i I I

I ]

ITTO PROJECT PD. 179/91

INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION AND IMPROVED MARKETING OF SOME GHANAIAN

LESSER-USED TIMBER SPECIES FROM SUSTAINABLY MANAGED FORESTS

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW

By

Ayarkwa, ,].

Agbozo, J.

Mohammed, A.I.

Ampong, F,F.K.

Forestry Research Institute of Ghana

Kumas i, Ghana

JULY, 199.3

r 'I , 1

I I

11.' i

i

i

l I' 1I

I .,

i I !

11

Thi~:: comprC,hc.'ilf:,::i,Ve' li ll,'i.f:: llC)OIl C;,'fIT"ied (Jut ,'i.I:,: [li:UI uf I he l'rrO PD 1'71)/91, "lndtu:;tx:i.al Ut:i.1 :i'z::.:d~jon clnd Iwpruved IVjdyketinQ Of ::~(JjjJe

']'j,mbet' jt,;;,,: FtYllH :3U'3t.~I,j,lklJJly IVIanLlCjE'd I"o(t'!:::I~:3" \'Jllictl ic:: at U 1<3 Fur<3str y I\'(:);=:;edJc:jl In3Utute of C:;h,:lllC! U;i)J~IC). Th,:?

pt'(.lkx:t Ild:~; ,'(:::> :i.I::: ultj.JlIai.e goal th.~-c H!dxk(d~:jn~J of prclduci:::::h:",!(\ Je:'::::;:n:'u:',('Oci ;"'1)(:'(; j t:':::: (Ll J;";) to fl!(:I('>L tl le dl::ev<;:; 1 E{»)[jl;:;nt nE:'E!ck; ()f Ghc'J.na i an :30e j whi 1 (:' . .'\ 1 f::';CJ

':IU:.'Jinjrl~J I:}''J(" i"l)Yf:lf3t env:irornTll3ntal neeckc: (:'JlIbocLied in ITTO'e t.',y ;;~OOO. Till! I;:::; gel\l::,n~d JV<2::::: ,~\r{~' the:, ;::;()CC<,,;3:3ful pr<')iIlULic'[j wlCl lW'lrketjJIQ of

lllgher \/i:I[UI3'i'\cldIX] t,linbet'· pnxlucL:::; vvhen·, the Iv(}(:iil ;)OUlce~=)

Pt:: onc[ tlF':! lkll"ve:3t uf t.he b'ees hw:::: d IJo:3jtive <)n v/ :su;3i~ di nei], I y m,':U1i:lQ{::d :i c,'?:::: ,

'The ::::elecjjon of' the of the JdLest

f3PE)C:i ef3 f()y'

Ghan,:'\ F'oyest tilt'.' dh:IVI?

InVt-Tltoxy pru jnc I: \vd<3 ('k)lJe Itrll:!:,:lr Ux'

ReLIC!Y t und h'l;'.:UCl. on 'cl 1':"

fol }cJlvi.llQ ('011::3

Cl) r.hc'ti~ t.he cU:3t::cLbut:iI,)1l <:tt IJ)e spe<:::il,)f3 (l('CIIY:::: in Uu) Pl.o(luci.jun \'Iorldng C)iC 1 (~ i {;;~. fY'oln (~u~ t~:(:l2) vlh{.:\r(~~ ()n(=-~ of Lhe rnClna~Jel!J.ellL l j ve;":~ J.~:3

:::ll~;IDin::d.ll I~ ilOJxll pt'ciCllJ.cL:ion:

(:2) (JC'C:Ul Y<:!rJce :i lJ fUli:O,;c::i: ;:;hCl\l1 db,'! (';C1LW I to (11 llf(11 e Ll Jelll :J() ty(~e:3 {II;;II'

;';qLkln) kj lomut('c'),

<:;0:;3 W!Kli':::e 1ft,~clVI n i Ci:'ll j {":": :ifKh C.~d L<:I :~:()ml.':' H[)f)ci r i C' f?l1<l w::\~

:ii~th3 widell cCluld 1l1Cl){':,: Lh'c~ln :3ub::::t:i tutcibl':e for (~eJt,=t:i.ll dwincl1inI,J :3pec.loc:: dlli! I'll! idl ,'lye lik<:; ty to

\\101'1 Cl lildl'h""l' ..

HI.1.CCI::;;:";:3 tu 11 y on t!H"!

TIi.(:' lil(')ratw'(' ,'ljVl(?V{ c\)\/<'::'n:(l 'i.lll:hc: 14 vlh:ich had been fx:,leci:ed .lur the TJ)(c: l<.::view Wd:"'; ulIdm'i:,Lclken on the cli c::ty:i but ion, phy:':::ic'=J], tn,·::dklllic,'tl ('[(xl WO((t"'i('rkin<.,r Pt' :ie.f3, IlI:jl:l:;~dti{)tl {)tc, etc,. to t.Lnd out, the VI'] tUlle e,f :infonncd~:iun aVD.:i l.eib}!? un the propt:wl: j'('cr?: i:l.ncl the exl,ent (1:[:

uli 1 i Lion '.If the :3(:dected ,c:pec:ic:::::,

It. If:; ()lj ] (Jconi, th<=(i: UlKI of 1:1'1<:" j.lnpoyi:,omt J:,:1Ctc'l::: Y02;LljclJng the of lUlfLLet' arK] wc)Oll .prc.,duct:3 in 01111'1]').=1 to C) rel':ltj,lfoly lilnil:;'9cl 11Ilrnh,t of <:,,:;:::tDhl:i;'=:)(::d :3pecief:: j;3 th<i') lCl(~k of Y'f'Jt:iclily b\J,':dlable m,"jrk<,3t

on te,chntc"il ini'OrIn,"lt j".I!1 IKJ tlv' Pl'I.lf)f?l'U.eu dIid clI)pr()pt'i ,:(tt" Lmd-u:::::c,:c; hit'

rn'I;:';! (!t 1:)1':" 1(':':3SI31"~'U:'k'd ;:;[JeC:Hc:;:3. Th,C:J L 'I"vel (If utj J izatj(:>n of thu :,::pccle~:, 'rli 11 not. onll:3eI'v'~: {'lE:: ~Jujde (llJx~in9 the lct (k,ve'j nf

but w:ill dJuo ;:::1'1(l\,,' v})l:ich CIf t.ho :;3(':llected j 1 ['z;ed bol:h 1.11(:'1.11)1 ,'tnd abn)(I(i,

lnforn"'l.i:icJn ()hl~a,inecl from the rev:i HVl J Ibb hoon ]JY e::c:eJ JI,,:!cj :lll in]

i'OYWdt USHICI the :::::i:1iClG (lYe/re!:t" (If 0/ ::::[11::',::[<:::::: <)~3 UI th,) ducument.

L(r-]'<c,{!d

pf'CtiecL

I r ',' , I

I

I )

I

I I

1

. ~

;iTANUJ'IWl ~1l'tiVfE/mA[lF: NM!fI~:,; ALB I Z I A

C(lluur

)(1(1

(311'1 In

1'"1,

(Nigel}d) ,

('I'd Y 1 or, J, C)60). D:,)(' j !lunul::: i (l leX::HIl i (Irvine, J9Cl; CniT, UIICkd<c;d).

:::;t~n,::)gFll tol,i::\ ,)l1clBr:it:i,}',il Con~Jo(Tlv:il1<cl, 'ICJ6l: CTT'T, unclaif-ed),

Throu<jll(Jut Soui:JxWl\ Ghclrtd: Common ,\r()und Kt Ulid':::; i dnil

in ,:IY'?clS of NorUlorn ll::::hunt.:i "'IlK] T(91)ldnd. Ffl:o;te!TI

: I~ fAJe} lE II ('l'i:ty l ni, '1'=)60; hvl rl'~, 19(1),

Grclws tCI ':1 height uf771l1 (120 Lt) 0): !flOl'E' , ('[jc1In(:e/(:'1

,~tI, l)ced:::![ It<::~l9Id ahuut l.Om n 1'1), 'djU, i,l, cle,'lI, ::;t:n'I(91)i hu 1 (') nf 1 elf Cllxllrl: 9 12m (30AO Et),

(Taylc1l, 19CiO: J(vine, J 961; Felt !l1(')(, J 97'2) ,

Vdciflble from iflld, "hy \)Wl1 (() delL k y udbrol'[]L 'trir h i:HJ eft Lrdcti. ve '~J,ppeul':iJ1C(:), neD(;!llLLIl eE; UI\O

('TayJoy, .1 ()hO: Tyvinl', '[961: ParTn(,;,l··, 19'72; J.\rkldO 1\.1eni::'~IJ] et ,):1, lCJ13CJ; CT'FT, undated),

lh;;::t j ne r-. J:rcliTl lKJrJxi: IrJc)\>(I, ViJ 1 (, )I':'! 1 J OH or ,,:f,ldV/'"'

cc!] oUI(C;cl ,::Jl:iCIUt ~jOllLll! (2 :[n) wid,", (IyvhJE', 196J; FiUmc'y·, 1 C)'7~~ ') ,

F>'Jppl(" m"lyk~:.' ,)re pr(Jl!!ineni:, Int(:~rl(A,kecl cl.nd :30J.l[o(:j,mef:; VClrldbleill djY'c:H:ti()n ,'11 U! (::O,CU:Si' i:()yi:,lIYH

(Tclylu), 1960; I:rv:ine, 1961; I"ctY1Ilt31, 1972; CJTT., unckt [,'"d) ,

hUlil 5fiO lCI 1'(20 J<q/)(I:J (':;(,-,";"1

1 (~.''"') I :) - )... ') :l ,c1VE>lD9E' d :KIUI / UU \:9, ill cb/d,), L'!<.':d::':1.. I)l\':!C

(T,ctylor, l')6Ci; Tlv:inE', 19(jl.: F'arrney. 197;'":. l\dd,l,e I~(::·:n2:cdl et cd. 19(39),

bf::,·icM). Gnnet.:tl1y H(1Ine1flh,'}i: l"tldtx i ldn

b, .. e(',ch, buL Vc\l'ieb with elt'It:;} (F'(!1'l1}(~'r.

19Z:J,) , Bendi.llQ ength 1.1.1:2 N/Hlll? .: Muclu.Ju:.: Cl!: Eli3.2;U.cHy 1J. :577 N/rnm'2; :ive ")9 N/lfLln2 (Add,clE"."Men:=:,:cdl et ,c, I, 19B9),

2

i ,. I i

i·.· 1

HI)i Itn I, (\J(ti:ent

D.rying

N/umr Ibf/id

J CCi

eTFT,

h High

Morlu J Uc::: ()f

Eli:\:,;!.lci ty

N/mm2 Ibf/

10,700

Ullclb.l.cd) .

1972) .

. 1972).

i'in L)d.r.) 11 i" 1 1.,0 ~Jldin

N/mm 2

64,7 9.JOO

lJioi::::ture cont.ent III 9Cn:, l(::'}a.tivf} humjd:it)l 16';::;

tDll~f<,"rrt la] j(KNe;]fJlc?nt 1. 2~!; (9

(f,'IYCnet. 1()7:2).

Llwi 1:('?cl 1 i Ltl e

tC;:3!::C;: inc1·ico.i:,c) th"lt ji ,Jl·:ie:·c: \,6UI . J)Ul very ::=;}ow}yin thick E;j:;:;e.s:.

:L 972; CTF1'. uncJ;:\ i: If I )

:=;o:n .'\llcl eas 51 y 'dor 1< I'xl.. ('en le; H1 rnachlni.ng el1ding to interlocked ,'lnil :irx('~Jul(u'

1. F:i ne d.Uf3t metj CdU:='E' ir.r:.i tot j or I of tll(::' n051" CT'dyl.or,. 1960; Feu/nel'. 197~~; Ac1cli')e Men:c:ah et cd, 1989).

BlunLinq et c:d .. 19;::9: CTFT. uli(:1att"(1).

Ri P 'f::i:lld:i n~J·:3D.W t Frr~:'i{:+ . Eo:::d I y ~kl.'rin (Fdl f(K~J: , 1~)'7;7,; CTFT. urlda.ied).

) .

y. but d j t 1)1 )l:(~CJk i tKJ (JU L vlh"'li l1klC'} 1 i nE:d ,~!C'Y(J:";f:; the gXCi.:i n, <3.:::; j n 1'<,3(:<3,3:',:i rtlj

d! III 011 '=ll'l: i. ::K;;':; .E'd:~:i. 1 >' pet~ 1 cd ,Ct! \'::/ li Co 'I\.

lUl, 1960; Jrvin,c;, 1961: F(Jxm(:!l, 1972; (TVI'. uncklLed) .

3

· ,

:1 I

\

{.;

i.· •..

Plt:l.ll:i,n~f

I\!(I.i l ~t t '<':1

(:JI'.i lVJ

Fi(llf311.i.\I~J

[lu"d).! Ji Ly ~Ind 1)t-'oi:3f)J VCl.t

l\ ' .. 'Utt :lll1oi cJ.n~~j J e ()[ 1:,") to pi: ev(:ont tr:'i~lyiilq oul~ I)n qlYlrt "(':\lVin :,::uli\IC:Pf': WEll

19'72; CTFT, U.l vJdlHd) . ;3D. Lt ;::t\,<::I:, .).1')" 'I'fli,,:n pre 'bot'cd j 97',7, ; Addi~k,-IVjen:~ah, 19;:l9; CTfT, urlCJ,:ried),

:=:iit ()kldoeM,c'n:::C:lh. Ijt rll ,1C)Pq:

C11"T, undated),

(J(Jo(i, ;:311oltId hE' :';<:11](1';'11 Cdl'efulJy ]:('01 fjn'd: CId::::::': fin:i::3h. ;~:ea,l,lng c,or:d I::!S:3EH1Licd ])UICol<3

\knni:'::hi.nq (.It pdint . :t .':11, J SK.l9; CIT'T,

Cc'n:,,:-icj,·:,nlbln \lD.l tclLir)(1 j n }:K?ncl:i llCJ PI:'ClprJlt io::=; j:::; pP.<b2lble. 1972).

H01KLi j 11] C'] J 97;':,,) .

'=OUlJ]I:,('J) :

l 9'7:~:) .

fof' :0,) li.d hl?llci:3

: 40 (F'oy file:!

Limit."'II l,:iCl.iuF3 [(rj' :3, :::IftW :in) IdminiC«';

(un:,;LCCllflHd): J7flJlllll (7j)l) (F,=n~W"!l. 1972),

HedJfWU.)d :n."'pC!l Led tu lk' )]1<)h1y .tl~!:::: l,,-,

t':'l1l!li,':'c:,in Vh'rit Ajr!Cd. O]ctlO[Aon et ill 1(J(;6: F[tl·UHjl. 19'72). Highly 18S}:3tcUli: b) m,':!J :ine h:'l'(ln:: (]:\::3h i ,"IJ:;OJ: .:t 9(7) .

Hr'dILwr. IfAJ r,'t! 1~J<.~:~: from veri dun:l)]I? i:(r !lltylen')'i:<? I y dtl)-,~tblf' (TtIY] 1:11'. 191:>0; I1v:ine. 19f:!1;Fi:'11JflH:t, :lCr7:;~;

;LVkldc-\Vle tit-id 1) ,_:d ,:1 1. 19iJCl),

~Exl:n,:!me! ] Y le! I Lt]

l C)89) .

\Jet y

Fr)), (J(:;'ll,::':n:tl eXLCr,l('Y dllCl jui:.<'C'j':ior cUld l:icrld. OXI:c.: L I JC I j r I1 i Idl)'rk; '!Jl)nd ll!r'.'(J .l.IU!! ],.j (~rlll: dJl.d f 'i.d 1d: g'~)[x1 ut:ili t.:inJ:.kn; jo:irH?l Y dlJ(I genera] C"Xl)(ml ry; CilY \/ i IlU;C;, hql' bui, Cdl)r_IH~:: 1 j Le ;:)(V<:'1::;, p] [.:lI. ell Id (:(J; e:,:, Hmdh.lr'J.ni.

