(IT-WK02) Computer Hardwares

8/3/2019 (IT-WK02) Computer Hardwares

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Introduction to Computers

Computer HardwareWeek # 02

Zohaib NoorAli Momin


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INTRODUCTION

Definition Of Computer Electronic device that converts and process data

It is controlled by hardwares and softwares

Hardware all the physical parts of the computer

Softwares

All the parts of the computer that you cant touch

Data, information and knowledge


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Input and Output (I/O)

Input Devices

Keyboard

Mouse

Scanner

Output Devices

Printer

Monitor

Dual-Function

Fax Machine

Modems

Network Cards


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Processing: (CPU)

Performs the majority of processing

Usually Intel or AMD Chips

Celeron, Athlon, Pentium, Xeon are brand

names for these companies

fan on top of processor


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Processing: CPU Clock Speed

Also called Frequency

How fast the CPU can process data.

Measured in

GHz (gigahertz) 1.7 ~ 3.7+

GHz

Billions of

cycles persecond


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CPU TERMS

Cache: Internal memory in the CPU, housing frequently accessed dataand instructions for superfast turnaround on memory requests.

Clock speed: The speed at which a CPU executes its instructions,

usually measured in gigahertz (billions of cycles per second); also knownas the chip's "frequency.

Code name: A company's nomenclature for a new series of chips; mayrefer to a processor lineup ("Gulftown" or "Deneb"), a microarchitecture(Intel's "Nehalem"), or a platform (AMD's "Dragon").

Core: The part of the processor that reads and executes programinstructions


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Multi-core systems

Multi-Core systems (ie Intel Core Duo)connect two CPUs together to the same die onthe motherboard.

A dual-core processor with two cores at 2GHzmay perform very nearly as fast as a singlecore of 4GHz

Intel core i7 Six cores


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Processing: CPU Cache

A temporary storage area forfrequently/recently accessed data

Fewer requests to RAM andHard Drive, speeds up theprocessing

Measured in megabytes

(MB) or kilobytes (KB),such as 512 KB


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Processing: RAMRandom Access

Volatile

Temporary storage for all data and processes(programs) currently running

Measured in type, size, speed,

Size: 1.0 GB +

Speed: 600 MHz +
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/RAM_n.jpg


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Processing:RAM Types

SDRAMSDRAM stands for Synchronous RAM (Dynamic Random AccessMemory). Standard in PC industry for memory

DDR SDRAM (double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM)takes all the features of ordinary SDRAM and increases the frequencybandwidth to improve system performance and speed.

DDR2 SDRAM (double-data-rate two synchronous dynamicrandom access memory) Its primary benefit is the ability to operate

the external data bus twice as fast as DDR SDRAM. Cache Ram: Small block of expensive, high speed memory

located between on the CPU or between the CPU and main memory


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DIMMS and SIMMS

Single in line Memory Modules Same electrical contact on both sides of the module

32 bit data path

Double in line Memory Modules DIMMs have separate electrical contacts on each side

of the module

64 bit data path

2 SIMMS = 1 DIMM


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RAM Speeds

RAM speed is measured in ns (nano seconds).The fewer ns, the faster is the RAM. Years ago,RAM came in 120, 100 and 80 ns. Today, we aretalking about 60 ns and faster


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NIC Network Interface Cards

Network Adapter: provides the connectionbetween computers on a network

Networking hardware is the same for all

desktop and laptop computers regardless ofO/S

NICs are rated by their speed in Mbps, ormegabits per second. Common speeds are

10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 1,000 Mbps, or 1Gbps. Faster is better and is moreexpensive.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/NIC-FA312.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:NIC-FA312.jpg&h=484&w=750&sz=232&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=L5PGhNdLpAGbXM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=141&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnic%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den


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Processing:Video Cards or GPUs

Generates and outputs images to a display

Old Standard = 32 Megabytes

New = 128 256 MB+ Needed to run DirectX 9 graphics built into Vista

Dedicated Graphics card most powerful

Integrated graphics solution uses portions of RAMfor graphics


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Ports (cont)

Firewire

Modem

Parallel

(printer)

Power

PS/2

(keyboard and mouse)


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Ports (cont)

Cat-5

(network)

USB

Video

Serial


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Storage Devices Long term

Hard disks - Magnetic

USB media

Optical storage media CD CDR CDRW DVD

Tapes?

Zip disks? Floppy disks?


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RAM vs Hard Drive

vs.

Electronic

Very fast

Expensive

Small capacity

Temp storage

Magnetic

Very slow

Cheap

Large capacity

Long term storage
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Hard_disk_dismantled.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/RAM_n.jpg


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CPU, RAM, and the HardDrive
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Hard_disk_dismantled.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/RAM_n.jpg


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Computer Longevity

Always buy as much CPU and RAM as you canafford

Longevity will depend on usage

Everyday business tasks require lessprocessing power

Graphics, multimedia, require large amts ofCPU and RAM


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Upgrading Computer Hardware

Add RAM

Additional Hard Drive Capacity

Faster Video Card

Faster CPU


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Classification of Computers

The most powerful and expensive computers arecalled supercomputers. They are used forspecial purposes, such as worldwide weatherforecasting or weapons research, stock analysis,

movie effects. Large computers called mainframes are used by

large businesses such as banks, airlines, and largemanufacturers to process very large amounts ofdata quickly. They are designed for multiple users.


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Minicomputers are the next step down frommainframes in terms of power and capacitybut are being squeezed between mainframesand powerful personal computers.

Desktop computers are called personalcomputers (PCs), microcomputers, or some-times home computers.


