Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement,...
-
Upload
ian-gibson -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement,...
![Page 1: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
It’s all aboutbuilding blocks
![Page 2: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.
![Page 6: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Let’s make a cake from scratch(totally from scratch)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
![Page 7: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
E = mc2
E = 1 kg x (300,000,000 m/s)2
E = 9x1016 joules1 joule = 1 watt for 1 secondE = 9x1016 watts x sec x kilo x 1 hr
1000 3600 secE = 25,000,000,000 (25 billion) kilowatt-hrsArizona produced & used 58 billion KW-hrs in 1999About half a year to produce enough energy to create the mass used in a cake (1kg).Cost = about 3 billion dollars
![Page 9: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.
What is light made of?
1. Electric field
2. Magnetic field
![Page 10: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
High energy light (photons) are needed to create matter.
2 or 3 volts can produce visible light, but that’s not high enough energy. We need higher frequency light, which has higher energy photons.
![Page 11: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The picture tube (also called CRT) that’s in your television or computer monitor creates light by accelerating electrons with 30,000 volts of electricity to slam into phosphors in the front of the monitor. This light has more energy but not enough.
![Page 12: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Xray machines use 100,000 to 200,000 volts of electricity to accelerate electrons to strike a metal plate. When the electrons come to a halt, they give up their energy as high energy light called xrays. This light can pass through matter, but still doesn’t have the energy to create matter.
![Page 13: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The voltage needed to create an electron is about one million volts. This is the voltage that creates a bolt of lightning. This voltage pushes electrons from the sky to the ground, but the electrons are slowed down by the air. If they weren’t, it would be possible that two electrons accelerated by a million volts striking the ground would give off light of enough energy to create a new electron.
![Page 17: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Electron and anti-electron (positron) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 1 million volts collide.
ElectronElectron Positron(anti-electron)
Positron(anti-electron)
![Page 18: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Proton (+) and anti-proton (-) created when high energy gamma rays with energy of 938 million volts collide.
ProtonProton Anti-ProtonAnti-Proton
![Page 20: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Quarks of six “flavor” or “colors” and their anti-quarks are created when high energy gamma rays with energy of about 300 million volts collide.
QuarksQuarks Anti-quarksAnti-quarks
U
D
U UD
ProtonProton
UD D
Neutron
+2/3
-1/3
![Page 21: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The neutron
Proton Electron
![Page 22: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
![Page 23: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
![Page 24: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Helium-2
Carbon-6
![Page 27: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
![Page 28: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What makes good building blocks?
The ever popular “Tinkertoys” gives us some clues.
Blocks must allow for a way to connect to one part to another.
Tinkertoys had circular blockswith holes in them, Sticksacted as connectors.
With sticks of different lengths and a few kinds of blocks with holes in them, a wide variety of things could be assembled.
![Page 37: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Building elements
Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3
Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4
![Page 38: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
![Page 39: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Using the building blocks of neutrons, protons, and electrons
we build the elements
![Page 42: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Building elements
Hydrogen-1 Helium-2 Lithium-3
Carbon-6Boron-5Beryllium-4
![Page 43: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Elements are the new building blocks
Hydrogen
Carbon-6 Oxygen-8
Nitrogen-7
![Page 44: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Elements are the new building blocks
Hydrogen Nitrogen-7
Oxygen-8
Carbon-6
![Page 45: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Extreme Diversity
• Even though the building of elements is simply adding one proton, one electron and usually one neutron for each new element, the properties of elements can change dramatically.
![Page 46: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Extreme Diversity
Nitrogen-7Nitrogen-7
Carbon-6Carbon-6
Oxygen-8Oxygen-8
Fluorine-9Fluorine-9
Neon-10Neon-10
![Page 47: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Zr Ag I Xe
Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn
Fr
U Pu
1 18x
y
dp
s
z
f
![Page 50: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element
![Page 51: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Diversity within Same ElementDiversity within Same Element
![Page 52: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Diversity within Same Element
Amorphous Carbon. Lampblack
Used in black inks in paints, copiers, ink-jet printers.
![Page 53: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons or have taken or given electrons away.
![Page 57: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon-6
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Compounds are two or more elements that share electrons.
![Page 58: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Oxygen8 protons
Magnesium12 protons
8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge
12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge
![Page 59: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Compounds are two or more elements that are held together by opposite charge attraction.