4

1 I

i I I

I I

I, ! '

I ~ I

I

:FnI'l\NICAL N7\IvTE

Cl]':J.Jf'('i

It

j'IUXi!i)} 'I :i Ly and, p ,'<-;""'1':" I vl:!!: ion

1);j(:;;3

:ic"-:;

Pdlljc1i) h"ldnl hflcl. ~30fL LUCULl (JlV1!1U, 'IC)()i

}'iU met, 19'7:;; ,: Ackk, 1,-; L fJ,], 9D7: 01'(1)

(~,t .:tl: l\c1cl,)e-Mi?In:':nh, lC)fIIJ; l\bbi w, 1 C)CjCi) ,

APROKUMA

No j n f 0) ine, ti on r)}:.ki:li .lK'd ,

COlYUflOlll n Irvins', 1961) ,

c:.lu:~,:(.!iJ F1fW"e:'I:,:i jl)),.

nay'{~\, j n cl u::::ed f (,)'1.:');"11-

C\')J01W)n (cll()oCJ ::k'i:ll: p; new' :I or, J ge,cl) ,

1'160: (ly,1960)

ne,clch{j~3 I) It,:, of Icj:°!lll

jn <'JiJUI, cTOvll1

(1 ::>() It) ,'Jnd ,~!ll] (9Ft , t)(', 1 e L't! i :": t (3(1 I ](0iJJ:'

top (hvin(:c'. 196J), :3tJ cy 1 :ir ldri ci~ll bn'l rInd nu

er vljUJ

but Lr\)~':IICC:AH (Tay I ClI, :l ':](iO)

The 111')?:utVtc)od i;'3 Yic'h, ,n?~c1ch,'!h bt<)'I'ID

Tl j(:; yK,(>d :3:i nk::,: V\') Jell h (lIe;}) (Irv i 1 lE:' , 19(11) ,

It iu i.Joft, . It:] c'.>lour '1;c';1 yrd lovtl:~,:h \vhjLe (Tdyll)l',

1960: :Cyvi ne, J.96:1).

Nuil !fnYlncli::i on nbLa j ned .

Not dUID,blf', f;LLil.dbJ\~::it Imp)~t(ol)' ~lfJ[.IY<:;qlliltHd.

(T':l),)!)), 1960; F'.JI'w(:'[ ,1 1(/2) ,

F\:/!" ut i 1 :i fUJT1} t UJ le! d,Li:,'] 11 'I ()l,J<f:,

I,~I:JJ~ V [11:,1:':1 <') rti 1 t '1<',I.llili 1.')"1 f 1.:,,:. q,'? I II'clt 'd 'I

ckcc,)y cd 'i \le \lI;o,neer dnd V:I pClri. :i C' 1,~,Lr:'(I.r'd i:I.l !<l ::31. \ C U)I).:\ rei. puJ

5

(OII,'c.:rll.!J:~tj('ll

lIeU' Cl)I('dl cl. , <."'11) i(lt':: L

I ! I

E'OTANICl\L NAM1~:

Di::,;i] lbut:iull

!).Lr,=Jbi.1 i clnd Pl:v::::\::,x V,] t'l ,)tl

W(JO!Jwoy)d llq

pr IljY::Y I:. j

r it.l. J J If]F: dnd p,'}n<o,] 1 i lJ~l. (I1Vi ne, J 9(j1: ()j'<~)]i itJKl . :L ()i3'7: l\ckk) ,.'d. '1.1, In KI,ti;.=,rI :

Ab11[\'I. 'lC)l)()), Ullc;ujYoJ:d 1(," c,c,m':)jlt 11())j(led

'tf(,oclV<i(illl bu:i.ldinl] ]iJ ([\8hj'~lb"l. 19'7:3).

BOMBAX

19(.1) .

A1:;d 1 c1ec:iclll')IJS t n:.'C" U[' to ~i![lf! (160ft) Or i(tOle Bul:ilH:::;'3 ,:::mdl1 '11 i.d)r:0'nt 101, 1960; hvine, 19(1).

The h'D.:trl"'fC,(xl i:-;:: c1clt'kbY("dll ut Yi::ddi:3h. l:oUC::lll d11C1 j'l\)IUU:==:(ltvillU. 19(1). YGlluv/i;3b but dtul<,=m:=-' 1,(1 1 jIJht.·l)}(lwf I 1 ()f,U)

:rt wlli I('! ,=,nd YdtJJ(":}" so:U lc)r. 196CJ: Ilvine, 19Ci1) , Ne) intclJHllrljon oht:(l.:lned.

1. 01, 1 9()O) ,

Tout.cJh (j.llli f:ilJYC,lt:). llt.il li.IJ\11 drd ,::,,1:::[ Y il'/()I'k,;d.

(IJl/irk"lq61). ~31.i 5.d 1".~) h(J\/f~ E:;>.:tY'~·lc:Li\!{::,\ \rri th e f fee i. (In (JYPSUfli ~3et t:i n~J dnd ~C,: L (f<'l~;i In \ "I. :lc)f39)"

6

n:::i,::ly{li 11(:1

J. n ('f.llliprc:::::,:!:1 \1(:

~;T7\Nnl\rm

BOTANIChL N711\1E

I i

It :i:3 J j ,c,nc1 eU,;:;:i 1 y wod:.cd ,,,uJ(1 u:::~e(l fCll Cdt loe::.::. fk,x,::;:':: d l)(J Cl·,ed ;':':::. p 1. CUt: t:?~'31~()c:k ( AtV)!I.

19~:):2; ]960; II:-v:inIC'. JC)61; O;:c,r:[ ,:llJCl Add(il\::Ij()lJ~{.

CANARIUM

Ik::(J:i VlonuCi (Gllbl1d.): a,be; 1 (Camen:'clj j).: et:i (cc) 1 e (Fle\J ICt:

dtKl Iwxy ('U"l:";:!:.); I"" ]I?tni (Ni~,I()li;I): Mild.fl!. ).

I nc<::~n::3e tIe,:, (l\~bhj 1:1. 1(90).

10r. 1::1(0). (Ji~t.~'n iOIJnrJ (Ji'1

F'ref,,'T:'; i'i'::;!) 1 ch,'J,illic:c1 ::'Clj.l:3

1 ,)[!t":': ("I'll Y 1 O!. J. 9(0) .

EaB ler 1); l<vwh::lJ; W(;Fd'2Jll: Axi m. rJ[lj::;: LC,:.I; A:':lwllt i : (If vin", . J961 )

D:i::;I:l:LJ-}ui:(',eJ i.l (:Cl J l\fr j CD ill lb 11)

f()1:<'::3t ,,:i!1I1 SFIJl,:,'l'Y fn:tHuf: up tc' JOOOw. i'111':[i'urlt,' ()\non. El'79). Distyibutc;cl from 1 tCI

J,.t. ::;1 id'lfl ,md E:'u':j Ahj riD. (hvi IK'. 19(1) .

l~\'::;cH'ljr"E: d h(~ It \"j' 3711l (J::W fl). ;::)l:l','j:i~jld,.

cylinrLtlf!c:tJ Lule. ler ;;7m (90 n) Cll,;tlHr::ilt,t

,~Jh'1XI: J. :?ru (4 f t). \h,n)! :::::!:; 9hi ,bu t tye:=:;,~3eE; )fi,)) 'ICJ(;O: Jlvine. '1 (:)(S1 : F'cwmt'y. lqT~).

P,dc' Vi r!l<if':ll" btlj\'/n er,:,!! J01 .. Fonnel. J 972; Wag,c;nfU11Y. 1 ,j1. 19f:l9).

J9(jO: Ltvinl:'. J~J6J:

; Ackl<::)o'!Vl('3ll:'X'lh IcA

W] Lt te (Il' :::( Y Cl w~-c(d (lUX (;:;'cl. upb;) J OOrHfll ( l) :i lJ) VI j cl<:, (Tdylc,r. Fi(iO; Lt '/ i1\(', 19t>1; F,'tt'(fI()I:.. 'J (J,/:?;

1.ln. 1(79).

Llt! ,:It t y "':1. ct j Vr::~ :-:~lt Y

qUill lel' ,'l'r:,:,iuye ('OiIUot3 Yed ~rr,till

19GO; Ilvlm, .. li)Cl. FcJl:Il!f':), 1972).

7

cut. 0)) UJ(;

lIlT

I i

MO!f3ture ('otlt<",!)j'

1:::.0.:;

N/mnl

11 "

"

f30fl ,'I.lid CibnXlf3 (T,Jylc)t, 19(:;(1: 19'79) l~h)ui ::i30 hg/nJ" ('{] ) ,';1

12,;; mo-i~:::t1.u-e C:C)nte,n,i ('1.',:lylr)l. 1960.: {(Vi,IV""

19(;1; FiH1Wc'Y, 19'72; 7\cJdde]\1en:c:,)il et cd. 1:)i;39).

(~3()e t<:1b J e hs 1 Ud). J1JYIl.xl 1 Id:l f --VIi'lY h'o,tw('j<'jrJ ciLnd 1<:::'

i:Hld Etrn ),PI'cH1 h C)(},( 'h (!], 'I 9W)) .

Ibf/ir1

'5. 90Cl

10,100

11

Muclu 1 Uf::: 0 f KltJ"l} c]

~!/nlJn 2 Ib

6. :!OO

n.100

11

l 9T';: ii(k'kl'~ "t

lCICl lYtrdllel

Ibf/.i,)?

l~\O

(;,160

11

11 1.0::); ('/l(, in ft) (Fct:tmer, 19'72) .

.rh yj\i'd Dt:i,I~'H lCtLh(c)1 l.Cllt11y (llid t~",ixly 'del J .

Cro!::::::-:'3eCl i or Id, 1 ell ::: i:,()j-t j on a,nd co II ,::'11):':',(3 lIi':l)l J)H

i-,c) \~rid-:':::p li, i Li) 10 dtlcl 1',)1:

(Il':i ~I j 1 la:l end (Iyvi ne, :1 CJ(,j.: Ft i1lilUJ' .

19'72), l(i)n Hd)/xluh) H (F',:HTOE;<r l~)'7~2).

;=;l1ri (3Y(;<'::jj h~1 12';:; llllyi:c::i:Ul c(,rJi_ent i i:J 1 ,:ilx)ut A, ( ') 1 n f 1. )

ndcl i.,~\l dblut . :';;1~ C" /)(, :i (, r i), '['!iF) \'j().c1i:: Li,'lbh, to ;::I.dini,lIIJ (h-yine, lC)(;l),

C~{'l J(:r d.l J j", h=':c:)! Le, \~'." J.. J or, 1 (Je,l"!) , TIII:r",ylockc0rl SjTilin [I{h=;'ct:::: m'I('Jlillln~J [I)'i

(In1j ne, 1961; l''':Hlllel, 19'72),

8

i !

I ' i : I 1

I i

! li

Blunt

jVjCi. ch ~t lJ:i r 1:'01

UJUilllJ

DUldb:i J:i. a.nd Ion:

::3"vc?tO. dllC h) pr,-':':<.c:ncr: e,f ::31i(I,'1. (TII/inc,.!C)6J: F'aJ~m()l. 1 (172; (C,1 }. J 91~9) .

Pi p' <,'xnri ) "'J : rune>

I m/iO ,))' Te for 11)119

(\"'(Jf:':f:: ~-~_~:;:t vri. I!q : 2 Incl;-=:~t :~';d.I' 'l Wicl<' "kJ.l.i::::f{tCI~o}'y;~' :~:;'t'VI /\ (t:ivped tncUI)

1(72)

PI ,I.n i n~j ::;:xl: A 1 (::,c1.uci::i (In j 11 (Iut Li I 1S;1

dng l!j 1:(, lJ 1 ve,') 'j mjJICl\ll'rJ f i tli;:,h ()rt i nt<::'J'l oc:J(.(:il

f':lce~:, prc,vicled tht':, cutters ::::hi) I 1). d \'1(1)11)1 I:ifli:.:h :i:::: obtdin,:,d ('l:1\/i,III:I,.

1961; l",:lnnel. :1 c:rn) .

l~rn) .

DJ :I 1 r;en(:-il' Cl. 1 Hi ljJ l ;=i'l.!:;(? 1 ell 1:.(.(':.'1 ,:\1' 1=)

;'::k:tti.;:').r.o:I.C :if S;llblP bul.blurti: rluU.Jlllj

g:i vc::' .'1 WC)U 1 Y t i 1I:i. :,-,:h j)J(:rt, 19'?:~).

C')1)(1 (Irvi I'll.::) .1 96"; FiU IfluJ

cl. Cl. 1. 19(39).

Un:cc:d.Li :'C: EdC' .r:f)Y' c:!',(),'lil1 h(~'ndj llcr . ::,\C~vl:~r(>

buck J ",.od iLl] e r (,('curlY]!':",) j the h/e'l'l'] ,l::': 'h.",llt (::>licn b:, .':1. ],'1,] Cl\"> rucU Ij:-':: of cUlv,',Lu

Lim:itjl!~J ldcllu:: fUl ].2!ll1ll (l,lrl :in) lClllijni:I.'"

( u.n:=::L (-'!o.mec1): H:l Do iIll (? "/5 :i l!) .

::3ta:ininCi DTlrJ p(d.if;IJin~j ::;<Jti~;rolt()lY. VllJ(!ll ;:::(:')inccl ui::~;(:d d:, :3ub,:\I::iLul,:> .c1)Y M,:tll('~Jo.n)l (Jrv:il 1961: F'iJJJL\()l' , 19'72).

l I.. 1 I.:::; .

19Ci'7) .i:::; lJul) dtnd.b:l (l\V'l.lldan F(Jrl.c~::11

I. 9']0; VYill}CnfuJn' J 9'7C). [rift J !I'. 19(;1: Fdlllll:'l ( 1 ~)7;;) ; ) '::' j d J ClH() .

9

J I

:::rfAM)]\PD NJ\~1E/TJ~7.\DE NJ\10E

T:X)TJINIC1\L

. tl~Jt.

rij)l)t:,i ell I

Hc:,i:il i: w,',lI .. cl c'/i:1t.'lIl1'1)/ i ,oLd!r! , lIJ [Xli. IflC,)b 1 (ItV inlC'. 1961; FDYDu::U 197;;;). T'l'eatwulli (Lip (!i Ij'! L·:;i on 2;irid ]u Jf) ;:;uc:cr:;'E::=;:fuJ in J(J.,(

. 197:::1).

(i:::3('j;, IJf IJIF: j' i Lo11er ,:lYE: 1:,:,:=d,:J :icb'ili I::: H(lViC'i,

ll]\IJltilJ~l efhocL on cutl,j,ilg ~3Iiji;d)) fur Lh'J (.',)1'<::,:; ,)C pI. . :::lic(,c1 ven::leJ' h')l:

cl IJ '(JOl'Jl j vc;, IY'ilK3 1 1 i1lg, fUJTlil:Ule: lIlCik

],:d)Ol:,:J,i,:,,)ty ,(nd ':'[c'I::l.t'iC'il ritljn~JJc) fl.e'l)I: Ci:\J'j()e:c:, cUl"!::;l:xuci,:i(11J \\'(,'l)'~::, d';'CI'1 i;J,1::I\I':' (J(IC>Y;::;,

,'C: i,,;r.:i, I: )del)l3 ,'.\illl 1 (;Cd 11 Y .E,)}, 11\(." tat:::, :1::;, ,J11e'1

C1',;)tC';3 II,J)JdJ.JuD,rd, i J e lxJcJ.nJ ,'n]cl ::x!fi, lXJ,:nd, jntc'y:int' rot 11 'dork. panF) 11 :i.ng. alld n(NdLi . (Tayl()l, 1960,; llvj)j(;;l, 1961; FcIlHlIJJ,.

1 ryn; Cl 1(1/ i dt)(I Ml( lo-l\~:hur tU, 19H'7; () t d 1. 19139; Adck, 7\shong 'e' t ,'cd. 1 md,yi:<:)c\: ALibi v? l()~)O). ;-3ujLdbJ<') for cuwent b:.n([ 1i¥'OJ"d'd<XI] bu:ilcl:inCJ

;:,: ] ab ( A=::ll j ,:-lhul', 1

(Itvi (1.(';'. 19(1).

('ElBA

C'hj,e,f ly 1ll '[('11;';';::t " llC.l: :'3(1 (X'llIWUll :i_rJ [0'(>1".':,;[: . Nul. nef in ~';\'ldIllPf:hul

.tlc,'w:Li 1)1 ()]j uld Ch:dJ NuL wowing ,i.n f ;=!"'lv,-'lnlv'lh f(.t'<3:;,;i: bill (1nl Y Ut or l\{':'UY VI J ] d<J':'f: wh.,?n fl ()Ill C] li; inl-', 1<.:)6:l) .

1ln 19()1) ,

(lhdlVJ I:'::.::pcc j d,I "J Y l\::::)ldJ!i::i ( h v 5 i H-::.

J960;

(lr :i Y T1 ('cd Ilmul j Cd. Y IJ<JII(,J;;e.. l)ut Il<jd c():::m()I}I)),:itdn Jr')

1:1' C:'! i):-:i ;:J ('lllLiv,,,li('d 1l8e,. crCI1,::},:tl JYI·Jjld ill VI,";:,: I l\[[j'>l (IIl/ip<', 196:1).