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Workstations combine the compactness of adesktop computer with power that almost equalsthat of a mainframe.

Notebookcomputers are small portablecomputers; somewhat larger, heavier versions are

called laptop computers. Today notebookcomputers are competing with PCs.


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Personal digital assistants (PDAs), also called pen-based computers, are handheld computers that accepthandwritten input directly on a screen.

Anetwork computer (NC), sometimes called simply anet computer or net box, operates in concert with atelevision set to access the Internet and send andreceive e-mail.


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Information Processing Cycle

Processing

Storage

Input

Output

Take in data from

keyboard, mouse,

scanner, microphone,

camera etc

Data is processed by

CPU, sent to RAM, via

BUS. Cache, GPUs,

Expansion Cards

Send processed data

to monitor, printer,

speakers, network

Store for later use on

a storage medium:

hard disk, floppy,

USB, CD, DVD, etc


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Basic Concepts of ComputerHardware

This model of the typical digital computer is often called

the von Neumann computer. Programs and data are stored in the same memory:

primary memory.

The computer can only perform one instruction at atime.

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CPU(Central Processing Unit)

InputUnits

OutputUnits

Primary Memory


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Basic Concepts of ComputerHardware

Input/Output (I/O): Refers to the process ofgetting information into and out of thecomputer.

Input: Those parts of the computer receivinginformation to programs.

Output: Those parts of the computer thatprovide results of computation to the personusing the computer.


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Sources of Data for theComputer

Two types of data stored within a computer: Original data or information: Data being

introduced to a computing system for the first time.

Computers can deal directly with printed text,pictures, sound, and other common types ofinformation.

Previously stored data or information: Datathat has already been processed by a computer and

is being stored for later use. These are forms of binary data useful only to thecomputer.

Examples: Floppy disks, DVD disks, and music CDs.


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Input Devices

Input hardware: Those that deal with originaldata.

Keyboard

Mouse

Voice recognition hardware Scanner

Digital camera

Digitizing: The process of taking a visual image, oraudio recording and converting it to a binary form

for the computer. Used as data for programs to display, play or

manipulate the digitized data.


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Input Devices

Connecting Hardware to the computer:

Hardware needs software on the computer

that can service the device. Device driver: Software addition to the

operating system that will allow the computer tocommunicate with a particular device.


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Input Devices

Common Basic Technologies for Storing BinaryInformation:

Electronic

Magnetic

Optical


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Input Devices

Electronic Circuits

Most expensive of the three forms for storingbinary information.

A flip-flop circuit has either one electronicstatus or the other. It is said to flip-flop fromone to the other.

Electronic circuits come in two forms:

Permanent

Non-permanent


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Input Devices

Magnetic Technology

Two parts to most of the magnetic forms ofinformation storage:

The medium that stores the magnetic

information. Example: Floppy disk. Tiny spots on the disk are

magnetized to represent 0s and 1s.

The devicethat can read that informationfrom the medium.

The drive spins the disk.

It has a magnetic sensing arm that moves overthe disk.

Performs nondestructive reading.


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Input Devices

Optical

Uses lasers to read the binary informationfrom the medium, usually a disc.

Millions of tiny holes are burned into the

surface of the disc.

The holes are interpreted as 1s. The absence ofholes are interpreted as 0s.


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Input Devices

The four most important characteristics ofstorage devices:

Speed and access time

Cost / Removable versus non-removable

Capacity

Type of access


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Input Devices

Speed (Access time) - How fast informationcan be taken from or stored onto thecomputer memory devices medium.

Electronic circuits: Fastest to access.

40 billionths of a second.

Floppy disks: Very slow in comparison.

Takes up to 1/2 second to reach full speedbefore access is even possible.


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Input Devices

Cost

Megabyte: A Million bytes.

Gigabyte: A billion bytes.

Two parts to a removable secondary storage device: The cost of the medium. (Cheaper if bought in quantity)

The cost of the drive.


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Input Devices

Capacity - The amount of information thatcan be stored on the medium.

Unit Description Approximate Size

1 bit 1 binary digit

1 nibble 4 bits

1 byte 8 bits 1 character

1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes 1/2 page, double spaced

1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes 500,000 pages

1 million bytes

1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes 5 million pages

1 billion bytes

1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes 5 billion pages


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Input Devices

Type of Access

Sequential - Obtained by proceeding throughthe storage medium from the beginning untilthe designated area is reached (as in magnetic

tape). Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy

and hard disks).


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Primary Memory

Primary storage or memory: Is where the data andprogram that are currently in operation or being

accessed are stored during use. Consists of electronic circuits: Extremely fast

and expensive.

Two types:

RAM (non-permanent) Programs and data can be stored here for the

computers use.

Volatile: All information will be lost once the

computer shuts down.

ROM (permanent) Contents do not change.


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Output Devices

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

Allows up to 17 gigabytes of storage (from 4.7GB to 17 GB).

Compatible with older CD-ROM technology.

The four versions of the DVD:


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Moving InformationWithin the Computer

How do binary numerals move into, out of,and within the computer?

Information is moved about in bytes, ormultiple bytes called words.

Words are the fundamental units of information.

The number of bits per word may vary percomputer.

A word length for most large IBM computers is32 bits:


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Moving InformationWithin the Computer

Bits that compose a wordare passed in parallel fromplace to place. Ribbon cables:

Consist of severalwires, moldedtogether.

One wire for each bitof the word or byte.

Additional wirescoordinate the activityof moving information.

Each wire sendsinformation in the formof a voltage pulse.


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