í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 1 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Ramachandra (Compere/ EMCEE):

May I have your attention, ladies and gen-tlemen (and my student friends)? All is setfor the evening's programme and we nowbegin by inviting our beloved principal, pro-fessor Upadesh to take his seat on dais.Mitra and Charita will escort the principal tohis seat on the dais.

(Ç£æfi-ûª’-™«®√, ü¿ßª’-îËÆœ N†çúÕ. Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-EéÀ Åç-û√ Æœü¿l¥´’®·çC. ´’† v°œßª’-ûª´’principal Çî√®Ωu Ö°æ-üË-¨¸†’ ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ ≤ƒn†ç™èπÿ®Óa-¢√-©E éÓ®Ω-úøçûÓ ´’† Ñ Æ涵º v§ƒ®Ω綵ºçîËÆæ’hØ√oç. N’vûª, îªJûª Çߪ’-††’ ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀBÆæ’éÌ≤ƒh®Ω’.)

May I now invite the chief guest, ViceChancellor Dr.Vidyadhik of NationalUniversity to grace the dais with his pres-ence? Vinaya and Vignata will conduct himto his seat on the dais.

(ûª´’ ÖE-éÀûÓ ¢ËCéπ†’ Å©ç-éπ-Jç-î√-Lqç-Cí¬ ´’†´·êu ÅAC∑, National University Ö°æ èπ◊©-°æA,ú≈éπd®˝ Nü∆u-Cµé˙†’ éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o†’. N†ßª’, Nïcûª¢√JE ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

Next, with equal pleasure we look forward tothe presence, on the stage, of SmtSusobhita, Commissioner, CollegiateEducation. Ajita and Ajai are requested toshow her to her seat.

(ûª®√yûª, ÅçûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ, éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u éπN’-≠æ-†®˝ X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ ®√ -ú≈Eo áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’hØ√oç. Å>ûª, Åï-ß’©’ ¢√JE ¢ËCéπO’ü¿èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

Now, Dr Acharya, President, StaffAssociation will do us the favour of takinghis seat on the dais. He will be guided to hisseat by Rohini and Rohit.

(Åüµ∆u-°æéπ Ææç°∂æ’ç Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ ú≈éπd®˝ Çî√®Ωu ¢ËCéπO’ü¿ ÇÆ‘-†’©ßË’u ņ’-ví∫£æ«ç ´÷èπ◊ éπL-T-≤ƒh®Ω’.®Ó£œ«ùÀ, ®Ó£œ«û˝ Çߪ’††’ ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ BÆæ’-éÌ-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

It will now be the turn of Miss SadhanaPresident, student's society to be seated onthe dais.

(É°æ¤púø’ ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘†’©’ 鬢√-LqçC, Nü∆uJnÆæç°∂æ’ç Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√©’, èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿†.)

Now the dignitaries on the dais will be gar-landed and offered bouquets.

(¢ËC-éπ-†-©ç-éπ-Jç-*† íı®Ω-´-F-ߪ·-©-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ °æ¤≠æp-´÷-©©’, °æ¤≠æp í∫’î√a ¥-©†’ É≤ƒh®Ω’.)

The next on our programme is lighting of thelamp. May I ask volunteers Neeraja andPadmaja to assist the chief guest in lightingthe lamp.

(´’† 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç™ ûª®√yûª Å稡ç ñuA ¢ÁL-Tç-îªôç/ ñuA v°æïy-©†. Volunteers F®Ωï, °æü¿t-ï-©†’ ´·êu ÅAC∑ ñuA ¢ÁL-Tç-îª-ôç™ ûÓúøp-ú≈-Lqç-Cí¬ éÓ®Ω’-ûª’-Ø√o†’.)

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç îªC-NçC éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™îª÷Æœ† compering continuation ÅE ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØËÖçC éπü∆. Compere/ EMCEE Ramachandra

éπ∞«- »© ¢√J-éÓ-ûªq´ 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ E®Ωy-£æ«-ù™ ¶µ«í∫-¢Á’i†v°æÆæç-í∫-N’C.

ÆæGµ-èπ◊© ≤ƒ -üµ∆†ç (attention) §ÒçC† ûª®√yûªé¬®Ωu-véπ´’ç v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç– ´’†ç °j† îª÷Æœ† ®√´’-îªçvü¿Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç.

鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«EéÀ Åçû√ Æœü¿l¥-¢Á’i† ûª®√yûª≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿öÀ Åç¨¡ç– NP≠æd ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’(Chief Guest, Guest of Honour - É™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x†’)¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ®Ω´’tE éÓ®Ωôç. äéπ N≠æߪ’ç î√™«´·êuç– compering ™ ´’† ´÷ô™x áçûª¢ÁjNüµ¿uç Öçõ‰ Åçûª ÇÆæéÀhü∆ߪ’-éπçí¬ Öçô’çC. ¢ËCéπO’CéÀ ®√´-©-Æœ† Å®·ü∆®Ω’-í∫’®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h™x v°æA ´uéÀhFI request Mr/ Ms so and so to come on to thedais and take his/ her seat on the dais ÅE äÍé-®Ω-éπçí¬ °œLÊÆh ¶«í∫’ç-úøü¿’ éπü∆. äéÌ\-éπ\-JE äéÓ\-®Ω-éπçí¬ Ç£æ…y-EÊÆh î√™« variety í¬ Öçô’çC.Åçü¿’èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ 鬴-©-ÆœçC áèπ◊\´ vocabulary(°æü∆© ñ«c†ç). ÉC ´’†ç áçûª áèπ◊\´ îªC-NûËÅçûª ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC. ¢ÁjN-üµ¿u¢Ë’ (variety) comper-ing èπ◊ ´·êuçí¬ public speaking èπ◊ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬v§ƒùç!

´÷´·-©’í¬ ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ®√¢√-©†ö«EéÀ com-

peres ¢√úË expression- I request so and so

(°∂晫Ø√ ¢√JE) to come on to the dais and take

his/ her seat ÅE.

(í∫´’-Eéπ: ¢ËCéπ = dais - pronunciation - úÁß’q –´÷´‚-©’í¬ î√™«´’çC ÅØËô’x úøߪ÷Æˇ é¬ü¿’.)éÌçîÁç Ü£æ«ûÓ ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo NNüµ¿ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬express îËߪ’-´îª’a. °j† Ramchandra's com-

pering ™ îª÷¨»®Ω’ í∫ü∆– äéÌ\-éπ\-JE äéÓ\ ®Ωéπçí¬¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªôç.

a) I request our beloved principal to take his

seat on the dais.

b) May I now invite ... to grace the dais with hispresence (grace = ¨¶µº éπL-Tç-îªúøç)

c) Next, with equal pleasure, we look forwardto the presence on the stage, of smt susob-hita ...

(ÅçûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ ¢Ë’ç áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç,X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿èπ◊ ®√´ôç.)look forward to = Çvûªçí¬ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç.

d) Now Dr Acharya, President, StaffAssociation will do us the favour of takinghis seat on the dais.

(ûª®√yûª ú≈éπd®˝ Çî√®Ωu ¢ËC-éπ-O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘†’™„j ´’´’tLoņ’-ví∫-£œ«-≤ƒh®Ω’– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ņ’-ví∫-£œ«ç-îªôç ÅØËC°ü¿l-´÷õ‰, é¬F formal English ™ Ñ ¢√úø’éπ≤ƒ´÷-†u¢Ë’. favour - American 'favour' - ņ’-ví∫£æ«ç/ Ö°æ-鬮Ωç.Could you do me a small favour?

é¬Ææh ≤ƒßª’ç îË≤ƒh¢√?/ îË≤ƒh®√?)e) It will now be the turn of Miss Sadhana ... to

take her seat on the dais.

É°æ¤púø’ Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Åüµ¿u-éπ~-®√©’, èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿†´çûª’, ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ ®√´ôç.turn= ´çûª’

Éçé¬ î√™« Nüµ∆-©’í¬ é¬®Ωu-véπ- ’ç™E Ñ ¶µ«í¬Eocompere îËߪ’-´îª’a.a) The next to honour us with his/ her pres-

ence on the dais is ...

(ûª®√yûª ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿ ûª´’ ÖEéÀ ü∆y®√ ´’†èπ◊džçü¿ç éπL-Tç-îË-¢√®Ω’ ...)

b) Equally welcome on to the dais is Mr ...

(X ... E ÅüË ≤ƒyí∫-ûªçûÓ ¢ËCéπ O’CéÀ Ç£æ…y-E-Ææ’hØ√oç.)

c) We consider it a great privilege to have Sri/Smt ... on the dais.

(X/ X´’A ... ¢ËCéπ O’ü¿ ÇÆ‘-†’-©-´ôç ´÷éÓv°æûËu-éπ-¢Á’i† ´’®√u-ü¿í¬/ ņ’-ví∫-£æ«çí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀ≤ƒhç.)

d) We'll now have the privilege

of...

(Privilege = v°œN-Lñ¸) = v°æûËuéπÇü¿®Ωç/ £æ«èπ◊\.

Åçû√ ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhE •öÀd, ´’†-èπ◊†o vocabulary (°æü¿-Ææç-°æü¿)•öÀd, áçûª variety Å®·Ø√ îª÷°œç-îª-´îª’a.

äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Ç£æfi-ûª’-©†’ direct í¬ØË °œ©-´-´îª’a.

a) Sri/ Smt ... , the guest of the evening, will

you please/ would you please/ could you

please come on to the dais?/ take your seat

on the dais?/ grace the dais with your pres-

ence?/ honour us with your presence on the

dais?

äéÓ\-≤ƒJ Chief Guest †’ guest of the evening/

of the occasion ÅE èπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.

Important: Compering èπ◊ – Ææp≠ædçí¬, Eü∆-†çí¬,é¬Ææh Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç– ´·êuçí¬ î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬,¢√éπuç™ Ç°æ-´-©-Æœ-†-îÓô Ç°œ, v§ƒ´·êuç É¢√y-Lq†´÷ô©’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©-éπúøç v°æüµ∆†ç. ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôçé¬ü¿’, Effective í¬ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´·êuç.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 267-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

It will now be the turn of ..

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. Students èπ◊ 'lesson explanation'†’ à tense ™ explain îËߪ÷L.

2. Å™«Íí How to teach prose, poetry,novel (non-detailed). Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀ™ûËú≈ àüÁjØ√ Öçü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

– öÀ.P-´- π◊-´÷®˝, ÅAhL-ï-¢√-•’: i) Tenses explain îËߪ÷-LqçC Telugu ™Ø√,

English ™Ø√ ÅØËC -ûÁ-©’°æ-™‰--ü¿’. Telugu ™Å®·ûË, Compare îËÆœ N´-Jç-îªçúÕ. Teluguform †’ English form †’.

English ™ Å®·ûË time of action of the verb†’ •öÀd, verb form ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ explainîËߪ’çúÕ. eg: form of the verb in the presentsimple tense - write/ writes.

uses: Regular actions of any type.

Give example from real life. Like ..

1) Our school starts everyday at...

2) You (Your students) attend classes herefrom 9 to 4. Ask them to talk of regularactions using present simple tense.Similarly explain to them the present con-tinuous tense- 1) Its form am+... ing/is+...ing/ are+... ing. Its uses: actionsgoing on now-

give examples from students' experience-

You are listening/ I am teaching/ A classis going on in this room..., and so on. Trythis with the other tenses.

ii) To teach prose, ask them to read a para-graph and try to understand the idea in it.Then you check if their understanding iscorrect.

(But before their reading the paragraph,give them the meanings of difficult words.)Then explain the meaning of each sen-tence; put them questions now and then.

When all the paras are complete, askthem questions about the idea ineach para.

How to teach poetry: Read out aloudto the students the poem. Give themeanings of difficult words, as usedin the poem. Then read out each lineafter putting the words in the proseorder. They will then be able to followit more easily. Explain the wholepoem again.

Teaching non detailed: Give the summaryof the chapter you are going to teach. Readout aloud the chapter para after para -explain the meanings of difficult words.Give the summary of each para.

-v°æ-¨¡o: -†’-´¤y O’ Ø√†oèπ◊ áØÓo ¢√úÕN?– Ñ¢√é¬uEo ÉçTx-≠ˇ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒpL?

– G. «®˝, †çü∆u™¸-ï-¢√-•’:

There isn't a correct expression in Englishfor asking this kind of question, that is, theexact number of a person/thing in asequential order. The nearest to it couldbe, what is your number/place among yoursiblings? (Siblings= brothers and sisters)

- M. SURESAN

-v°æ-¨¡o: See through- See off- See out.

Passed out- passed off.

Saw in- saw off- saw of.

Ñ phrases Å®√nEo N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

– °œ. üµ¿†’ç-ï-ߪ’-®√´¤, Xé¬- π◊∞¡ç

-ï-¢√-•’: See through = Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç. I can see

through your plan = F plan Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-í∫-©†’.See through = transparent = Glass ™«í¬transparent í¬ ÖçúË. Film stars wear see

through clothes = û√®Ω©’ °æ©aöÀ •ôd©’ (§ƒ®Ω-ü¿-®Ωz-éπçí¬ ÖçúÕ, ´çöÀE ü∆îªE) ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’.see off = OúÓ\©’ îÁ°æpôç – He saw him off at

the station.

see out - Ñ expression, English ™™‰ü¿’.passout: 1) Ææp %£æ« ûª°æpôç (become

unconscious); 2) ÂÆjE-èπ◊©’ ûª´’ Péπ~ù°æ‹®Ωh-®·† ûª®√yûª Military College E´CL¢Á∞¡ôçpass off = (äéπ °∂æ’-ô-†)- äéπ Nüµ¿çí¬ï®Ω-í∫ôç. The event passed off

peacefully = °∂æ’-ô-†/ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´’ç/N≠æߪ’ç v°æ¨»ç-ûªçí¬ ïJ-TçC.saw in - English ™ ÉC ™‰ü¿’.saw off- past tense of see of

saw of - English é¬ü¿’.

-v°æ-¨¡o: Explain the deference between the

usage of 'Too and Also.'

– áç. ¢Ëù’-íÓ-§ƒ-™«-î√-J, -£j«-ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛

-ï-¢√-•’: 'Also' is used in formal English, whereas

'too' is used in spoken English. 'Also' comes

before the main verb or after a 'be form',

whereas too usually comes at the end of the

sentence. eg: I went to Kolkata. I also visit-

ed some other places near the city. She

came here and spoke to me too. (end of the

sentence)

-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 4 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Ramachandra (Compere/ EMCEE):

The next item on the programme is wel-

come address by Kumari Sadhana,

President, Students' Society/ Kumari

Sadhana, President, Students' Society will

welcome the gathering.

(鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç™ ûª®√yA Å稡ç, Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’çÅüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√L ≤ƒyí∫ûª ´îª-Ø√©’/ É°æ¤púø’ Nü∆uJnÆæç°∂æ’ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√©’ èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿† Ç£æfi-ûª’-©†’≤ƒyí∫-A-≤ƒh®Ω’.)Over to Sadhana (É°æ¤púø’ ≤ƒüµ¿†.)

Sadhana:

Thank you. Ramachandra. I consider it a

great honour to welcome, on behalf of our

college, Dr. Vidyadhik, VC, National

University, to the occasion. It certainly is a

rare privilege for us to have you here, Sir,

and to listen to your valuable message.

You are welcome, Sir.

(Thank you ®√´’-îªçvü¿. éπ∞«- »© ûª®Ω-°æ¤† ÑÆæçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ, ´’† ´·êu-Å-AC∑, National

University Ö§ƒ-üµ¿u-èπ~◊©’ Dr. Nü∆u-Cµé˙èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç°æ©-éπôç ØËØÁçûÓ íı®Ω- çí¬ ¶µ«N-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. É¢√∞¡O’J-éπ\úø Öçúøôç, O’ Å´‚-©u-¢Á’i† ÆæçüË-¨»Eo¢Ë’ç N†ôç, ´÷èπ◊ -©-Gµç-*-† Å®Ω’-üÁj† ¶µ«í∫uçí¬¶µ«N-Ææ’hØ√oç. O’èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç.)As happy I am to welcome too, Smt.

Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate

Education to our function this evening.

She has many achievements to her credit

and she can be role model for us.

Welcome, madam, on behalf of our college

community.

(Commissioner, Collegiate Education

X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª†’ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË ÆæçûÓ-≠æçûÓ Ç£æ…y-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Ç¢Á’ ≤ƒCµç-*†N î√™« ÖØ√o®·.Ç¢Á’ ´’†èπ◊ Çü¿®Ωzç é¬í∫-©ü¿’. ´÷ College

ûª®Ω-°æ¤† O’èπ◊ ≤ƒyí∫ûªç.)My word of welcome goes next to all the

invitees, distinguished men and women

among them, to this function. We welcome

heartily too, the parents of our students.

(ûª®√yûª Ééπ\-úÕéÀ NîËa-Æœ† Ç£æfi-ûª’-©ç-ü¿-JéÃ,¢√∞¡x™x NP≠æd ´uèπ◊h©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´÷≤ƒyí∫ûªç. Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-*a† Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©èπÿ´÷ Ç£æ…y†ç.)

Finally a warm word of welcome to our

beloved Principal, learned lecturers and

the student fraternity.

*´-®Ωí¬ ´’† éπ∞«-¨»© v°œEq-°æ-™¸èπ◊, NVc-™„j†Åüµ∆u-°æ-èπ◊-©èπ◊, ûÓöÀ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿-Jéà ≤ƒyí∫ûªç.

Welcome to all, once again. Thank you.

(fraternity v°∂æô-EöÀ– ô ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç) =

1. Ææç°∂‘’-¶µ«´ç/ ≤Úü¿-®Ω-¶µ«´ç.

2. äÍé ´%AhéÀ, ¢√u°æ-é¬-EéÀ îÁçC† ´uèπ◊h©’.(Teacher fraternity- Ö§ƒ-üµ∆uߪ’ ´%Ah™Ö†o-¢√∞¡Ÿx.)

Ramachandra:

Thank you, Sadhana. We'll now have the

pleasure of listening to the Principal's

opening remarks as the president of the

function and that will be followed by his

presentation of the college annual report.

(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-éπ~ûª ´£œ«-Ææ’h†o Princi-

pal ûÌL °æ©’-èπ◊©’/ °æJ-îªßª’ ¢√é¬u©’ NØËÅ´-鬨¡ç §Òçü¿-†’Ø√oç. ûª®√yûª éπ∞«-¨»© ¢√JéπE¢Ë-Céπ Ææ´’-Jp-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

í∫ûª È®çúø’ lessons ™ spoken English ™ ¶µ«í∫-´’-®·† compering and conduct of a meeting

(Æ涵ºèπ◊ v°æßÁ÷-éπhí¬ ´u -£æ«-Jç-îªôç, ü∆Eo E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç) îªC¢√ç éπü∆. Ñ lesson ™ ÅC continue

îËÆæ’hØ√oç.

[Æ涵º E®Ωy-£æ«ù È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬ Öçúø- a.1. ´’† lessons ™ îª÷Ææ’h-†oô’x, ¢Á·ûªhç ¢ËC-éπ-O’C

Å稻-©-Eoç-öÀF, EMCEE -ßË’ compere

îËߪ’ôç. Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊©’ Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, non-

political meetings ™ v°æÆæ’hûªç î√™«- ’-ô’èπ◊,鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç™E Å稻-©†’, ´®Ω’Ææ v°æ鬮ΩçN -Jç*, ¢√öÀéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡x†’ ¢ËCéπ

O’CéÀ °œ©-´ôç, ¢√öÀ-O’ü¿ Ææçü¿-®Ós¥-*ûª ¢√uêu©’îËÆæ÷h, Ç£æfi-ûª’-©èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’ °æ¤öÀdç-îª-èπ◊çú≈Öçîªúøç ™«çöÀ´Fo ¢Á·ûªhç EMCEE/ Compere

Íé ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.

È®çúÓ Nüµ∆†ç: Æ涵º v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº- ’-ßË’u- -®Ωèπÿ EMCEE/

Compere v°æÆæç-í¬©’ – Åçü¿®Ω’ NP≠æd ÅAü∑¿’©’stage O’ü¿ èπÿ®Ω’a†o ûª®√yûª, Æ涵«-üµ¿u-èπ~◊-©èπ◊ Ç£æ…y†°ævûªç™E 鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç ´®ΩÆæ îª÷°œç* Æ涵º†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç--î√-©-E éÓ®Ωúøç. Å°æ¤púø’ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’/ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊®√©’(President) †’ 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷Eo E®Ωy-£œ«ç--î√-©-EéÓ®Ωúøç. Ñ ûª®√yûª EMCEE éÀ *´-J-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æEÖçúøü¿’. Åçû√ President îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«®Ω’. ÉC´·êuçí¬ political meetings ïJÍí B®Ω’.Éçü¿’™ compere §ƒvûª î√™« ûªèπ◊\´.]