TI)" Ln:"~: in O!lW1Cl in hejljht '::I.l!d S:)icIJ.!. 1(, COm (~~no rt) hie:rh. It/i!_h <.I ::lut _. c:ylindtie.:,I,1 b(l} (" 1 ;2.,-:l':l]jl ) 1 ('Jig and ;),)11 ((d'l (11 I!lO}I:') J iJ

c'ii,'ll!lc;i(,'i-. ! 1<:1:-: ,I i-',t (ye bu i tn<::ue;-: Vlil'i(:i1 Ill"!}' !,:,;if.'m(l ~:ifll (::~,,:)i t) u.p i 1 )Ie J.),\ 1",\ "1, 1\)(')(1: F,_j)jwC'J 1 <.JSC : 1\11bj'r.J.19ClCl).

10

I.

I:

I •

I

i ,': i

Y/ej

1/,(( i I' liIl [klJ i'" I 1, A) i~,;hbr nWil t.Cl nk j :,:ll -1,( or,m .

llUt .i;": very 1ic!1r1c lc) 1 di:=:c:ulolOLiolJ Jur

1960; Fmm(:';J". .\ 9'72) .

Ne.!: cl{?<cJYly Cj(:'lili:ITco.-ied II(liil b?d]-i-\'/II«(j ('I'D/le!},

J9(,1): F"jl if\C'C, ') CO?) .

ejlliJ ,CI(Ill!",1 iw(:;;,: in i.:JJ in d:irect

h U , TJ!lc, v/U(;'c] I (\I :I<:c: 1\11" h j i]11.

llcltllj<Jl ]1l;';:l.re ,2uxl ;c;JilOCI!.l1 t'?E}:I uf :;10111<=' (dJ

j(Jhl- 'tlo()cl:::::, ::,ltch d::: ()t)('cdll:' dlylr1cll.:c :i'l

, 1960; Fell fnCl, ,) .

r I.J\1Ii n Lilili 1(,1:1 cId) •. 1

'»)1

;.......;c--7C~O"-O.. ____ -'-

ch:: t.he I j ClI~lll J

) ( FijYJlK,y, 19T2) l~klr:luJus (IC

62>i30 N/llllfl;); COHlpJ (3::::;::::i ve ;c: l'!~:l ;,~; L:t

J d::::i:. i c,j :J!:.iN/ (rH [) ;] (i~d(l.:I(:' -TV!/,n,c;<lll I.! 1. ,:1.1 (llY)) ,

:1':1 c'm <:tl,,:,uL ::~~~o

J ")()(l; E,\:;trnul:",

ill

(::0 ) ,

n~r Dtil)'.:: 1)1 Vii I-houl lil<':ukccl cLi:=:i:o,-i: 1(11 d kli~,

19C1); Fc;llfl('l, 197;'2), Kjl11 ,cx:hf::dule ,J l()C(Ai!HlUlli~k=;d,

(Fax J{W'\' , '1(72),

::~,u](,,)1 hI Y be(Xiu:=;C

1972) .

. ,~ ( )L

:::1,:,,\1'1' ,_' h;dll )' rtnd t j. ni~311

it:; I J.ght v/lxlght fFcllllJt:'l

DluniJOij

muJ .' bu.1. ;:::~,Cl'dn

Vhclc.: bc,\r\elst'tvli n9 ~~!,l\>j tjfllfC' )\ (F'ifnlw:t

JVlensi:1h (Cd (I], 1909),

iJI"IclYp c:uJ=.t c] eCIY} Y . J\ li.::cluced «rH]]

Lo 1)[:,:, "Iuc,l I}' , ; lVI(jell"

i'i.bY!' J.;": .,n

I"I(:'!.VcU C,\ . .\t'y! 'i [\(:I'(k'<:l in L'~ILing, (-:'liC] ~rYd

\"tt_.,y k j mj ,~~JlCl t UJTl j n9 . :1(72),

~~~:(~I.L -j :~_;r{:tc!-\)r-'y tll,JI'.

pt ('f)i~:J L j e::: 1(139) ,

11

t \i~.i. 1. H hc1V':C P(.HII h,d cl

, 1972; J\ddlll'-- ~1!(c:m;ijJ!

I.J.] , :J IY:',Q) ,

iJ 1,

; ..

I ,

I I I

I

I1 1.1

I I

'I , I \" !

Pl 1Il •. I11IIJil('hli:

;3ldinj 1 HJ clnd rAI 1 ~i :::h 'i, (!IJ

I)Ul" aJJ:i 1 j t:ifJCI J?rd;~{Ur\/,:tt -(()ll

t t.·cd,LmenL

U:::e::::

F\~(~) f: \ (-,! fJ"j rJ \Ji::"-(H~\(:<t

Lt e::::jl and h <:'H from .i n::':ec:i ftdt 'I '''<j:e: cU('

I "J.cl\. , :l97:~ :

~:;''l.I:i:3!''1('I~ot (F'i'lliflFe, l()Z~: i\dckl(:" +k:nr:;dh HI dl, qi'D) .

:::n:il:i!l!:; vnty f"I~.:t by fl 1 ~i,"1)\i ill

La.ck by heel:l(c':::i. J~{':j)cllted LCI }x' )1(<11-

r8:C:; It: tu t{cYmit'c';C::l,n Ei'1:=,t ,')ud Vlnf'il A[1'I(','1

1 (Jl. 1960; F,Jrm<;"r, 1 972: ) . . H<:),IY l'I'I«x1 ~::() id LiJ be Pmi;<:lklbl 01. 1')(;0; f\Jll1leo].:I ; ]\(1 cj,j le:' I. 1.1.1. J 9E\9) .

F\'lill\":dble 19Ei9) ,

'I] .

[f:'c""'11 Hkl:inl)l 1'(:<t' Dl,x:kLr,h'U,c1c:: dI COt e (d: pI ]\:1 :":c) l):=:f::'d :1ll 1'/(:;=::1. A'[r:iciJ, flA fi)(~d u.t I;'::] Le:

b,'~ld,ngil!::;:ulitt i(l\( PIU,I.I(YC:u;':, h ;'. ,:md CT,c"t",::=:. F(,y \1','1), 1 j ~JJ rt, VI(~' ) i onrJ

(If CI.lJuj tLlt(:'. C'.:::tnC)c::;, (,,;,:U:V( l1iJ::; aud ljdlidjclutt:~:, :~:[.l()yI5 (T'i:iylol'. J()('O; }'o.ni)('l

19'?:,~; flfo:c:i, and. ,7\lkk:> -)\:::::ll'lllq. 1 Cl13?; ,:11. 19139; l~J)bivJ, 19c)O). It i::, ::::a.irJ Lo J)(.'

Ull:::::U:l Llb] I,: (.7\::::1 I j ctJxJY ,

i"or ce@:'nt h,)ildt,d lr/oc,(I,\'}ouJ :::I"h err;). Ho}",:: SY H.,cl h'Ji t j n£j i.Jl jrJ 1!])1 .i) ,~!

.1'),7:5). 1'1(' U.::ic'i( incy;:~(·(c.::jnul>1 r'.'r' (lIiJUl 1::,:1:<1 U~IC' (1(01).

NAJViE: CELTIS

!i:U .la ) ,: 1 t d, Cl] ! :i d " \ J cl. J ,

j\:=::c:(,c'j d b:yJ vI i I h lilli i I:: i') flSJe i. :c: lie) I qui I,,:,

.i:;i.1! 'tile )II:iddl(~ b,s'lt (If HJUiH[ c)l;:;wi'dH.':idu(lU::::

12

I

it

{)i,:~:il jblt'iiuC\ III l\ft jet:)

CuTe/Ice

i ,j :·1

J l:l.l'<9<:'! f:J,rea:::; ,"):f VI{'"II!)l lldtL::: und.di{:cd) .

j.pluch i A~;;::;c,c. C\)fIIIlI(Wl O'!(iX

D,,!c:iCluc'U2: F\,)u:i1, jn l()(;(l; [xvine J%J; CTFT ..

j\cCU1C]-i li~rlcl To.}' 1 OJ (1960). T.ti3e ] lie;:; (;nW h' ,cUll! <J ictll C:tlYNe buU I'I"i2:;C:: 1.111 tt) '3m. .su 'I<~, loncr. t:lerilt:'l, qJ} Ccd CJ.ncl ::::1:1"):[ Buti:re::::::; )ml.Y 1x:' 9 rl hi~Jh. lter:H:heH iJ hei.0ht (,f ~:7:3i)lfl (90 J ;,,;0 fi) .

C'j Jolu,diitii1er(!)O.H1.1m(21 :3 1 Ct), \\' J. t h 1 ullc,r hU.I: tr"H;oe::3 (11 1,1:i lid. '] 9C J; T:'CJJmel'. 19T'.; CTFT'. ImclC:I.i:(3d).

U \"J'/(H,:d l'llKl l)ryl f,'d~:;.1 1 y di. I:': i i. ",;hn h l vll.l:it .. :i,:ll "! cl ye11</vl whc;) I Ci.I':;::]!]Y 11\11,

t)(jGom'inq Cite)! i:3h'whi le 1.ln "''':q.I(':311(<'. ,11,:/ dj: ;c') lOUT/cid ])y 1 1.0 j 11 J (If. J 96U: F,')rH!I~q'.

IC),?',?; Irlfi.rH::'. 19()'1; Aclclc)(",f'k:n:c;dh i ,cd, 1~)f\q; eT'F'T .. und,:) Led) .

'11 IC) Cj.I: ain ,jolftei iIW'H ;':i' li: bit I rte:qu.l:~111 1y la.]

CI'dY 1")[ T(,:<.<i~urE;. fi'J. 'ix] y r j lie dll<l u,ni. J:ClllfJ

IC)6Ci; :rrvin(~, 1.9C;1: FiltHier, 1':)'7;2: (:'.lTl'. Ul

D':c'll:::-;{), i:JV',,:J':IDI:~ '<til:.: li 700 k9/W:1 ::::em:;onr,:'d . L lA". ',I 9()n ;F"·Lt·lIl'~[' , et ;:J.1, 'IQn9.: CClTr. undated).

!JJ/f Iq?:? :

:3( ,me\",; 1<) I. It ]):.,)'1..\'/<:::<:'11 !lI1:!di Ull!

!uykd.iKl) .

1: lklll r:1.li:UpHiJ n "LH'<c'ch. f kt 1 iv; 1)/

and h j 9h (F'ciJ ]11<':'1'. J ()';'::?: CTFT,

IV!,:::d j urn CFaJrfll:,'J J 9'72: 1\ddcl e·i1k:::ll:J,'31 J ,L ,J 1. 1 'Xli).: ("ITT. Iltld"lted).

DJ r'll3 I y t 11)1 \·ri ill It Lt le ;'11 encl-':3pl j i t jrj~l ,:Hld d1::;1: OyU on lU,))! (,eCl n . ('["'1)/1, 'IC)('CJ; F,nnll-:]' 19'7::~ CfFr. llnCkti (-,d). Ki.In :~~cJ JI:e!du 1 <:: J I r <::(:Ul!W!E'j Kl<::,d filt'l.. E)'T~~),

\I(JiUllK"iy:ic :::ht :ink.:l(:jc ("3 fli,:di.Ulfl t,) r::(ln::j(k'lclbl(:

(CTFT, UJ!cI,.\ I: cd) .

13

BII.lnt 11 19

:G':i n:i:d IlllU

Duxo.liJ 1 j Ly F',e:':!') Vi.'I,!: 1011

(1<:1,;; !"I llloder(\l:e ]):lun1 il1lj (c,Creei: ()I! clll.ri.nu . J 97;:;; l\ddh,C-lifJen::;u)1 ,.;;1 (i I. 1 9i39) .

Cl-'n: ~:i/10,n-Lhl C' .c,:::i ,,·:L'UIC(') t<:, ! ]i:\nd fcced i ficr :i. n r ond 11~.J. Il) crUH.'c3cutt inO hi Il1g

out ()(',::urc: r;J i' lyd: tr)!il ,:tlll!. brJ.d< ,A cut. 51)! ;"aWlJ H.:i.nc:,c; H:ilic,", c:uIltdnL nl~\Jl .ibl,c'. E>J:3i1), 1'.:: 1 j c,,:,rj ,\nc1 1 (·d. (Fen we-' t l ()7:~~; i\rkb.e,·lVhnc:i)ll <;cL ,1 J. J 91:39; CTFT.

In phmjng .,1 rHlllcUon (,i (:ul,Ljll~1 19l ,A ET):,: nl:C'(>:'U~;i':;Lr)1 to pIOV(~nt t:e,:lting (,f '[lli:zwlnck,,:cl .:(tld

i.r ]("'~PJ I o.r <;)1 'Cli n . 197~;) .

[lenlli lKJ pt

PCJ(Jl, prC" ))r,ll':i n9 nEJCI"'i:::;c:i:tl)l (l\dc1a<c'·-IVJeJ i:c:,cih et ",1, 19H9; CT[,'T'. IIJldDl:<";([)

~:~l:ft j":=;fl_tct.()t y (j\(ldi)(~-~"Jvff~:n:~.:;!~JJJ

(TF'T. unrl,'tl:<"d).

c,:c,t),l (~IFI'. Ul\( l,cl t: 1)11) .

\/r"J Y {OC~d;3UJ:"t.:r3 ttr (:1 \" dk(:~l) . K)J il

rt , 1 ,',Id t' 1(, ,cd I ,se), ])y

'i Hh'l I",) C' ,cirri] !Tl'fl,=;t'dl' '1 y Y'<::;E:j.:3LaJ rL L u IJf (::;:::)(?1 v('3t ~l \It:, I~ ~n"1(3

r)(~'l mei::dJ 1".' (Far HK".t '. 1 9T2) . cl :::ii:ticl tu he i::u.cc(c::3;:::ful ill

C:O(X;' f I, \'~~FJi::nt,:::: ;

L [rclix'!!'; pI f Cl C(::~;:::;

(I! '''''l::::: il<Jt i I1 I: I tl',J.1

dnrl C()l"):::;: fUllliLlU a.lilJ

J\lI.-!

(!,-'I[)i.rl(-:<i:. VlLJI'I'. dnd (w.:,1or v<:'iJ.'i.cl'" bcc!dl."(:et:c :, f':'l1(:{c'I;':. [J.'lil!!I,;::,: Ej,',j. L alld t;hj p bU.i 1 d:i n~;!.: IlC,\rdJ:if.Jan:l, pdt 1: :i (.] li(,axd ,.Hld ::,oft t:,y'llcl .. n:liJ~vd)l s:]I;.'('[k)1F:. i:nn) [).'(j\dh~;c::,

nnCi n(lVE! It j \.~!;3 (Of Cll' ~l dllCl , :1 C))::;7 .: 1\(1,(1,'1.'::'-(vk)mc!,:l!1 I;» id. 1~IE.\9: CTTT, un!.litL,'?d: I\bl}:!w .. L)()(l). F\Jl

d/lC:J u:;,:(::d a:: FuCu le:::: ,')11C1 j.r! the rlcJlWdWOY)<, uf L!II <d 11('U;:3<c;":) (It. 1 'X; 0 ) .

,:::tni.ci.uJ;d 1 J,'IP:; ) pu l in (HS:'l[XJ( :cd l"~'I!<j ih ) .i nie)

UVl L Vi(:)::,:i' 'A 1: ri Cd]'] l'iCJnlw(~",d;=.; ") . -"

1' .. .:1 J.n J3kll 1 1);:' (Jl ')1 0\ tll<ll ,I CJ'?"; 1 .

}\,j) (,~;,« few h::'!nrJ:ilJ~f): lllnpJ [lU1j1::'3) (llvine, 1(61).

14

i'

I

I j

:3Tl\ND]:\r~J)/IRl\J)E N.AME:

, N7\lJIJo.:

Dii:::tribution

Worki.l!g

AKASA

(lYV'ilk'.19Cil) IkluLelc:n tcc('n:l',xl bunl U)(;: ::kJulll~vkJ:::t

1,:Ol11eX- ()f Suhc j FOl t J-;;(j:,::eJw:' in the Idj 1'1 [,'.If:f3t

lot. 19(0).

/1. l,JTge bul,(Te;::~.:I"·(1 I (9ft) :m 1;I:U1.h. ;:;Iem ie:3 :t 960: Iyvi (1(' .19hJ ) .

up tf)'lCim (L:J,ofi) h.iq1J will ~c:J(:C'rld,:cr ':llld Htnliu1d )(11

3d, i,cl to he:: :~:II. i l.cI b'[ c, foy C'<C'li!l"nt b:-'.3nJ ~"(I("l\Vc,,) 1. bu:i Id:! IV]

:::;] ,:lll (l\:c:) Lii:lhJr (':t a], 19'TJ: Ac:;l!!.':lbw, El?J). j)(': u::](:,d tOt Pl ;!Vf.-".el i(jiln)lfiK'hllC' (lIonn. ·I~)~s:n.

.'lnt

N!\IJ[f'~ : OKAN

PDI7I.NIC1\L NJ\}Ij}~

li r I' l Dee'j (11.[(11(0 r:'Ol'(:)fj I: :c::

C01Hllle'J) clJuund DUllkvli'J. AlJ:c'ent. fXUIIl the wet Le:':;! dJ Id dyi e::::!. .:li" Lhe lliqh F'JI,')::,:!: Zont=:. Rell ly (ound in the' y,'dn

fC'I(::'::::) i.uvJ the AntiDJj;;-:;'''chl lUI,). A~:3:,:)O('.id,t:).(Jl!,

F't.ill(:ipul IU(:(i :i~-: Lh," (\:;JL r'ri.pl."':))iil l[! li'Ji:i()(j,

Tt :i;3 nl)l. u~;ua 11 y f,c:' I 'J c·cJ h::'CdUc3(:.' ()1 l!wIJ 'dUI):::! C'l ,

19(,0: Il,/irlt:'. 196]).

15

. " ,-."

"," I" \ 1-I i ,

O_k.JIH

Mo 5_ r::; I~ i_ Ll"

C> )1"11 ,c~n!-

i\:::ilI<Hli j-{;:j k,lifkl(t if) 1\k(,\ll( 1111, I(llilli'\~-)l (Jyvin<:', t()(;J I:\:~_'nb III 1 • 1 CJ7Cl) ,

Cc,L.f:' d' '[viIi n:' P,'=mi: UJll. 970).

7\ Lxn;wiJef' t' ',,}chitl(J 'I.n ,"IW:w,liJe (l'o,j'Jh'l- ,;,f ~:=;()Orn

( 1 f\()--2C10 H), D1 ,:JJ11(,,:t er up t Cl .~; -. ]. Om C/. i) C) n bVen'lqf-:;\ expl()jtdbl,::~ ch,'Jronbi,y 0.9 1 ,;;~Ifl ('i,·4 ft). ;:JhuY t bU.t t r(~)~ji::i(:)13 1 1:\ 1 y lIJ01,~.UJclJ! :I. Ilm (':\ f t ) 1 .

Ilc)l(·) IIC'],!, i::hDl<jhl' dnd (yl inCiric:,:tl. c.: 1 Hill uf ]J),'(n(:hfC'C:: fUl 2::Jlli) (Inril lCJCl; F61Jll(il :1 97;-::!; Ti:?ll\:!.Uli.

1970) .

'tl,d k,w iD I,lolcl,C'nbl(),,'ITl (,(it:<:i(l 'diUI ,) llcJhL 'J1nHlli;:::!! i.:i.n~.J'j iJelJ'J·.ejjjllS:,f un u:<pO;,,;UJ8 Lt) y(~ckti;~;lr-l'Ju\'1l1(IlVil)(;.

J ()C, J; 1;'cumcT. 19'7;2: lidcl':)<cl-Mli;! 1::,JIl i .\ 1, 'E)~y)).

f\:d nl<j~:3l1 :::hdcte, di:=:ti.nci: froBl Jle.~ll-I.:.y.tUO(J, vridi:1J :;0-'10 H\ ( 2<) in) ( I I. vi. !llc; 1 \)() 1; filnn(, r,1 C)'n: rk; II t. um . L e)'/O) .

i.c'~l.ll y i.ntnv 1 ()( 'knd i lie fLlock>1ht:e l)f ('CldJ :::ci.' (Iv-v:ine,

1 Fc;nw:::l. J <:)7::.;; Hel)i I HlI, 1 9'7 Cl ) .

,:;}:nu L 960 k\:I/)(11 ((,() L) I c()nt~{C!l:II- (F,"lt 111,,'(.1 C)7~; 'i?,Hntu(J). :[970: el:. {iI, J9[)Q) , \!t:xy (UN'O TjlHl).

1Z:;; :';I!]!,: Adcku=;- [Vj,c'cr.:,i;) I [(I-"V. ,19'7:1 )

;~tllt.l ~Jl {~;OJ j )'l(~iJr t ~)?~?; Ad.cJ;~1(:)--+·1(::] l;::;a.l"J (~t (i,]"

-I C)ii'=)). J3H 1 .,r19H Le) fiB f.:ll.lli-It (~nlll.p" (,f ::C:l~):,-<::i ~'::: tOI Cdl ill

i:tllct ;::;jnlilar h'j,ej.0 C'h'dY-;::TlciJl bUI1d:iJJ':J:: :I 1, J97[3).

H:;nclin<;J M,)dlllu:; 1)(­

f:lo'J:3 i- :i c:i ty (-'i-o::::;:j c,n Pi:J[ d 1 1 l t Cl ~JY I:'l J n Cl!

\ ) (

N/ronf

Jcn

14C)

'Il)i: /

14.700

N/lOrrt i; 11)J:/ir?

12,000 66.7 f:J.230

1(; . lOO 12.:380

16

IIISJ: [ly ;::i(>lpil y "riih .:t 1II<H·[cCC:1. l"crv:k1tl.cy hJ r::rd .i. I II!Fl

Vii Jyl',:ir19

F.I.IJ! d. i iKJ

~:id id :t n<J (~Y()i·3:·3 CU.t t

cl l'3Ck , D.i:·::rl (J1 L H'1 i Soiuner (\1 I)! 1"1<.11. ~if)u.i.:;, ( 11 vi (Kc:

1 ')i~;L F,l nnf~'r I cl'!2; fk·mtl lll! (::1 (11 1 C)'lO) , r( i 1 r I ~';ch(~_~(hJ:I f; :E~.

m.r::: i <'!. 1 aJ»)ui "=\, ~8:, ( '/ / J 6 t )

F{'~ldic\l "b')ld 'J, (Y;:' CJ/fJ i n/H ) , 19'72).

,:d»ut n, ~5·~:;. Ydcl:i et 1 i .. \buut 4. 9;),; ()nd vCJ) 1)Jll(:' 11

JJ.6'~::.

I>i f f i cu H t C, ubt.h.:i 11 b C h:k(ll f i HI i:;(!J!l<:-'

(JpI)Y,),t ionHh:,irdl'nlo(j·JY1 'JI,j.i n. UlJl. J 9'70; Fen mru. 19'72).

Ftlj 1 Y ;:evc,ce (B::~['dum. 1970: Filtl!«:I!

197:? ; Iidd,::\(:I·Mc:>n;'3dh Hi. a.l. "[ 9f:l9) .

Ri ))::;:<1,,-1

