IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

BEYOND ENFORCEMENT:Communities, governance,

incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime

Illegal Wildlife Trade and local development -

what are the links?

February 2015, Glenburn Lodge, Muldersdrift, South Africa

Caroline Petersen, UNDP

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

SECURITY

ENVIRONMENT

….and DEVELOPMENT

Illegal wildlife trade is an issue for….

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

Helping countries achieve thesimultaneous eradication ofpoverty and significant reductionof inequalities and exclusion

UNDP Strategic Plan 2014-2017

Helen Clark UNDP Administrator

2014

“It is now widely recognized that to save iconic wildlife, we need not only stronger institutions and law enforcement, but also a full assault on poverty, the creation of economic opportunity, and the full involvement of communities in decision-making.”

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

Contribution of wildlife-based tourism to national economies

• Jobs, foreign exchange, concession revenue

• Estimated 30% of international tourism in 2013 - $0.42 trillion

• Multiplier effect of tourism expenditure

e.g. African park with operating costs of $2 million p.a. $20 million on tourism expenditure in and around park PLUS $20 million “downstream”

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

Value of community co-management & CBNRM

• Ownership / management of indigenous and community conserved areas

• Income from ecotourism, ownership of or benefit sharing from enterprises

• Livelihood support, extension for sustainable farming, access to markets

• New governance arrangements that reduce inequality and empower women

• Changes to land tenure, defining and enhancing access and use rights

• Improvement of nutritional status

• Reduced human-wildlife conflict

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

UNDP’s three-pronged approach

1. Expanding economic opportunities and livelihood options

2. Strengthening governance and law enforcement

3. Raising awareness of problem among all stakeholders

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

• Co-benefits from sustainable use e.g. trophy hunting

• Addressing human-wildlife conflict

• Promoting alternatives to bushmeat

• Support to ecotourism and “alternative” livelihoods

Also involvement of communities in enforcement ..

• Training of community eco-rangers

• Community intelligence networks

Expanding economic opportunities and livelihood options

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

• National and global projects funded by Global Environment Facility

• UNDP-managed GEF Small Grants Programme

• Recognition of excellence through Equator Prize

Promoting alternatives to unsustainable bushmeat hunting in Cameroon:

Community Wildlife Management in the Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve

Helping countries access finance

Reducing human wildlife conflict in Nepal: Western Terai Landscape Project

Aaron Kah

IUCN Symposium: Beyond Enforcement, February 2015, South Africa

Some assumptions which may not always be valid..

1. Neighbouring communities benefit substantially from wildlife tourism

2. “Alternative” livelihood options prevent illegal livelihoods

3. Benefits are equitably shared

4. Subsistence poaching vs syndicates

5. Communities perceive gain from participation in intelligence networks

6. Reducing HWC reduces poaching