É°æ¤úø’ ´’†ç îª÷Ææ’h-†oC compere èπ◊ v§ƒüµ∆†uçÖ†o Æ涵º. NP≠æd ÅA-ü∑¿’©’ (special guests) ¢ËC-éπ-°j† èπÿ®Ω’a†o ûª®√yûª, ¢√J-ûÓ-§ƒô’ N’í∫-û√-¢√-JEèπÿú≈ ≤ƒü¿-®Ωçí¬ Ç£æ…y-Eç-îªúøç Ææçv°æü∆ߪ’ç. É™«≤ƒyí∫ûªç °æ©-éπôç Welcome address. Ñ Æ涵º™Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ ´·êu v°æA-ECµ èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿† Ñ≤ƒyí∫ûÓ°æØ√uÆæç îË≤ÚhçC éπü∆. Welcome address

N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçú≈L. ¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç**´J ´®Ωèπÿ v§ƒ´·-êu- ´-®Ω-Ææ™ Ç£æ…y-E≤ƒhç.-™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ ŧƒ-®√n©’ éπ©’-í∫’-û√®·. Kumari

Sadhana's Welcome address has this order:

1. Chief Guest

2. Guest of honour

3. Principal

4. Other invitees and parents

5. Lecturers and other students.

Ñ Welcome address èπÿú≈ áçûª variety í¬Öçõ‰ Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Ééπ\úø - ’-†ç ¶«í¬Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË ´÷ô©’ Privilege, honour, plea-

sure, joy (ÉC é¬Ææh ûªèπ◊\´), consider/ deem

(°æJ-í∫-ùÀç-îªôç)– ÉN ¢√é¬u™x ᙫ -¢√-ú≈™ îª÷ü∆lç.

1) On behalf of our college community,

a) I consider it/ deem it/ a privilege/ honour

to Welcome the Chief Guest of the

evening, Sir...

b) With immense (ŧƒ-®Ω-¢Á’i†)/ great plea-

sure I Welcome Sir...

c) I find great/ immense pleasure in Wel-

coming Sir...

d) I now have the pleasure/ privilege of

Welcoming Sir...

e) I feel honoured to Welcome Sir...

f) I feel it an honour to Welcome Sir...

É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo Ææ’p¥Jç-°æ--ñ‰ÊÆ üˆo-®·Ø√ ´’†ç ¢√úø-´îª’a.

´·êuçí¬ Éü¿çû√ public speak-

ing ™ ¶µ«í∫ç 鬕öÀd, î√™«preparation Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Æ涵º/function v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µ«-EéÀ ´·çüË鬮Ωu-véπ´’ç ÅEo N -®√©’, List of

invitees/ in the order of their importance,

important details of the invitees with their cor-

rect names, position etc., thorough í¬ ûÁLƜ°ô’d-éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. ÉüË ´’† perfor-

mance ¶«í¬ ÖçúËô’x îËÆæ’hçC. Without proper

preparation, stage O’ü¿ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡çÖçô’çC. Stage O’ü¿ *†o §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x èπÿú≈ÆæGµèπ◊©èπ◊ °ü¿l-N-í¬ØË éπE°œ≤ƒh®·.

Important: Speak with confidence. ÆæGµ-èπ◊©’´’†™‰o îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ´’†ç àç ûª°æ¤p îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’,ÅØË ¶µ«´ç ÅÆæ-©’ç-úø-èπÿ-úøü¿’.

(ÉüË self consciousness Åçö«®Ω’. ÉC ´C-™‰ÊÆh´’†ç success.) Speak freely and with ease.

Next, in your Welcome address, while wel-

coming a person, turn your face towards him

and nod your head.

(äéπ-JE Ç£æ…y-EçîËô°æ¤púø’, ¢√∞¡x ¢Áj°æ¤ AJT ûª©ÇúÕç-îªôç ¶«í¬ Öçô’çC.)

Public Speaking 鬕öÀd î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬, Çí¬-Lq†îÓô ÇT, Ææp≠ædçí¬ (distinctly) ´÷ö«x-úÕûË î√™«¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.

EXERCISE

Practise compering (in English) the birth-

day party of your friend, use the follow-

ing points.

1. Call the gathering to order.

(´*a† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JE ≤ƒ´-üµ∆-†’-©†’ éπ´’t-†ôç.)

(May I have your attention, please etc.,)

2. Reminding the invitees of the occasion.

(Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo í∫’®Ω’h îËߪ’úøç.)

(Begin: 'My dear friends, We are here to

celebrate ... ™«çöÀ ´÷ô-©ûÓ)

3. Welcome all of the invitees.

4. Express your best wishes to your friend on

behalf of all the invitees.

5. Blowing of the candles, cake cutting.

6. Entertainment and refreshment.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 268-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

I feel it an honour to ..

-v°æ-¨¡o:1. What is meant by adverb?

2. What is the meaning of contemptuous?

-– Ç®˝. Ææ-G-ûª, £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ï-¢√-•’:

1. Adverb modifies a verb. Verb subjectîËÊÆ -°æE-E ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç °æE ᙫ/ à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ïJ-TçC ÅØË -ûÁ-LÊ° °æü¿ç adverb.

He walked slowly (Åûª†’ Eü∆-†çí¬†úÕ-î√úø’)– Ééπ\úø verb, walked = †úÕ-î√úø’.ᙫ †úÕ-î√úø’? Answer: Slowly (Eü∆-†çí¬)鬕öÀd slowly ÅØËC adverb. Verb èπ◊ ᙫ?(how) ÅE v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çõ‰ ´îËa -ï-¢√-¶‰adverb.

He ran fast - ᙫ °æ®Ω’-Èí-û√húø’?(How did he run?)

Answer: Fast. So 'fast' is the adverb here.

2. (á´-È®j oØ√/ üËØÁj oØ√) ûªèπ◊\-´ ¶µ«´çûÓ/ÅÆæ-£æ«uçûÓ îª÷ÊÆ/ ®Óûªí¬ ÅÆæ-£œ«uç--éÌØË ÅE.

The whites were contemptuous of theblacks = †©x-¢√-∞¡x-°æôx ûÁ©x-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅÆæ-£æ«u-¶µ«- çûÓÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx.She is contemptuous of whatever I do =

ØËØËç-îË-ÆœØ√ Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÅÆæ£æ«uç.He is contemptuous of cricket =

véÀÈé-ö¸ Åçõ‰- Åûª-úÕéÀ -ÅÆæ£æ«uç.

-v°æ-¨¡o: In spite of Åçõ‰- -à-N’-öÀ? -D-Eo -á°æ¤p-úø’-¢√-úø-û√®Ω’? -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©’ -É-´yç-úÕ.

- Y. Sudhakar, e-mail

ï-¢√-•’: In spite of = Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÀ.

a) Inspite of her treatment by a good doc-tor, she died.

(´’ç* -ú≈éπd®˝ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÆœ-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç¢Á’ îªE-§Ú-®·çC.)

b) Inspite of her beauty, she is modest.(Åçü¿ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, Ç¢Á’ Eí∫Jy.)

c) Inspite of his starting late, he was ableto catch the train. (Ç©-Ææuçí¬ •ßª’--©’-üË-J-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, -võ„i-Ø˛ Åçü¿’-éÓ-í∫--Lí¬úø’.)

Inspite of ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷, noun í¬-F [sen-tence (a) and (b)], 'ing' form í¬-F (sentencec) ´Ææ’hçC. Inspite of = though.

-v°æ-¨¡o: 1. -O-öÀ-E -Éç-Tx-≠ˇ-™ -á-™« -îÁ-§ƒp-L?

i) Å-ûª-úø’ -îË®·ç-î√-úø’.ii) -Å-ûª-úø’ -†-†’o -îË-ߪ’-´’-Ø√o-úø’.iii) -Å-ûª-úÕ -•-ü¿’-©’ -†-†’o -¢Á-∞¡x-´’-Ø√o-úø’. 2. as- as -É-™« -á-Eo °æ-ü∆-©’-Ø√o®·? -Ö-ü∆:

as long as, as much as, as soon as.

- ’-JéÌ-Eo -Ö-ü∆£æ«®Ω-ù-©-ûÓ -N- -Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

– Èé.Ææ’-üµ∆éπ®˝®√-´¤, -´’-†’-¶-©’

ï-¢√-•’:1. i) He got it/ had it done.

ii) He asked me to do it.

iii) He wanted me to go instead of him.

2. ´’†ç ûÁ-L-ߪ’°æ®Ω-î√-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo •öÀd,'as - as' ¢√úÕ áEo phrase -™„jØ√ ¢√úø-´îª’a.

eg: As late as; as recently as, as earlyas, as many as, etc.

- M. SURESAN

-v°æ-¨¡o: îªE-§Ú-®·† ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ω’ ´·ç-ü¿’ late

¢√úøû√ç éπü∆! late ûª®√yûª Mr./ Mrs.

¢√ú≈™«,™‰ü∆ late ûª®√yûª Ê°®Ω’¢√ú≈™«?

- V. S. Murthy, e-mail.

ï-¢√-•’: After late, Mr/ Mrs/ Sri is not

used, but 'the' must be used

before 'late'. (The late NT

Rama Rao)

-v°æ-¨¡o: I would like to know, is there any sim-

ple good course book for English

speaking course. If it is, where can I

get it?

- Ramanarasaiah, e-mail.

ï-¢√-•’: You will find, 'Living English struc-

ture' by Stannard Allen, a very use-

ful book. It is very helpful for learn-

ers.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 6 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Ramachandra (EMCEE / Compere):

That was Kumari Sadhana welcoming the

guests of the evening.

Now We'll have president of the evening's

function, our principal making his opening

remarks. It will then be followed by his pre-

sentation of the college annual report.

(É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ Ç£æfi-ûª’-©èπ◊ èπ◊´÷J ≤ƒüµ¿†Ç£æ…y†ç °æL-éÀçC. É°æ¤púø’ Ñ Æ涵ºèπ◊ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-™„j† ´’† -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸ ûÌL °æ©’-èπ◊©’ Öçö«®·. Çûª®√yûª éπ∞«-¨»© ¢√Jéπ E¢Ë-Céπ†’ Çߪ’† Ææ´’-Jp-≤ƒh®Ω’)

After the Principals opening remarks fol-

lowed by college report.

(v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸ Ö-°æ-Ø√uÆæç Å-ߪ÷uéπ ûª®√yûª é¬-™‰-ñ¸ -J-§Ú®˝d Öç-ô’ç-C)

Ramachandra:

You've just heard the principal presenting

the college report. The college has made a

good progress with several of the students

shining in different fields.

(v°œEq-°æ-™¸- E¢Ë-Céπ NØ√oç; Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ NNüµ¿®Ωçí¬™x ≤ƒ-Cµç-*-† °∂æ-L-û√-©’ éπ∞«- »©-†’ v°æí∫-A-¶«-ô-™ °æ-ߪ’-Eç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ -ûÓ-úøp-ú≈f®·.) ûª®√yA Å稡ç.

Ramachandra:

Now, on to our next item - the introduction

of the chief guest by the vice president of

the students' society Mallikarjun.

(éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Ö§ƒ-üµ¿u-èπ~◊úø’ ´’Lx-é¬-®Ω’bØ˛´·êu-Å-A-C∑-E ÆæGµ-èπ◊-©èπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îË≤ƒhúø’.)over to Mallikarjun.

After the introduction of the chief guest(´·êu ÅAC∑ °æJ-îªßª’ç ûª®√yûª)

Ramachandra:

Well, we've seen from Mallikarjun's intro-

duction that we are very fortunate to have

in our midst this evening, a very great man,

indeed one who can inspire us to rise high

in life. Without further delay let's have his

message. We invite you sir, (Vice chancel-

lor, Dr Vidyadhik of National University).

looking forward your message.

(Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´·êu-Å-A-C∑í¬ ´’†- ´’-üµ¿u-†’†o´uéÀh áçûª íÌ°æp-¢√®Ó ´’-Lxé¬®Ω’b-Ø˛ °æJ-îªßª’ç- ü∆y®√ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçÍéç Ç©Ææuç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Çߪ’†ÆæçüË-¨»Eo -´’-†ç Nçü∆ç. O’ ÆæçüË-¨¡ç éÓÆæç--á--ü¿’®Ω’ îª÷Ææ÷h, ´’Sx N’´’tLo Ç£æ…y-E-Ææ’hØ√oç)

After the chief guest's address

(´·êu-Å-AC∑ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç ûª®√yûª)Ramachandra:

That was really an inspiring speech by the

chief guest. It's a rare privilege to have lis-

tened to such words. May I on behalf of my

student friends assure you, sir, we will try

our best to put into practice your valuable

message.Thank you again and again, sir.

(´·êu-Å-A-C∑ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç î√-™« vÊ°®Ωù éπL_çîËCí¬ÖçC. -É™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ N-ØË Å´-鬨¡ç î√-™«Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ -´Ææ’hç-C. O’ ÆæçüË-¨»Eo Çîª-®Ω-ù™ °ôd-ú≈-EéÀ ´÷ ¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« éπ%≠œ-îË-≤ƒh--´’-E ´÷ Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ûª®Ω-°æ¤† ؈’ £æ…O’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’. O’èπ◊ ´÷

üµ¿†u¢√ü∆©’) Prize distribution - that is what is to follow

now, my dear friends. Students who have

shown their merit in various fields will now

have the rare honour of receiving their

prizes from the Guest of Honour, Smt

Susobhita, Commissioner, Collegiate edu-

cation.

(-D-E -ûª®√y-ûª •£æ›-´’A v°æü∆†ç -Öç-ô’ç-C. N’vûª’-™«®√, NNüµ¿ ®Ωçí¬™x ûª´’ v°æA-¶µº†’ v°æü¿-Jzç-*†Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊, X´’A Ææ’¨-Gµûª, Commissioner,

Collegiate education, •£æ›-´’A v°æü∆†çîË≤ƒh®Ω’.Susmita and Sekhar will read out the prize

list. alternately.

(Ææ’Æœtûª-, ¨Ï-ê®˝, äéπJ -ûª®√y-ûª äéπ®Ω’ prizelist

îªü¿’-´¤-û√®Ω’.)After the prize distribution

(•£æ›-´’-A v°æü∆†ç ûª®√yûª)

Ramachandra:

Thank you - very much, Madam, for having

taken the trouble to give away as many as

140 prizes both academic and sports. That

must have been a strain- giving away 140

prizes, but we could n't help it as that only

shows such a large number of achievers.

(-¢Ë’-úø-¢’, Nü¿u, véÃúø©èπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-† -Å-Eo -•£æ›-´’-ûª’-©’ -É--*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ -O’èπ◊ -üµ¿-†u-¢√-ü∆-©’. 140•£æ›-´’-ûª’-L-´yôç O’èπ◊ î√™« v¨¡¢Ë’ Åߪ·uç-ú≈L. é¬E ûª°æpü¿’. áçûª-´’çC v°æA-¶µ«-´ç-ûª’©’Ø√o®Ó -Ñ Ææç-ë‰u ûÁ-©’°æ¤ûÓçC)

Now follows vote of thanks - to be pro-

posed by the Secretary of the Students

Society- Niranjan.

(É°æ¤púø’ Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ é¬®Ωu-ü¿Jz E®Ωç-ïØ˛ ´çü¿†Ææ´’-®Ωpù -Öç-ô’ç-C)

°j v°æÆæçí∫ç Åçû√ ´’†ç í∫ûª éÌEo lessons ™îª÷Ææ’h†o Compering Continuation °j-ØË -Öç--C.

Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊-®√-©’ '≤ƒüµ¿†— ≤ƒyí∫-ûÓ-°æ-Ø√uÆæçûª®√yûª, President's Opening remarks- Åüµ¿uèπ~◊-úÕ -ûÌL °æ©’-èπ◊©’– Öçö«®·.

Principals annual report, ü∆E ¢Áç•úË Prize

Distribution, Öç-ô’ç-C. Ç- ûª®√yûª Vote of

thanks- Æ涵« 鬮Ωu-véπ- ’ç™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ÉD´®ΩÆæ.

(Å®·ûË äéÓ\-éπ°æ¤púø’ vote of thanks èπ◊ ´·çü¿’President's closing remarks Öçö«®·. é¬FCollege functions ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùçí¬ ÉCÖçúøü¿’)

Ñ -´®ΩÆæ -véπ´’ç announce îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,Compere, the next item on the programme

is, ÅE ´÷®Ω’p ™‰èπ◊çú≈ v°æA-≤ƒK Å™« Åçô’çõ‰vÊ°éπ~-èπ◊-©èπ◊ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-îªúøç Ææ£æ«ïç.

Åçü¿’-éπE v°æA Å稻Fo announce îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,¢ËÍ® Nüµ¿çí¬ announce îËÊÆh î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çCéπü∆. ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ Åéπ\-úø Ææçü¿®√s¥-†’≤ƒ®Ωç Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJ-§ÚßË’ ´÷ô©’, Å°æp-öÀ-éπ-°æ¤púø’Ü£œ«ç--éÌE extemporize (áé˙qõ„ç§ÚÈ®jñ¸– ñ¸,size ™ z™«) îËÊÆh î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC.

Extemporize: îËߪ’-í∫- -©-úøç (Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀûªT-†-ô’x -Å°æp--öÀéπ°æ¤p-úø’ ņ’-éÌE °jéÀ-îÁ-°æpôç)Compering †’ î√™«-- Çéπ-®Ω-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC.

The next item on the programme Å-E -v°æ-A≤ƒ-J-Å-†-úøç v-Ê°éπ~-èπ◊-©-èπ◊ NÆæ’í∫’- ûÁ°œpÆæ’hç-C. -vÊ°éπ~èπ◊-™x -Ö-

û√q£æ…-Eo -EçÊ°- variety í¬ -Öç-úËéÀçC expressions ¢√úø-´îª’a.

a) What follows next is the

president's opening

remarks

(ûª®√yûª ´îËa-üËç-ôçõ‰...)

b) We are now going to be treated to a won-

derful speech by Sri/Smt... =

(X/X-´’A... ûª´’ ÅîÁa-®Ω’´¤ éπL_çîË Ö°æ-Ø√u-ÆæçûÓ´’†èπ◊ Nçü¿’ -îË-ߪ’-†’-Ø√o®Ω’)

(are going to be treated to = Nçü¿’ É´y-•-úø-¶-ûª’Ø√oç. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’-™ 'Nçü¿’-§Òç-ü¿-†’Ø√oç— -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç)

(treat= Nçü¿’. ¢Ájü¿uç îË-ߪ’-úøç -Å-ØË -Å®Ωnç-™ -D-Eoáèπ◊\-´í¬ -¢√-úø-û√®Ω’. äéπ-J-°æôx ´’†ç îª÷°œçîË Çü¿-®√-Gµ- ÷-Ø√©’, etc.)

c) Here's what we've been looking forward

to/waiting anxiously all along the chief

Guest' address =

´’†ç Éçûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ Ç-vûª’-ûªûÓ áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-Ææ’h-†o -´·êu-Å-AC∑ Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç --É°æ¤púø’ N-†-¶-ûª’Ø√oç)

d) May I now request Sri/Smt... to inspire us

with his / her message, etc., =

(ûª´’ ÆæçüË-¨¡ç™ ´÷èπ◊ Ææ÷p¥Jh éπL_ç--î√-Lqç-Cí¬Sri/Smt... éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.)

É™« ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀh-E-/ -´’-†-èπ◊†o vocabulary - -Ç-üµ∆®Ωçí¬, áçûª-¢Áj-N-üµ¿uçûÓ (variety)ØÁjØ√ com-

pere îËߪ’- a. O’èπ◊ Compere îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç™‰èπ◊çõ‰ O’ Éçöx Åü¿lç ´·çü¿’ äéπ event †’Ü£œ«ç--éÌE comparing Gí∫_-®Ωí¬ practice

îËߪ’ç-úÕ. ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ O’®Ω÷ ´’ç* compere Å´¤-û√®Ω’ .

Exercise:

´÷´‚©’ Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»™x *´J Å稡ç vote of

thanks. -D-E-E -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™ ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù -Åç-ö«ç.Ææ´÷-¢Ë-¨»-EéÀ ´*a† ¢√®Ωç-ü¿-JéÃ, Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ Nï-ߪ’-é¬-®Ω-èπ◊-™„j† ¢√Jéà éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’ ûÁ-©°æ-úøç.

O’®Ω’ college students' union

Secretary í¬ Ü£œ«ç--èπ◊EîÁ°æpçúÕ.