~~~d Vtf

Hf!6U

Nw r nvl b:u JI'J,:c:,:n·ri llIJ '- ~-!,:, t: vh dJ.:: ])olld::::inli ng Dav/

IIk'l ,] C)'7:t)

1\1]( IU 1 cl. j n~!

;:3 ljl J) Lil.!<;'1 i'llld

Pu li, :{! 1 j JI9

Cluj})~1

f)IJl'dJ]j. 1 j clrlCI t~:f-'~()rv(-j.L .!_(.l(J

1-\ (:uLtinC! ,'.1(11 (d: 10" ed f(ll :~:<'11:i dci:cJ1j'

l' L~\f l.i illJ "C lilt,)ri' t)l ,C:d wn 1TI'l h~I' j '1:1 ( T 1 vi ril') , 197:)).

1~C\ the.! d j f 1'1 Ctl J l

Pn:)-b:,} :iLI~J lJcce::::;:::{uy (H:ntuJlI. J9'70; F'd,rlll'::;)".

J 9'7',7:: /\dd",::,·'MHrl::(I\1 I, ,cd. l'1f39),

(11('( J 97:?) .

~;:,=di.:::;t':J('i<:Ji.y VJhen fjlled 1rir;)t)tILlll. 'lq70: l-'dIIW't.

J cO:?; Aclcj;,eM':1 1:,)(3.1'1 et ,:i 1, J C)t]9) .

17

b'''')1.1 Le) i:'~'lJH.it(.'(:: ill

(11 d.l.1C)()(i: nl:)[lhml <,'I. d1. '1C)7CJ;

! ,c·

( . I. I' (:

F)t' (:-;Hf~~l Vet L J V(j

! Yi:_j(~j.tln,\~·'!·d

\/(:)t Y dUI ilbl1", rllHI li:,;idni iu (Futi, 196n: I:rV1Jlf', 19(,1.: P,(';ntulll.1c)7U; UACO ~r':illJl). ):"(N .•

J 97l: Fi\Y{ilf~)i', 19TI: [' J 11. '] C)'kl ;1)(>1 j. J 9F30 : J\<lc'liie Mi,:) 1:30], I:" i d 1 J C)E~C)), 2;}1(lvY'='cl ;,"':('111(' ( elj

i le;!> I fK'cc i~ c' m'let 0(-' b'lt'I~'fH ((YI.i v,"'( ,Hid 1tlrH x 1,;::. '19'}

A::Jhj dJ,II] illll.:t }}rniuHI. 1967 B2W<:'1 !<.:klluJ.ll ,',] , J 9'70l , PU1. 1:'.'liJl(:')' OUr I i ,In ::::[I('C: i. n;c: .' [1''", It' I \'J()( .Ill :i. n ,) '5 -1 01';0 ~;cnt IH

! 11:',,':1.1' Ui:JPV/(l()(l t c) 11:'" lllure 11;,;;:; j;:c:L:lnf' 'i~ I lhn

:intnri (le lV=!cH L1tf,),)d (:::~edIrJnn. 19FkIl,

E:;drHlllely je~:,::i:::I'>lnt,

Pie] ltlUfl, J 97Cl: F'dl'LJ!I:)].

.t'3:::i:,:t:,lfti (IJI/in.e, 1961: ] 'Tn ; 1.l,ddcjl:,,'~'l\4(C'lJ'.;:>iJJ j et cd, 1 i)[l9) ,

U:3E::3 I\, lknlj (:1nl! rLlllIY'i:', ch[j'icllH L(, iI!,'(chine ,'Ilid \fr:,ry

OLhel

dU10Jd.<Cl, MC':'31. :~3u~i'i.(:J.bl et Lld I'll r dll"ckll'J!), d.U 'i.t: (~\Cln lx·' u;::::ed \'ritt!'_'ltL \/I'{::i\/I';' i'TI~,tlLm('!l[, lkl:c:

V(1)' ]1:i9)1 !'e::;:i~;tcl]'jce L(I h'(:iU. dlid i:"i :3u:\I:.I:'I1:>l,:: f(l.l

h(~tJl/y ]()or:inq j n L:u::[:flJ:'j<o'b ,)1\([ yklY1c,hul l;-::(;};~I 'oui. djff:i.cuJt jlJ 1l1,clC]llllll!U H1UJ:31: be iJ.tk':'c:n jr!i:J) cJ.(TCluni: v,<)I,"n

'1 rii'C: c'I:,n::c:j('j,'::j'H 1:'1.'1' fl'If"( :ins:r, :=.:IJ.itdhl i'dl c('lw)nl ))iJund hlcl(ylVlUol Lluj }dilj~:l ;,:)0.1:6 dJjliCLll I:UX,c;,] iiupl lc:lllc::rlt:_" f)] • Cilllf inSFo ,"(net hanc1j "<''1fl::.:, ii)[ I v[,1,y :::h"='[)f'l dl'ld vel1:i c:] e (E',el j L tllll, 19'70: U)\CO TilliL!, r;,C,v" L'/71.: Irvjne, L()6J; Ft'.lJml';l 19'72: !id..lOl ;,1\e1 JkJiJiuw, 19'7:3: 1\:;1, j Ub'1 , 19T:I) OfuJ':i et d 1, J 9f:1,?; i\cl(~ld,"-fV1(:'Jl:C:i:JJJ

(';I t ,11. 19139; J\ bb:i vi. 1 C)()(I) ,

NAJI1E: OG EA

); C(;lYd., (lDnj,?) :llcdNigellc;); jn:~;',,:lj:c,(,

(GuinHr:'!); ril}:'i'l ( (\hJ:;t); r:11IJ1 ,:, 't'd I i'x ('(:;' (]\hb i vi, 'IC)()O)

) Cind dc-'e j duou:::: E (It <::uti:_' :i 1 ) d\Yd.mpy I lClf t;.c; ,

Icv:in,'::. 19(;'1), [lc,,"':':: ll.:d (,('curi!! ;~;it'''~lml,z:: but i:; ,·,(tell

i<:llllld n':'r_l! t.hem even Vl)I':'1 II:' the (ixa.:ilk'ti]H jHIj)'c.,)i>-<:i 1 n[, 1<.)6(')).

E{::li=:terll: :::UJ"lUJH. V\I':3,::L,(~nl: D.i,c,>:(, ne,'! I Dunk,Yh, T.'u[(I;c;u; !\:"l'l'lnt.l

'IOJI;I. {,1 ':','J}

('::i() I nOli! r I ) ,

18

\7~ilI

<:ilK;1

ObtlrX;j, ()VfDJ)t (Ilv:i.nu, L(Jr.}) ,

) (Tt vi I!(C'., 19(,1).

('I 00- JF)1l )1 ) ~)y U[()l n. 1:.-,1,1 1

cyJ .i lid) .I ] 1 l~I'~l(llll

! '.

I

",

t {lunded ,bul tX()::;:~:eF': , Di. Dlltet"'l , T";:LC!nf:'C, L ern) .

J , 'nu \f':.~1 y :~'';} ](.l[ \.

alt) lc'Y. 19GU; 11 v(1)1,,:. J 9C:L;

C\l.le Ik:l:3h 10 ',uclc\i::::h'll), Mtl. VJi.i:h ()(::(::(;t:-3'i,otlnl <1';ltk,·:'t stl,'j,J,k:::; (Ilvin,::, 19CJ; FiJJ"llJl.~II. :le)'/;:; l\dc:kl.(:,'IVI(c;rJ:~:dl.' [,:1,],

l<)rn) ,

Alull:'::oL VIII,i,te I~I~.' :3tx'dvl'c'oloUJf>cl dnd di:'3tinci' I':com he,:u'I','dCII'(j. me}, l')'n) , vii ck' .' COlmnOfj 1 y :lOO-1130111tll ( ,~ '/ j JJ )

:::t \<] 11 (lV>/ 1)1 i n'c<:{i). t)ck""r1. T1c1>;:i:1U raU cClw';c;e and jnc'j :iJJ(;'1l Le) be w(Jul1)l, T)J('

)\p(ly'L'd(H'jd I:,: ,:lpl' to be ;';t)l!i,':"i/(Fd "JIJ'fllOY buL Ll tt:, do(':,: ne'l: ,,,![>pHtl'i tu Jy:: :=;,="11nU3 dl;,E'.::ci (11 Vill<;" , lC)()J.: F'mnl") 1<)'/::~),

IhlC i e::,: f1 (ill! 4::m l() 'iOO k~l /J!I~1 (?(". ](,]) 1;1), bei'I!;i('llUcL

'.1.'1[(:;' ddl" kCH' Ct.llOU1',,,1 lK'iITt:'tI,:,li>cli,!:: iJPPlH(:i db 1 Y )j{':'d 1/

IlldlJi)le phIe (:I,']('UJ(o:,(l. :3,:iPV/('(f! , 197:2; 1\dcji)I:,~'fli("iJSD1,1

,,,,t (J 1 ,1, (Jf39) .