Oxygen-8 pMagnesium-12 p 8 (+)10 (-)-2 Charge
12 (+)10 (-)+2 Charge
![Page 60: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Ionic bonding cont’d
NitrogenNitrogenLithiumLithium
OxygenOxygen
![Page 61: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
HH
H NC O
Elements are the new building blocks
OH H
CH
C
H
![Page 62: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Compounds are classified as Compounds are classified as Organic or InorganicOrganic or Inorganic
![Page 63: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
3 kinds of elements build a brick
Brick becomes building block for a layer of bricks
Layer of bricks becomes building block for wall of bricks
![Page 64: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
![Page 66: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
![Page 68: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
Si OO
The other common elements in order of abundance are the metals aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
![Page 69: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
H 2 13 14 15 16 17 He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Zr Ag I Xe
Cs Ba W Pt Au Hg Pb Rn
Fr
U Pu
1 18
A metal gives electron(s) to a non-metal. The metal becomes positive and the non-metal becomes negative. They now attract each other.
+1
+2 -1-2-3-4+3
![Page 70: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Organic compounds are compounds that usually come from organisms. They always have carbon plus a few other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Examples: Alcohol, Sugar, Fat, Protein
![Page 71: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
HH HH
HH
CC
HH
HH
HH
CC CCHH HH
HH
HH
CCHH Hydrocarbons
HH
CC
HH
HH HH
Methane
CC
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
HH
CC CC
HH
HH
HH
Butane
Propane
HH
CC
HH
HH CC
HH
HH
HH
Ethane
![Page 72: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Gasoline HH
HH
HH CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCH HH
CC
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCH HH
CCHH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCH HH
CCHH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
HH
HH CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CC
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CC
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CCHH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CCHH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
H
HH CC
HH
CC
HH
H
CC
HHHH
CC
HH H
CC
HH
HH
CC
HH
CC
HH
H
HH
H
CC
HH
CC
HH
H
CC
HHHH
CC
HH H
CC
HH
HH
CC
HH
CC
HH
H HH
CC
HH
H
CC
HHHH
CC
HH H
CC
HH
HH
CC
HHCC
HH
H
HH
HH
CC
HH
CC
HH
HH
CC
HHHH
CC
HH HH
CC
HH
HH
CC
HHCC
HH
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
CHH
HH
CC
HHHH
C
HH HH
CC
HH
HH
C
HH
CC
HH
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
C
HH
HH
CC
HHHH
C
HH HH
CC
HH
HH
C
HH
CCHH
HH HH
CHH
HH
CCHH
HH
C
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
C
Diesel
Motor Oil
Plastic
CCHH Hydrocarbons
![Page 73: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
HH
CC
HH
HH HH
Methane
O
![Page 74: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
HH
CC
HH
HH HH
Methane
O
![Page 75: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
HH HHCC
HH Methane
HH
![Page 76: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
HHCC
HHMethanol
HHOO
HH
![Page 77: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
HHHHHH
HHHH HHHH HH
HH CC
HH
Methanol (methyl alcohol)
OOHH HH CC
HH
CC
HH
OO HH
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
CC
HH
CC
HH
OOHH
Propanol (propyl alcohol)
HH CC
HH
CC
HH
HH CC
HH
OOHH
HHCC
HH
Isopropyl alcohol
![Page 78: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
OO
OO OO
HH
HHHH
CCHH
Formic acid (ant bite venom)
HHHH
CC
HH
CCOO
HH
Acetic acid (vinegar)
CC
HH
CC
HH
HH
Butyric acid
HH
CC
OO
HH
CC
HH
OO
![Page 79: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
HHHH HHCC
HH
CC
HH
OOHH
HH CC
HH OO
HHHH
CC
HH
CCOO
HH
HHHH HHCC
HH
CC
HH
OOHH CC
HHOO
HHHH
CC
HH
CC
Acetic acid (vinegar)Propanol (propyl alcohol)