Ææ÷îª-†©’:1) áèπ◊\´ v§ƒ´·êuç Ö†o ´uéÀhéÀ

´·çü¿÷, Å-A ûªèπ◊\´v§ƒ´·êuç Ö†o ¢√JéÀ *´®Ωthanks - Ç -®ΩÆæ véπ´’ç™ –Åûªuçûª v§ƒ´·êuç †’ç*Åûªu©p v§ƒ´·--ë«u-EéÀ ®√¢√L.

2) ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù (vote of thanks)

Ñ ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ English™ É™« v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-îªçúÕ,

''´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îËÊÆ Å´-鬨¡ç Ø√èπ◊ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC/--É-C Ø√-éÀ-*a† íı®Ω´ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’——–

(I find it/feel it/deem it a great pleasure

to...)

´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îËߪ’ôç = propose/offer

a vote of thanks.

3) éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©’, Åüµ∆u-°æ-èπ◊--©’, ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç-Ø√ -ûª®Ω°æ¤-† ¢Á·ôd-¢Á·-ü¿-öÀí¬ ´’† ´·êu- Å-AC∑(Ê°®Ω’, £æ«Ùü∆ îÁ°æpçúÕ) éÀ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’.

4) Ñ-Ø√-öÀ guest of honour X´’A ...èπ◊ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’

É™« Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç Nï--ߪ’-´ç-ûªç -îËÆœ-†-¢√®Ωç-ü¿®Ω÷´îËa-™« English ™ vote of thanks îÁ°æpçúÕ, .

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 269-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

TO RISE HIGH IN LIFE...

v°æ ¡o:1. They have been able to solve the problem.

Structure: have been able to + p.v.

2. She might have been able to get theirsupport.

Structure: might have been able to + p.v.

3. She must have been able to prove themwrong.

4. Miss Savitri must have been able to incitehim to cause harm to his reputation.

Structure: Must have been able to + p.v.

I have doubts in the above sentences struc-ture. Please clarify.

S. Mohinuddin, Kurnool-ï-¢√-•’: i) The part 'have been to solve the problem''of sentence No - 1 is NOT in the structure.

'have been able to P.V. (passive).

Here, the division of the sentence should be,'have been able + to solve + the problem. 'tosolve' should be taken as a single unit,because 'to solve (to + 1st Regular doingword) is an infinitive.

So the structure of 'have been able to solvethe problem' is: Have been (verb) + able(adjective) + to solve (infinitive) + the prob-lem (noun/object).

No part of the expression here is in passivevoice. Only an expression with a 'be' form +past participle (is done, has been given, areseen etc) is in the passive voice. Sameapplies to your other sentences No. 2, 3 & 4.This is the structure.

Structure of the sentence

You see none of your sentences or part ofthem are in passive voice (PV)

v°æ ¡o:1. After a three day strike, the manage-

ment has accepted the workersdemands. °j ¢√éπuç™ three days ÅE•£æ›-´-îª†ç ®√ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü∆? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

T. Sridevi, Dhulipudi

-ï-¢√-•’: ´‚úø’ ®ÓV© Ææ¢Á’t– a three day strike/three days' strike- Ñ È®çúø÷ correct.

a) The College reopened after a 15 day holi-day = The college reopened after 15 days'holiday = after 15 days of holidays.

b) The three day conference ended today =The three days' conference ended today.

- M. SURESAN

Subject Verb adjective infinitive noun etc

They have been able to solve the problem

She might able to get their supporthave been

She must able to prove them wrong

have been

Miss must have been able to incite him to cause

harm to them Savithri

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 8 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Ramachandra (Compere/ EMCEE):(After the prize distribution)

Thank you again and again, Madam, for giv-ing away so many prizes. We know it was atrouble for you standing all the time. Our prizewinners, however, will never forget this hon-our of receiving the prizes from you.

(O’èπ◊ ´’Sx ´’Sx thanks, ÅEo •£æ›-´’ûª’L*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊. Åçûª-ÊÆ°æ¤ E©’-îÓ-´úøç O’Èéçûª v¨¡¢Á÷ ´÷èπ◊ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬E ´÷ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ O’ †’ç* •£æ›-´’-ûª’-©ç-ü¿’-èπ◊ØË ¶µ«í∫uç á°æp-öÀéà ´’®Ω-*-§Ú®Ω’.)We won't keep the guests of honour for long.Now the Vote of thanks to be proposed by theSecretary of the students' society, Jayanth.Over to Jayanth.

(´’† NP≠æd ÅAü∑¿’©†’ áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ°æ¤ Öçîª-¶-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’. Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ é¬®Ωu-ü¿Jz ïߪ’çû˝ É°æ¤púø’´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îË≤ƒhúø’.)Jayanth:

I find great pleasure in proposing this vote of

thanks.

On behalf of our college community and on

my behalf I thank from the bottom of my

heart, our Chief Guest, Dr Vidhyadhik, Vice

Chancellor, National University who has

graced the occasion with his presence. We

are certainly aware how busy he is. Inspite of

it he has agreed to come down here, that cer-

tainly is a great favour from him. I, also

assure you sir, on behalf of my student frater-

nity here that we will certainly do our best to

put in practice your valuable message.

(Ñ ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù îËߪ’ôç Ø√ÈéçûÓ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ÖçC. ´’† ´·êu-Å-AC∑ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ NîËaÆœ, Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-E-ÈéçûÓ ´ØÁo ûÁ*a-†ç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†÷, ´÷ éπ∞«-¨»-©-™EÅçü¿J ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤Ø√, Ø√ ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤Ø√ £æ«%ü¿ßª÷çûª®√© †’ç*üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’. Çߪ’† N©’-¢Áj† ÆæçüË-¨»Eo ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Å´’-©’-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«-EéÀ ¢Ë’ç ¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™«éπ%≠œ-îË-≤ƒh-´’E Ø√ ≤Úü¿®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ûª®Ω-°∂椆, Ø√ ûª®Ω-°∂æ¤Ø√ £æ…O’ ÉÆæ’h-Ø√o†’.)Our sincere thanks also go to our guest of

honour Smt Susobhita, Commissioner,

Collegiate education, for having done us the

honour of giving away the prizes. We certain-

ly appreciate, madam, your agreeing readily

to be here, in spite of your busy schedule.

(éπ∞«-¨»© Nü∆u commissioner, Smt Ææ’¨-Gµûª•£æ›-´’A v°æü∆†ç îËߪ’ôç ´÷èπ◊ î√™« íı®Ω-´-v°æ-ü¿-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç, Åçü¿’-éπE ¢√JéÀ ´÷ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. BJ-éπ-™‰E 鬮Ωu-véπ-´÷-©’-†o-°æp-öÀéÃ, ¢Ë’´· Ç£æ…yEç*†¢ÁçôØË Ééπ\-úÕéÀ O’®Ω’ ®√´-ö«Eo ¢Ë’ç £æ«J-Ææ’hØ√oç.)Our other invitees, distinguished citizens of

the city, and that includes the parents deserve

our thanks next. Their presence here has cer-

tainly made the occasion grand and we sin-

cerely thank all of them.

(´÷ Ç£æfi-ûª’©’, †í∫-®Ωç-™E NP≠æd ´uèπ◊h©’ –¢√J™ ´÷ Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ èπÿú≈ ÖØ√o®Ω’.¢√Rx-éπ\-úÕéÀ NîËaÆœ Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ íÌ°æpü¿Ø√EoûÁî√a®Ω’. ¢√JéÀ ´÷ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’.)

deserve = Å®Ω|ûª éπLT ÖçúøôçOur thanks also to our beloved principal andthe lecturers of the college. Their guidanceand co operation at every stage was veryvaluable.

(ûª®√yûª ´÷ ÅGµ- ÷† principal èπ◊, lecturers

èπÿ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’. ¢√J Ææ£æ«-鬮Ωç î√™« Å´‚-©u-¢Á’içC.)

The student volunteers have done a wonder-

ful job organising the whole show. Our thanks

to them too.

(Nü∆uJn volunteers Ñ ¢Ëúø’-éπ†’ E®Ωy-Jhç-îª-úøç™î√™« íÌ°æp-ÊÆ¢Ë î˨»®Ω’. ¢√Jéà ´÷ éπ%ûª-ïc-ûª©’.)

We appreciate the services of the public

address system for the neat job that it has

turned out to be. So our thanks to Biggara

mike systems.

(Mike system î√™« ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´÷èπ◊ÆæçûÓ≠æç. ¢√öÀE Å´’-Ja† Gí∫_®Ω mike systems èπ◊´÷ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’.)

Finally our thanks to all the students of the

college for their part in making the function a

grand success.

(*´-Jí¬ Ñ Ææç•®Ωç Nï-ߪ’ç™ §ƒ©’-°æç--èπ◊†oNü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿-Jéà üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’.)

Compering ™E ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊- ©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç´’†ç. Meeting ™E *´®Ω Å稡-¢Á’i† Vote of

thanks (´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù) ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»çéπü∆. Å®·ûË ´çü¿† Ææ´’-®Ωpù ÅØËC compere îËÊÆ°æE-é¬ü¿’. ÆæçÆænèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*† ´·ê’u-™„-´-È®jØ√îË≤ƒh®Ω’. éπ∞«-¨»© N≠æ-ߪ÷-E-éÌÊÆh Nü∆uJn Ææç°∂æ’ é¬®Ωu-ü¿Jz(Secretary)í¬F, Ææçߪ·éπh 鬮Ωu-ü¿Jz (Joint

Secretary) í¬F îË≤ƒh®Ω’.éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ exercise èπ◊, Ñ lesson ™É*a† Vote of thanks, model í¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. ɢ˰æü∆©’, É¢Ë ¢√é¬u-©ûÓ ûÁ©-§ƒ-©E ™‰ü¿’. ´’† Ü£æ…-¨¡-éÀhE Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*, áçûª variety îª÷°œç-*-í∫-L-TûËÅçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. Vote of thanks Æ涵º-™E *´JÅ稡ç. Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢ÁRx-§ÚßË’ mood ™ Öçö«®Ω’.Åçü¿’-éπE Vote of thanks †’ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ îËߪ’-úøç-™ØË Öçô’çC ´’† v°æûËu-éπûª. Åçü¿’-éπE Ê°®Ω’,Ê°®Ω’Ø√ thanks îÁ•’ûª÷, ¢√JE à °æE îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ´’†ç Ç£æ…y-Eç-î√¢Á÷, Ç °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¶«í¬ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-*-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks ÅE îÁ°æpôç, Vote of thanks †’effective í¬ îËÆæ’hçC.Thanks ÅØË ´÷ô, ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç*,bore éÌôdèπ◊çú≈ thanks •ü¿’©’ ´’†ç ¢√úø-í∫-L-T†Éûª®Ω expressions:

OöÀE í∫’®Ω’hç--éÌE, ¢ÁjNüµ¿uç éÓÆæç ¢√úøçúÕ.1) I/ We thank Sri/ Smt ...

2) Our thanks are also due to ...

3) Our thanks go to ...

4) Our sincere appreciation of Sri/ Smt ... forhis/ her ...

(¢√®Ω’ ´’†èπ◊ îËÆœ† N≠æߪ’ç)5) We are grateful to Sri/ Smt ...

(grateful = éπ%ûª-ïcûª éπLT Öçúøôç)6) Our sincere gratitude to/ We express our

gratitute to Sri/ Smt ... (gratitude = éπ%ûª-ïcûª)7) We are deeply obliged to Sri/ Smt ...

(obliged = grateful = éπ%ûª-ïcûª éπLT Öçúøôç)8) We appreciate the services of ... (appreci-

ate = ÆæçûÓ≠æç ûÁ©-°æúøç)9) Our deep debt of gratitude to Sri/ Smt ...

(debt of gratitude = éπ%ûª-ïcû√ ®Ω’ùç)10) Words cannot express our gratitude to ...

(¢√J-°æôx ´÷èπ◊†o éπ%ûª-ïcûª ´÷ ´÷ô©’ ûÁ©-°æ-™‰´¤)É™« Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥-¨¡ŸCl¥í¬ á†o-®·Ø√ îÁ°æp-´îª’a.Lesson no 268 ™ O’èπ◊ É*a† exercise O’friend birthday party E compere îËߪ’- ’E. ÅCO’®Ω’ practice îËÆœ Öçõ‰ O’ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√Eo §ÚLaîª÷Ææ’-éÓçúÕ.

Compere:

Hi guys and gals/ every body,

good evening. Welcome to our

buddy Viswanath's birthday.

He is 22 years young today.

We are partying on the occa-

sion. Let's us all make merry.

(Birthday party ÅØËC ´·êuçí¬ ßª·´Bߪ· -èπ◊© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« informal í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿-ØËC ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçü¿’™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Ææ´’-´-ߪ’-Ææ’\-©’-í¬ØËÖçúøôç ´©x î√™« ’-´¤ûÓ î√™« Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬Öçúø-´îª’a.)

Guys = ´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx – informal.

Gals = Çúø-°œ-©x©’ – informal.

Friends, Ñ®ÓV ´’† friend Viswanath °æ¤öÀd-†-®ÓV. Åûªúø’ Ñ¢Ë∞¡ 22 Ææç´-ûªq-®√© *†o ´ßª’Ææ’ –´’†ç Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥çí¬ Party E®Ωy-£œ«ç--èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç.Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç.

(´÷´‚©’í¬ á´J ´ßª’-Ææ-®·Ø√ îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ 20years old Å™« Åçö«ç. é¬F É™«çöÀ Ææ®Ωü∆ Ææ´’-ߪ÷™x 22 years young Åçö«ç) (merry - Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬)

Now that all our pals are here let's begin.

Viswanath will now blow off the candles, and

let's all sing 'Happy birthday to you'. So the

candles are out now. Slice the cake

Viswanath.

(´’† N’vûª’-©ç-ü¿®Ωç ÖØ√oç éπü∆. v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµü∆lç. N¨¡y-Ø√ü∑˛ éÌ¢Ìy-ûª’h-©†’ ÜüË-≤ƒhúø’. ´’†ç Happy birth

day to you §ƒúøü∆ç. éÌ´¤y-ûª’h-™«-J-§Ú-ߪ÷-®·-°æ¤púø’.N¨¡y-Ø√ü∑˛, cake †’ cut îÁß’.)

Let us have a slice of cake each, and have a

drink. To the health of our dear Viswanath. On

your behalf, pals, and on behalf of our elders

here, I wish our beloved Viswanath, a very

happy birthday and many returns of the

same. May he give us many many more par-

ties.

(´’†´‚ Açü∆ç cake ´·éπ\. Ç ûª®√yûª drink

BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Åçû√ N¨¡y-Ø√ü∑˛ Ç®Óí∫uç éÓÆæç.(English ™ Ææçv°æ-ü∆ߪ’ç– äéπJ Ç®Ó-í∫uç-éÓÆæç´’†ç û√í∫’ü∆ç §ƒF-ߪ÷©’.) ´’† ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©ç-ü¿Jûª®Ω-°∂椆, Ééπ\-úø’†o °ü¿l-¢√J ûª®Ω-°∂椆, N¨¡y-Ø√ü∑˛èπ◊happy birthday, É™«çöÀ ®ÓV ´’S ´’S ®√¢√-©EéÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç/ éÓ®Ωü∆ç. É™«í¬ Party L¢√y-©EéÓ®Ω’-èπ◊çü∆ç.)

Let's have some fun, friends. I'm sure

Gayathri will give us a song. Gayathri- come

on, you song.

(éÌçûª NØÓü¿ç §Òçü¿’ü∆ç. í¬ßª’vA §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿EØ√ †´’téπç. í¬ßª’vA F §ƒô NE-°œç.)

É™« item ûª®√yûª item î√™« informal í¬announce îËÆæ÷h ¢Á∞Ôa.

EXERCISE

Ñ birth day party ´·Tç-îª-ú≈Eo compere

îËߪ’úøç practice îËߪ’çúÕ. English ™ Gí∫_-®Ωí¬Ñ éÀçC Ææ÷îª-†©’ ¢√úøçúÕ.

1) Well, that's the end of

2) That brings to a close

3) That concludes

4) One more item and that is, etc.

í∫´’-Eéπ: Birthday party îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-¢√®Ω’ dinner

èπÿú≈ ÉîËa-ôx-®·ûË, ´’üµ¿u- ’-üµ¿u™ compere,

Ç£æfi-ûª’-©èπ◊ dinner í∫’®Ω’h-îËÆœ, ûª°æpèπ◊çú≈dinner BÆæ’-èπ◊E ¢Á∞«-©E îÁ•’-ûª’ç-ú≈L.ÉD practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 270-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

Our sincere appreciation of ..

v°æ ¡o: i) Question tags ™ I am writing a letterèπ◊ Ain't I ? ÅE îÁ§ƒpL. é¬E, Aren't I?ÅE îÁ•’-û√-È®ç-ü¿’èπ◊? N´-Jç-îªçúÕ.

ii) ÉçTx≠ˇ vowels ´®Ω-Ææí¬ ´îËa °æü∆--™‰-¢Áj-Ø√Öçõ‰ ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’?- N.S. Pavan kumar, Vavilapadu.

-ï-¢√-•’: i) Aren't I? ÉüË correct question tag. English

usage v°æ鬮Ωç ÅC ÅçûË. Usage Åçõ‰- ¢√úø’éπ.usage äéÌ\éπ\-°æ¤púø’ grammar èπ◊ ´uA-Í®-éπçí¬ÖçúÌa. Grammar rule v°æ鬮Ωç, amn't I?ÅØËC question tag é¬-¢√L. Å®·ûË usage ™DE •ü¿’©’, aren't I? ÅE ¢√úø’-éπ-®·-§Ú-®·çC.(ûÁ©’-í∫’™ 'áEo F∞¡Ÿx?/ áEo §ƒ©’?— Åçö«ç.F∞¡Ÿx/ §ƒ©’, 1, 2, 3 ÅE ™„éπ\°ôdçéπü∆, áEo ņ-ö«-EéÀ correct í¬ Å®·ûË áçûª-§ƒ©’?/ áçûª-F∞¡Ÿx? ÅØ√L. Å™« ņç 'áçûª— ÅØËC gram-mar 'áEo?— (F∞¡Ÿx, §ƒ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™) usage(¢√úø’éπ) usage is more poweful than gram-mar.

ii) a, e, i, o and u - ÉN vowels.

ÉN ´®Ω’-Ææí¬ (ÅFo– âü¿’ -éπL°œ) ´îËa ´÷ô™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË a, e, i, o, u Ç ´®Ω-Ææ™ Éûª®Ωletters ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’, 1) abstemious,2) facetious. 1) abstemious (Ŷ¸-Æ‘d-N’-ߪ’Æˇ)= AçúÕ §ƒF-ߪ÷© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√-™« controlledí¬ Öçúøôç = °æJ-N’-ûª-¢Á’i† AçúÕ, §ƒF-ߪ÷©’BÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç/ ´’ûª’h °æü∆-®√n© ñLéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´-úøç.2) facetious = (°∂æÆ‘-≠æÆˇ) – Æ‘ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Åçü¿®Ω÷ serious í¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, á´-®ΩØ√oûª´÷-≥ƒí¬ jokes ¢ËÆæ÷h Öçõ‰, ÅC Ææçü¿®Ωs¥çé¬éπ-§ÚûË, Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx facetious.

v°æ ¡o: i) I do not send my son to your college

I cannot send my son to your college

°j ¢√é¬u™x àC ÆæÈ®jçC? à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ do;can ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?

ii) 'Let the devil die of cold' DE Å®Ωn-¢Ë’-N’öÀ?iii) Rules or marking stress Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬

í∫’Jhç-îª-ô-¢Á’™«?eg: Cousin, pollution, lady, official ´çöÀ°æü∆™x stress marks áéπ\úø °ö«dL?Ææ’©¶µº°æü¿l¥A ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.

– ¢ÁØÁo© †®Ω-Æœç-£æ…®√´¤, ¢Á’ü¿é˙.

-ï-¢√-•’:i) I do not send my son to your college =

O’ college éÀ ´÷ Ŷ«s-®·E °æç°æ†’.I cannot send my son to your college =

O’ college éÀ ´÷ Ŷ«s-®·E °æç°æ-™‰†’. (O’college ™E áèπ◊\´ fees ´©x/- Ææ-È®j† îªü¿’-´¤-™‰-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´©x etc.)

can = í∫© (≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç -ûÁ-LÊ° verb)

I can sing = ؈’ §ƒúø-í∫-©†’.ii) Let the devil die of cold= Ç ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_úÕ-E

îªL-™/- ï-©’•’ ´©x î√´F (¨»°æ-Ø√®Ωnç).iii) Rules of Marking Stress- ÉC Stress èπ◊

Ææç-•ç-Cµç-*-† °æ¤Ææh-鬩 ü∆y®√, English NewsTelecasts (NDTV, CNB, etc) N†ôç ü∆y®√ –Å©-¢√ô’ O’ü¿ ´Ææ’hçC.cousin- Éçü¿’™ cou (éπ) syllable O’ü¿stress.

pollution - §Ò©÷u-≠æØ˛ – ©÷ O’ü¿ stress.

lady= ™„ß’úÕ– ™„ß’ ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. official- Å°∂‘-≠æ-™¸ – '°∂‘— O’ü¿ stress.