~k 101 1\ Ill::: I:d: F:l ,[C, i l (! j,

Ibl'/d\ N/lI.ilH ? Ib id

11.800 9,100

Mu I;:,: IJlt (\'Iti(,ni j Cl 90;::t; F~(, liJU Vf:' !lum.i,d,l MC),iutul Cunil.,,:)')1: HI 60S;; Rr'dL:ii:ivI'j )hlIll1LiJi)/ COJlf,,:,,:[)1 '1](1 j Il] IIV:l\jI')!!\enl

j nq )',I.CJj"I] lHovI'lllenl

Pr (A;,""::3:Ti nu C'lllcl! 2":, L '::,r'i :.c: i. i

''''i-::::;:L U(1 ['I (I \1] 1 e J

h" n

ll:>f /i

41.6

=~cn;

J ;;~ ,c:r·;~ ('] J . C)';:~ (1

u:no

iJry:iIlI] Dri,f,'::: fililly tiJ,pi,111>' 'diU] J :il1 hI ,,(h~. jiqhl d:i i;jl,n 111.'31 LJ},(; pL;!,c(':" <.in.'] c l ,1 Jei),/;:::i' liJdY uCCUJ 1.111

Ul i I,']': 11I,.l.li ,~d 1ul:,IF:': nJ Illdil<; ... I)i Le' 1< j 1 n ;::c]H:'d u ] ,]

19

i.,

[']

Cl 110 L!(;~, [V[, C db)ll! /), ('I':;; (. 6 i I. )

[(..ld.iiJl <tSI(_IUl J, :Yi; n/16in/f'i) (Fat lIIU), Jsn) ,

i(:)s: lVlcu'\ii[Lil Ir~ whcd J y J9fl9) ,

nllllll i ner

WJ!",ln ,"I. lCiPjl3 ]JropUll.;IWI ell' 'duel]])I matulji,d 1)!O:C:H1Ji

.c:3<J\v:'j ('lppHt')J i:() hlltld, Ill/on:; Id.p:i(lJy, (JI.l·lt:;rv/L:')f" :3iil:i 19'72.: cJ], 19i39) ,

I~ p --~3(:nv~i. i1~] ~·~·:(-:I\\f iP;~~ 1" J . F~. :l;~l

C!«(':;c:"-cult:i 1 19 C:on::;ider,~d)1 (j bli:CeI:lk

ly:d=h:'ll! ('If ('Ill' (F,ltJw:'x, 1()'7?). VJ j ek,: ~ ;::'::1 Vi 'A ,

P J cUll I \~J .- CI.lt t I;Y:,:; wj l' h J 'er1uced dn~J] y ('IIu } ""j

J ern) ,

Ni"i 1 :i 119

U 'I u :i. Ci~J

LCI InevIC'nl W:'C,] 1y finji,h

D.itCicuH. Orl !:,nciIAY'11J) It/oJki.tlIJ HiLhey illl, W{lnrj

cnnn])'I(:·;-: I (I' 1hr:~ i'jb)'p;,:: dye h"nt (,nd dj'.:) nc>! :::'~v(,'r<':d

c I r;'il ill y (Fur m(~l. :l C)'7:;;) .

(k'CHJ me)' 19'72 : Ac1di\(: -M,"] J:'ocd J (~t ,,:d 1985'1)

C:'::lr"iCl ( F,:I1'!nl:,r J 9'72 : !kkk\\3 ':~llnnHdh L a.I J 9[1<))

I'lclcd h":nc1:in9: When lJ:5JI_ ':'\!I;::!J t(~1 0. L:!li]lC' )'adju:2:; of CU}Vil.tUI("., ;'=;eV'-'ll:'

l)u(:k:1 iitlj 'Htr1 CjJIln 1 wc' (:,('('111'"_ (')0 l!\

tt'::irJ9 ,i ;==;ur'f)(JI tin\] :::t1ii[.l.

('1<I'::::i l il',ti i I)CI \h,·t)l P,'I',V LlllJll,.:ill~1 ld(LiIl:,; CC'l ::-:.;~Jl!lU ( J) ]c'tWilJC,(:'

(1Iflf:i:-',:UJr':r l ): ?l/!rnl[! (.']']/'ji.nl (Vlrmr,r. 19'/';";)

ill pi 1 (l,?:::: l\Clr:J,iJ'-~k.·t )~:,dl I:: L ,) 1. J ')nCl)

f.Ji')\iI)lll":l! l ; . ~jlJllll P J LlullJ :3CJ9.:; Lo 9 Cl':;; r~. j) ,- Cl, 16~;; ;::iUY[.':lce C":pl-i U- inr} Oil H>:[H):-,:un':' L(, it/(:',IU'I\"'J

(Fi:lrmt~r, 197:;;),

~::':rLi:c)f'l.cl:ni'Y iv.hu!t fi.lltc'd (F,'ltml:lf. l(),7~?: ]\c1rld1c'-Menscth et Cl.:I, ]. CjE\9) .

DIU,d,·i,li. ty 1'([ld

CI:'i. H!:L I et ell, L 9[\C)) .

20

t(J

(F"llnl',l, lQ'r!: I\dd,-I' +l,'lno:lh

(') . I

I \

I I

I I

DuY,lhi I i :~:J'"C'lhl(,

1\10(!<?lo.te

U::::F;::: : 'T! I.n III H 11,II,ld 1 '['/ vli dp :~c:'~:li lVI' li~,d :i :', J 'ik" 1;/ I (J )):'j('<lnl<-, cl. ff,::elt~ i:cl (:':lit'! ::'~Ii (I

llnhi I"d

if (:ilrJvers'iun it; (k'] .. ,mc1 :it;CC: HI LhjJ.jly iock:; aLL L'IJliv<:!y::i(lll i,.11: dti:\\'ll.i<:J,ck:;: to tb,: IY;C,. (",1II'1.d tl(' 1.1.:,;('(1 r",(ini.'::!lin,l

lJdJ t;"~; ut c(il)jrKJt ftu l!ituJ'<·.~: DIJcl :fc1r' H.\(:U1UfdCLuxcI (It ] :i~(J.l!" c:rd-J.( 1.;"j('k,iIKj CII:C':('e": "nr] lic.ulI.li 'dfL:e:;, T\ il.<"":',1(Jli~il/t:1 Vi,)III!!)£' ",:ltl I)t' pi,C./IIW()([

Cl UJII 1 w<.'ud HlI"') , JC17;:;; Add,:\(:",M(,'lk:cdJ L J I J. CJ[ICj; /.\JlJ:>:ilv, E)C)n) , C': I I' it;; ::::ull.,diJ(e [Cll' ct?ilkmJ bouilll VIO(,IjYlonl lll(i I(Lif!~J ::idI)';: (/\:::i.i,:lb'IY.

197::),), h;,lJ j (!ul tu)','] hnpl<3Dl':'-:rrl:::::, gE:::n<3rdJ c\.In;"':tnJct :lcln. (J](\ )j~1 ))Uill d:,:,. 11".1 t (I})rJe)t " .' h(lcI t c1 "nel :,:(1 etb(I,Cl) cl, t. 001 1l<J,ncl J e~:! il nd \jI-o'lli (' J ('

h, icd Kt ;i\,kl<l' JOl(l. J 9(7) ,

NA~1I:';; AYAN

U;:c:uill 1 yi i (jnd fH,_'U"I. h- \=~\~j.~::d: Icll DOl:';':::: J j(J I'

11 ).1' • I,!) he1VU C([IY piLl L.i,cul.ir ;o;ui I. (JlufeI'3nC:H

F\I,:'1 Scl1',,(!1 j w K'l c],,!cj duou::::: f'il<:::;::;ts (J lvi!J\':!, 19C) ) ,

E,'!: .. : I. U I' Cl.; nUn::l 1, l(1) f ( ,r 'j Cllkl.: \'h,:~: t('ill; n Ii Ik\J\l : /1::::JI<.\111:.i; l<lJJlldH , J\,JIII":(I (TJ Vl))I~, 196J),

:=:'iettc't Lf!(l!1 Le' nOI)!.'ll (W{-):,;i 7HI. jl.'d) (J1 vi! , 10 (,,];

F":n IlIH! , '1 9?:?) ,

l,,) .

hL'PI:';!(l.J

'19(0) .

7IV(!j(ICl'c! 11"jlJht 77r!l (CJO n.) ,md Cl,i,lJIii)L':!l n,DHt (;:~I/:,;:n)

buL UrJIJHY COV(lIJl'U])}f::' c<"l)'j(.l:ii j()));c: rVddJJc!;:; Ill,' )1 .... ,I ~'I~:HIJ

(1'2:,) rL) iJIIIl. di,IlTlCt.H l,,:l!ll (4:1 rt). Hid 1:]l;':lll,

n:',i;c::cIJjcJJ':1 y :"if) i 9) 11 ('<lIe) Iy]:i i jilJ :i (:;.'d t.>U1: ;:;JIIWc'V/! kd Ut !Ilu I. ,11 i.1 JIJ 1;1 i l' h 't/(',:I k 1 Y deve 1 ,h11.1: i: i n:':::c:: d, Y ] J 960; J 1 vi 1 j,';, 19(; I; FcUHJ{oq, J C)',n) ,

21

( I I

I

I , I . if

C'ulo1.lJ· \lcll' J I'>.: f CC!]I) 1 I~IJlnn"yl'; 11 I)\'I 10 ye 11 (,v.f'llt-(,llfJI ,

;~: i:.:())if('!. i mc';C! 1'1 ();Cil)n 1, :! n tl le ddrkel' ill,'I,lc"l i i\ d'lt!' u:, ",1\<

(JIV:ill(j, 'J()(l);

(J I(}!H i (

F\'I i l'J'l:2; j\dcliH:: ,tVlenf,:,I/I. ,·,1 Cl 1. 19CICJ).

Nc-n Y()\\I i3t ~:n'l "--C'(I} ()l)} i.Jllcl ft~ ] Y {Jj.~~)tirK~t. fJ~(JjJl

(T vi I lIe; .1 C)61; F,n II)('IJ I C)7':~") .

drJ{~l {~J.~3 r 1 (lOY V\I(~IC:::tr~::; \\,(":111 (-1.nc1 ()V(:rJ:1 y 1 . lc)60). (lftnn i.[)I<:'lhl(II'~c'l! elll(l :x)ml~LHf\I::::' ',-/lIV;;

(ItVlll':'., 1961; F;'(nnel, 197~~).

Fi,n"} t.::,>:tUld. ::::(llflf',' Id 1,/ f'iliolb.!! I~) r C\I)):::i dlc:Yctl )J df:"('(ll','::ct j v", 19'/:?) ,

67() l\dl HI ill. '1 C)FlC)) .

:1 9CCI: F.rnnur, \)' ( [Y I ili":. J 9(; 1 )

C\lIIi .• yirJ:',: y":1 l(lvl 1:~>:L),'J(tive Vlhicl! undl'.'l lfl1.,i:,:\tu'C) c(lnd Li('n::.: ( ,.ljnin~J j:; li.l.LI.I,:' ;c;iiJjn cf'J.hr.ic:-::: (1 \,I il!i' , J()C,i: F,ulfler 'le),?::),

C~;(~i~~~ t r~.d:::;:1 (~ t,l:~ ) ( ll,:,l). {) ( 1 Lj{:~i:l( -) I CFctY HI(?) "

1 97:?) , dIll, I..) ()Jlllll (Tt vi ne' .!()C,l ) ,

IYk) "-i ;-:; L 1 . .Lt '{~\

(~(lri.l""t::}n·l'

I',81Id:i 119 :;11 Mu<i u ] lW:

N/mnr

Jnn

i \f(~: ~3i

( Adcldi)'-\\;leJ't::('lh

EL\~:l jeLl y'

lbf/i 11 N/mw% 1 bC/i II

lVlc,j::iure ('ClUb-cll] in 90~;; T{(ddLl\l(~' Humid,iLy

{,-':~;;3 .L Ul! I ),~U 'it J 'I i' 1 t() ~Jr(J i rl

jJJL,i::::i,uJ CClntunL jn CO:::; F:el(\Li \it:, lhulfi.dit)' 1:1 ~,; ('<;'1 irl<;'I ti)nl~[c:'l !l:i ,I J !lill,/,c;!liuili

c.'U.l j n~j ! lI.ll ~i i', 'I )1\1 11/1',!fIC:] I i rn.I"1 , I ern) .

j iJ';.1 ('"I'j.1'.':IC i:':'l

dlyin'j 01j(j}: i,1fi thl 'i i'l I n~l \/i i 11' ,

Il]j r;}()Vll)! (Trv:iIj(,~, )')61). Killl

" "('I~lnUlj(::' I ;decl (F .. II· ltll',t'. 1 c!,:?~:)

22

':~ :i. n/ t I ) i ])/ ii: )

'1' Hil.: F'iLt Ifl":.t

::::~c:l,l(,,'lu:1 F

\ I ,1 1

I (

DJunt

]I1,ichillinq

Gluino .-.

it

C:'din ofl,"n ir-1'<':'I;Jul ,:lJld :inl hJch0!i1.

vdl'ielhl,) <'tHlolmL':: or tjjl:ie,:I(fiuiHcrc. :197::~).

wj Lll ,),1.1 'I, ()()] ; ] :1',lb'l c 'lc, p:ick up on Lhe

the C'i.:I.lt(! (T1viwl. J 9(1) .

('i)) {L:.l:ll j

WO( k::: 'de t 1 <:'>J 1 !Jjc1(~<t

M,d!,:;) ,Ti:<:! l c, fjeV,"j ( ITV i 1110', 1 c)6 J: F':(llll<C,I", 19'7::;; l\dJ:lo,c.

l\1Uli::;clh I', iJ j L (89) .

:Ri P;3i!.VI ;::,,;),\.; t fP" J 1 . I( ~/J

I,t H.H 40 OY 'Tr~ vlll(~i' ::';'c"\i0n" h1lJrd-'illlJ i:-c; nnc"'llni>,rHI1

I)Y vli-,,")] long- :ic'n l'un~:: cnl~ V1Wlll<-c;il,

()UJH bui. 1 clJ n~-;[ up ('In ~~-:~:)~v 11<::~Ct:):~-;~~: i t i:Jt (~f3 UF:31';: <yf 1,t \Cf'\::\d.:=u~~(]

;:;ul. (F,:lJll!''::'l. 1972). ]Vj(~c1:iI.J1!! Y(,:I:::;:l;::i:cuK:e I_c, cuLl

(Ackkv:;--i\<l(:rl~:nh ,::1' ,:l J. :1 9fiCJ) .

i.in\:); COl!s:icl':J'lftbllc: lJn:)"Jk:in~1 <:Jui ,:d ]X,-j·tOUl allc! t).)ck vi: cut.

2 mo::-:t ;::ll[(i\b1", (}'i\Jllle} 1.97::;).

Vljde lxUl1 19T:) .

IJlj

Planjng A 2C!' cul:ij)~oj '111gl IU'I'

;~:'IL L::l.Jciui: p1;lll,i I(J ,,[' IllCll;f::'li,clL hdVj [ICJltl!J'i:'] fJC\<J"I!

IJlrti lJ t i:::'3f,-:t(~~l'(!( dI,'?Jl' \ Ct'(Jrn 1~-') t(~n(l()I'jC:>f f(\t

Hip kll 1,'1 (11:\< h) (.',Jlnl'~ {""'XC i nu ",od ])1'1 "d ... i nU OVl<.tY (,If

~:lY y i f;(;~~J .

Bor G1.int bU,i Id-'Ilp 11"Ui;:;:'Y':: clklt i.1 . dtld t,.llurl.:lnc,I JB

Y,II'lcl, 'j'jlnb,'f' (;:«lld Hl.lppu;:ii!"j. Fllunl.inu )IY'.)I

toul;::;.

Mort :-':I,:\ti~)r(l(.:i',()t)l, bilL blunl.ill(J nn hc;.ll':,'Vf

'-::IjUr:t/'I:~ c'h 'i :::," 1 lIi,-IY 'I,,:,' r, ,,-pill (F,:'u: n\t:))" 1

:::, )lllt:! c:;p It tt,i lID OCCUJ;·3 U.l)] (:J:,;:::::: YlOC(] pi e--h'A,~d (If\)!I ne. J C)(':1 ;

F'unllt)i, 'le)?;:;; J\ddcl(,·-M(::'J(i'lh ,e,: 'It. 'l9091

nrL j I) J'hc1:i n:-:/t 11 j ckn<::':.:;:::: fo1' ::x,1.:i cl Jx:nr:l.::

1:<:([ : ;~:C1 1.ln:::upprIJ I:ocl '-.',;:

L,jllljtr:::d l'=ICUlI.:==; f,>;: :3.:2lJJJl! (1/2 jn)

1 i\() U!if I (7i n)JfI,e;y. 19'7::1,).

1.'Jmm :31u J,(C{" ;c:;p) j i-I j rj~1 ()ll t">T)I.'i":Ui

(F,oll'iWC,l. JI·:O;?l.