Water is released
Propyl acetate > pear flavor
![Page 80: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
HH HH
CC
HH
OOHH
HH CC
HH OO
HHHH
CC
HH
CCOO
HH
HH HH
CC
HH
OOHH CC
HHOO
HHHH
CC
HH
CC
Butyric acidEthanol (Ethyl alcohol)
Water is released
Ethyl butyrate > pineapple flavor
HH
CC
HH
HH
CC
HH
HH
CC
HH
HH
CC
HH
![Page 81: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
O
O
O
H
H CH
CH
H
CH H
C
H
CH
H
HOH
H
CH
H
CH H
C
H H
CH
H
CH H
C
H
H
H CH
CH
H
CH H
C
H
OH
H
CH
H
CH H
C
H
C
H CH
HH
CH H
C
H
H
H CH
CH
CH
OH C
H H
CH
H
CH H
C
H
CH
CH
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain
![Page 82: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Lipids: oils & fats (butter)
O
O
O
H
H CH
CH
H
CH H
C
H
CH
H
HOH
H
CH
H
CH H
C
H H
CH
H
CH H
C
H
H
H CH
CH
H
CH H
C
H
OH
H
CH
H
CH H
C
H
C
H CH
HH
CH H
C
H
H
H CH
CH
CH
OH C
H H
CH
H
CH H
C
H
CH
CH
H
H
H
C
H
C
HO
H
H
H
H
H
H
OC
OC
C
H
H
Fatty acids are organic acids with a long carbon chain
Glycerin
![Page 83: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Lipids: oils & fatsO
H
C
H
CH
H
CH
H
CH
CH
HH
H
CH
H
CH
H
CH
H
CH
H
CH
H
CH
O
H
CH
CH
H
CH H
C
H H
CH
H
CH H
C
H
C
H CH
HH
CH H
C
H
O
H
C H
CH
CH
C
H H
CH
H
CH
H
C
H
CH
CH
H
H
H
C
H
CH
O
H
H
H OC
OC
C
H
H
![Page 84: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
O
CH Hydrocarbons
Gasoline
H
H
H C
H
CH
H
CH H
C
H H
CH
H
CH
CH
H
HDies
el-12
Oil-20Plas
tic
100
0s
H
H
H C
H
CH
H
CH H
C
H H
CH
H
CH
CH
H
H
H
H
H C
H
CH
H
CH H
C
H H
CH
H
CH
CH
H
H
OOC
O
O
C
CO
O
Lipids: oils & fats (butter)
![Page 85: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
O
C
Glycerin
H
H
H
H
H
H
OC
OC
C
O
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
OC
OC
C
H
H
OH
H
OC
C
H
H
Ribose
HHCarbohydrate
O
H
H
OC
OC
C
H
H
O
H
H
H
OC
C
H
H
Glucose
HOCH
H
OO
![Page 86: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
O
C
Glycerin
H
H
H
H
H
H
OC
OC
C
O
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
OC
OC
C
H
H
OH
H
OC
C
H
H
Ribose
HHCarbohydrate
O
H
H
OC
OC
C
H
H
O
H
H
H
OC
C
H
H
Glucose
HOCH
H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH
H
OO
![Page 87: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
O
H
H
OC
OC
C
H
H
O
H
H
H
OC
C
H
H
GlucoseStructural formula.
Straight chain glucose
HOCH
H-C=O | H-C-OH |HO-C-H | H-C-OH | H-C-OH | CH2OH
H
Glucosespace-filling model.
Straight chainglucose Glucose
glucose bending
GlucoseTwo ring shape
versions
alpha-glucosealpha-glucose
beta-glucosebeta-glucose
![Page 88: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Glucose bends itself into 4 different shapes millions of times a second
![Page 89: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
H2O
O
O
H2O
O
H2O
![Page 90: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
H2O
O O
H2O
O
H2O
![Page 91: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
![Page 92: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
H2O
O
O
CH2OH H2O
O
H2O
![Page 93: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
H2O
O
CH2OH H2O
O
H2O
![Page 94: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
O
H2O H2O
O
Used by bacteria to form dental plaque. Used by doctors to increase blood volume and to prevent clotting.
![Page 95: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
C
OHH
OO
![Page 96: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
How do we make protein?
Nitrogen-7
Carbon-6
Oxygen-8
Hydrogen-1
![Page 97: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
4 3 2 1
Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen
Number of available connections (bonds)
![Page 98: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
O
O||
HOO
O||
HH
HH
HH CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CC
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CC
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CCHH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
HH
CC
HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH HH
CCHH HH
CCHH
HH
CCHH
CCHH
HH
HH
Motor Oil
HHCCHH
HH HH
![Page 99: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
How do we make protein?