- M. SURESAN

-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 10 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Syamal: The meeting went off very well yes-

terday, didn't it? The conference

room of the hotel was good too.

(E†o meeting î√-™« ¶«í¬ ïJ-TçCéπü∆? Hotel ™E conference room –Ææ´÷-¢Ë ¡ ´’çC®Ωç – èπÿú≈ ¶«í∫’çC)

Komal: Ofcourse it did, but for some

remarks the Chief guest had made.

(´·êu ÅAC∑ îËÆœ-† éÌEo ¢√uêu©’ûª°œpç* ¶«í¬ØË ïJ-TçC.)

Syamal: What were they? I don't exactly

remember.

(àçôO? Ø√èπ◊ correct í¬ í∫’®Ω’h™‰ü¿’)

Komal: His talking of his son's achieve-ments. That was out of place cer-tainly.

(ûª† éÌúø’èπ◊ °∂æ’†-ûª†’ îÁ°æ¤p-éÓ-´ôç. ÅCê*a ¥-ûªçí¬ ÅÆæçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ÖçC)

Syamal: I must have missed that part of the

speech, and thank God I did. Just at

that time I went into the reception

across the conference hall to see

the manager. What did he say?

(Çߪ’† Ö°æ-Ø√u-Ææç™ Ç ¶µ«í∫ç -؈’miss Åߪ·uç-ú≈L. •A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷ missÅ®·. ÅüË time ™ conference hall èπ◊áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö†o hotel office èπ◊ ¢Á-∞«manager †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. àçîÁ§ƒpúø’?)

Komal: That his son holds the records for

swimming across the Krishna in the

shortest time so far.

(éπ%≥ƒg-†-CE ÅA ûªèπ◊\´ time ™ Ñü¿-ôç™ ûª†- éÌ-úø’-èπ◊C record ÅE)

Syamal: Well, that is something to feel proud

of. (ÅC í∫Jyç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æ-ߪ’-¢Ë’-éπü∆?) Komal: And that this has come in all the

newspapers and TV Channels

across the country .

(ÅçûËé¬éπ Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhçnews papers, TV channels ™´*aç-ü¿E)

Syamal: Yes, I remember now. The distance

he swam measures a kilometre

across from bank to bank.

(Ç, É°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*açC. äúø’f †’ç*äúø’fèπ◊ Åûª†’ ÑC† ü¿÷®Ωç äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®Ω’)

Komal: That many be great, but I don't like peo-

ple talking out of turn. I hate to listen to

people talking high of themselves. I felt

like hitting him across the face.

(ÅC íÌÊ°p 鬴a. é¬F á´-È®jØ√ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË N†ôç Ø√éπ-Ææ-L≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Eïçí¬ ¢Á·£æ«ç-O’ü¿ éÌö«d-©-E°œç-*ç-C- Ø√èπ◊)

Syamal: I noticed the smile that spread

across his face when someone

referred to his son at the end of the

meeting.

(Meeting *´-®Ω -á-´®Ó Çߪ’† éÌ-úø’èπ◊í∫’-J-ç-* v°æ≤ƒh-NÊÆh Çߪ’† ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿*®Ω’-†´¤y ¢Á©-í∫úøç ØËí∫-´’-Eçî√)

Komal: You seen to have reached home latelast night. Why?

(E†o †’´¤y ÉçöÀéÀ Ç©-Ææuçí¬ îËJ-†-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. áçü¿’èπ◊?)

Syamal: I had gone halfway across when Iremembered that I had left mysweater in the conference room. SoI went back to the hotel to fetch it.

(Ææí∫ç -ü¿÷®Ωç -¢Á-∞ÏÆæ-JéÀ conferenceroom ™ Ø√ sweeter ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷-†Eí∫’®Ìh-*açC. ´’Sx hotel ÈéRx ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o)

Komal: Did you clear the hotel bill?

(Hotel bill ÉîËa-¨»¢√?) clear = îÁLxç-îªôç – ´·êuçí¬ Å°æ¤p©’,bills ™«çöÀN.

Syamal: They wouldn't accept a cheque, so Ipaid across the counter.

(¢√∞¡Ÿx cheque BÆæ’éÓ™‰ü¿’, Åçü¿’-éπEÅéπ\úË úø•’s îÁLxç-î˨»)

Look at the following sentences from thedialogue above:

1) That was out of place certainly.

2) .... I went into the reception across the con-ference hall.

3) That his son holds the records for swimmingacross the Krishna in the shortest time.

4) And that this has come in all the newspapers and TV channels across the coun-try.

5) I don't like people talking out of turn.

6) I felt like hitting him across the face.

7) The distance he swam measures a KMacross from bank to bank.

8) I noticed the smile that spread across hisface.

9) I had gone half way across.

10) I paid across the counter.

First of all, let's take the two expressions,out of place, and out of turn.

Out of place = Out of turn = ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥--¢Á’i†a) Clapping hands and garlanding are out of

place at a condolence meeting = Ææçû√°æÆ涵º™ æpô’x éÌôdúøç, °æ‹© ü¿çúø©’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç(¢ËCéπ O’ü¿’†o ¢√∞¡xèπ◊) Ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT†N鬴¤.

b) His jokes were out of place in such a seri-

ous situation = (Åçûª í∫çHµ-®Ω-¢Á’i† °æJ-Æœn-A™ÅûªE jokes î√™« ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ÖØ√o®·.(Åéπ\úø jokes îËߪ’ôç ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’)

Out of turn = äéπ Å®Ωnç, ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-îËô’x, Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËô’x v°æ´-Jhç-îª-ôç/-´÷-ö«x-úøôç.

a) He was talking out of turn most of the time,

as though he were drunk = àüÓ, û√T-†-¢√-úÕ™«, î√-™«-´’-ô’èπ◊ ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØËÖØ√oúø’.

b) I hope I am not talking out of turn, but what

you are doing isn't good = ØËØË ’Ø√o ÅAí¬/ÅÆæç-ü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-ØË¢Á÷ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ-L-ߪ’ü¿’, é¬E O’®Ω’ îËÆæ’h-†oC ´’ç*Cé¬ü¿’.

Out of turn Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, ´®Ω’Æævéπ´’çÅA-véπ-N’ç*

a) The minister got the house site alloted out

of turn = Ç ´’çvA ´®Ω’Ææ véπ´’ç™ é¬èπ◊çú≈,Åvéπ-´’çí¬ Éç-öÀ Ææn©ç É°œpç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.

b) The out of turn allotment was questioned

in the house = Åvéπ´’ Íéö«-®·ç°æ¤ N≠æߪ’ç ¨»Ææ-†-Ææ-¶µº™ v°æPoç-î√®Ω’.

É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’-†oC,spoken English ™ across¢√úø’éπ í∫’-Jç-*: Natural, simplespoken English ™, acrossÖ°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. Real lifesituations ™ éÌEo ´÷ô-©ûÓacross ïûª-°æ-JÊÆh expressionsî√-™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúÕ Ææ綵«-≠æù« ≤ƒ®Ω-∞«uEo (con-versational ease) †’ ûÁ--©’°æ¤--ûª’ç-C.1) across - ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ D†®Ωnç– Åúøfçí¬

ÅE. Å®·ûË English ™ DEo äéπ v°æü˨¡ç äéπ--¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* áü¿’-®Ω’í¬ Ö-†o ÉçéÓ--¢Áj°æ¤, ÅØ˶µ«´çûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.a) Swimming across the Krishna is not an

easy job = éπ%≥ƒg-†C Ñü¿ôç (äéπ äúø’f †’ç*ÉçéÓ äúø’f-èπ◊/- äéπ-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤- Ñü¿ôçÆæ’©-¶µº-¢Á’i† °æE-é¬ü¿’)

b) The distance he swam measures aKilometre across = ¢√úø’ Ñ-C-† ü¿÷®Ωç ã éÀO’Öçô’çC. (†CéÀ Åúøfçí¬ – äúø’f †’ç* äúø’fèπ◊)

c) The room measures 20 feet across = Çí∫C äéπ--¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ--¢Áj°æ¤ 20 Åúø’í∫’©’.

d) Halfway across the river he couldn'tswim any more. He had to be helpedacross to the shore = †C Ææí∫çü∆é¬ ´îËa-Ææ-JéÀ Åûª†’ Ñü¿-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’. Åûª-EéÀ N’í∫û√Ææí∫ç †C ü∆ô-ú≈-EéÀ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ÷Lq´*açC.

2) Across = äéπ v°æüË ¡ç ¢Á·ûªhça) students across the country went on

strike = ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç™E Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷Ææ¢Á’t î˨»®Ω’.

b) People across the country wereshocked at the Nithari killings = E®∏√J£æ«ûªu© °æôx ü˨¡ç ¢Á·ûªhç v°æï-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷Cví¬s¥çA îÁçü∆®Ω’.

c) (from the conversation): This has comein all the newspapers and TV channelsacross the country = Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ü˨¡ç¢Á·ûªhçO’ü¿ ÅEo ¢√®√h°ævA-éπ-™x†÷, ÅEo TVchannels ™-†÷ ´î√a-ߪ’E.

3) Across the face = ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿ (On theface, Ñ Å®Ωnç™ Åçõ‰ ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿ ÅØË Å®Ωl¥çûÓ,¢√úøéπç î√™« ûªèπ◊\-´. across the face ÅØËüË -á-èπ◊\´ ¢√úø’éπ.)I felt like hitting him across the face =

ÅûªE ¢Á·£æ«çO’ü¿ éÌö«d-©-E-°œç-*çC Ø√èπ◊. felt like = (àüÁjØ√ îËߪ÷-©E) ÅE°œç-îªôç.I noticed the smile spreading across hisface =

ÅûªE ¢Á·£æ«ç O’ü¿ ¢Á©’-í∫’-ûª’†o *®Ω’-†´¤yîª÷¨»†’.The shirt is a bit tight across the chest =

îµ√B ü¿í∫_®Ω é¬Ææh Gí∫’-ûª’í¬ ÖçC Ç shirt.

4) Half way across = Ææí∫çü¿÷®Ωç (´îËa--ô°æp-öÀ-éÀ/-´*açûª®√yûª)a) Half way across he remembered he

hadn't brought any money = Ææí∫ç ü¿÷®Ωç´îËa--ô°æp-öÀéÀ Åûª-EéÀ í∫’®Ìh-*açC úø¶‰sç ûË™‰-ü¿E)

b) He felt ill, and he left the theatre half wayacross the movie = äçöx ¶«í¬ ™‰ü¿-E°œç*ÆœE´÷ ´’üµ¿u-™ØË ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

5. Across the counter = (´·êuçí¬ úø•’s)counter ü¿í∫_®Ω îÁLxç-îªúøça) Crossed cheques can't be cashed across

the counter= Crossed cheques èπ◊ counter™ úøGs-´y®Ω’ (ü∆Eo bank ™ ï´’ îËߪ÷-©E)

b) A day may come when you may buy asynthetic heart across a medical shopcounter = ´’çü¿’© shop counter ü¿í∫_®Ωúø•’s©’ îÁLxç* éπ%vA´’ í∫’çúÁ©’ éÌØË ®ÓVèπÿú≈ ®√´îª’a.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 271-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

I don't like people talking out of turn

v°æ ¡o: i) lose, loose Ñ °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ Ö-îªa-Jç-î√L?OöÀ Å®√n©’ verb conjugation N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.

ii) 1) The IInd world war ended in 1945

(was ended)

2) The IInd world war was ended in

1945. Ñ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ à ¢√éπuç éπÈ®é˙d?iii) Interview ™ ûÁL-ߪ’E v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ à Nüµ¿çí¬

ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’ ÅE îÁ§ƒpL. Å™«Íí Interviewers

†’ ´·çü¿’í¬ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ææç¶-Cµç-î√L?- ----T. Srinivas, Penumantra

-ï-¢√-•’:i) Lose - §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓ-´ôç. (Verb)

Lose (Present) - Lost (Past) - Lost (Past

Participle)

He lost his bag (Bag §ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’)

Don't lose your money =

F úø•’s §ÚíÌ-ô’d-éÓèπ◊.

Loose: ´ü¿’-©’í¬ Ö†o – (Loose - adj)

She wore a loose skirt -

-Ç-¢Á’ ´ü¿’-™„j† ©çí¬ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊çC.

Loose, adjective 鬕öÀd conjugation ™‰ü¿’.

ii) The IInd World War ended in 1945 cor-

rect. II - Ñ ÅçÈ醒 ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’, IInd ÅE®√ߪ’ç– II Åçõ‰ second ÅØË. ÅçÈé™ ûÁ™-§ƒ-©çõ‰ 2 nd ÅE ®√ߪ’-´îª’a. Å®·ûË the

second World War ņo-°æp-öÀéÃ, ®√ÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’World War II ÅE ®√ߪ’ôç correct. é¬FîªC-¢Ë--ô°æ¤púø’ The second World War ÅEîªü¿-¢√L.

iii) Interview ™ àüÁjØ√ v°æ¨¡oèπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç-ûÁ-L-ߪ’éπ-§ÚûË, I am sorry/ I'm afraid I don't

know the answer ÅE îÁÊ°pÊÆh ´’ç*C.Interview skills í∫’Jç* ûªy®Ω-™ N´-J≤ƒhç.

v°æ ¡o: Till, until èπ◊ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? Since, for á°æ¤púø’¢√ú≈™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.

-- --- P. Sambasiva Rao, Visakhapatnam

-ï-¢√-•’:i) till éÀ until éà àO’ ûËú≈™‰ü¿’. È®çúÕç-öÀ-E äéπ-ü∆E•ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø- a.

ii) since Åçõ‰ °∂æ-™«-Ø√ time †’ç*, °∂æ-™«-Ø√®ÓV/ ØÁ©/ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç †’ç* ÅE.

For Åçõ‰ Éçûª-é¬-©çí¬, ÉEo ®ÓV©’/ØÁ©©’/ Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ ÅE Å®Ωnç. îª÷úøçúÕ:

a) India has been independent since

1947 (1947 †’ç* ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ÖçC) = India has been independent

for the past/ the last 59 years. (59

à∞¡Ÿxí¬ ¶µ«®Ωû˝ Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ ÖçC)

b) Tendulkar has played/ has been play-

ing cricket since 1989/ for the past/

last 17 years.

since á°æ¤púø÷ point of time -ûÓ (†’ç* ÅØËÅ®ΩnçûÓ), for á°æ¤púø÷ period of time (ÉEo®ÓV©÷/ ØÁ©-©’í¬ ÅØË Å®Ωnç-ûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.)

- M. SURESAN

-≤Ú-´’-¢√®Ωç 12 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vilakshana:

Hi Nirikshana, this is our last day at col-

lege. No knowing when we can meet

again. Parting is painful, isn't it? (College ™ÉC ´’†èπ◊ *´-J-®ÓV. ´’†ç ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-í∫-©¢Á÷ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. NúÕ-§Ú-´úøç ¶«üµ∆-éπ-®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?)

Nirikshana:

Why? We can still be meeting, can't we?

What stops us? (áçü¿’èπÿ? ´’†ç Éçé¬ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô÷ØË ÖçúÌa éπü∆? àN’-ôúøfç?)

Vilakshana:

I mean we can't, this way, as students.

(؈-†ôç, É™« students í¬ ´’Sx éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰- ’E.)

Nirikshana:

There you are right of course. Our studentdays will remain only as sweet memories.(Ç Nüµ¿çí¬ †’´¤y correct. ´’† Nü∆uJn ®ÓV©’B°œ-í∫’-®Ω’h-©’-í¬ØË ÖçúÕ-§Ú-û√®·.)

Vilakshana:

But what a great college we've been in (I)doubt very much if we can come acrosssuch an institution. The instruction, the sys-tem, the environment- why? Everythingabout it is good. (é¬F áçûª íÌ°æp college ™ÖØ√o¢Á÷ éπü∆ ´’†ç. Ééπ\úÕ ¶üµ¿†, °æü¿l¥A, ¢√û√-´-®Ωùç – äéπ-õ‰-N’öÀ? Ñ college ™ àüÁjØ√î√™« ¶«í∫’çC.)

Nirikshana:

Especially the lecturers and professors -how good they are at putting across to stu-dents even complex ideas, without anexception every teacher here reaches outto the students with ease. (´·êuçí¬ Ééπ\úÕlecturers, professors – ÆæçéÀx-≠æd-¢Á’i† Å稻-©†’èπÿú≈, î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©èπ◊ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’; Åçü¿®Ω’ Åüµ∆u-°æ-èπ◊©’ èπÿú≈, á´®Ω÷ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈.)

complex = ÆæçéÀx-≠æd-¢Á’i†, with ease = éπ≠æd-°æúÕv°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆœ-†ô’x éπ†-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈, without anexception = á´®Ω÷ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. reach out= ¶µ«¢√™x Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ îË®Ω’-éÓ-´ôç.

Vilakshana:

I can't agree with you more. (†’´y†oü¿çû√ØËØÌ°æ¤p-éÌç-ô’Ø√o.)Ñ expression, I can't agree with youmore = FûÓ °æ‹Jhí¬ àéÃ-¶µº-N-Ææ’hØ√o–English conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

Nirikshana:

Certainly. Their teaching cuts across stu-dents of varying abilities. (Eï¢Ë’. ¢√∞¡x ¶üµ¿†Nü∆u-®Ω’n© ≤ƒ´’®Ωn u ≤ƒn®·ûÓ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ÅEo ®Ω鬩 Nü∆u-®Ω’n©èπÿ Å®Ωn-´’-´¤-ûª’çC.)

Vilakshana:

That's true. Ours is a college in demand.(Eï¢Ë’. ´’† college ´’ç* T®√éÀ Ö†o college.)

Nirikshana:

A piece of bad news. It doesn't affect us,though. The college has raised the feesacross the board for all students of allcourses; to come into effect from the nextacademic year. (ã îÁúø’ ¢√®Ωh, ´’†Íéç ¶«üµ¿™‰ü¿-†’éÓ. Åçü¿J students èπÿ fees °çîË-ÆœçC.´îËa Nü∆u Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç †’ç* Å´’-™xéÀ ´Ææ’hçC.)

affect = v°æ¶µ«´ç îª÷°æôç; to come into

effect = Å´’-™xéÀ ®√´ôç.

The anti dowry law came into effect more

than ten years ago = ´®Ω-éπôo ´uA-Í®éπ îªôdç°æüË∞¡x éπçõ‰ ´·çüË Å´’-™xéÀ ´*açC.

Academic = Nü¿uèπ◊ Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†/ Nü∆u-¢Ëûªh.

What books and subjects a student

should study is an academic matter =

Nü∆uJn à °æ¤Ææh-鬩’, à N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Ŷµºu-Æœç-î√-©-ØËC Nü∆u N≠æߪ’ç.

Not all the members of a university sen-

ate are good academics = university sen-

ate Æ涵º’u-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ ´’ç* Nü∆u-¢Ë-ûªh-©’-é¬®Ω’.

Vilakshana:

Yea. I've heard of it. They are going to collect

this extra fee for the personality development

course they are going to offer. I feel that's a

good step and so the fee rise is justified.

(Å´¤†’. ؈’ NØ√o-†C. v°æA class èπÿ Åü¿-†çí¬¶Cµç-îª-¶-ûª’†o personality development(´uéÀhûªy Né¬Ææç) course èπ◊ í¬†÷ ÉC Åü¿-†çí¬´Ææ÷©’ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Æ敶‰.

justify = Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç. justified = Ææ´’-®Ωn-F-ߪ’-¢Á’i†; Ææ•-¶„j†-.

Nirikshana:

The course is good for career making peo-ple like us. At interviews and group discus-sions, to get across our ideas to the others,we need that kind of training. (ÖüÓu-í¬©÷´%ûª’h™x v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-¶-ßË’-¢√-JéÀ ÉC î√™« Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Interviews ™, Group discussions ™´’† Ç™-îª-†©÷ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©÷ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ñ Péπ~ù ´’†-éπ-´-Ææ®Ωç.)

Vilakshana:

OK, Niri. Time that I left. See you again.Keep calling. (OK EK. ØËE-°æp-öÀÍé ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ·ç-ú≈-LqçC. ´’Sx éπ©’ü∆lç. Phone îËÆæ÷hçúø’.)

Nirikshana: OK, bye.