23

(iU lHil;:,'lliled.) :

'I

(.' ;

::.31.0 j n j I !~I "J HI. 11' 1'1 j :"llli I JS:l ; L

\1]1(,:n f.il11"d(Trvjne, :t 'le1; F',um,":y, i ,11, J C)D9) ,

llulnl)j } j ly und F!l'E~::.:r:H"\h) 1- -j (in

In')(:lci: ,yt1:ock: Hd:~: ]':'Ceil!Y'I"'ji<c'IJ 1I1(',.'i l "Jlllu)y i:c:.;L;)ni· Ic) h-'iUi'ih,~: ill vl(.c':~:I· ("hi('il 1 '\ClC,Ci·

Inr:lll<, 'lC)(i:l; , li)'7~;), I~,:,:,; 11. tl' liun I]

1;()j(";'1 ,;\l'lad, (A::hi,,(lIH, [96'7),

Dux 1%1

J:ity 'If 111,'dJ vV(I,d !\k\·\.('·1 'Iy (JU1'dl,] ,1'Vil

F','(f!;)!"\ 19f): iVkk·«" M'Hl',:ith I~( it 1. I ()fl~n . F'}'-'u::{(:'Y·'Vrj.l- j

Mud",: 1y J, ElC\9) ,

~d. dJYJ J :i ty dnd f( 11' Hid) J)I (J.l tl1(~ PUYI-I(.:-}~3{;)}--; re)] \~ll Li ch (:,(-:\}<, -1. ::-~: tt~:{-:!d, p\ l.lF;{:,1 t':" \.L 1 iCI -\ I tt·~r)' i~.i lnt}t-:-'J' f( If'" cl(l( j(

r'Ji)Il!I:':f;, Viii n:'j()\\,;'::; Id :::::i)]. :-::nJib'!l-,J I'~ ];"U f()J' 110'f

V'/Iid,k. a,l:': 1)(':(')1 u::icd i. n 1 field ;;\lld Y'D i 1 il K1 1/':I! iJ.:·1 '. \ lJu.il(i:in<;J fCl) flc\llle:~: 0.l1<i Cd! l.Y_l;,'I:.ie:c;, ;;:uii,Cll)'j l-ul

f t::i. Lt-] Y 1 e;:::: ~i 1 ~i c~nt.: C'()l {f, i) ~l n~:3 iJ y(' 1 ) (l\q

i:~.: ·lj.~jl)I\--~ I.c(l ~-,:t({,·.i!t ft:ltJr:i,c;,:: IJnd(0:1Y (fll

lY,;,.i,ll(J

Vil!j I:h

(1110: t iml.K~l L.'3 tllf'eJefo:r ,,' nn/, i' HC'U!f!iT!(-TJ([I:"() .( UI' ki I, cl le) 1

ttfld LIIU f'qui Tld"'lj()j ,kC'C)(dt'j"lJi, 1.111 )f,

ilI:'i]I'c' hl'.I("'!, :",:'\(""l.per::::, f.::h.in~JJ ,drIJJ!l~::, r:Oll(lC':3 '.Il

i9()(): Ill! ii It', '19(/\: F',IIIII"Y, 'I c17:.~: TiUh;,v!i,li"y '\ Clf36:

/\1,)) j VI, '1 CJ'I(l) .

l Y u2:ecl ,I): in::;uloi.i CJ<) Illfll,cc'.!' ill.1 .i.ll co]!1 h'''i:' \('[ n::h j( :c::hip::.;. (,,)) H!fJ.Llc:l iul .i,ll 1 d., VII:: It

f;'J 1111\'1 jejl C,()! 1'::1,.- lie i.i 'Xl;:: 0 I,. ,:.d 19H9 'l :::;Il,iL,:,'Ille fur u;::;\? ,'CC:'; ~llued ],:JJJlj,na.Led ))::: aJi 1:-: witll 1:',«',-:11,:,1'11. ',:;lll:;:':U ::::II.'C:[ jYH,cllh:'l 11' <;fy,J,jIL "Idl l<)JI

clJ id 1 ':;':c,i dll(X;' l<:1 c',S:! .i,ll'::I' /\;3 ~ll U 1 dlIJ beaLfLs HU:.Y.jU 1 u:,: u L l.l:-';I:i -ity. lx;ndin~1 ;,~L h ,clod fc'ld:3!.i<: J LHlil dl

:'::3o.:i.d tCI l.k; tu U)u:::.;e UUCi:Lll!I~:d vlil:l.! :i.d t.J\~':d.l{n-:::; () i' '\: r \ {-" 1t/':Il-Jd, ~~;:Cd (1"(_~ !:tnc1 ';-:l-~t 1 ~;I;-). J er/!:;) .

I. (iJJ 1 fc,t l Cl.!!') ]lc6 litLl U111U

erCi-_~C~!- ()j'j :i,(ltl (jnd 'R~"?(,'V(\T 19(/.i). b", 1):::;I,:d a:';: lb:.::i:dlrl f,:<rin f311 I:.::: d(;:ck JIU

(\''')I)(J~,:, J C)'V:)) ,

24

i

W\ME

!{abi t,I,1

C. ,,1 (1111

ll,l

Nl\ME: ; ESSIA

1''o[ :1" :,~n!l(:', Fi ,c'Cjl le! ICY (li DI it I I,! I <)unvl cJ 1. .. fI"'ln '(J,il 1 fOr i, t'J l\Jll cH j;,,;('1d('l

)\:'::,3(1(' t ,'I Li ('.In, !vk,) (:')llllll<.n 'i (I ! .. 1 d Ihcll'i :in uni,)w'll(:ld :1(12',::::[ (1',;J.y](Jl lCl(0),

11 i::; ,\ Led 1 ne'; Hxc:eeJlir :3, ?,j[) (li,:lill"t"l' ill

L)l "3d;.,>I 1 1':' j Th!:" i:) p,:;, e,))1 (J1 "1,/ Lu u'b>ul. JCI <"'/'111

h :Leil1, J1", hix": LT a i ecrhl bn] (~: ,:011 J 1:', U,~,:II"J JI ;; il'lQ. }'1 lIt);::! fKJ })ulLrc(:3:=:; l)ut ;·~nlJctlJ l'(_I(')!

may c1(.c:vrcli 0['1 'Ji., 'jC)()O),

\)L j 01

-ye: 11 ('Jll ). I [(~clL L1.v(,-l(_,cl ,.""VI.i;;ll 19(,0) ..

V!lI!"1 ( r'l('::,:h, 'tVlI 1!:1 11.3;': hc,\, , 'i ])11' ;':(1,,',11 ,'1I I'll" '; Iyi Ilq

T h'7I'c,m(;:,; ,jJOUl :t (,,::::':;::; wliell :"uw,::ulIecJ ]'Ij

TI:'<.h 11: " CIf i I").rJ::::v(,r

":J, I Icl Cl J. :X'

Ui(';' 'd(')()d j :.c: J!ll·!cl:i 111/1 1"(,

:i ,"In CiJ' ,wlJI l:lll>JH ,:H(:' \I(eU >' e:::}·,IUi. L e:\llcl lJ)i 1<;1 ]Yl1JCl:: nf [)Ll)

]'~'1, 1960).

llHdJLVlc""d j lfI("~k'Y'Jtely 11'C,c),vy 0])'11'1.

lfl() i ;::~ Lt 1J ct)n I 'J::' n t- .

l\r:Jl(ij ll~l ,'it 1 (:)JjU L) 1 :1 Xl. Cl7 10()(]\I,)U::; of nlo:::;t:ic'iiy :]:)500 N/Illlfl?

r t '( \I,' .il,ie

(C:hYII1'cl. ,

:i \l1'e :3b ) p;~u cd h'] 1.(J ~Jl<:I])1 7:':; , 1 r:j!!:;'()l ;c>Ll<'::TI9U.I peu'all I lu ~jl.·c\:ill J.:::: .. ~)f\ N/mlJl'j

or, '] ()()O) ,

FJl ()('(.';',:;;_: ~i n9 CllcU~ (J.C~ L <.:.'y i :~~~t, i c:-:: iF;} i elfj h(~l~-',; !",f) 1 ,le' :~-; J f )"1'1 'l-'(}

l'V)O) .. :~:p lit: i i IICj

. ~kJL \/(~~1';1

1 96CJ) ,

1 il1::01\ i l",!) 1" ("I VI''':<Cl Vii'" 1 :I ,c,b ( )\:-;hi ,:I1:J'r i lilt) I ',oi\l<~r rl,: :;. lY:'iAi ,'uld ;::;l,i:i 11 bu.:i. 1

]).:',J', <:1::, .i..:;,) 1 h,,1,«11 ,'.fr.0\) i ('! n

1!l':Jl i~d l Cl )lkll, J <X,CI; 1\1 ;hi. w, :1 C)C)(J) ,

25

19'73) .. i 1

CUrl:·.1LI de

Uklf< i.ti~1

\1 110 ,',Illc!

: r

I

S'J'j\Nfll\l{ilj'I'I,(/\DF: NMllr;: ILOMBA

J)JT7~N1CJ\T, NAMr: ,U79,,/e!,::j,','

nil )\'} Hdl!II,.';::J

)):1 LI :iJ)l) L '.Ill

,d

(lU ,'c, ((~l k;J),'); (!l\OlIJU ( " ); \\'(1 J ) ;

7\1'; j/:,J!! !l/)I)!k'9(/\'i1'iJ1V{, '1 ()CiO) ,

(':J ('HI,:d F"'l(,',;::;I: II il'i \i n~i :il! "1 'Tdy·1 (_'If'-! lr)C)(f),

1 n~l:i (If v:i ]11" J C,6:1 ;

J);';::'>':)l \/H ,

Adl::;elllll,y,.l, (Il vi! 1<.:, 19(;1)

C:u:i) g:,';l t I' lJlJoj llj j, l\ll~j':<] ". r'n.d ( 11 vi t le', 19(;1 ') ,

A 1!l<"rJi \)lil J 'Lt 3:')1!l(UO-J:~C)ft ) t- lJ.(v1 (:y 1 i od t

D. (,I , ClIlI (

CC\ J l\fl i. (\! ,

in 11<':: It, 1 I)flly ': iqlll1v

i' i,) ,,) , ,Li\'i.I!H,I.I,:.t

1.'(:(\,\:·:3:i ()I h:1. 1 1 )I l!tt'lf' (,) 1".1 l'Y)(); [,vi)II:, i')e) F',U!fiH)

1 ~;)r/;:) .

() j t () 1 ~ ul j t,('! f~3ul)iJ 1 y p:l ~'/\,1(. J( H! .i ] 1

(ltJCH,ICk:, 1 q}',(J ') ,

I\bc,ul 10 m IcI 7,0 w:i] 1 HI') :i II ihe JVOl

i'::--l""" t 'i '1 Y (7\(1':>[1,1, <f/c ; ') ,

!'(f:'dtIVI,II'<d r,)Uu)/: !'']'':li!J Ijrt:-,:ll'lfhi j,:, pinki:;h lit (IW1'1, ()C(XI:c-;j,,) Ji:d Iy w:iilJ yc.,] l(I\'Jl::::h (,' lll,'IUVt: j)jfJ,lkirll,J,

l(w, lC)CD: ItV:iCl<:, lCJ(~'I; F,ttlllFI 19'7:.~;: !'r:llf ~~Yl9 ,: i\( ']dCi,H-~-J~'J·en:'::cJ.h lat cl].. 19D:'-:).

"hd,::, (1(>1

VC,)' ] :io,])1 C'U1. (I/i.~-U' ;--: ; CII J.

1 <)['lr 1. y (JI::mdt'cc'.t "I') (I ('lI) hu,:(y i. 'iVy)!! ,

h, ,1j ,lc']»! .lC111 :ir <::x1.1. j(Jfl ;:\1.1.11

ill (hi (l':t \finc" , IC){)i: F',J] (!jIH 19'1')) ,

n(Jundw(I(/i ILi::;(']C,IU:,; It(''IJUd11.Jy aftc'l I.'uti. D,i.::.:(\.,Iuurl)I'"tl,n (,.lI'c:)lr::; ".i, ill": :>:li.I.' '(' ,,1 «:::: 1'111::: Iljvj

LelI(:~"3 Ci.l()}J~J th(;~ rj])J'<-!~·;. :31~I.VlT!\rl(,q.yJ 1~--:~;n tJ-::~ncl t(l

ili :3('0:1 (llll L,') ledd i ~:l!bnlvl!! dint flU 11i/i nCj ;kl.J t i '.:Il! It I .. 1 yt 11.

dr{·:;cl.~d_: ill C('ljtl~J.ct \\!j'III (lth(;"\,r ;'-:'il'~Jck:i.::'(;l 'hl ( Tl!\:-, lJ·i.::~C(11()11r'(~'~I~i(-ln :i.:-:": f::hC"n'n L(I 1~):.": (·'du:::(~(1

61 Cl], J C)i:Y::i.: Yil:<id:;i (,~l ,'i.:I, J ()f(~,) ,

',lC (ll:j.(, ,:',1(') I';->i>ll'li.ly in.h",,:1 FIIIYc> HI,

t ]1>:::: :,;1 ill Jd j ll~l i:l ,:J.l F'i \I\:!:::::::":"] r r" I :i 1.,11,

1.111:' ':'It! I y () t' hil'i ni h, (:," 11 , :UI di:li j I i nu ({,:Iib)} H~';::;':;J J))i'i(i'-'il':(" WeI)! 1JI.' J,~:ducI'd JI)I

,iclII tr'l',' hUll-" 'illial'f. 'I!ld ,,:pr,lf'jlll-' Pllr'I',: ill'''JH

26

(:

i ( ,

I , I,

I

i I , ,

.i I' '! '

1 I , r

, i

Vh'lki iI~l

jiHHledl,:c,!<:;d,y (lftGr (T'('H~~;-(,lltt 'irtf] ,'lm] c<,lluldJ' .I j (In :in t11(C) ) 01] lI!dY 1" <':dw U ](0' Ci'i! l,,_,j Clt.,U

tr·t.~1 ~lf! cl"nl-.(C'nt r;;uffi cj(::'ni: lyr'<:J h):-::-,I"n th,I0 ri,:lk of bl un \\'hell] [lw, "JOC[,c, ;:c;uh_,:(:'<]I.1crJi-ly I:ollv,'\rted, Tl 'I

('lJ! Y l\"},~tH -i b l (":~ iJ,"1 t.{~rTl(~tt "i v(-:~ pr\J_c~t) er:) -i F3 \hYi: Y (Illj ck r-,--J.('t 'inn. :i H'Il" 'd j ,'j'[ (:(IJ lV0t 11:1)1 ,,,IT 1'1 i ) J~J Ol,:,f inf;.)lxl, 19(;7).

(-\~;~1 !(\[' I-~i J 1 >' :~Tt- Y !~1 j l 're>: 1. tU '{:) lHt: )c~'k:~ ( cl"! J Y c( I,::--Jl }::3~,<' r ]J1) t 1.(>[, 'IC)(>i); lyv.ino,j<:)(il: f',)j'!i\<', "I(),/':~;

1(71)) ,

r,'tlc'f';(II)I Hd'(\/r I tinJ1'C'r dj :'3[IPPUCU' le; Vlhl:'l J dry

(.In .. ->!! h,'(;:3 <t,n UI IP )1-'oS((1I i: n([(11 it:, i"il li <Ill

1972) .

Cll)oul~ 510 kg/uP (]::-~ Ib/ft~) "cl(:'i,:1~30n(',d 1 {lC, :L 960,: F'lt mu.t, '1 ()'?:~; ; , J 1),79,:

Add.,)c M'i:,'l J~=!CJJ j cd" DJ, 19139),

r:\r:Jnd 61 N/mn? Cumpre:::j,:'Jj VI:) )! ~\e N/lllW 2

,

Hc(k'f"II:I:) :::IJ{~lltJLII Oyvinlc" '1.961; P,ll ilIH) , 'Iq,?:::: 7\dc1d(·'~

fJkJ1J::;dl! el. :I, 1989).

lul '(::t C L (~'~J:' j. ;~:t. j c~:-::::

t 1\<]: :::;'C;":121(1n::)

J3JIIJli:, j ng

r:,"J, VI j 11::.:1 ,:1 n(l

MC.tC\I,i. n(.'cy

t LI) (try j.fl Lh.:ic}(J~\r' :~,)i

]\"j III :=;dk'llu 1 (c: C'

Hid.)' cLi:-;i')jl VHiy bdd!y. jJjiicuIJ ('relY I (,I!, J C)(;(): 1ev1 I j(;, 1 (Je,l) ,

1972) . 1\.-t1 (It Y I CD.t!l i,lI~J :i:: y I ,'C(;llIIHHl :d(:'d , (),'I ] ,)~)Ui; lHelY UCCUI (\h 1 'I In tlv:, humid bop:ic:=: U li, cl\' di)' d) :i, ',c!:e:: i I.l '.30

, 19:)C)) ,

::)lui : jVjd>::ill!um tc>i:.,:d ](Illg:itud o ,~:)'~; (nll:i :;:1'11 t I,' <"I, ]<1 ~~:':I,l \c):~: • 'I C(7C)) ,

;,··-::;i~jJ~ i :~": LaC'I-:.('I~i, Y', (~"i \t'(!~3

vlU 1] D, eYCI:':;;':: '.JY d, i, r J •

~1(-1 t I~c:,-tll <0' i ,"I 1, 19~39 )

Li n Lib, nl'("'~3 n,)1 (TYvirJl~~, 19C1; F,:!l1l\(C'J,

L " L ()

(:,1',<=1 (h 'ii)J(?, J 96:1; 17',,1 iJl(,j'" J 9T? ,: Adckl'~' ~k'n:";'Lh '19(19) .

