Itroduction to Computer

8/7/2019 Itroduction to Computer

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Welcome To EverybodyWelcome To Everybody

at Introduction to computerat Introduction to computer


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COMPUTER

The computer is an automatic machine made up of

electronic and elector-mechanical devices which

stores, retrieves and processes data.

It can not think or reason; it can only carry out

instructions given to it.


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A complete computer system consistsof taking the following four parts

1.Hardware2.Software

3.Human ware and

4.Operational procedures.


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HARDWAREHardware refers to machines or the

physical equipment that performs the

basic functions of the dataprocessing cycle.

Hardware is any part of computer which we can touch.


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SOFTWARE

Programs are referred as software.A program is a sequence of instruction, which

direct a computer to perform certain

functions.

Software is generally categorized as:

System software andApplication software.


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System Software

System software consists of programs that help

the use of a computer.

System software is computer software

designed to operate the computer hardware

and to provide and maintain a platform forrunning application software.


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Application Software

Application software is computer software

designed to help the user to perform a

singular or multiple related specific tasks.

Such programs are also called software

applications.Typical examples are word processor, spread

sheet analysis etc.


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HUMAN WARE

Human ware refers to the persons who design,

develop, and use program/software, and

operate a computer:

System analysts

ProgrammersComputer operators etc


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OPERATIONALPROCEDURES

Operational procedures generally include

obtaining, preparing, and entering data intothe computer, processing jobs, initiating new

programs and changing or deleting old ones

etc.


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Classification of computer system

We can classify the computer system in various

ways:

On the basis of purposes

On the basis of signal

On the basis of capacity


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On the basis of purpose

There are two kinds of computer according to

the basis of Purposes:

1. General Purpose Computer

and

2. Special Purpose Computer


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General purpose computer

General purpose computers are used to handle

a variety of tasks.

Special purpose computer

A special purpose computeris designed for a

special tasks or specific applications. It is

also known as dedicated computer system.


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On the basis ofSignal

There are two kinds of computer according to

the basis of Signal:

1.Analog Computer

and

1.Digital Computer


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Analog Computer

An analog computer represents quantities by

physical analogies.

An automobiles speedometer is an example of

analog computer.

Digital Computer

Digital computer represents data or digital databy converting analog data into digital form.


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On the basis ofCapacityThere are four kinds of computer according to

the basis of Capacity:

1. Super Computer

2. Mainframe Computer

3. Micro Computer / PC4. Mini Computer


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Organization of a computer systemPhysically a computer consists of taking the

following three parts. These are below:

1.Input /Output units

2.CPU (Central Processing Unit)

3.Memory unit


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Input UnitInput data are feed into computer by the help of

input devices. The most common input

devices are:

Keyboard

Mouse

Scanner

Joy Stick

Digital Camera and etc


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Output unit

Output data are presented to or before the userwith the help of output devices. The most

common output devices are:

1. Monitor

2. Printer

3. Speaker 4. Plotter etc


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CPU

Every computer system has a unit whose

primary function is to process data.

This is the control center of the entire

computer. It accepts data from input devices,

processes data and sends results to the output

devices.

This unit is referred to as the central processing

unit (CPU) or processor or microprocessor.


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CPU has the following three main parts:

ALU ( Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Control Unit (CU) and CPU registers (internal processor memory)


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The Function of aMicro processor (up)

The Function of a Micro processor (up) is as follows:

1. To fetch an instruction

2. Decode the instruction

3. Based on the instruction it fetches operands frommain memory or I/O module.

4. Execute the instruction

5. In addition to execution CPU also supervises andcontrols I/O devices.

6. Finally, sends result to the memory or I/O devices


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The Function of Arithmetic / LogicalUnit (ALU)

The Function of Arithmetic / Logical Unit (ALU) is

as following:

1. Arithmetic operations (Addition, Subtraction,

Multiplication, division etc)

2. Logical operations (And, OR, Not etc) and

3. Decision making


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The Function ofControl Unit (CU)

The functions of control unit is given below:Determine the instructions to be executed

Determine the operations to be performed

Determine what data are needed and where they are stored

Determine where results, if any, are to be stored

Determine where the next instruction is located

Transfers control to the next instruction


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Memory of computer

Computer memory refers to devices that are

used to store data or programs (sequences ofinstructions) on a temporary or permanent

basis for use in a computer.

Memory=Working Place + Storage Area


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Classification of memory

There are three kinds of memory.

Internal Processor Memory (Built in

Memory)

Primary memory / Main memory (RAM)

Secondary Memory (HD, CD)


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AnotherClassification ofMemory

On the basis of volatility memory are two

types:

Volatile memory and

Non-Volatile memory


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Volatile memory

Memory that loses its contents when the

power is turned off.All RAM except the CMOS RAM used for

the BIOS is volatile.

Non-V

olatile memoryNon-volatile memory is such a memory that

can retain the stored information even

when not powered.

ROM is the example ofnonvolatile memory.


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