English conversation ™ across ûÓ ´îËa expres-sions î√™« ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√-®ΩF, Ç expressions´©x ´’† conversation î√™« simple í¬ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬Öçô’ç-ü¿E éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç-í∫ü∆. ´’J-éÌEoacross ûÓöÀ expressions É°æ¤úø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¶-ûª’Ø√oç.Look at the following sentences from theconversation between Vilakshana andNirikshana.

1) I doubt very much if we can come acrosssuch an institution

2) ... how good they are at putting across tostudents even complex ideas

3) Their teaching cuts across students ofvarying abilities.

4) ... to get across our ideas to others, weneed that kind of training.

1) Come across = îª÷úøôç/ (àüÁjØ√) ņ’¶µº´çéπ©-í∫úøç/ û√®Ω-Ææ-°æ-úøôç. come across ÅØËCEnglish ™ î√™« common.

a) It is very difficult to come across a personlike Mahatma Gandhi = ´’£æ«-û√t-í¬ç-Dµ-™«çöÀ´uéÀhE îª÷úøôç î√™« éπ≠ædç.

b) You don't come across elephants in coldcountries = Qûª© ü˨»™x à†’-í∫’©’ éπE-°œç-¤.

c) Rarely do we come across shops offeringreplacement of goods with no questionsasked = ´’†ç é̆o ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ àç v°æ¨¡o-©-úø-èπ◊\çú≈ •ü¿’©’ ÉîËa shops †’ î√™«Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç.

Replace = äéπ ´Ææ’h´¤†’ BÆæ’-èπ◊E ü∆E-•-ü¿’©’ ÅüË ®Ωéπç´Ææ’h´¤ ÉçéÓ-öÀ-´yúøç.

2) How good they are atputting across even com-plex ideas to students

put across = N´-Jç-îªôç/N¨¡-D-éπ-Jç-îªôç/ explain

a) He put across his ideas to me in a con-vincing manner = Ø√èπ◊ †îËa-N-üµ¿çí¬ ÅûªEÇ™-îª-†-©†’ Ø√èπ◊ N´-Jç-î√úø’. (ÅûªE N´-®Ω-ù-´©x ÅûªE Ç™-îª-†©’ Ø√èπ◊ †î√a®·.)

b) I put across to my father my idea of buyinga car = car éÌØ√-©ØË Ø√ Ç™-îª-††’ ´÷ Ø√†oèπ◊N -Jç-î√†’.

c) It is the cost of the project that may discour-age him. Anyway put it across to him andsee. = Ç project èπ◊ ÅßË’u ´uߪ’ç ÅûªEo ¢Á†èπ◊\™«í∫-´îª’a. Å®·Ø√ Åûª-EéÀ N´-Jç* îª÷úø’.

3) Their teaching cuts across students ofvarying abilities = NNüµ¿ ≤ƒ´’®Ωn u ≤ƒnߪ·-©’†oNü∆u-®Ω’n©èπ◊ Å®Ωn´’ßË’u ¶üµ¿† ¢√JC.cut across = NGµ†o ´®√_-©™ ¢√u°œç* Ö†o

a) Protest and shock against the Nitharikillings cut across party lines = Eü∑∆J £æ«ûªu-©-°æôx E®Ω-Ææ†, Cví∫s¥´’, ÅEo party ©èπ◊ (Çparty, Ñ party ÅE ™‰èπ◊çú≈) ¢√u°œç-*çC.

b) Cutting across caste distinctions every oneprotested against the mass killing of tribalsin the area = Ç ´®Ω_ç, Ñ ´®Ω_ç ÅE ™‰èπ◊çú≈(èπ◊© Nîª-éπ~ù ™‰èπ◊çú≈) v°æA-¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç éÌçúø ñ«Av°æï© Üîª-éÓ-ûª†’ êçúÕç-î√®Ω’.

mass killing = Üîª-éÓûª. tribals = éÌçúø-ñ«Av°æï©’.

c) Cutting across all kinds of groups, peoplerose as one person to fight the enemy = àN¶µ‰-ü∆-©ûÓ °æE-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ v°æï-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ äéπ\-Jí¬¨¡vûª’-´¤ûÓ §Ú®√-ú≈®Ω’.

4) ... to get across our ideas to others weneed that kind of training = ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ´’†èπ◊ ÇPéπ~ù Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

get across = î√™« ¨¡éÀh- ’ç-ûªçí¬ ¶µ«¢√-©†’äéπ-JéÀ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-îªôç.

a) To succeed in an interview you should getacross your points to the interviewer =Interview ™ Nï-ߪ÷-EéÀ ´’† ¶µ«¢√-©†’ / Å稻-©†’ interviewer èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-LTÖçú≈L.

b) Get the idea across to him that he is nolonger wanted here = Åûª-E-éπ\úø Öçúø-†-´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰-ü¿E Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u™« îÁ°æ¤p.

c) I am unable to get this simple point acrossto him = Ñ *†o N≠æߪ’ç Åûª-E-éπ-®Ωn-´’-ßË’uô’xîÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.

put across, get across ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË,get across, put across éπØ√o éÌçîÁç stronger.¶«í¬ Å®Ωn-´’-ßË’ô’x îÁ°æpôç – get it across.

EXERCISE

Speak aloud sentences on the followingpattern.

Subject Verb Complement etc.

What he says is interesting.

(Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø subject äéπ ´÷ô é¬èπ◊çú≈, 'wh' ûÓÖçúË clause.)

´’®Ó example:

How he does it will be known only to me.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 272-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

... to get across our ideas to others ...

v°æ ¡o: i) I saw him enter the room

I saw him entering the room ûËú≈ Öçü∆?á) Åûªúø’ í∫C™ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªúøç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. G) í∫C-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-PÆæ÷h Åûª-úÕE ؈’ îª÷¨»†’.

ii) Seniority - antonym àN’öÀ?– §Úûª’© XE-¢√Ææ’, -¢Ëí¬-ߪ’´’tÊ°ô.

-ï-¢√-•’:i) I saw him enter the room Å®Ωnç, I saw him

entering the room ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. ûË-ú≈ ™‰ü¿’.ii) Seniority éÀ antonym ™‰ü¿’. seniority

ÅØËC age éÃ, experience éà Ææç•ç-Cµç*çC鬕öÀd younger in age & experience ÅEņ-´îª’a. äÍé ´÷ôí¬ antonym ™‰ü¿’.

v°æ ¡o: àüÁjØ√ O’öÀç-í˚™ à Nüµ¿çí¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L? àTense ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L? ÅEo Tenses Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-îª- î√a? Öü∆: Republic day Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬éπ∞«- »-©™ äéπ meeting à®√pô’î˨»®Ω’. ÑO’öÀç-í˚™ Åüµ¿u-èπ~◊©’, ´·êu ÅA--C∑E, Éûª®Ω°ü¿l-©†’ -ᙫ Ææç¶-Cµç-î√L? ¢√JE Öü¿-£æ«-JÆæ÷hᙫ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L. N´Jçîªí∫-©®Ω’.

- T. Ramana Rao, Palakol.

-ï-¢√-•’:Meeting ™ -à tense ™ ´÷ö«x-ú≈L ÅØËC´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo•öÀd-í∫ü∆ Öçô’çC.Republic Day Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥çí¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷,

Republic Day v§ƒ-¨¡-≤ƒh uEoí∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’,Republic Day °æ¤ô’d-°æ‹-®Óy-ûªh-®√-©-®·ûË, past tense ™ îÁ§ƒhç, ÅNí∫ûªç 鬕öÀd. Republic DayÖûªq´ç Ç®Ó-V -E®Ωy£œ«ç-éÓ-´-úøçÇØ√öÀ programme ´Èíj-®√-©çû√,¨¡Ÿ¶µ«-é¬ç-éπ~-©ûÓ Ææ£æ…, present

tense. ´·†’tçü¿’ ´îËa Republic Day ©Çé¬ç-éπ~©÷, éÓJ-éπ©÷, Å®·ûË future tense.

O’®Ω-úÕ-T† N’í∫û√ v°æ¨¡o-©èπ◊ Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç LessonNos 265 to 270 îª÷úøçúÕ.

v°æ ¡o: i) India need to bowling in the evening. Ñ¢√é¬uEo à Nüµ¿çí¬ question îËߪ÷L. needÅØËC Helping verb éπü∆. DEûÓ questionᙫ îËߪ’´îª’a?

ii) I do work. Ñ Sentence †’ à N-üµ¿çí¬question îËߪ÷L?

– §ƒ©-éÌçúø Ææ’üµ∆-éπ®˝, ê´’tç-ï-¢√-•’:i) India need to bowling in the evening- Ñ

sentence ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. India need(s) to bowl inthe evening Åçõ‰ correct. India team †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ °æJ-í∫-ùÀÊÆh, India needs to bowl Åçö«ç;India ïô’d-™E véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’-©†’ °æJ-í∫-ùÀÊÆh Indianeed to bowl Åçö«ç. Ñ È®çúø’ sentences™†÷ need (s) main verb. Å®·ûË DØËo NeedIndia bowl in the evening? ÅE question®Ω÷°æç™ ®√ÊÆh need, helping verb Å´¤-ûª’çC.ÉçéÓ example. Need you go there now?(É°æ¤úø’ †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-Lq† Å´-Ææ®Ωç Öçü∆?)

ii) 'Do you work here?'

Yes, I do work here. Ééπ\úø work verb.Sentence ™E verb èπ◊ object é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø 'Ido work here' èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– ØËE-éπ\úø °æEîË≤ƒh†’,îË≤ƒh†’ ÅE ØÌéÀ\îÁ°æpôç.I do work= ؈’ °æEîË≤ƒh†’ ņo-°æ¤úø’ work=°æE ÅØË Å®Ωn-ç-ûÓ, do èπ◊ object Å´¤-ûª’çC. ÉCÑ éÀçC question èπ◊ answer: What do youdo? – DEéÀ Answer: I do work. (I do maths™«í∫).

- M. SURESAN

-•’-üµ¿-¢√-®Ωç 14 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Abhilash: How's your dad?

(O’ Ø√†o ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?)

Animish: (He's = He is) near normal. (He

was) discharged from hospital the

day before (yesterday.)

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ éÓ©’-èπ◊-†oõ‰d. ÇÆæpvA †’ç*¢Á·†oØË Núø’-ü¿© î˨»®Ω’.)

(´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’í∫’ – ¢Á·†oØË discharge

Åߪ÷u®Ω’. Conversational English ™äéÓ\-≤ƒJ 'He's = he is' omit îË≤ƒh®Ω’.Å™«Íí the day before yesterday ÅE°æ‹Jhí¬ ÅØË •ü¿’©’, the day before

Åçö«®Ω’.)

Abhilash: (It's) good to hear that.

(N†-ö«-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC)

Animish: He's been advised complete rest

for another week, though. He is

still very weak. May be because of

the after effects of the drugs he's

been taking.

(Å®·Ø√, ÉçéÓ-¢√®Ωç °æ‹Jhí¬ Nv¨»çABÆæ’-éÓ-´’E Ææ©£æ…. Éçé¬ ¶«í¬ F®Ω-Ææçí¬/ •©-£‘«-†çí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’. Çߪ’†BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’†o ´’ç-ü¿’© ûª®√yA v°æ¶µ«´ç´©x-ØË¢Á÷.)

Abhilash: How about the after care services

of the hospital?

(Ç ÇÆæp-vA™ ¢Ájü¿uç ûª®√yA ÊÆ´©Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?)

Animish: Excellent. They look after their

patients well. Rather rare these

days of corporate hospitals which

are mostly after money.

(î√™« ¶«í∫’çC. Patients úø•’s éÓÆæ¢Ë’îª÷ÊÆ corporate hospitals Ö†o Ñ®ÓV™x é¬Ææh Å®Ω’üË.)

Corporate hospitals = ¢√ùÀ-ïu-°æ-®Ωçí¬Íé´©ç ™«¶µ«© éÓÆæ¢Ë’ ¢Ájü∆u-†oç-CçîËÇÆæp-vûª’©’.

Abhilash: (Do) you mean their fees are low?

(Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡x fees ûªèπ◊\-´ç-ö«¢√?)

Animish: Not low, but not high either. You

get your money's worth of treat-

ment there.

(ûªèπ◊\-¢Ëç-é¬-ü¿’, Å™« ÅE áèπ◊\-¢√-é¬ü¿’.´’†ç-°õ‰d ê®Ω’aèπ◊ ûªT† ¢Ájü¿uç©Gµ-Ææ’hçC.)

worth = N©’´

Abhilash: Had I had my will, I would have

become a doctor. Medicine was

the course after my heart, but dad

wouldn't just let me do it.

(Ø√ É≠æd-v°æ-é¬-®Ω¢Ë’ Åߪ·uçõ‰, ØËE-°æp-öÀéÓdoctor ÅßË’u-¢√-úÕE. Medicine Ø√èπ◊î√™« É≠æd-¢Á’i† course. é¬F ´÷Ø√†o††’o Medicine îËߪ’-E-´y-™‰ü¿’.)

Animish: Thank God he wouldn't. Many per-

sons are still alive.

(Çߪ’† E†’o medicine îËߪ’-E-´y-éπ-§Ú-´ôç ´’ç*-ü¿-®·çC. î√™«- ’çC Éçé¬-•-AÍé ÖØ√o®Ω’.)

Abhilash: Oh, are they? If I had become a

doctor, many more would have

been alive.

(Å´¤-Ø√? ؈’ doctor †ßª·uçõ‰ Éçé¬î√™«-´’çC -•A-èπ◊ç-úË-¢√∞¡Ÿx)

Animish: You and your jokes.

(†’-´‹y, F jokes.)

English conversation ™ after ¢√úø’éπ– ÅüÌ-éπ\-õ‰--Å-®·Ø√, N’í∫û√ ´÷ô-©ûÓØÁjØ√, î√™« common.

É°æ¤púø’ after, after combinations Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫çîª÷ü∆lç:Look at the following expressions fromthe dialogue above.

1) May be because of the after effects of the

drugs he has been taking.

2) How about the after care services of the

hospital?

3) They look after their patients well.

4) ... corporate hospitals which are after

money.

5) Medicine was the course after my heart.

1. After effects: ´’çü¿’©’ ™«çöÀN áèπ◊\- í¬¢√úøôç ´©x ´îËa °∂æL-û√©’/ à Ææç°∂æ’-ô† ûª®Ω’¢√-ûÁjØ√ éπLÍí °∂æL-û√©’– ´·êuçí¬ É•sç-ü¿’©’.

a) Lack of appetite and nausea are the aftereffects of antibiotics.

AØ√-©ØË éÓJéπ -™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç (Å®Ω’*)/ ÇéπL -™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç, ¢√çûª’©’ ´îËa-ôx-E-°œç-îªôç, antibiotics¢√úÕ† -ûª®√y-ûª ´îËa °∂æL-û√©’. Nausea(Ø√Ɯߪ÷) = ¢√çûª’©’ ´îËa feeling (éπúø’°æ¤A°æpôç) Nauseate = úÓèπ◊ °æ¤öÀdç-îªúøç.Antibiotics = Bacteria (Ææ÷éπ~ t-@-´¤-©)†’ îªçÊ°´’çü¿’©’. OöÀ™ î√™«¢√öÀ Ê°®Ω’ *´®Ω 'cin' ÅE´Ææ’hçC. (After effects †’ side effects ÅEèπÿú≈ Åçö«®Ω’.)

b) People are yet to recover from the aftereffects of the year before the last's tsuna-mi. éÀçü¿öÀ àú≈C ´·çü¿õ‰ú≈C Ææ’Ø√O’v°æ¶µ«-¢√© †’ç* v°æï-Lçé¬ éÓ©’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.

(í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: effects of tsunami = Ææ’Ø√O’v°æûªuéπ~ v°æ¶µ«´ç – ´’†’-≠æfl©’ îªE-§Ú- ôç, É∞¡Ÿx,îÁô’x ™«çöÀN éÌô’d-èπ◊-§Ú-´ôç, v§ƒù, ÇÆœh †≠ædç.After effects of tsunami = Ææ’Ø√O’ °æ®Óéπ~/D®Ω-é¬-Léπ v°æ¶µ«-¢√©’ = Ææ®Ωyç éÓ™p-®·†¢√JHü¿-Jéπç, EÆæq-£æ…-ߪ’ûª, ¢√uüµ¿’©’ ™«çöÀN.)

c) Some Japanese are still suffering from theafter effects of radiation.

Radiation °æ®Óéπ~ v°æ¶µ«-¢√-©ûÓ éÌçûª´’çC ï§ƒØ˛¢√-Rçé¬ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

2. After care = ´÷´‚©’ ¢Ájü¿uç Å®·çûª®√yûª®ÓT í∫’Jç* BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË ñ«ví∫-ûªh©’.

a) I am always regular about the after caremeasures my doctor has suggested.

´÷ doctor Ææ÷*ç-*† ¢Ájü∆u-†çûª®Ω ñ«ví∫-ûªh©N≠æߪ’ç™ -ØË-ØÁ°æ¤p-úø÷ Æævéπ-´’çí¬-ØË Öçö«†’.

b) The after care services of the hospital are poor.

¢Ájü∆u-†ç-ûª®Ω ÊÆ´© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Ç ÇÆæpvA -Åüµ∆y-†¢Ë’.

3. Look after = Take care = ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç(´·êuçí¬ äéπ ´uéÀh Ç®Óí∫uç N≠æ-ߪ’ç™).

a) My sister looked after me when I was ill.

Ø√èπ◊ ï•’sí¬ Ö†o°æ¤púø’ ´÷ sister ††’oîª÷Ææ’-èπ◊çC/ Ææ°æ-®Ωu©’ îËÆœçC/ ÊÆ´©’ îËÆœçC.

b) Its parents having been washed away by the

floods, there is none to look after the child.

ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ´®Ω-ü¿™ éÌô’d-èπ◊-§Ú-´-ôçûÓ Ç Gúøf†’îª÷ÊÆ-¢√-∞Îx-´®Ω÷ ™‰®Ω’.

4. Most corporate hospitals

are after money.

After somebody/ something.

= äéπ-JE/ äéπ N≠æ-ߪ÷EoîË>-éÀ\ç--éÓ-´ôç.

a) He is after a good career.

´’ç* ´%Ah ¢√u°æéπç éÓÆæçv°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’/ îË>-éÀ\ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

b) Most young men and women are after

computer jobs.

î√™«-´’çC ߪ·´B ߪ·´-èπ◊©’ computer jobs

¢Áçô- °æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

Å®·ûË äéπ ´uéÀh N≠æߪ’ç îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’ He is

after you Åçõ‰ – F éÓÆæ¢Ë’ îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’ FÍéüÓ£æ…E ûª©-°õ‰d ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ – ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.

c) The enemies were after him.

¨¡vûª’-´¤©’ ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

5. After some one's heart.

äéπ®Ω’ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË.

a) It's a song after my heart.

ÅC Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ É≠æd-¢Á’i-†-§ƒô.

b) It's a place after her heart.

ÅC Ç¢Á’èπ◊ †*a† v°æü˨¡ç.

EXERCISE: VOCABULARY EXERCISE.

Match the words under A with their mean-

ings under B.

Answer: A - 4 B - 5 C - 2 D - 3 E - 1.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 273-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

After some one's heart

v°æ ¡o: i) Mr.Natwar Singh said though India is

supporting ... there is no compromise. Ñ¢√éπuç™ is •ü¿’©’ was ®√¢√L éπü∆.

ii) The UPA deputy secretary said Sonia

Gandhi will visit quake hit areas. Ñ¢√éπuç™ sub-clause would visit ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©-¢√yL éπü∆! N´-Jç--îªí∫-©®Ω’.

– Ç®˝.áÆˇ.´’Ê£«≠ˇ, éπ®Ω÷o™¸-ï-¢√-•’:

You have raised a very good doubt.

In both the sentences above, no dates/

days are mentioned. So, change, 'said' in

both the sentences into, 'has said', and the

sentences will be absolutely correct. The

tense of has said is present tense, and the

sub clause verbs being also in present

tense, there would be nothing wrong with

the sentences. But the sentences as read

by the news reader, and as quoted by you

are wrong.

Suppose the dates/ days of their saying

are mentioned. Then in the first sentence

'is supporting' is correct as

it is a present action likely

to continue into the future,

but, the second verb 'is no

compromise' should be

changed into, 'would be

no compromise', as the

idea is indicative of future

'is no compromise' is cer-

tainly incorrect on the part of the news

reader.

In the case of (ii) Sonia Gandhi would visit

is correct. The news reader is wrong in

reading as 'will visit'.

