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© 2007 ±2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All r ights reserved. Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.1

Chapter 1 1

Chapter 1:

Introduction to thePersonal Computer

IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software v4.1



ITE PC v4.1

Chapter 1 2© 2007 ±2010, Cisco Systems, Inc. All r ights reserved. Cisco Public

Chapter 1 Section Objectives 1.1 Explain IT industry certifications

1.2 Describe a computer system

1.3 Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of cases and

power supplies 1.4 Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of internal

components

1.5 Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of ports andcables

1.6 Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of inputdevices

1.7 Identify the names, purposes, and characteristics of outputdevices

1.8 Explain system resources and their purposes



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CompTIA A+ Certification An A+ Certification candidate must pass two exams:

1. CompTIA A+ Essentials (220-701)

tests for the fundamentals of computer technology, networking

and security, as well as the communication skills andprofessionalism now required of all entry-level ITprofessionals

2. CompTIA A+ Practical Application (220-702):

an extension of the knowledge and skills identified in CompTIA A+ Essentials, with more of a hands-on orientation focusedon scenarios in which troubleshooting and tools must beapplied to resolve problems



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EUCIP IT Administrator CertificationModules 1 and 2 covered in this course:

Module 1: PC Hardware

Includes the functions of the components of a personal

computer, diagnosis and repair of hardware problems, andselection and recommendation of appropriate hardware

Module 2: Operating Systems

Includes installing and updating most common operatingsystems and applications and using system tools for troubleshooting and repairing operating systems



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Basic Personal Computer System A computer system consists of hardware and software

components.

Hardware is the physical equipment such as the case,

storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers,and printers.

Software is the operatingsystem and programs.

The operating systeminstructs the computer howto operate.

Programs or applicationsperform different functions.



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Computer Cases and Power SuppliesComputer case

Provides protection and support for internal components

Should be durable, easy to service, and have enoughroom for expansion

The size and layout of a case is called a form factor

Power supply

Converts AC power from the wall socket into DC

Must provide enough power for the installed componentsand future additions



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Four Basic Units of Electricity Voltage (V) is a measure of the force required to push

electrons through a circuit. Voltage is measured in volts. Acomputer power supply usually produces several differentvoltages.

Current (I) is a measure of the amount of electrons goingthrough a circuit. Current is measured in amperes, or amps(A). Computer power supplies deliver different amperagesfor each output voltage.

Power (P) is voltage multiplied by current. Themeasurement is called watts (W). Computer power suppliesare rated in watts.

Resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of current in acircuit. Resistance is measured in ohms. Lower resistance

allows more current to flow through a circuit.



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Ohm¶s Law There is a basic equation that expresses how three of the terms

relate to each other. It states that voltage is equal to the currentmultiplied by the resistance. This is known as Ohm's Law. V = IR

In an electrical system, power (P) is equal to the voltage multiplied

by the current. P = VI



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Internal Components

Identify the names characteristics of:

Motherboards

CPUsCooling systems

ROM and RAM

Adapter cards

Storage drives

Internal cables



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Motherboards The motherboard is the

main printed circuit board.

Contains the buses, or electrical

pathways found in a computer.Buses allow data to travelamong the various components.

Accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat

sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, sockets,internal and external connectors, various ports, and theembedded wires that interconnect the motherboardcomponents.



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Motherboard Form Factors The form factor of motherboards pertains to the size

and shape of the board.

It also describes the physical layout of the different

components and devices on the motherboard.

Various form factors exist for motherboards.

AT ± Advanced Technology

ATX ± Advanced Technology Extended

Mini-ATX ± Smaller footprint of ATX

Micro-ATX ± Smaller footprint of ATX

LPX ± Low-profile Extended

NLX ± New Low-profile Extended

BTX ± Balanced Technology Extended



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Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is known as the brain of the computer. It is

also referred to as the processor.

The CPU executes a program, which is a sequence of

stored instructions.

Two major CPU architectures related to instructionsets:

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)



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Central Processing Unit (Continued) Some CPUs incorporate hyperthreading to enhance the

performance of the CPU.

The amount of data that a CPU can process at the one timedepends on the size of the processor data bus.

Overclocking is a technique used to make a processor work at afaster speed than its original specification.

MMX is a set of multimedia instructions built into Intel processors.

The latest processor technology has resulted in CPU

manufacturers finding ways to incorporate more than one CPUcore onto a single chip.

Dual core CPU, Triple Core CPU and Quad Core CPU



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Cooling Systems Electronic components generate

heat. Too much heat candamage components.

A case fan makes the coolingprocess more efficient.

A heat sink draws heat awayfrom the core of the CPU. A fan

on top of the heat sink moves theheat away from the CPU.

Fans can be dedicated to coolthe Graphics-processing unit(GPU).

Case Fan

CPUF

an



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ROM and RAM Read-only memory (ROM)

ROM contains the basic instructions for booting thecomputer and loading the operating system are stored inROM.

Random-access memory (RAM)

RAM is temporary storage for data and programs that arebeing accessed by the CPU

RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents areerased when the computer is powered off

More RAM means more capacity to hold and process largeprograms and files, as well as enhance system performance.



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Memory Modules Memory modules are memory chips that have been soldered on to a

special circuit board for easy installation and removal.

Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip.

Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board that holds

several memory chips.