Nitrogen-7
Carbon-6
Oxygen-8
Hydrogen-1
![Page 100: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for protein
O
C
C
NO
H
HH
Ammonia Acetic acid Vinegar
C
H
H H
![Page 101: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for protein
O
C
C
NO
HH
Ammonia Acetic acid (Vinegar)
C
H
H H
![Page 102: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
O
C
C
N
O
H C
H
Aminoacid
Glycine
C
H
H
Alanine
S
![Page 103: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
HH
H NC
O
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
O
C
C
N
O
H C
H
Aminoacid
Glycine
C
![Page 104: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
SH N
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC
HOCN
OH C
H
By attaching various combinations of the 5 above atoms at this location, living things make a total of 20 amino acids that then build all the proteins they need.
![Page 105: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
HOCN
OH C
H
S
H
O
CN
![Page 106: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
H NC
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC
Glycine
S
H
OH
CN
O
H C
H
HH
HH
OCN
O
C
H
H
Glycine
![Page 107: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
H NC
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC
Glycine
S
H
OH
CN
O
H C
H
HH
H
H
OCN
O
C
H
H
AlanineC HH
Water released
![Page 108: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
H NC
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
OC S
HH
CN
O
H C
H
H
H
OCN
O
C
H
H
C HH
![Page 109: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Amino acids are building blocks for proteins
Aspartic acid
H NC OC S
OH
Phenylalanine
HCN
O
H CH
O C
O
H
C HH
HH
H
OCN
O
CH
H
HH C
CC
C
C
C CHH
H
H
AspartameNutrasweet (Equal)
![Page 110: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Amino acids build two types of proteins
• Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism.
• Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.
![Page 111: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Structural Proteins
Hair (keratin)
Fingernails (keratin)
Skin (collagen)
Muscles (myosin, etc.)
Cartilage (glycoprotein: proteins attached to carbohydrates)
Ligaments (collagen plus glycoproteins)
Eye cornea (collagen/keratin)
![Page 112: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Chemical Proteins
• In red blood cells (RBC), the protein, hemoglobin, carries the oxygen.
• The white blood cells (WBC) create specialized proteins called antibodies that can neutralize toxic substances in the blood. White blood cells also create hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria.
![Page 113: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Hydrogen Peroxide
H O O H
![Page 114: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Enzymes: proteins that control chemical reactions.
• Enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions or make reactions happen that normally could not.
• For example, when the body “burns” fat, a toxic byproduct is hydrogen peroxide. You know hydrogen peroxide is used to kill germs and for bleaching hair. Hydrogen peroxide is dangerous to living things because it decomposes into water and oxygen. But the single oxygen is very reactive and can attack critical parts of a cell such as DNA or enzymes. There is one enzyme that can decompose the hydrogen peroxide safely.
![Page 115: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Enzymes: Special proteins• Below are two representations of the enzyme, “catalase.” The left picture shows all of the
atoms that form the chain of amino acids that make up this protein. The right image, shows more of the shape caused by the string of amino acids. It is the specific shape of proteins that give it the ability to attach to other chemicals and cause a reaction. For example, catalase can grab onto 200,000 hydrogen peroxide molecules per second and cause them to safely decompose into water and oxygen.
H O HO
H O HO
H
OH
O OH
OH
![Page 116: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Organic Building Blocks
H NC O S
HydrocarbonsCarbohydrates & Lipids
Amino acids & proteinsMore amino acids & proteins
P
Nucleic acids, RNA, & DNA
Single atoms of iron, copper, magnesium for some proteins
![Page 117: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
3 billion dollar electric billand a billion volts
![Page 118: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Proton Neutron ElectronProton Neutron Electron
H NC O S
Carbohydrates=sugars & starch Lipids=oils, fats, butter, margarine Amino acids & proteins
Eggs, milk
![Page 119: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
![Page 120: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
![Page 121: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
![Page 122: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
![Page 123: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
![Page 124: Its all about building blocks. All built from a few building materials: Metal, glass, cement, plastic, & wood.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061306/551468925503462d4e8b5c65/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
It’s all aboutbuilding blocks