You have raised a very good doubt and

clarifying it is my pleasure. Look at the fol-

lowing sentence:

He told me yesterday that he is a bank

manager here. (E†o îÁ§ƒpúø’ Ø√ûÓ, Åûª-E-éπ\úø,Branch Manager í¬ ÖØ√o-†E). The verb 'is'

in the sub clause, though the MC Verb told

is in the past tense is correct.

That's so because not only when

he told me yesterday, but also

now he is here and likely, in future too, he

will be here. Cases like this are exceptions

to the rule. Refer also to spoken English

lessons Nos. 135, 136, 137 and 138.

v°æ ¡o: i) ÉçTx≠ˇ ´÷ö«x--úø-ö«-EéÀ, ®√ߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ Ææ’´÷-®Ω’í¬

áEo °æü∆©’ ´ÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC? ii) Being ᙫ-¢√-ú≈™ îÁ°æpí∫-©®Ω’.

– Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, *†-´’-†-í∫’çúøç-ï-¢√-•’:

i) Oxford/ Longman's dictionaries *´®Ω'defining vocabulary' ÅE list Öçô’çC.Åçü¿’™ °æü∆©’ ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©’, ´÷´‚-©’í¬´÷ö«x-úø-ö«-EéÀ.

ii) Being = Å™« Öçúøôç ´©x, Åçü¿’-´©x ÅE.Being tall, he can play well = §Òúø’í¬_Öçúøôç ´©x/ -§Ò-úø’-í∫-´ôç ´©x Åûª†’ ¶«í¬Çúø-í∫-©úø’.

- M. SURESAN

A

A. Teach

B. Check

C. Tug

D. Observe

E. Trek

B

1. walk

2. pull

3. watch

4. instruct

5. verify

6. signify

v°æ ¡o: i) burial, fire, ... require, retire, .. -OöÀ pro-

nunciation ûÁ©’-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’.ii) Ææ´÷--üµ¿’© ü¿í∫_®Ω 鬰晫 ÖçúË-¢√-JE

à´’ç-ö«®Ω’? ü∆E pronunciation ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.– ™«´ùu, éÌûªh-í∫÷úÁç

-ï-¢√-•’:i) Ñ éÀçü¿ ÉÆæ’h†o pronunciation ™

a) cat, bag, rat, bank a ûÁLÊ°¨¡¶«lEo Ç Åéπ~®Ωç éÀçü¿ UûªûÓ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Öü∆: cat - é¬ö¸– -é¬- éÀçü¿ Uûª cat ™ é¬ ¨¡•lçí¬Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.b) bird ™«çöÀ ´÷ô™x 'ir' ¨¡•lç English èπ◊

v°æûËuéπç. Ñ ¨¡•lç Ææ÷*ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ > í∫’®Ω’h- ¢√-úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Öü∆: Bird - •>ú˛ curd - éπ>ú˛.

c) ã ´÷ô-™E à Åéπ~®Ωç O’ü¿®·Ø√ ' ' í∫’®Ω’h Öçõ‰Ç Åéπ~®Ωç ûÁLÊ° ¨¡¶«lEo ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.burial - ¶„J-ߪ’™¸ fire - °∂æߪ’ general- ïv†™¸interrupt- Éçô-®Ω°ˇd. (Åéπ~®Ωç éÀçü¿ ' ' í∫’®Ω’h Ç ¨¡¶«lEo ûªèπ◊\´ °æ-LÍ陫Ææ÷*-Ææ’hçC). marry - ´÷J mature - ¢Á’Åmeasure - ¢Á’ï (ï, pleasure ™ 'ï— ™«í∫)murder- ´’>úø murmur- ´’>´’ owe - ãrequire - Jéπyߪ’ retire - Jôߪ’ scatter -

≤ƒ\>ô sorry - ≤ƒJ survive - Ææ´-®·¢˛ tire -

ôߪ’.

ii) Ææ´÷-üµ¿’-© -é¬-°æJ =

burial ground/ grave yard/ cemetery

keeper.

-¨¡Ÿ-véπ-¢√®Ωç 16 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Prasad: Hi Prakash, good to see you. I'm (I

am) driving to selall super stores for a bit of

shopping. How about coming along? Along

with the shopping we can have a bite and

some hot coffee to warm our bodies.

(E†’o îª÷úøôç î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.Shopping îËü∆l- ’E selall super stores èπ◊ (Car

™) ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. Ø√ûÓ ®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷? Shopping

ûÓ¶«ô’ é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ AE, ´’† üË£æ…Lo ¢Áîªa-•-®Ω--éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ é¬Ææh ¢ËúÕ coffee û√í∫’ü∆ç.

Drive = àüÁjØ√ motor ¢√£æ«†ç (Bus/ Car/

Two wheeler) ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç. Ééπ\úø Car.

Prakash: Who's that next to you in the car?Oh, Pramod, it's you? Well, I don't mind, but Ihave some work at a place further down theroad. I have a bit of shopping to do too. Afterthat you return and I'll walk along.

(Car ™ F °æéπ\† á´®Ω÷? v°æ¢Á÷ü˛, †’¢√y? Car™ O’ûÓ ´≤ƒh†’, é¬F ÅüË road ™ é¬Ææh´ûª© Ø√èπ◊°æ†’çC. ؈÷ éÌçûª shopping îËߪ÷L. shop-ping Å®·ç-ûª-®√yûª †’´¤y AJT ¢ÁRx§Ú, ؈’ †úÕ*¢ÁRx-§Úû√.)

Prasad: (Do) you mean you will walk back allthe distance?

(´’Sx ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úÕ* ´≤ƒh-†ç-ö«¢√?)Prakash: Don't worry, from there my uncle will

take me along to the railway station where wehave to receive our cousin. After that he willdrop me home.

(àç °∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Åéπ\-úÕ-†’ç* ´÷ uncle ††’oûª†ûÓ railway station èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√úø’, ´÷cousin †’ station ™ receive îËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊. Çûª®√yûª ††’o Éçöx Cí∫-¶„-úø-û√úø’.)

Prasad: How is your uncle's building comingalong? It's massive structure. When is it likelyto be completed?

(O’ uncle éπúø’-ûª’†o building áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´*açC?î√™« ¶µ«K éπôdúø¢Ë’ ÅC. á°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh- ¤-ûª’çC?)

Prakash: It's almost complete. He wants youradvice on the colour scheme because youare an architect.

(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æ‹®Ωh-®·çC. ÉçöÀéÀ ¢Ë®·çîË ®Ωçí∫’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ Çߪ’-†èπ◊ F Ææ©£æ… é¬¢√-Lô, †’´¤y archi-tect 鬕öÀd.)

Architect Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆ – Buildingplan, Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ´·êuçí¬ Ç鬮Ωç ´çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁL-Æœ† ¢√Ææ’h-PLp.

Prasad: I'll be along whenever he wants me,though I prefer a Sunday.

(Çߪ’-ØÁ-°æ¤púø’ ®Ω´’tçõ‰ ؈°æ¤púø’ ´≤ƒh. Å®·ûË ÇC-¢√®Ωç Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ≤˘éπ-®Ωuçí¬ Öçô’çC.)

Prakash: He wants flowering plants inside,along the walls enclosing the building.

(Building ô÷d Ö†o íÓúø© ¢Áç•úÕ ™°æ© °æ‹©-¢Á·-éπ\-©†’ °çî√-©E Çߪ’† ņ’-éÌç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.)

Prasad: I'll help him select the plants too. OK.Come along. Let's go.

(Ç Plants/ ¢Á·éπ\© áç°œ-éπ™ èπÿú≈ ØËØ√-ߪ’-†èπ◊≤ƒßª’ç-îË≤ƒh. ®√. ¢Á∞«lç.)

Conversational English ™ ûª®Ωîª’í¬ NE-°œçîË ´’®Ó´÷ô along, Ç ´÷ôûÓ ´îËa combinations. ¢√öÀ¢√úø’éπ î√™« ûª®Ω--í¬ØË é¬èπ◊çú≈ î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç èπÿú≈.Along Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’ É°æ¤púø’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.

1) Along - (áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úË Å®Ωnç) – äéπ¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç*ÉçéÓ¢Áj°æ¤ (îª÷úøôç/ †úø-´ôç ™«çöÀN)

a) He walked along the road = ÅûªØ√ ®Óú˛ ¢Áç•úË(äéπ *´J †’ç* ÉçéÓ *´J ¢Áj°æ¤) †úÕ-î√úø’.

b) I looked along the buildings for the one Iwanted = Ç ¢Ë’úøLo äéπ¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* ÉçéÓ-¢Áj°æ¤îª÷¨»†’ Ø√é¬\-´-©-Æœ† building éÓÆæç.

2) along - ¢Áç•úÕ.a) There are trees along the beach - Ç beach

¢Áç•úÕ îÁô’x-Ø√o®·.b) There are beautiful buildings along the right

side of the road = Road èπ◊ èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj-°æçû√ (èπ◊úÕ-¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Áç•úÕ) Åçü¿-¢Á’i† éπôd-ú≈-©’-Ø√o®·.

3) along - äéπ-îÓ-öÀ-†’ç* éÌçîÁç ü¿÷®Ωç™.a) His office is along the road from the theatre

- ÅûªE office Ç road ™ØË theatre èπ◊ ´·çü¿’/Å´ûª© éÌçîÁç ü¿÷®Ωç™ ÖçC. (Theatre Ö†o¢ÁjÊ°)

b) The X Ray room is along the corridor fromthe consulting room = Ç †úø-¢√™ØË (doctor)consulting room (Ææçv°æ-CçîË í∫C) †’ç* éÌçûª-ü¿÷-®Ωç™ ÅüË-¢Áj°æ¤ áé˙q Í® í∫C ÖçC.

Now look at the following sentences fromthe dialogue above.

1) How about coming along?

2) I'll walk along.

3) My uncle will take me along to the railwaystation.

4) How is your uncle's building coming along?

5) I'll be along whenever he wants me.

6) He wants flowering plants inside, along thewalls enclosing the building.

1) coming along = éπLÆœ/ ûÓ ®√-´-ôç.a) How about coming along? = Ø√ûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊

®√èπÿ-úøü¿÷? (®√, ÅE)b) We are going to a movie; come along =

¢Ë’ç ÆœE´÷Èé∞¡ŸhØ√oç, ´÷ûÓ ®√.c) Wherever he goes, his dog goes along =

¢√úÁ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞Ïh ¢√úÕ èπ◊éπ\ èπÿú≈ Åéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞¡ŸhçC.2) Walk/ go/ move along = ´·çü¿-J-Èé-∞¡ôç.a) He walked along without listening to what I

was saying = ؈’ îÁÊ°pC NE-°œç--éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ †úø’--èπ◊çô÷ (´·çü¿-JéÀ) ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

b) Move along. You are obstructing others =éπü¿’©’. (Çí∫èπ◊, ´·çü¿’èπ◊ †úø’). Éûª-®Ω’-©-†-úøf-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.

c) He drove along looking at the lines of faceson either side = É®Ω’-¢Áj-°æ¤™« Ö†o ´·ë«©´®Ω’Æ憒 îª÷Ææ÷h car †úø’-°æ¤-éÌçô÷ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.Walk/ go/ move along - Ñ éπü¿-L-éπ-©†’ ûÁLÊ°´÷ô© °æéπ\† along ¢√úË îÓôxçû√ on èπÿú≈¢√úø-´îª’a.Let's move along = Let's move on =´·çü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«lç.He drove along = He drove on = ¢√£æ«-Ø√Eo†úø’-°æ¤-éÌçô÷ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’.

3) My uncle will take me along to the railway

station = ´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u/ ¶«¶«®·/ °ü¿l-Ø√†oûª†ûÓ ††’o railway station èπ◊ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√úø’.

a) He takes his dog along on his morning walks

= Çߪ’† morning walk èπ◊ ¢Á∞Ï-ô-°æ¤úø’ ûª†ûÓ ûª†èπ◊éπ\†’ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡-û√úø’.Take along = ûª†ûÓ éπLÆœ BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xôç.

b) Take along some books on the journey =

v°æߪ÷ùç™ (îªü¿’-´¤-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊) FûÓ-§ƒô’ éÌEo°æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’-Èé∞¡Ÿ.

4) How's your uncle's building coming along? =

O’ uncle éπôdúøç áçûª-´®Ωèπ◊ ´*açC? (ü∆E v°æí∫Aᙫ ÖçC?)

a) Suman: How is she comingalong in her studies?(îªü¿’´¤™ Ç¢Á’ v°æí∫A/ ÅGµ-´%Cl¥/ Progress ᙫ ÖçC?)Naveen: Oh, she is comingalong fine. She is the topperin her class. (Ç¢Á’ progressî√™« ¶«í∫’çC. ûª† class ™ Ç¢Á’ first)

b) Things are coming along well for him in his

career = ÅûªE ´%Ah ¢√u°æ-鬙x ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’Åûª-EéÀ ¶«í¬/ ņ’-èπÿ©çí¬ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®·.

c) The movie is coming along nicely says the

director = ÆœE´÷ î√™« ¶«í¬ ´≤Úhç-ü¿E/ †úø’-≤Úhç-ü¿E ü¿®Ωz-èπ◊-úøç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.

5) I'll be along whenever he wants me =

Çߪ’†Èé°æ¤púø’ 鬢√-©çõ‰ ؈-°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒh†’.

Ééπ\úÕ expression = be along = áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√®√´ôç.

a) Go ahead. I'll (I will) be along in a few min-utes = †’´¤y °æü¿. éÌCl EN’-≥ƒ™x ؈÷ ´≤ƒh.

b) I'm (I am) going for a walk. Will you be along?= ؈’ walking èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√o. †’´¤y ´≤ƒh¢√?

c) He will be along soon. We can discuss thematter with him. = Åûª†’ ûªy®Ω™ØË ´≤ƒhúø’.´’†ç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÅûªEûÓØË îªJaç-îª-´îª’a.

É¢Ë é¬èπ◊çú≈, along with ÅØË ´÷ô èπÿú≈ ÖçC.D†®Ωnç– 'ûÓÆæ£æ…—.a) The building along with its expensive furni-

ture was sold for a small amount = FurnitureûÓÆæ£æ… Ç building †’ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ Ţ˒t-¨»®Ω’.

b) The man along with his wife and childrenwere killed in the accident = Åûª†’, ¶µ«®√u-°œ-©x©ûÓ Ææ£æ… v°æ´÷-ü¿ç™ ´’®Ω-ùÀç-î√úø’.

ÉO along ûÓ ´îËa ´÷ô©’. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.EXERCISE

Practice the following aloud in English.

Ram: FûÓ á´-JE BÆæ’-éÌ-î√a´¤?Prem: Éü¿l-JE. Ø√ cousin †’, ÉçéÓ friend †’.Ram: ¢√Rx-ü¿l-JF ´’†ç É°æ¤púø’ car ™ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«™«?Prem: Å´¤†’. Car ™ °æúøû√ç éπü∆?Ram: °æúøû√ç é¬E, é¬Ææh É®Ω’-éπE°œçîª-´îª’a.

(cramped = É®Ω’èπ◊)Prem: Å™« Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊çü∆ç. §Úü∆ç°æü¿. (drive ¢√úøçúÕ)Ram: O’ father operation ûª®√yûª ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?Prem: ¶«í¬ éÓ©’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’. E†o ™‰* A®Ω-í∫-í∫-L-í¬®Ω’

èπÿú≈.Ram: ¶«í∫’çC.Prem: ᙫ ¢Á∞«lç?Ram: Ñ road ¢Áç•úË ¢ÁR '¨¡Ÿ¶µºç— éπ∞«u-ù- ’ç-úø°æç

ü¿í∫_®Ω áúø-´’-¢Áj°æ¤ A®Ω’-í∫’ü∆ç. ´’†ç ¢Á∞«x-LqçC,Ç éπ∞«u-ù-´’ç-úø°æç ¢ÁjÊ° é¬Ææh ü¿÷®Ωç™ Ö†obuilding.

ANSWERRam: Who did you bring along?Prem: Two. My cousin and another friend.Ram: Have we to take them along in the car?

(Do we have to ... ?)Prem: Yes. The car can hold all of us, can't it?

(hold = °æôdôç)Ram: It does, of course, but we may feel a lit-

tle cramped.Prem: Let's adjust. Let's drive along.Ram: How is your father after the operation?Prem: He is coming along fine. He was able to

move about too, yesterday.Ram: Good.Prem: How do we go now?Ram: We drive along this road and turn left at

Subham Kalyana Mandapam. Theplace we've to go to is along the streetfrom Subham.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 274-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

How about coming along?

v°æ ¡o: 1. In order to, In respect of .. Ñ preposi-

tions Å®√n©’, -ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.2. Rather than, remains closed from - OöÀ

Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-TçîË Nüµ∆†ç îÁ°æpçúÕ.3. Depend upon, Depend on ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? 4. So that Å®√nEo Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùûÓ îÁ°æpçúÕ.

– Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, §ÒCL-ï-¢√-•’:In order to = Åçü¿’éÓÆæç, Åçü¿’èπ◊.In order to meet the CM, he went toHyderabad (CM †’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ Çߪ’†Â£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xúø’)You have to work hard in order to get agood rank. (´’ç* rank ûÁa-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊, ¶«í¬éπ%≠œ îËߪ÷L)Å®·ûË In order to ¢√úË -•-ü¿’-©’ 'to' ¢√úÕûË ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC. ÅC simple í¬ natural í¬ Öçô’çC.

In order to éÌçîÁç §ƒçúÕûªuç,ví¬ç-C∑éπç. ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´’ç*C.In respect of = í∫’Jç*, °æ¤®Ω-Ææ \-Jç--éÌE, Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†. Ñ expres-sion èπÿú≈ business, official lan-guage ©™ØË áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

Money in respect of the work already donehas been paid = Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ °æ‹®Ωh-®·†°æEéÀí¬†÷, úø•’s îÁLxç-îË--¨»®Ω’.The teacher did not say anything in respectof the absentee students = class èπ◊ ®√E stu-dents †’ í∫’-Jç-* teacher àç îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.In respect of O©-®·-†çûª´®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈Öçúøôç ´’ç*C (In order to ™«í∫). In respectof ¢√ú≈-Lq†îÓô concerning é¬F, about é¬F¢√úøôç ´’ç*C - simple.

2) Rather than - ´’E-éÀ-≠æd癉E äéπ-ü∆-E-éπçõ‰/äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ÅE D†®Ωnç.

a) Rather than go to a matinee in this hotsun, I will sit at home and watch the TV =Éçûª áçúø™ matinee éÀ -¢Á-∞Ï •ü¿’©’/ éπçõ‰,Éçöx èπÿE TV îª÷Ææ’hç-ö«†’.

b) He'd rather have a cooled drink than cof-fee- Åûª†’ 鬰∂‘ •ü¿’©’ xöÀ §ƒFߪ’ç É≠æd-°æ-ú≈fúø’.É™«çöÀîÓôx, Åçõ‰ È®çúø’ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ´®√_-©èπ◊ îÁçC†¢√öÀ-E §Ú™‰a--ô°æ¤p-úø’ than ¢√úøç. Rather than´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.Remains closed - ´‚Æœ Öçô’çC.The college remains closed from today = Ñ®ÓV †’ç* ´‚Æœ Öçô’çC. (Will remainclosed ÅE èπÿú≈ ņ-´îª’a)3) Depend on/ depend upon - È®ç-úø÷ äéπõ‰.

Å®·ûË sentence *´®Ω depend ´*a-†-°æ¤úø’upon, better.

He depends on me for everything.

In times of need, be sure that I am here foryou to depend upon. (Å´-Ææ®Ωç ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’,†’´¤y Çüµ∆-®Ω-°æ-úËç--ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’-Ø√o-†E ..)

4) So that ÅØËC purpose (ÖüËl-¨»Eo)ûÁ©’°æ¤-ûª’çC.

He looked the room so that no one couldenter it. (á´®Ω÷ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îª-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊í∫CéÀ û√∞¡ç °ö«dúø’)He put the money in the bank so that itmight be safe (úø•’s ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊/Öçô’ç-ü¿E Åûª†’ ü∆Eo bank ™ ¢Ë »úø’)He walked fast so that he might not missthe bus = Bus miss Å´-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úÕ-î√úø’.

Å®·ûË So that •ü¿’©’ î√-™«-îÓôx to é¬F, to be ableto é¬F ¢√úÕûË simple í¬ Öçô’çC. ÅEoîÓ-ö«x é¬ü¿’.

- M. SURESAN

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 18 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Niranjan: Hi Nirupama, you are late again.

(E®Ω’-°æ´÷, †’´¤y ´’Sx Ç©Ææuç.)Nirupama: Sorry sir, I was caught up in a

nasty traffic jam. The flyoverunder construction is holding upthe traffic. Vehicles were movingat a snail's pace.