27

:ii

: JClI!

i\l,

i i,

1

1/

I

: (. I

[: I

Pt

\v, Idt ltl.:::J .i lilJ 1'1,.11. III,JIII,!

III n 'il'j 1 i i Y Cl ncJ Ot('c3",): \1\1 r: i, nn

VCiL:l(}il

Lt/cllI Un~mi'

F\".V:-:::3:1 1)'! n :~:ulx:;:: t j ! \ t!

I, i I t I.ll( U, K , ]\k, j rtl~ tit Hkt L i (11'1 (,In Hp)\!, 'Jll{-~n L ()J pI (fr ;~3U"j l\)c(·

,li. i .. i i.II'} ')l! ".!:<pr /311[ (T I '/1 i 1(', '1 C\(j"[ r,iliO'';1 'J 91'~~)

r l( .In- -J-I~:~~: j :3 L.dJ It t() t (~rrf1:i t.(~.':-~·; i. I J

Vl<'lc' t I\i.' ii e,1 (Ixv i t Ilc" 1 9e; L F'd l !Wc't, 19'12),

f~tY() Cie)(=:{·.:;~"::~=-:t-Jr·y tr.") ((\1(1 (1 (-lU( t~t'()l{t i.l"[;·c,:{,::('1 (:~,tt-jd rlln~Jn J

o.ltack ( IrA, 19()(J, JJvjne, J96J; T'OJH!c:Y, :L97:~:;

Yl(~llJenful'n:·. lC)'JC) : Adrl,)I) (Vk':1n::::oll el dl. 19f3Q).

tflC'u])'1 l"t 19(j(): Tt vi)l<: ,IC)(;I, i;'1I I ilJ.I",!, '19'7'.,; ; ,i~, 1.1

~Ik:;n;::;dh (~ ("'1:1 " j 9~3()). Wf~ICld lfk.l.y L}~=~ !~tl-y 1~)1 (JL(~_:cl.\~}(l fJ"(')J.lj

:::dS',]i"<~li!l rttll(Ji iIl1lrll't::: on in flit ,id,:, HI)1I1i'j,<)i):::( HI

!:J] " :J 9b::,). Vlu(.~J nV3)' lx::, 1-1/ cd. i:~C't(,:d J r ()m ;:~it1J)i .(:.-;lrY'dJ !(:·;u.n t (::-:rmj t ~_l>_,

,,:11 Id f11ll.rJii r t 1 ill: c'll \,;i 111)111 l.:d, i u, II C Inn i Ju ill, (ti F' dLi li Cl) :I j 1 ji';,nl':: el duLUJl V,),CI)UHI In <,A (Cit,: '[ ()", lCJiT'-\),

A lY, (,' I 1 Y 1.1: i. I i 1 Y "/,,,/1. i.llb=:] i u\ ,:i) F':::-Y ,i ntHli (J]

!J' . I~(yl," ;~:(:~n~ Lo (·'()I ('L J t v.:;nLtL 1

LJ] yv,l(,l(Ir) l11dl !Ufdcl.(lJ'

i:: (J.lJ id. f f.-'d!";l Ji"Jr\ ,:If Id !)glJ j_ 1-1;-:)1: { (jnd t- tdcL

m,:'it'luIiJ(':I!1I: :i {I \:\(1:' (J ,l(,

c(~u I llt.~,l I u:::e)(l f()y

fun l.i; UY (', iJI< .11.1'1 cl'l J 10::::,

\vh<:J L llC:~y r:lC{~':

L('."!

I y, I\J ( 111/'i il" 'I 0C'I f CH P 1 iv/,)(' 1

j'Ij{,J )s1») Ul~1:1 ,c;'i ,1~17:J; ,UllJ('J, JI17;;; r)j:l,ll:i (nlfJ Ikich,'A:1IC'J!\,!, J Qr3'7; I\ckkl() M"ti. ,:;,'.[, <' L <It '!()i),C); J\bb i IV, :I ()c)I)) , l~(d\i' Ut )c,(1 lvi j i j 1 JU ,cmd j,.l.! urli Il~J pcq:)(C;l H

l c)'ri), U:"(c'll {(Il" r:::ecutKl l(;"i'iltr,J :~:h.inql(,;:':

1:>(,0) .

;:::i"Ju-Lh /\Ht<:" t :i.c:;-t v·j"t'(,ld; T? 19n) .

28

197:~}; ,AJ J{_lJ 1.

1, /( ,

BOIANI CM, NJ\IIi!E

L,()CeJ.] it j (~:;:::

'1'1

('ule ,Ul

Nl\M"_E . STER CUL I A

la

:i (l.) .

F'Junil I:hrnuc.rhuu'l \. he M( ,j f':I. Ck:;lfli· d(-c'c:i (111, )11;:: .Fed:,,::I ;-lCId 1;'(11 '( .. ~~ 1-. rJ;::~(\)l1Jf-~i::; r'cJY (~ j, n 1J-.\(1 :::;C)lJ IJ-l" -W{;:Ht K3

,':,bH(-)f)i h'JIil F~d:i(1 Foee:d. lelf j()(,O: TIll ill''". I C)(;'j )

Vle::::l:(~rlj ;JJuli1Z.Vlb, ;:~efvJ:i rljLljilni. A.::;llullLj; O,bUct:o;j

( 11 III n,:' " J-,:)c, J ) .

"'.:<ien(:ljnCI PP 'Ill!' tlflh, (I o.1)<:,u, I' 31j) (10 ft). F:k/(I" ;:ctl-di.}d c 1 (ktl <I. (lc'i C Y ] i. r 1(]J:i (,,:tl , h IClbf)11[ ;--; t!ll (I'D n) \'/;::'; I /.1 C li Cil. J U1' .1 <)61: J rv:i ne . 19(,"1; Fut W(,'J. 1 ) .

\1,1.1: idbl Jlt U)L.IIII' I't("1[ r)<)1 ~u , YI;dd.i. (JwiJ 10 ICI the cl,'llk cu] (Illl of th,o' 1111nle1"(1ll:3 hay::,:: ',l(:'i,:'U]:,Ji.I-'Jy <.JIJ,'/([m ---:"XIV/I.! J!1'~liHl id} h'"H:: :::ri:r'ikicIiJ L j 11 ('(I) ri:y(:t~~i_ to U)<--' i.d:l )(:!.L P le'tin app;!dJ ell!!.":' ur ,'I,i. "B.)wn i. j lftj):-::<J ([): vi 1\1';! .. I, 'Xi L; F"lIIWJY, J. c!'7'2 :0(kliJI;!' l\ilFTJ;:~<:i \ 1 • ((1,1 'J_ ~)f~I.:)") .

'J'll!? :-::lllljrW: rJj iJ !l!clnil' lfld.lk j n~J:J )()(;n)

::;lJ ,IV/-e,.,j()ul<,,·d :I (~'dl :1)1 (kmkJI'(CrlL,,'d 1I,_)W I ':JI?!IHldll;i ,!l:(;ll1 ":lH hi C:=lIfll[l vIi,lIe ,:ttUlOi.E)'7':").

:~;c)m(::;t.jnH~;:~; i"3tYd I:, nKIY'{~ u:·~;)tJi:t] 1)1 y,'d:het C'rXll'::(,' ,:lod i::\1')1'01\;':

inh~rlnc:ked,. 'fexi:1ul=: . 'IC)(jO; Trvi rH', '1 ClC):

F,umc;'l.. 197::;).

V oxi ,:,:c~ hi:i d (: J y ilbllyl [{2Cl

fl om ~:;:JO -llJ~:~O

M<':l(J."'Y"l, 1. Y ~ll1~1 IHCih, fd~

(~5:1 J oJ) (r-rr:)Y] ((t"

,3,1 :t'J8C!). J C)I)'! ;

(':;::=:-{;!J, 1 I\~,'cl ([:'a) me)

:J) i:ive:r {((ye:

lC)n) )\11, "de

(;=;;:'(' I>',hln lk,jr;ld). :~:] It1y hi(;lh,'!!' Ilkm F:IUI>t:H"-:'Jn

hH(::) ) pi rt ! j J UPPI:'.t 100: : L ih r::r,:(ck:) of 1',)11) : ild(1 v!lli(~hl I.~,:

L)Yc l\[ric,"ln h,)nlVloodC'! Il~:(~,d :ill 1::,i i.,rin ;::]'I,~;I

l C)72) .

29

!, .

, ! j

( ....

tVlui tu.t<~,

C' Ad (:~ n L Idin,-!

ih

, (,no 10,DOO

J 27

1. ~)60

':, (14C1

[kit·,,] Ic'

h, (Jt ill n

11)f/ in"

(, ,I'/Cl

(;C) . (j IO,IOCl I

M"dulu::,: (,'l El,,;,:::i'j( jty :J /!4'] N/WLlI2

(;C, N/1!IlfI'] :Jvc

lIilU\le'IIJI:'J Ji:. H]!:'], J q'7~~; IvJd,::lH'-jVj(:'!t::iOll ,:,1. (,1. 1(89), i.I'.1 'xrv i<pl"i . .i.vu HUlllidi ;(I~~:

iJluj;~;'rUJ (\'jll.errLill (,0;;: r{(:dbtj\l(:~ Ilulll~Id.Hy 1:,:<;:::

('('11 CI:P: ,nili I .f. d(J, j (J 1 mC'\lCl!I(c,ll (F,u till'!:. 1 q'?,~) ,

i 1'1/1'1) 1n/ Et)

P]'I,JC'I:';:::::: j Cl j,:U' dc.i:,(:l' i::::!t i rh yi ncr :D! j \h,t)!".1 ()vli Y 'I'fi Ul Cl cupp·in~J. ~Jlj'tl 1 flL,1\L:"t

VIII! ]" J i J~! F'J j I'C:

')'':''Y{'Ul'H

! I J.I J ii 'ICl

N, ti l i !l~.i

~C(jrlH~::3 ctl (JJ~-:t()y'l ~l(Jr! (.,' 81 i APt'l<"'C' j iJ]d I" cJ 11:.\k j II~J '

)jilitl<:( I'lnc1 ,"'<JJ:'n::.:jnn (If (Il .i.!JuJ. ,:'::pl:ils, 1<1111 ( J 1 \l j Ill,: , I 9(/1: F',1j Wi'l, 1 ) .

Iv), 1(j'C'1 atIC' (lrv:J1II ", 196J; F'cllIlJUl Jcr;;;;; lkic'Ic,l<c+lr:"lr::;cJIJ Ic'L

,cll, 1 t)B9) ,

J (i P HU Vii I IIj :=,,'1 h' 1.)11.-1\"' ~~.I\ vl:ith I ()'7';) ,

(F'.:JJWCJ, J Cj??) ,

, '19T~),

I :""11",'1'(11 'I)l :':~irl:i :~:f"l(:hlr)!, hili' il. iJx'Jlt:: i' Iii ::)11 In, '1"" pl 111(1)1.(:.(1 Phli ic:u](I!'l IllJ ':·lJd-~I)OJ,.:i,rJ (F,'llJJ(:'l, 19'?~::),

F'Ji:,' 1)IJii (I~J

J ,19H9) ,

30

! !

i I'

I

i

(, i

F'l HldlJlJ C dC: LLU e

DI If '11,'i 1 i L Y ,lllil F'l e:':HIV(d 01 J

C' J }}Ji:lt ,:'1 jf,} i:;U j t:i,tL>I I:' Cl:>} b'Jl"l' (I C ('I WI),:d-un::-.', hul' r:hn ,'jilt(\:

Cl [ lHi,d(n' i3 t (: ,,,i. cl :i Il;',: he' b."nl'

[V)"clec I J'

I .id llt1:,::1

L:imit jjl!J 1 wJ:iu:c :; IJ:mJ111 (Ll:l iiJ)

4 .. ~!(llnl pJ )lVVII '! Ft Oil!

Wh'J.tlJC31 Crd(1,o

:=)(Y;; L (' (X)':; p, If JJI'?l :1 9'72) ,

(1 t,'" v:i. rl\':~ .

1901)) ,

(~.(j L LiJ.ck

n

J9(;1

Y)i.-·H::~t 1 L,(l 1 )(:-\ lllnch:<L -t=d- \~\ 1 Y y (~;;_; ~l ;-::: t d r!'l. j Cl

/.0Jl.trliteLl ,I (hvill''', jfJ6J: F,u'lT!(,Y, lC)'/'?)

III::l'JJ'i:wnc,;,:! mc"J.,:,.t',~;i J)' cll.uubl,:c! 1(>]", IC)C;CI;

11.1/ i (ti':', :I ()(jl; F"lC rH':'i., 'I q'T~: Arkkuj--1V1':'IIHi"lh i: <:11 ,

19[19) ,

i:',;t.'Jllt (livi,tl<", J96'j; F'cUiliC.'I·, lC)'?',2 ]\ddc\l",' M':'J 1:,1,'),]; (?t 0.1, 1 ') ,

ole,(}':,1 ',)1 1. Y J:'<"i':L:::i:i:mt (F"Ylnl:," 19'7'2).

J\ l. i l(I'j I"J hi J 1 1 ~J< It ,(i pr ('ll':'} L i e:c,! ":':;:P'.H 'j ,11 j >1 ["1\ J:n 11 J di f (i ,:\1.1 i Lo f:;h=I.:::;I,n, (":1) J LHo' u::~,;:;d f '-:'1 (:tIn::; 11 uc L -j '.'] le', Vii 'rk cr·u:3:-::"b:xnf\:'.:, C',:lt!t;c"'>i in lkiol,ivH IW,VJ fIOIJ':3<;-;c:) 'in

0,

(J.fJU

P(>;~:;-,,: j.Ld Y Ij;:~; ':~ln 1-1-.ul"ncll- j Vi,' H

,i, ;::~ Clo IJi,U Ij ('11:1 ,'(i , ~!i lit (ICll hr'ne! 1 (C';,I , }-J{)::.;

t"c',c:,n u;,c.:ed die: f'i\CilKJ ["'l' pI.Y\'.I(I,;rj .111101 1)I,x+ 1" 'it(rO!

dfJ(J f \ )f 1 (.,JC1J'j r J~J J.i ~I < ,ck;:~;, }1:1.:~; '1 i-:I .. l

] !)(~;-.l J fl_et l"t n '<~I.nd !urxlt-;:I f~t '1:1' (:1"- (~1.f :," . 1.1.:,:;ed "T h'-'ll L <i,lId fell d p 1 ))111 d j ) l~j, r:i U j I lS,p: cH !Cl pa!Jcllj([~J (Cl),,>;, j'}-'1U; AOlllt,I'Xi:;;; Trllin,', 19i;'I; F,'! rmeY ,; j\ r!Oll ,

71(kl,'IC-ll1k'cl:~d! i d'l, -I ()A9 : Ul !cLdHCl; ]\\)] l:i VI, 1 C)'JCl) , }J(~I:~nn;~: ( (~1 r'( Y y. 'j 9~\:~-;')

A::::]) (fnJ

31

01"01 j ,:'; L 1, 19<37; /\dd,) i\-:fl"i!IJ "t dJ,

11;~: r Cl}' 1 /Jrn -j.! l\~)t <:\rj

\ .I '

'\

i 1

.,.

, , ,

\

\.

W\DF: NJWTF::

He)])i

Vie :i

~::il. ('] lij Lll

D.t

j .1

lA

(Glldll<J.) .

f\_'.Jf:-e,L.:)" {-~()rte. 1\[- -it;:~; .Lr(::};:=:t j.ll }""d:in i~n.Cl:·'s·l-· \'/hf~J Ji d 'jJ:i<;l~F:J\y\C'e Uh'UJ tJ],:d. flA.niCl jll U nil} UF?J'Jl lW:tJ'.ci\l)c-;

of ti ] <,It .t!)(,c)) .

r~!_3.H t (~'lTl; fl j c'ih. \iJ(.: ; i : r::'.c!H'--!l \I,':'. NI I.k 'd!J Iyi. ' h !it.i 1,1.

r:~(·!C;(:!IVU, l\wo;:::(I, ;=:I:'[W[. I+-j).;vJi:;~i (Tyvi lle'. 19(,J).

].\:,',(:1JI)::: ~l<JJ!i ul"!J!I!(lU(J fL) i;nO J .~jLIJ ( rt) Li]l.n,,) 11 j'J!tI (l"hltL!r . (:1 (AVII '!UI1i['!'J(:'j

vi.i U J i_:l!!'."") 1 : ;11(,1 '11J\'1 1'1 <Cl) 1.1) .lllil,'ni·;ii un .. :. T\ul< :jli!(Ir:dl" [kJ{C,] i.\Hj (lffi(1 f'lo)..,..:: (Tn;i) 'J(J(5J'). 7\( :I'(lldi 1 !~l

, I. 1 J

(l):- f.lill'p 1 -j !":h h,,')\v[) ·!vjurnd J (I. Cl]

llJ].