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM,DDR SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips.

RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that holdsRDRAM chips.

Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM) is a smaller, more condensed version of DIMM which provides random access data storage that is ideal for use inlaptops, printers, and other devices where conserving space is desirable.

The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because faster memory improves the performance of theprocessor. As processor speed increases, memory speed must also

increase.



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Cache and Error Checking Cache

SRAM is used as cache memory to store the most frequentlyused data.

SRAM provides the processor with faster access to the datathan retrieving it from the slower DRAM, or main memory.

Error Checking

Memory errors occur when the data is not stored correctly in theRAM chips.

The computer uses different methods to detect and correct dataerrors in memory.



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Adapter Cards Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by

adding controllers for specific devices or by replacingmalfunctioning ports.

Examples of adapter cards:

Sound adapter and video adapter USB, parallel, and serial ports

Network Interface Card (NIC),wireless NIC, and modem adapter

Types of expansion slots:

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)

PCI-Express



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Hard Drives and Floppy Drives Hard drives and floppy drives read or write information to magnetic

storage media.

They may be fixed or removable.

The hard disk drive (HDD) is a

magnetic storage device. The storagecapacity is measured in gigabytes (GB).

Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to spin magnetic plattersand move the drive heads.

Solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts, which results in

faster access to data, higher reliability, reduced power usage.

A floppy disk drive (FDD) is storage device thatuses removable 3.5 inch floppy disks that can storeup to 1.44 MB of data.



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Optical Drives, Flash Drives and Drive

Interfaces An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to

read data on the optical media. The three types are CD,DVD and BD.

A flash drive is a removable storage device thatconnects to a USB port. A flash drive uses a typeof memory that requires no power to maintain thedata.

Some common drive interfaces are:Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)Parallel ATA (PATA)Serial ATA (SATA) and External SATA (eSATA)Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)



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RAID Levels

RAID provides a way to store data across multiple harddisks for redundancy.

RAID Level

Min # of Drives

Description

0 2 Data striping without redundancy

1 2 Disk mirroring

2 2 Error-Correcting Coding

3 3 Byte-level data striping with dedicated parity

4 3 Block-level data striping with dedicated parity

5 3 Block-level data striping with distributed parity

6 4 Independent Data Disks with Double Parity

0/1 4 Combination of data striping and mirroring



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Internal Cables Internal power cables (Molex and Berg) connect

drives and fans to the motherboard.

Front panel cables connect the case buttons and

lights to the motherboard.

Data cables connect drives to the drive controller.

Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable

PATA (IDE) data cable

PATA (EIDE) data cable SATA data cable

eSATA data cable

SCSI data cable



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Ports and Cables Serial ports transmit one bit of data at a time.

A telephone cable (RJ11) is used to connect a modem to a telephoneoutlet.

USB is a standard interface for connecting hot-swappable peripheraldevices to a computer. Some devices can also be powered through theUSB port.

FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that can support up to63 devices. Some devices can also be powered through the FireWireport.

A parallel cable is used to connect parallel devices, such as a printer or scanner, and can transmit 8 bits of data at one time.

A SCSI port can transmit data at rates in excess of 320 Mbps and cansupport up to 15 devices. SCSI devices must be terminated at theendpoints of the SCSI chain.



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Ports and Cables (Continued) A network port, also known as an RJ-45 port,

connects a computer to a network. The maximumlength of network cable is 328 feet (100 m).

A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or a mouse to acomputer. The PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN femaleconnector.

An audio port connects audio devices to thecomputer.

A video port connects a monitor cable to acomputer.



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Input Devices Input devices are used to enter data or

instructions into a computer:

Mouse and Keyboard

KVM switchDigital camera and digital videocamera

Biometric authentication device

Touch screen

Scanner



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Output Devices Monitors and Projectors:

Cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor is the mostcommon monitor type. Most televisions also usethis technology.

Liquid crystal display (LCD) is commonly usedin laptops and some projectors. LCD comes intwo forms, active matrix and passive matrix.

Digital light processing (DLP) is another technology used in projectors.

Monitor resolution refers to the level of imagedetail that can be reproduced. Higher resolutionsettings produce better image quality.



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Output Devices (Continued) Printers and Fax Machines are output

devices that create hard copies of computer files.

Scanners create electronic file versionof paper documents.

Speakers and headphones are outputdevices for reproducing audio signals.

Speakers

Headphone



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System Resources System resources are used for communication

purposes between the CPU and other components in acomputer.

There are three common system resources: Interrupt Requests (IRQs)

Input/Output (I/O) Port Addresses

Direct Memory Access (DMA)



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Chapter 1 Summary

Information Technology encompasses the use of computers,network hardware, and software to process, store, transmit,and retrieve information.

A personal computer system consists of hardwarecomponents and software applications.

The computer case and power supply must be chosencarefully to support the hardware inside the case and allowfor the addition of components.

The internal components of a computer are selected for specific features and functions. All internal components mustbe compatible with the motherboard.

You should use the correct type of ports and cables whenconnecting devices.



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Chapter 1 Summary (Continued) Typical input devices include the keyboard, mouse, touch

screen, and digital cameras.

Typical output devices include monitors, printers, andspeakers.

System resources must be assigned to computer components. System resources include IRQs, I/O portaddresses, and DMAs.



ITE PC v4.1


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