacks on them and their schools. Since

2002 Afghanistan has enjoyed a vibrant resurgence of press freedom but during the past three

years unsettling reports have started coming in including the killing of Zakia Zaki, the female

owner of a private radio station and the stabbing of another female journalist Nilofar Habibi

who survived the attempt.

10. Poverty :

The United Nations human rights office is urging that Afghanistan‟s poor be at the centre of 

decision-making processes that affect their lives, after a new report found that rights abuses

are exacerbating poverty in the country.

“Poverty actually kills more Afghans than those who die as a direct result of the armed

conflict,” Norah Niland, Representative of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in

Afghanistan, told reporters in Kabul today.

“Poverty is neither accidental, nor inevitable; it is both a cause and a consequence of a

massive human rights deficit,” she added.

“The deficit includes widespread impunity and inadequate investment in, and attention to,

human rights. Patronage, corruption, impunity and over-emphasis on short-term goals rather

than targeted long-term development are exacerbating a situation of dire poverty that is the

condition of an overwhelming majority of Afghans.”

According to the report published by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

(OHCHR), some 9 million Afghans  – 36 per cent of the population  – are believed to live in

absolute poverty and a further 37 per cent live only slightly above the poverty line, despite an

estimated injection of some $35 billion during the period 2002-2009.

Afghanistan has the second highest maternal mortality rate in the world and the third highest

rate of child mortality. Only 23 per cent of the population have access to safe drinking water,

and only 24 per cent of Afghans above the age of 15 can read and write, with much lower

literacy rates among women and nomadic populations.

The report called on the Afghan Government and its international partners to strengthen

development policy and to implement strategies that adopt a human rights-based approach to

poverty reduction efforts.

“Such an approach will help ensure that the specific needs and conditions of the poor are

addressed and with their full participation,” said Ms. Niland. “When emphasizing the

importance of participation, the basic message is that the poor must become the architects of 

their own future.”

The report, which drew on a survey carried out among some of the poorest communities in 14

provinces, as well a separate series of interviews of experts at the local and national level,

also noted that more of the development money spent in Afghanistan must be geared to

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 achieving the priorities set by the Government in its fight against poverty. “Security

objectives must not sideline the urgent need to ramp up poverty reduction efforts,” Ms.

Niland stated.

An effective approach to reducing poverty, concluded the report, must be holistic and the

effort to restore security should be accompanied by measures to tackle abusive power

structures, as well as to create opportunities for the poor to make free and well-informed

contributions to decisions that affect their lives.

11. Human casualities in Afghanistan:

Civilian casualties in Afghanistan have increased, according to the latest statistics from the

United Nations creating the highest total since 2006 for civilian deaths - the continued annual

rises has seen over 8,000 killed in the past four years.

The Taliban and other anti-government elements have been blamed for 2,080 civilians who

were killed in Afghanistan last year - a sharp rise of 28% on 2009. This accounted for 75% of 

all deaths whereas pro-government forces totalled 440 civilian killings.

Suicide bombings and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have killed the most Afghan

civilians according to the UN, with 1141 losing their life as a result. In what the United

Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan name the most 'alarming trend' is the 462 civilians

that were assassinated by anti-government elements - up a huge 105% from 2009. Southern

Afghanistan witnessed half of these with Helmand province and Kandahar province proving

the most dangerous.

Aerial attacks by pro-government forces continued to cost lives in 2010 also and were

attributed to 39% of all civilian deaths by pro-government forces.

Year Anti Gov

Forces

Pro Gov Forces Others Total

2006 699 230 -- 929

2007 700 629 194 1523

2008 1160 828 130 2118

2009 1630 596 186 2412

2010 2080 440 257 2777

Total 2007-10 6269 2723 767 9759

12. United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) was established on 28

March, 2002 by UN Security Council resolution 1401. Its original mandate was to support the

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 Bonn Agreement (December 2001); reviewed annually, this mandate has been altered over

time to reflect the needs of the country and was recently extended until 23 March 2010 by

resolution 1746. UNAMA‟s mandate currently has the following elements: providing political

and strategic advice for the peace process; providing good offices; helping the government to

implement the Afghanistan Compact. The Afghanistan National Development Strategy and

the National Drugs Control Strategy; promoting human rights; providing technical assistance;

and continuing to manage and coordinate all UN-led humanitarian relief, recovery,

reconstruction and development activates in Afghanistan . These were endorsed by the UN

Security Council in resolution 1662.

Problems for Consideration:

In the words of the U.S ambassador to the UN, “we are now in stage 2 of our plan in

 Afghanistan that is rebuilding it not only in terms of material infrastructure but rebuilding

its institutions, education sector, economy and most of all, the lives of Afghans who have

 suffered so much through out their fragile history.”  

The debate is expected to highlight the following topics.

  Dealing with the problem of Al Qaida and Taliban and to undermine their efforts of 

destabilization of the region.

  The role of the UN peace keeping force and other missions of the UN in the region.

  The issues relating to cross border drugs, arms and human trafficking and how to stop

them.

  To rebuild, in the wake of decades of instability and power-struggles a prosperous

Afghanistan under capable leadership, most of which fled the country under threat of 

the Soviet presence; To strengthen the commitment of existing International donor

agencies, UN member allies and NGOs to effectively combat the present state of 

instability and warlordism and to enlist further help and cooperation from members of 

the committee. To also discuss the various mechanisms of support and directed

efforts in combating the existing problems that challenge the nation‟s stability and

sovereignty.

  Formulation of strong macroeconomic and microeconomic solutions for economic

stability.

  Role of NGO‟s and other non governmental organization in the region.

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Strategic Direction:

Strategic Direction: To help member states understand their responsibility to commit to

the cause of eradication of the Taliban, a threat to international and global peace. To

understand how they manage to thrive, and which weaknesses they exploit to do so.

Important Links:

  http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/aug/10/afghanistan-civilian-casualties-

statistics 

  http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34239&Cr=afghan&Cr1 

  http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34239&Cr=afghan&Cr1 

  http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6210.pdf  

  http://www.cfr.org/afghanistan/us-war-afghanistan/p20018 

  http://www.globalpolicy.org 

  http://unama.unmissions.org/default.aspx?/