'rh'i to/< lit 1:1 r f) 1 Y dnf.i 11<:( 1 il( 1,'j 19(.1) .

17'1':11 J 1)1 I1 (I I: n.!')!] and J9(,l). Hwd ("In] LirK' t(J;·:tlll

:31)(J)J~T l'I'fl('1 (11V.1)I'':;. J.9(iJ). Br'nd:i r!~1

\he

UVJc1i'1i:". ~1<'rl:":l'Ih e'< n 1 19fY))

'l

III~C: h.'C1UE: ( I)'\I'j (Y' .

Ut, 1960).

h,1

VII

'I'll (1 c1'i f f ~i, (~U .\ L l' () ::-);'::),:/)'-.:( l! -t ~=:('tHP;<~!- _i j on~'·~ {.h~ v {r,\ '! ( )1, ) -i ('11;) (.'1 t l,-;' (_ '1< 'I) 1(') it::.; ( \il.ll'·. :: 9(i 1 ) .

) .

32

, , .

I ,I

:i,

i : I' 'I

11 : I,

, I

~!kldlilliilU: XL Itiolk:; 'Jndij ItlI,:,l1. I I'll !( I 1 1,,1, , , ,

'.I 11

0(1) , It/'!'.d f}·'ndi I ItJ: Hili nr',llili)i i, ill (1)ii l\re'll"

I)UrclJJi 1 ,1. t,y l:rqc"l

F\' (:::~::"~·~t '\!,'It .IJ Jrt ! !1~11' f'(] ·i,n.t<t~~( .'L !"-Ulrl rll!{~}:il ,~d l"rJ,f"k}-.;( V_ln(~

Mic')):":,') I J ':ct ,Cl J, ] title))

(.l\dd(),~!(\!ll::n::;;d! (·1- ,:'11., i'LJ,:il])! VI".'! !(Ii:,,:ilJ]

'19r19), n ij';'Jbl (, iJ(Ji!:i

CIG()) ,

'1'1.'1 1I , pi!:'! I:" [I 'j :1>1:, :1['::: !' 11(', I }l<) t [( .11.1'''': J J 1,''-'1 C(Al:~tll..lct:i on Ui )(1 I UJ '!Jel'y v/or]"

j !lIp '[ ('U1Ic:ltl H , 1.1 I )e1 ~I;ll i P b: li 'lil . III , I,

li::ll !llvil

1 (){~;"t .: iklck,,1 Ll_J

,', " ,

D~Jlj(U,) tlU

\j j l"F: ,\\v1 pri"'c j :"::i (AI <:;'I.j,)i [illJ(·!) )

In; I , lC)(;'I;

nt ,

::~P()i.'t;::3 , \l\~111:i_c.:J.<-::;\ t,()cl'i.l.J :-.)

Ofljlj (i,n(l 7\cVl.v-7\::j jll) J:], 1 'Xl? : (~: 11.1, 1 (J09; 7\.]), j vi , I CJ9n) ,

33

, c,

: j

[ .

( I

LI'1EEATURE CITED

J!J(::(I :i (yL,~; T\}(:j!l J( I J ( I~.J;; ['I)I)]i ('I~J t:i ('j; c \l JIJ

l'NO, 7r:; 11'7,

f VJct p (J; 1\1(=\hr)nlnl(-:~(1, ]\1 ,: l\:'~mUljSJU, (C)D9'), 1IHI':> I ' (\1,1 ,d ;',;, All),: Cl i,J.tlui,:lt I ,J.rld P,lnVti y 'f! Ifl(X'l (,n

"itl l(j i!J i:jli<J 1 :IJiI>~:d

()h;II!I~1 TnY, DI!.Jl, Nel ,

rI)' (li=)Cr I: j (:~:~ 1"((('. rly (,)d. E\:;;:_)cCu"c:] I J) l:·::;t , . Cl, 'I C)f39 ,

J\ddc\ A:;) !UJj~l, F, Vi ,: !:',<'lltU11!, ; ,'UII') !ldtl(:f} J vn< (lJlllL:31 ) (\.IlJHt.ru(t.i(.ln {Up'"1

DE::C\ )t(di\j{~ Ti lobel

.. C Cll.

IIf C:f~ll:lill), F'PFrr le; 1;'~lr, nul, [IJ'I,

t e.l :imi(I<'\'ry

P':';':'b: [l cl J l.\:;j~),

(l( (

F'J :i)), E' P-t ' 1 "-I{':l 1 \('1-

\!t:' rt'" "! 'T'.i. mlll:'l ~ An)(( (1':160), 'UlL'fe'I:' \'kl:c:l~ }\fXiCdfl PI BiIWb':I;,{ bt<:,v:i c:tt:'[J'" dJ Id 1960, (l'nU),

;::-:JlJH,hii. lk,L;~::~LII. DC (le!,?),

AI)(iJl (.If)?]) O):lit!

inn II1

NII,J, TII':"; H (Ti{l\h'?r) Lt(l,

1(11) .

/[11

l: 1r,(iJ()l t ,

J iJJ

U.l(" l.hli,(,l

7-111"11 (I cO:;). T] (lmb~1

J\IIIJCi (ICl'?()),

J 97~) , N(" J'~\9, :=lq~~j4.

iCdrt '''i.Hill.i T'i'li:~) ,:~i For c:cc, (k,::~: Tn,p i([II<':J:~{ 'i.97C) N<" l:T7, c,~j . 7fl.

i\f:hi':lliui, \,1,((, I'lnd r~:,nJII')1 7\ [, (( ('i91//) , 'I'll(.' PetF(\tTlkln(X~! I){ :'~:('llllJ ()l!dtli~l'id(!

i\:Jl\

Ti!lll!} I.I! )11dJ :irl' , \'i;dl,'!. Ff'E'] l'kw:,,;J Lt , 1')(;'7.

I (,n !:u i I ,d) i 1 i [

Clli Irld T('(:IIC!. r·inl N<" 1 (). '1 <:r7:: ,

~Jk!.t tU fi:l('·I-.ll1·~·{~:~

cl.1 J) 1::1 i tu,

1\:~;]Jj dil,,}. Id, 1(, (1 Ctl3) , :~~uj ll';]yi] j t Y (if :::, Illk' (~] )Ii,lloi,)]j Vk,( I) 'j

'r-klnUrilc:i~ur ('d' CA)[l}cl ![! F}'Ji!nil \Y(",~,(h'lI",'1 ;::'kil/; N<,II~' I,k" 1'/. 19'/'],

F1'liT ,,1 .1 J (:-:Cfl(!,

[";1 It. t lVi")' t h, D: lV[(:NI 11\ y. D, ,T. (IQ66), T'c":;r 11111 .. ill:·; (11.

j i:';'.:: :::;t {lnC{--.' {.t_; ·t {-{t' m i 1 dUwj:,. 1',11 t, 'flil"

n i C i c" It 1(" 'I!

tJl<::: r)ji~;t~(']J")rt:d :i('fj (d~ 11uHitJc) J). Jk \] )) :]lUl J~l,

34

:!

I ! ' \ !

fL,url! . ,.L.

1-;'III'tl.F, I (

(I (!'70). T nv(~:d:, Lh,-; fhJilPi\l. rf":::i:3Li:lll.I":' "I

1 k,]:. n'"llll, vl,e,) ),;:1 iY[

Till,I,b,! (i'l)',o.11)

!knm:c=-:. Tf'.cl!. N']I;:::: t. t I r;'11! Pr (,d , ( ;~1-

'n: I liIl. 7\. J J\, '/\: ,:l !('I !~I. f' \'} ( :1 C.l77) , Wed '11 ji.' :i li~j F't?).r ()I- Hid) I( (,1' ~:v:.,lItf:'

CH k:l.f 11.'1. i / l.n 'T t II'd ':-'~: r~ln!, F-f '(\(1 r((:~;-:, rn.L..d~,: ca ldi'k) 'Fc;·chn. Nc,):e l'~'). :::~(i. 1977.

(',:ni.et 'r"'I:llniqiIH F"I,<:i j:" Tr"l,le'!i, ('TYf'. nfll'k"leel)

nUty. IV.'I'.

il I JUJ j C'il ( rrr'

(I 9?)) t.lllli, i l<'\i'(','1

j ~flJ . (,2U) .

. F'(,]

1:K:J(tHt=:: {I:"()((I l'{d(~ r:':pi:-:C ,~!f i!nl>(~~)'

, F\:'l. Pi t:,d. r!\~:,:.. '[",'111(1. 1 Th'::'('l Y (, f . N'l. :to

f)':'on. C:, CII'ident:on. M; Hclut{J\/i 1 M. (19130). 'nl(; ,""[fe;et nf li<:liIU','li w(",c1 L.t d.ct i. ve;::) ()ll J ') :-:td,liC":" t(_,

L ()tm , Nul. :L en. ('l';~C)O).

ill'::.!, (J i,l'?::::). } lill iCU~),)<,,), of j'jillliw\,ucl:::,. :?J iCJ }l~'iii:i (Ill, iluj:l (I:i rKI !<e:":<:':Dl cl.! E;~':-:I' bl"i:>;l)!Jtl~"~ftt. T,!)lyl(if). 1

}' quI )in. E. ('I (,1'7 ',) .Di l' Note.

:iCl{J lh::';:lrl~l 'l~f::,~ntC(~;(.I] Woud p:re:".-3(:·1j vIJ.t·i\lI::'. rr'l':C1J";,

-n,r , J ()'T':, N<I . 'P,

1,'1 L (E:)':jrJ). V/(,) )<;,il11,) ()f

and C',C"dY(d J jJlex:i 1,',:\1 Jb . r"'!f. J)l', Cl k}1 Jd ,

I ()~ln-~)'::.

fur UDH ('k:1c;: 'T!

(n IJJ.'IJ-'[,:JJII:iJ led I:',d 1>:,'\I.IW3.

qUI',':, H" ') Id (,, ":lr:; ;:;1). 'I Q7; ,

J; :::01 U:;, C, (J (79) t ucli nil 'I :::::}-o:! 1 1:,)' Cb J Vi"ul':, r\C<i~H ~::d r\~11 C.\(:;~": (k~~;-.:: 'Tt f)P '! Q',7Q NI,), 106, '·"Ji~F- ClJ ,

';iJllill'llpiIJI'J. Ic1.H, (·!C)nn).

the ;;(~t ~!l)lj cJ.llr'i

III 'j ,i l:\ I.t 1:):::: . H:,l ](:)1"

'( ~"d~ :--;(Iln{-' l·t·()i.).iJ·~(~J,t \'/()c\~1 :~·l.k.~ciu;~~ Oil

C(Ill!j)I'(:'H:.:.;j,VH i::Y<':':JJ~JU! "f tJYix:' ,llf:Pnl!und \'[,")! k:'lllf r: ,If)W).

i r!lx,j ).'" r·1. ('I <)67) , r\1IlH~;t,d i II c';" Dvlf'l\

35

'17; ·In.

.:ltId 1'/(;(;(1 Pt

I I"

i

I'

; , "

()t:l"'I" ").1(, (1,')~Tl)

I!i~!te{'t' Pi:'!:,' 1 j nef and ~':t i c: i It<J illlr] r"l FUl , '1'1('1), J 9'1l, Nu, 1J7. ~!:'}'{i9.

Ii) .

I I, 1'1.)1 ill

;:,jlllf,l V'c,'LJ!l',c-;iJu ,lJH;'. d:i,,[c'ij :i]1 'I.lJd 'I :i,nd(i,l.!e "~Jd';]I;:i

'::u1.ill,ni d!li,I,'dll IllliLH;=: ,Uvl flltlfJi, Tnhc'lrl,Ji~:i':>lkd ,}ilH,I,'l,1

uf~W(">d. 'PYC;:'::lv;:,i 'l (')1. J ) . : J .3'1

(-):-:: J :~:n{~<f-. c: (~tn(l r~,( (:, (1 C}(/}). fnv:~~ ~:;"ff(;ct· ()[ ~:::(,'~m(: l', j jIlL);'.~r':J

:u ull. 1](,1 ('1.:3<,')1, U. ]+)1 I'KiJi., Vhen '1'7(;';): nU) ,

. To' \If (I

Pt. ')1

U 1 j VIe»). 1\. C, : . F' . (J C):~;()) , Cl It UU I' 1.)( 'T.P./'\ L·u;_;l. \~d. :--~a!().r idltl .

F~(:·:;.:.-; ~j ;~{i= ,)"1 j( (, n;,,;line 1"IJ i';, 'Jl!!!J), 'j'I,'ClllJ"], :I ,:(,c) ,

c; '7 ( 7;,;'1;1) ), .:

J' ] I 1, C;, ,J, ( 1 ,('1"<,,'DI j n~J ,j lW,11:" I r "l :,:i) [l.et Ut J 1 (lv" Cn/O!llOI'I' ,'Cl:1 i t I ::'Oi/I,I:c: f,\:,\! ,'I '-Pr'" ::;7: J

:::,~d ',:!VXI/I:,", p" (J~()C)) J\iJ dr)' i j 19 lA i:iml)!::,l' Jll i.he 19~';() ((I, (4Q','5(;) ,

, V,C!)

Ik,1 <iLl l\1; 'i C ,'1, n T i lIU):,~ !

(), ',3"; l'J~~6 ,

\ . ("

'I,JIA! ('1

;~:dVIt! Timb::i in Tt( cdl i,un"i"]"lll ,I 1 I! F'i.i fl~1 j !'k.:t~':·?i'ntri\LLd~itL, 109: 147, 210U, 19(3::,

!HCO 1 (AJ Y ,:It Id ;=: 'I, ] vi eu ll.l.1y<cl i 11 (;(I'i!ld. 1'))I'IIV),:: t+, 1 ;':',(1 "l!i( 1 :=:.:,](:;, N0:w York, :3:1: ~~(~r·). :::nO,Jl . ](31. 'Y')f\,.~)'l'7 '3'1',

13~':., ';?2C. ')/19, :l(;~), JCl3, 107,

T. (JC)U()). L:i col\'1.lJecl }-/f:tJclv>/(,1I J(Jf U::,:e :i)l vi j, nrcl,uh'

('i-)n:_~.d ·l-1.!(_~ 1: i ()t-! '? [ It:! J. ',:; xl J -·d. l h J d -\. 1 , 'J Cli16 , 11?: '.;1),

I, (] cq')) , nu, lJ'1 j L Y '1

Vi 'jli : I ]\ r 1<)'5 CJ ) Tl Ji' :':(:."::U.!J I n9 (,f 19,~.)9 .. c<~~ (31

IJ'lil,), F~, 1197C)) , \'1(:,11('] F'lolH""! '["ll',J TJomlJil ]1,,1 iU1,:Jl.llul"0j(I 1.97~'). =;0: /" 11()'I:~:(I,

J" I'llh 1 r~, (1 Cl'?')), \,1<,,;(1 F'r j k,} ',I'Ici Jllf'} ! IfrJ

36

"

,[ ;. r

, I I I .:

t !

I

, I f

I

I

Wkl" , I

W·bcdf-J.

I i I I

Y<~'.:.~Clk i . I ,

I

i

R,r, Cl <)49), ::::h.i pt3 dt:!<..:Jd ng , QUdlt, l~uv, Ti 1I1b, D(.'V.;,l I)prn, l\[180C:.

1949 2 (7), (15-16).

N.P. (1980) - An invent.ory (..,f the fOl'et3t l"eSO\lycEtS of tl'l(':\ Boa Pl.:liru3, c.::'lIueroon. Rep.:)l't pl"Elpal'ed [('1' th,,:. c.::UW:!l'O(ln Deve 1 oPlIJent C'(IJ'pur"It..i()II, L~:iI't(1. Re::Y.'II,ll ('e:" rOl."v, C't;·nt.Ul', UDA. VIe, Vf~

47pp.

Y: FXv.teh .. .1,: Endewnnl. R. (19B:.i) , Ext',t'<'v:Liv(, ('OlTlp(lnf)lItf.~1 RefJPOrll~dble

f'Cl1' the di~:colonlt:i(>n I,A Ilullllxl Wc,,:d (EY2 ... llil .. DJhl!§, Qpqo~ens:is E>:t,oJ 1 ). Hol ;~-,,:d :;l-Rdl"ull',l W(!/ k:c;l, ',If' ft,;, ·13: 9. 3!::i9·-3()3, 1985. nat.ural lustre and Slflr)oth ho''''' 1 of :'301I)l'! other I

1 ight we ight woods. such as ObechEI and Ba 1 13':1 (T,~tyl('l.". 1960; F',;:tl'l\l('1".l'T;::!).

,\-.

37

"