(Sorry, °∂æ’®Ω-¢Á’i† traffic jam ™É®Ω’-èπ◊\-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Åéπ\úø flyover E®√t-ùç™ Öçúøôç ´©x ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©Fo †ûªh-†-úøéπ †úÕ-î√®·.)

Nasty - Aô’d-°æü¿ç – °∂æ’®Ω-¢Á’i†/ £‘«†-¢Á’i†/ ...etc. snail's pace = snail = †ûªh; pace = ¢Ëí∫ç.

Niranjan: Even the construction of the fly-over is at a snail's pace. Godknows when it will be complete.

(Flyover E®√tùç èπÿú≈ †ûªh-†-úøéπ™«≤ƒí∫’-ûÓçC. ÅüÁ°æ¤púø’ °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’çüÓüË´¤-úÕÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.)

Nirupama: I usually start at home at 9expecting to be here at 9.45. Butfrom tomorrow onwards I'll start alittle earlier. At any rate not laterthan 8.45.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ ØËEçöx 9 éÀ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√†’ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ 9.45 éπ™«x ÖçúÌîªaE.é¬E Í®°æ-öÀ-†’ç* é¬Ææh ´·çüË •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√†’. àüË- ’-®·Ø√, 8.45 ü∆ô-èπ◊çú≈ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-û√†’.)

Niranjan: That's good. There are threemore reports to be got ready. Atany cost they must be over by 4this evening.

(´’ç*üË. Éçé¬ ´‚úø’ reports Æœü¿l¥ç鬢√Lq ÖØ√o®·. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÅN É¢√∞¡Ø√©’-Tç-öÀ-éπ™«x °æ‹®Ωh-¢√L.)

Nirupama: At all costs they will be ready by 4sir.

(àüË-¢Á’iØ√ Å´Fo èπÿú≈ Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀûªßª÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·.)

Niranjan: OK. I know you'll do it. When youare around, I feel at ease.

(ÆæÍ®, Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’ †’´¤y îËÊÆ-≤ƒh-´E.†’´¤y ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çõ‰ Ø√Íé *çû√ Öçúøü¿’.)

Nirupama: Thank you, sir.

Niranjan: Look here, Nirupama. There's asmall problem - a complaint fromour head office - one of thereports we sent last week, theysay, is at odds with the one wehad sent earlier. How did thathappen?

(äéπ *†o Ææ´’Ææu – Head office ¢√∞¡x†’ç* ã compliant – ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ¢√®Ωç °æç°œ† reports ™ äéπöÀ´’†ç Åçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ °æç°œ† reportèπ◊ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçü¿E. ÅüÁ™« ïJ-TçC?

Nirupama: I'm sure it's not our fault. I checkedand rechecked all the reportsbefore I sent them. I sat for threehours at a stretch to make surethat nothing was wrong.

(ÅC ´’† ûª°æ¤p-é¬-ü¿E ؈’ éπ*aûªçí¬†´·t-ûª’-Ø√o†’. à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô÷ ®√èπ◊çú≈Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ ´‚úø’-í∫çô©§ƒô’ü∆E N≠æ-ߪ’¢Ë’ îª÷¨»†’.)

Niranjan: I am sure too there wasn't anyerror from our side. The mistakemust be at the H.O. itself.

(؈÷ ´’†-¢Áj°æ¤ †’ç* à §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’™‰ü¿E éπ*aûªçí¬ ÖØ√o. §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’head office ™ØË Öçú≈L.)

Nirupama: I will check up once again.

(؈’ ´’Sx îª÷≤ƒh†’.)English conversation ™ 'At' ¢√úøéπç î√™«áèπ◊\´. ÅC ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπÿ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ã v°æü˨¡ç ´·çü¿’ 'at' ¢√úÕûË Ç

îÓô ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.At home (ÉçöÀ™), at college, at office, atthe theatre - Çߪ÷-îÓôx, Ç v°æüË-¨»-©™ ÅE.

Time ´·çü¿’ at ¢√úÕûË Ç Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ ÅEÅ®Ωnç.At 4 PM, at 6 PM, at 7 in the morning.

´’† °æJ-Æœn-AE ûÁ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.a) He is at work/ play/ lunch/ dinner/ a party -

Åûª†’ °æE™/ Çúø’ûª÷/ ¶µçîËÆæ÷h/ party ™ÖØ√oúø’.

b) I am at my cousin's/ aunt's etc. = ´÷cousin/ aunt ÉçöÀ™ ÖØ√o†’.á´J ÉçöÀ™ ÅØËC 's ûÓ ûÁ©-°æ-´îª’a.He is right now at Ramesh's = Åûª-E-°æ¤púø’®Ω¢Ë’≠ˇ ÉçöÀ™ ÖØ√oúø’. (Ramesh's home/house ņ-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’.)

at the moment = Ñ éπ~ùç™/ É°æ¤púø’.Kumar: Hello, who's it please?

Kesav: I am Kesav. Can I speak toSadanand?

Kumar: He is very busy at the moment. I'mafraid he can't take your call. Canyou leave a message?

(Ñ éπ~ùç Çߪ’† î√™« busy í¬ÖØ√oúø’. O’ûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰úø’. àüÁjØ√îÁ°æp-´’ç-ö«®√?)

At war, at peace, at some distance -Ééπ\-úøçû√ at èπ◊ Å®Ωnç, ™ – ÅE ´Ææ’hçC.

àüÁjØ√ rate ´·çü¿’ at ¢√úøû√ç.at Rs. 60 a dozen, at a speed of 50 Kmph(Kilometres per hour), etc.

àüÁjØ√ í∫’ùç ûª®√yûª at ´ÊÆh Ç í∫’ùç éπ© ÅEÅ®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.a) He is good at cricket =

-Å-ûª-úø’ cricket ¶«í¬ Çúø-û√úø’. b) She is poor at understanding others =

Éûª-®Ω’-©-†®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-ü∆¢Á’. (Ç¢Á’é¬ ¨¡éÀh-™‰ü¿’)c) He is clever at getting help from others =

Éûª-®Ω’-© Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç §Òçü¿-ôç™ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√úø’.Now look at the following sentences fromthe conversation at the beginning of thelesson.

1) Vehicles were moving at a snail's pace =¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ †ûªh-†-úøéπ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·. (î√™« Eü∆-†çí¬)

a) Work on the flyover is progressing at asnail's pace = Flyover °æ†’©’ î√™« ´’çü¿-éÌ-úÕí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√o®·.

b) His book will take a long time to complete.He is writing at a snail's pace = ÅûªE °æ¤Ææhéπç°æ‹®Ωh-´-ö«-EéÀ î√™«é¬©ç °æúø’-ûª’çC. Åûª†’ î√™«Eü∆-†çí¬ ®√Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’.

2) At any rate. àüË-¢Á’iØ√, ´’£æ… Å®·ûË.a) I will try to start as early as I can, at any

rate not later than 8 = O©-®·-†çûª ûªy®Ωí¬•ßª’-©’-üË-Í®ç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ 8 éπçõ‰´·çüË (ûª®√yûª é¬èπ◊çú≈).

b) You think you can get the

car cheap. At any rate it's

not going to be less than

Rs. 3 lac. = (Ç car -éπí¬éÌØÁ-ߪ÷u-©E ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤.àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ÅC Fèπ◊ 3 ©éπ~©®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ ûªèπ◊\-´-®√ü¿’)

3) At any cost – áöÀd °æJ-Æœn-ûª’-™x-ØÁjØ√.a) I must reach the place at 9 at any cost =

áöÀd °æJ-Æœn-ûª’™x†®·Ø√ ؈éπ\úÕéÀ 9 éπ™«x îË®Ω’-éÓ-¢√L.

b) You will meet him there at any cost evenbefore I start = ؈’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-ú≈-E-éπØ√o´·çüË áöÀd °æJ-Æœn-A-™x-ØÁjØ√ †’´y-ûªEo éπ©’-≤ƒh´¤.

c) He wants to see her out of job at any cost= à °æJ-Æœn-A-™-ØÁjØ√, à °æü¿l¥A ´©x†®·Ø√, Ç¢Á’ÖüÓuí∫ç™ Öçúø-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’.

4) At all costs they will be ready by 4 PM.

At all costs = at any cost - Both are same.

5) When you are around, I feel at ease =

†’´¤y ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ à *çû√ Öçúøü¿’/؈÷°œJ °‘©’a-èπ◊çö«.

feel at ease/ be at ease = feel relaxed/ be freefrom worry = Nv¨»ç-Aí¬, worry ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç.a) You'll get what you want. Feel at ease/ be

at ease = Fé¬\-¢√-LqçC ´Ææ’hçC. Çü¿’-®√l-°æ-úøèπ◊/worry Å´èπ◊.

b) With the police any where around, hecould never feel at ease = Police ¢√∞¡Ÿxáéπ\-úÁjØ√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’çõ‰, Åûª-EéÀ ÆœnN’-ûªçí¬ Öçúøü¿’.

c) He is never at ease when he sees someone happier than he/ him = Åûª-E-éπçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Ö†o-¢√-∞Îx-´-J-ØÁjØ√ îª÷ÊÆh Åûª-EéÀ ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬Öçúøü¿’. (Ñ®Ωu)

6) I sat for three hours at a stretch over it =ü∆E í∫’Jç* àéπ-üµ∆-öÀí¬ ´‚úø’ í∫çô©’ èπÿ®Ω’aØ√o.

At a stretch = break ™‰èπ◊çú≈, ÅüË °æEí¬.a) He established a record for nonstop

singing by singing for 72 hours at a stretch= àéπ-üµ∆-öÀí¬ 72 í∫çô-©-§ƒô’ N®√´’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈§ƒúÕ, §ƒúø-ôç™ record Ææ%≠œdç-î√úø’.

b) She lectured for three hours at a stretch =àéπ-üµ∆-öÀ† 3 í∫çô-©-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ö°æ-†u-Æœç-*çC.

É´Fo î√™« common phrases. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 275-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

He is good at cricket

v°æ ¡o: According to, Agreeably to, Along with,Away from, Because of, By dint of, Bymeans of, By reason of, By way of,Conformably to, For the sake of .

-Ñ Phrase prepositions í∫’-Jç-* -ûÁ-©’í∫’-™-N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

– Èé.-Ø√®√-ߪ’-ù, -†-™Ô_ç-úø-ï-¢√-•’: i) 'to' preposition èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Å®√n©’:

1) 'èπ◊/ éÀ— ÅE, 2) ü¿í∫_-®Ω-èπ◊, Åô’--¢Áj°æ¤.1) He gave it to her (Ç¢Á’èπ◊)2) She walked to the classroom = class-

room -¢Áj°æ¤/ class room ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ †úÕ-*çC.(É™«çöÀîÓôx to = towards)

3) The boy went to his mother =

¢√∞¡x´’t ü¿í∫_-JéÀ ¢Á∞«xúø’.ii) with Åçõ‰ 'ûÓ—.

Please come with me = Ø√ûÓ®√.iii) of = 1) í∫’-Jç-* ii) ßÁ·éπ\a) I know of (= about = í∫’-Jç-*)

this.

He knew of it yesterday itself(of= í∫’-Jç-*)b) ßÁ·éπ\ – This is the property

of my friend. (ÅûªE ßÁ·éπ\)iv) from = †’ç*, away = ü¿÷®Ωçí¬.

Å®·ûË O’®Ω’ ®√Æœ† phrases ™E to, with,of, ™«çöÀ prepositions èπ◊ v°æûËu-éπçí¬ Å®√n-©’ç-úø´¤. ÅN Ç phrases ™ ¶µ«í¬©’. Çprepositions ÅFo Ç ´÷ô© °æéπ\† ¢√úø’-éπí¬ ´≤ƒh®·.

1. According to = v°æ鬮Ωç2. Agreeably to - ÉC-™‰ü¿’ – Agreeable toÖçC. Å®Ωnç – Ææ´’tûªç.(He is agreeable to my proposal - Ø√ v°æA-§ƒ-ü¿† Åûªúø’ ä°æ¤p-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø’/- ÅC Åûª-EéÀ Ææ´’tûªç.)3. Along with = ûÓÆæ£æ…

The house along with its furniture hasbeen sold =

Ç É©’x, furniture ûÓÆæ£æ… Ţ˒t-¨»®Ω’.4. Away from = ü¿÷®Ωçí¬.

He lived in a small village away fromtowns and cities - †í∫-®√-©èπ◊ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ *†oví¬´’ç™ E -Æœç-î√úø’.

5. Because of = Åçü¿’- ©xBecause of his laziness he failed= ≤Ú´’Jûª†ç ´©x

6 &7) By dint of = By means - Åçü¿’-´‚-©çí¬/ ü∆E Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ.

He succeeded by dint of/ by means of hishard work (éπ%≠œ-´-©x/- éπ%≠œ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’çûÓ)8. By reason of = -Ç é¬-®Ω-ùçí¬

By means of their quarrel, they lost theirmoney = ¢√∞¡x §Úö«xô 鬮Ω-ùçí¬ úø•’s©’§ÚíÌ-ô’d-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.

9. By way of - i) Ç Nüµ¿ç-í¬/- ü∆-EéÀ ´÷®Ω’í¬.We had bread and fruit by way of lunch

= bread, °æçúøx®Ω÷°æç™ lunch BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. = lunch •ü¿’©’ bread, °æçúø÷x BÆæ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.

10. conformably to: Ñ ´÷ô English ™ ™‰ü¿’.11. for the sake of = Åçü¿’-éÓ-Ææ¢Ë’.

a) He murdered the child for the sake ofa few thousand rupees = éÌEo ¢Ë©®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© éÓÆæç Ç Gúøf†’ £æ«ûªu î˨»úø’.

b) He came here for the sake of a job,ÖüÓuí∫ç éÓÆæç Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’. ÑÅ®ΩnçûÓ for the sake of = for.

- M. SURESAN

v°æ¨¡o: Enter ûª®√yûª into preposition ¢√úÌ-ü¿lEÅçö«®Ω’. éÌEo ¢√é¬u™x -Å-™« -Öç-öç-C.Into ᙫ ¢√ú≈™ N´-Jç-îª-í∫-©®Ω’.Enter into the new session.

We are entering into London.

Take permission before enter into the room..ÅE ®√Ææ’hç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆? – -á-Ø˛.Ææ-ûªuç, -Ç-C-™«-¶«-ü˛-ï-¢√-•’: Enter ûª®√yûª into ¢√úøôç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo•öÀd Öçô’çC.äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç-™éÀ v°æ¢Ë-Pç-îªôç Å®·ûË, enter ÅØËÅçö«ç, into ®√ü¿’. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-™éÀ/ N¢√-ü¿ç-™éÀ/ä°æpç-ü∆-EéÀ Cí∫ôç Å®·ûË enter into Åçö«ç.a) Enter a place (room, college, town, etc)

b) enter into a conversation/ discussion/ agree-ment

1. Entering into the new session ÉC correct.éÌûªh session ™éÀ Åúø’-T-úøôç.

2. We are entering into London ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’, We areentering London - correct

3. Take permission before enter into the room -ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. Take permission before you enterthe room - correct.

India entered into an agreement withAmerica - Ééπ\úø into Å´-Ææ®Ωç.

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 20 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Saran: Visal, You appear busy. (Are you)going somewhere?

(î√-™« busy í¬ éπ†°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úÕ-ÈéjØ√ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√?)

Visal: Yes. I'm going for a bit of shopping.(Å´¤†’. é¬Ææh shopping îËü∆l-´’E •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’/ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’)

Saran: I'm not surprised. Whenever I seeyou, you are out shopping. I'm afraidthat at this rate hardly anything willbe left for others to buy.

(Ø√Íéç Ǩ¡a-®Ωuçí¬ ™‰ü¿’. E†’o ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø’îª÷ÆœØ√ shopping îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡⁄h

Öçö«-´¤. Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬/ Ñ B®Ω’† shops™ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ -É-ûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ -àç N’í∫-©-üË¢Á÷ÅE ņ’-´÷-†çí¬ ÖçC)

Visal: (Do you) Know what my old man/ dadsays? ''If you shop at this rate, you'll(you will) end up penniless''

(´÷ Ø√ØËo- ’ç-ö«úÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? É™« †’´¤yshopping îËÆæ÷h §ÚûË †’´¤y °j≤ƒ ™‰èπ◊çú≈§Úû√´¤—— ÅE.)

(Old man Åçõ‰ Ééπ\úø Ø√†o ÅE. éÌçîÁç Ææyûªç-vAç* dad •ü¿’©’ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ -¢√-úË-´÷-ô.ûÁ©’-í∫’-™†÷ Åç-ô’ç-ö«®Ω’ éπü∆– ´÷ ¶«•’Ü®Ó\úø’ ÅE).

Penniless = îËA™ °j≤ƒ/ *Lx í∫´y ™‰èπ◊çú≈Öçúøôç. Penny = British currency ™ Ø√ù„ç.Plural - pence. 100 pence = 1 pound

Saran: If you don't mind, so do I feel too. Ifind you spending quite a lot onclothes and other avoidable things.Why don't you check your spendingspree?

(†’¢Ëyç ņ’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, Ø√èπÿ\ú≈ ÅüË ÅEp-Ææ’hçC. •ôd© O’ü¿, Éûª®Ω ņ-´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i†´Ææ’h-´¤-©-O’ü∆ †’´¤y ¶«í¬ --ê®Ω’a °-úø-û√-´¤.F Nîªa-©-NúÕ ê®Ω’a-†’ é¬Ææh Åü¿’-°æ¤™ °ô’d-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?)

Spree: (àüÁjØ√ Ææ®Ωü∆) N’AO’J îËߪ’ôç.Spending spree = Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬ N’A-O’J ê®Ω’aîËߪ’ôç – Eating spree = (Ææ®Ω-ü∆í¬) N’AO’-JA†ôç. They are on a betting spree = ¢√∞¡ŸN’A-O’J bet ©’ é¬Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Last lesson™binge ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√ú≈ç. ÅD, spree äéπõ‰.

Visal: I've (I have) controlled myself a lot. Inthe last few weeks I haven't spent asmuch as I did earlier

(؈’ î√™« control îËÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√o†’. Ñí∫úÕ-*† ¢√®Ωç™ Åçûªèπ◊ -´·ç-ü¿ç-ûª -ê®Ω’a°ôd-™‰ü¿’.)

Saran: No. What you say is at odds withwhat I observe you doing. Just yes-terday you added one more pair ofjeans to the twenty odd pairs youhave.

(àç ™‰ü¿’. †’´yç-ô’†o ü∆EéÀ, îËÆæ’h-†o-ü∆-Eéà àç §Òçûª† ™‰ü¿’. -ØË-†’ í∫--´’-EÆæ’h-Ø√o-†’. E†o-öÀéÀ E†o, Fèπ◊†o 20 °j *©’èπ◊jeans èπ◊ ´’®Ó jeans ûÓúø’ î˨»´¤).

twenty odd = É®Ω-¢ÁjéÀ °jí¬/ É®Ω¢Áj + *©x®Ω. The book costs a hundred odd rupees.

(Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç üµ¿®Ω ´ç-ü¿ *©x®Ω)Visal: I am at it, Saran. I can't resist the

temptation to buy a thing when I like it.

(؈’ Ç °æE O’üË/Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç-™ØË ÖØ√o.àüÁjØ√ ´Ææ’h´¤ †*aûË ÅC éÌØ√-©ØË éÓJ-éπ†’

؈’ Åù’--éÓ-™‰†’.)Temptation = Çéπ-®Ωù. Resist - v°æA-°∂æ’-öÀç-îªôç/ Ééπ\úø ûªô’d-éÓ-´ôç. The drunkard cannot resist the temptation ofthe bottle.

(û√í∫’-¶ûª’ ´’-ü¿uç Çéπ-®Ωù ûªô’d-éÓ-™‰úø’.) The bottle = ´’-ü¿uç)

Saran: OK. Good luck in your attempts tospend less.

Visal: You don't buy as much as I do, but Ifind your clothes very good. I must sayyou have good taste.

(؈’ é̆oçûª †’´¤y-éÌ-†´¤. é¬F F •ôdî√-™« ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·. F ÅGµ-®Ω’* ´’ç*C ÅEîÁ°æpéπ ûª°æpü¿’.)

Saran: I don't know all that. I Select myclothes at random. No pick andchoose as you do.

(Ø√éπüËç-- ûÁ--L-ߪ’ü¿’. àüÓ ûÓ*-†N SelectîËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ö«†’. °æ-ô’d-•öÀd ÉüË é¬¢√L, ÅüË鬢√L ÅE à®Ω’-éÓ†’.)

Pick and choose = ´’†-é¬\-´-©-Æœ-†N/ †*a-†N´÷vûª¢Ë’ Select îËÆæ’éÓ-´-úøçVisal: In spite of the many clothes I buy,

Some times I am at sea what to wearfor an occasion. Too many clothes tochoose from.

(ÅEo •ôd--©’ éÌ-†’-èπ◊-†o-°æp-öÀéÃÀ, àüÁjØ√Ææçü¿-®√s¥EéÀ -àç -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-™ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-E ÅßÁ÷-´’--ߪ’ç-™ Öçö«†’. ´’K áèπ◊\´ •ôd-™xç*select îËÆæ’éÓ-´-úøç èπÿú≈ éπ≠æd¢Ë’.)

Saran: So, the lesson is cut down yourspendiing.

(鬕öÀd §ƒ®∏Ωç: F ê®Ω’a-ûª-T_ç-éÓ)Visal: From now on I will be at it sincererly

(É°æp-öÀ -†’ç-* ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jhí¬ Ç °æEO’üË- Öçö«)

Conversation english ™ î√-™« common í¬N-E°œç-îË at ûÓ ´îËa-´’-J-éÌEo expressions îª÷ü∆lç.

Look at the following expressions fromthe conversation above.

1) I'm afraid that at this rate hardly anythingwill be left for others to buy.

2) What you say is at odds with what Iobserve you doing.

3) I am at it/ I will be at it.

4) I select my clothes at random.

5) In spite of the many clothes I buy sometimes I am at sea what to wear for an occa-sion.

1) I'm afraid that at this rate hardly anythingwill be left for others to buy

(É™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-TûË/ Ñ Nüµ¿çí¬ Å®·ûË Éûª-®Ω’©’éÌØËç-ü¿’-Íéç-N’-í∫-©ü¿’.)

At this rate = É™«Íí ïJ-TûË/ É™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-TûËa) Pollution is growing day by day at this rate

the world will be a dead place in somecountries = 鬩’≠æuç ®ÓV ®ÓVéà °J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. ÉüË é̆-≤ƒ-TûË éÌEo ´çü¿© à∞¡x-™ØËv°æ°æçîªç ´’®Ω’-¶µº÷N’ Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.

b) We are cutting off forests. At this rate wildlife will be extinct in no time.

(´’†ç Åúø-´¤-©†’ †J-Íé-Ææ’hØ√oç. ÉüË-éÌ-†-≤ƒ-TûË´†u-´’%í¬-©’ -Åçûª-Jç-*-§Ú-û√®·.)

extinct = Åçûª-Jç* §Ú®·†, wild life =´†u- ’%-í¬©’c) You are making to many enimies at this

rate there will be none to support you.

(†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ ´’ç--C-E -¨¡-vûª’-´¤-©†’ îËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤. É™«Íí é̆-≤ƒ-TûË Fèπ◊ ´’ü¿lûª’ É´y-ö«-EéÀ á´®Ω÷ Öçúø®Ω’.)

2) What you say is at oddswith what I observe youdoing .

(†’´¤y îÁÊ°p--C --îËÊÆ-C -î√-™«-Gµ-†oçí¬ -Öç-C.- ØË-†’- í∫- ’-EÆæ’h-Ø√o-†’)(F ´÷ô-©èπÿ îËûª-©èπÿ §Òçûª†™‰ü¿’)At odds with = Gµ†oçí¬/§Òçûª† ™‰E/ ´uA-Í®-¢Á’i†.a) His behaviour is at odds with his words =

ÅûªE v°æ -®Ωh† ÅûªE ´÷ô-©èπ◊ Gµ†oçí¬ ÖçC.b) What he says is at odds with what the

press has reported =

Åûª†’ îÁ°æ¤h-†oD, ¢√®√h °ævA-éπ™x ´*açD ûËú≈í¬ÖØ√o®·.

3) I selected my clothes at random

At random = äéπ °æü¿l¥-Aí¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈. ´·êuçí¬ ÉCselection N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√-úø-û√®Ω’.

a) The teacher selected ten students at ran-dom from the class = Ç teacher class ™ -†’ç-* °æC-´’ç-CE (à °æ-ü¿l¥-A-™‰-èπ◊çú≈) ᆒo-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’ – à v§ƒA°æC-é¬-™‰-èπ◊çú≈

b) I picked up these shirts at random =

Ñ shits †’ àüÓ Å™« Select îËÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o.4) I am at it/ I will be at it =

؈’ Ç°æE O’üË ÖØ√o/ Ç °æE O’üË Öçö«.To be at it = ã °æE O’ü¿/ã v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ Öçúøôç.a) You've asked me to tidy up the home and

I am at it.

(†’´¤y †-†’o- É©’x Ææ®Ωl-´’-Ø√o´¤, ØËØ√°æE O’üËÖØ√o.)

Hemanth: I've asked you to choose a goodhouse that I can buy. Do youremember?

(؈’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ É©’x select îËߪ’- ’-Ø√o-†’í¬. Fèπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hçü∆?)

Vasanth: Sure. I do. I am at it

(éπ*a-ûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hçC. Ç°æE O’üË ÖØ√o)Sumanth: Make sure you finish the work by

the week end.

(¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ á-™«-Èíj-Ø√ °æE °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’-™«îª÷úø’)

Ananth: From now on I will be at it and won'trest until it is done.

(É°æp-öÀ-†’ç* Ç °æE O’üË Öçö«, Å°æ-E°æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u -´-®Ωèπ◊ Nv¨¡-N’ç-’)

I want it done immediately. Be at it = Ç °æEØ√èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË Å®·-§Ú-¢√L. Ç °æE O’üË Öçúø’.Ñ *†o expression, at it, english ™ î√-™«common. ûª®Ωîª÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.5) ... I am at sea what to wear =

àC -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-™ ûÁM-ôç-™‰ü¿’.To be at sea = àç îÁߪ÷u™ ûÁME í∫çü¿-®Ω-íÓ∞¡ÆœnA/ àD- §ƒ©’§ÚE- ÆœnA.a) I am at sea about what to do next =

ûª®√yûª àç îÁߪ÷u™ ûÁME ÆœnA™ ÖØ√o-ØËo†’.b) With the loss he has sustained in business

he is at see how to recover =

¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ §ÒçC, ᙫ éÓ©’-éÓ-¢√™§ƒ©’-§Ú-èπ◊çú≈ Öçü¿-ûª-EéÀ.

Exercise: Match the words under A withtheir meanigs under B

Answers 1.C 2.D 3.F 4.B 5.A

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 276-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

I AM AT SEA WHAT TO WEAR

v°æ ¡o: Spoken English Åç-õ‰ direct í¬ simple í¬-Öç-ú≈-L éπ-ü∆?I don't see eye to eye withyou in that matter -Å-ØË -•-ü¿’-©’ I disagree-™‰-ü∆ I differ with you --Å-E I am with youthere Å-ØË -•-ü¿’-©’ I agree with you- Åç-õ‰Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-C éπ-ü∆?

G. Madhusudan, Suryapet

ï-¢√-•’ :O’®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC correct. Å®·ûË repetition avoidîËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ conversation ™ éÌçûª variety éÓÆæçÅ°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’, É™«çöÀ idiomatic expressions (Idon't see eye to eye with you) ´’†ç ¢√úø-´îª’a.Å™«ç-öÀN ¢√úË-°æ¤púø’ Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x-èπ◊\ú≈ ÅC Å®Ωnç Å´¤-ûª’çü∆ ™‰ü∆ ÅØËC ü¿%≠œd™ Öç-èπ◊çõ‰ communica-tion free í¬ Öçô’çC.

°æ ¡o: 1) ؈’ á°æ¤púø’ ®Ω´’tçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ F´¤ ´≤ƒh¢√?2) ؈’ E™a- ’†o ¢ÁçôØË F´¤ E™a-¢√L.

3) E†o O’®Ω’ ®ΩNûÓ ††’o £j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-´’-Ø√o-®Ωô.

4) ؈’ á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-´’çõ‰¢√JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√-¢√?

5) ¢Á·†o- O’®Ω’ éπ%≠ægûÓ É¢√∞¡††’o éπ©-´-´’-Ø√o-®Ωô.

6) ؈’ îÁ°œp† ¢ÁçôØË Ç °æE F´¤îËߪ÷L.

°j Expressions ™ -¢Á-∞«x©--†o-´÷ô, ®Ω´’t-Ø√o-´ô,´÷ö«x-úø-û√¢√, ¢Á-∞¡û√¢√ ™«çöÀ ûÁ©’í∫’ °æü∆-©èπ◊Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† ÉçTx-≠ˇ °æü∆-©†’ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp™ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ?

Krishna, Vizianagaram

ï-¢√-•’ :i) Will you come whenever I want you/tell you

to come.

ii) You must stand up when I ask you tostand up.

iii) It seems yesterday you wanted me to gowith Ravi to Hyderabad.

(It seems yesterday you said that? shouldgo with Ravi to Hyderabad).

iv) Will you talk to any one who I want youto/ask you to talk to.

v) It seems (that) the day before yesterdayyou wanted Krishna to see/meet metoday.

vi) When I ask you to do some thing, youmust do it at once.

¢Á∞¡x- ’-Ø√o- ô, ÅE 'Åô—èπ◊ It seems/you seemņ-´îª’a. N’í∫û√ ¢√öÀéÀ °j sentences îª÷úøçúÕ.

°æ ¡o: : 1) I married ņ-èπ◊çú≈ I got married Åçö«-

®Ω’ áç-ü¿’èπ◊?double V3 áçü¿’èπ◊ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-T-≤ƒh®Ω’?

2) English Alphabet †’ G, Æœ,- úÕ, ->,- ÅE -Ö-îªa-Jç-î√™«? ™‰ü∆ ¶¸, Æˇ, -ú˛, ñ¸, ÅE Öîªa-Jç-î√™«?

G. Madhava Reddy, Devarakondaï-¢√-•’ :i) I married Åçõ‰ á´-JE, ÅE ûÁMôç ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-éπE I married her / him/that girl, etc Å-ØÁj-Ø√ÅØ√L. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ I got married Åçö«ç. Ééπ\úøGot main verb 鬕öÀd married - past participle¢√-úøû√ç.

eg: He got beaten thoroughly - ¶«í¬ üÁ•s©’AØ√oúø’. Get èπ◊ Ñ Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† ¢√úøéπç í∫’-Jç-*´·çü¿J lessons îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

ii) ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Öîªa-JçîË°æ¤púø’ b, c, d, g ÅØËÅçö«ç. ¢√öÀéÀ a, e, i, o, u îËJa-†-°æ¤úø’– ¶¸, Æˇ,ese, value ûÓ vowel sound†’ •öÀd¢√úø-û√ç.

- M. SURESAN

BA. Speed

B. jump

C. depend

D. Economical

E. extravagant

F. fast

G. unhealthy.

A

1. bank

2 frugal

3. rapid

4. dive

5. pace

í∫’®Ω’-¢√®Ωç 22 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Harsha: Hi Sasir, welcome. How was the jour-

ney? How's everybody? (≤ƒyí∫ûªç.v°æߪ÷ùç ᙫ ïJ-TçC? Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫÖØ√o®Ω’?)

Sasir: Fine. Thank you. How are you and your

people? (èπ◊™«≤ƒ. O’®Ωç-û√ ¶«í∫’-Ø√o®√?)Harsha: Fine too. You appear travel weary. I

suggest we go home and you take

rest. (èπ◊™«-≤ƒØË. †’´¤y v°æߪ÷ù •úø-Léπ™Ö†o-ô’d-Ø√o´¤. ÉçöÀ-Èé∞«lç, †’´¤y Nv¨»çABÆæ’éÓ.)

(travel weary = v°æߪ÷ù •úø-Léπ)

Sasir: I certainly am. Three hours on flightfollowed by a whole day's train jour-ney. Quite tedious. Where are yougoing to put me up? (Å´¤†’ Eï¢Ë’. Ø√•Ææ áéπ\úø à®√p-ô’-îË-¨»´¤?)

Put some body up = äéπ-JéÀ •Ææ à®√pô’ îËߪ’ôçHarsha: Where else? At my home. You stay

there. You feel absolutely at home.(ÉçÈé-éπ\úø. ´÷ ÉçöxØË. Åéπ\úË Öçúø’. F´-éπ\úø °æ‹Jh Ææyûªç-vûªçí¬ Öçúø-´îª’a.)

Sasir: Thank you. No other suits me so well.But I am here on my company's busi-ness. I can stay at any expensivehotel at company's expense.

Harsha: True. I understand that, but we can'thave each other's company. No more ofit. Let's drive home at once. (Eï¢Ë’, Ø√éπ-®Ωn-´’-®·çC, é¬E ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç éπL-Ææ’ç-úø™‰ç éπü∆?Éçé¬ N≠æߪ’ç Ç°æ¤. ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«lç-°æü¿ ¢ÁçôØË.)

Sasir: As you please. At the same time I wantyou to be my guest for a day. So I'llmove to a good hotel tomorrow nightand stay there till the day after. (F É≠ædç.Å®·ûË †’--¢Ìyéπ\ ®ÓVèπ◊ Ø√ ÅA-C∑í¬ Öçúø’.鬕öÀd Í®°æ¤ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ØËØË-üÁjØ√ Hotel èπ◊¢Á∞¡û√, á©’xçúÕ ´®Ωèπÿ Åéπ\úø Öçö«.)

Harsha: Oh come on Sasir. You stay the wholetime with me. (ÅüËç é¬ü¿’. †’´¤y ´÷ÉçöxØË Öçúø’.)

Sasir: You are at it again- playing the goodhost and entertaining company. Butyou deprive me of the money I can getfrom my company. (´’Sx ÅüË °æE îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤ – ´’ç* ÇAü∑∆u-Eo*a ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©èπ◊Ææ®Ωü∆ îËߪ’ôç. Å®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’ôç ´©xcompany †’ç* Ø√éÌîËa úø•’s éÓ™pßË’ô’dîËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤.)

playing = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç Çúøôç. ÉC-´’-†ç-ü¿-JéÃûÁ©’Ææ’. Playing Åçõ‰ äé𠧃vûª §Ú≠œç-îªúøç ÅEèπÿú≈. NTR played Lord Krishna in a numberof movies = NTR î√™« *vû√™x éπ%≠æflg-úÕí¬ †öÀç-î√úø’. Eï @N-ûªç™†÷ àüÁjØ√ §ƒvûª†’ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç, play. Playing the good host = ´’ç* ÇA-ü∑¿u-N’-îËa-¢√úÕ §ƒvûª §Ú≠œç-îªúøç– ´’ç* ÇAü∑¿uç ÉîËa-¢√-úø’í¬ Öçúøôç.Entertain - D†®Ωnç – NØÓü¿ç éπL-Tç-îªôç. Ééπ\úøÅ®Ωnç; ÅA-ü∑¿’-©†’, Éûª-®Ωvû√ ÉçöÀ-éÌ-îËa-¢√-∞¡x†÷îª÷Ææ’-éÓ-´úøç.He is good at entertaining company =ûª†èπ◊ company ÉîËa ¢√∞¡x†’ Åûª†’ ¶«í¬îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.Don't entertain him = Åûª-EûÓ Â°ô’d-éÓ-´ü¿’l.(ÅûªEûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ÊÆo£æ«çí¬ Öçúø-´ü¿’l/ Åûª-EéÀ’´¤ É´y´ü¿’l ÅE.)

Harsha: I'd hear no more of it. You are stayingthe whole time with me. That's all. (؈’ÉçÍéç N†ü¿-©’--éÓ-™‰ü¿’. †’´¤y Ééπ\-úø’-†oçûªÊÆ°æ‹ ´÷ ÉçöxØË Öçô’-Ø√o´¤. ÅçûË.)

Sasir: OK. By the way, how's our old friendand Police inspector Sankar? (ÆæÍ®.ÅC-Ææ-Í®-í¬E ´’† §ƒûª N’vûª’úø’ Policeinspector Sankar ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’?)

Harsha: Busy as always- trying to catch crimi-nals at large. Right now he is after abank robber gang. (á°æp-öÀ-™«Íí BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oúø’– ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ØË®Ω-í¬∞¡x ¢Ëô™. É°æp-öÀ-éÀ-°æ¤púø’ Bank †’ éÌ©x-íÌ-öÀd† ´·®∏√†’ °æô’d-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ÖØ√oúø’.)

Sasir: He is at his best when he is out hunt-ing criminals. I've heard he is going tobe awarded one of the police awards.

(ØË®Ω-í¬-∞¡x†’ °æô’d-èπ◊ØË v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ Ææ´’-®Ωnçí¬´u´-£æ«-J-≤ƒhúø’. Åûª-E-ÍéüÓ police medal´Ææ’hç-ü¿E NØ√o†’.)

Harsha: So he is. We are really happy about it,aren't we? (Å´¤†’, ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆?)

Sasir: Convey my congrats to him. On mynext visit I'll meet him. (Åûª-EéÀ Ø√Congrats îÁ°æ¤p. ØËF-≤ƒJ ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ÅûªEo éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.)

Spoken English ™ at ûÓ ´îËa expressionsîª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆? É°æ¤púø’ ´’J-éÌEo expressions.Look at the following expressions from thedialogue above.

1) You feel absolutely at home.

2) I can stay at any hotel at company'sexpenses.

3) At the sametime I want you to be my guestfor a day.

4) You are at it again.

5) Busy... always trying to catch criminals at large.

6) He is at his best when he is out hunting criminals

1) You feel absolutely at home:

At home Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éπü∆– á´JE í∫’Jç*´÷ö«xúø’ûª’Ø√o¢Á÷ ¢√∞¡x Éçöx ÅE.a) He is at home in the evenings =

≤ƒßª’çvû√©’ Åûª†’ (¢√∞¡x) ÉçöxØË Öçö«úø’.b) They left their children at home =

¢√∞¡x °œ©xLo ¢√∞¡x Éçöx ´C-™‰-¨»®Ω’.(Spoken English ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬– In myhouse, In their house, etc., ÅE ņ®Ω’, athome Åçö«®Ω’.)'At home' èπ◊ Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç: ÅA-ü∑¿’-©ûÓ– ´÷ Éçöxàç ÆæçéÓ-îª-°æ-úÌü¿÷l/ O’ É™‰x ņ’éÓçúÕ/ ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úÌü¿’l/ É•sçC °æúÌü¿’l – ÅE îÁ°æpúøç.Feel at home during your stay = †’´¤y-†oç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ‹ àç ¢Á·£æ«-´÷-ô-°æ-úø-èπ◊çú≈ free í¬ Öçúø’.(ÅA-C∑ûÓ ÅØË ´÷ô) (É•sçC °æúÌü¿’l/ É•sç-Cí¬feel Å¢Ìyü¿’l.)I am quite at home here = Ø√éÀ-éπ\úø éÌûËhç ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ¶«í¬ ≤˘éπ-®Ωuçí¬ ÖçC. àç É•sç-Cí¬ ™‰ü¿’.'At home' èπ◊ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç, à °æØÁjØ√ î√™« ûËLí¬_îËߪ’-í∫-©-í∫úøç/ à subject Å®·Ø√ ¶«í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í∫úøç.a) He is quite at home with maths =

Åûª†’ í∫ùÀûªç ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’.b) She is at home with singing that kind of

songs =

Å™«çöÀ §ƒô©’ §ƒúøôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ææ’©¶µºç.

2) I can stay at any hotel atcompany's expense.

At someone's expense: äéπJúø•’sûÓ/ ê®Ω’aûÓ.

a) I am staying in this hotel at

my company's expense =

Company ê®Ω’aûÓ ØËF hotel

™ ÖØ√o.

b) Ministers, MLAs, MPs and government offi-

cials travel and enjoy all kinds of comforts at

public expense = ´’çvûª’©’, MLA ©’, MP ©’,v°æ¶µº’ûªy ÅCµ-é¬-®Ω’©’ v°æñ«-üµ¿-†çûÓ v°æߪ÷-ù«©’îË≤ƒh®Ω’, ÅEo ®Ω鬩 Ææ’ë«©÷ ņ’-¶µº-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.

c) I went there at my own expense = Ø√ úø•’sê®Ω’a °ô’d-èπ◊ØË Øˆ-éπ\-úÕéÀ ¢Á∞«x†’.

3) At the same time =

äéπ Å®Ωnç– ÅüË/ äÍé Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™.

You can't be talking and listening at the sametime. äÍé Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ ´÷ö«x-úøôç, N†ôç îËߪ’-™‰´¤.Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç– Å®·ûË (but) ÅE.a) He did help me, of course; at the sametime

he hasn't repaid the money he has borrowedfrom me = Ø√èπ◊ Ææ£æ…-ߪ’-¢Á’iûË î˨»úø’, Å®·ûË Ø√ü¿í∫_®Ω BÆæ’èπ◊†o Å°æ¤p Ø√éÀçé¬ îÁLxç-îª-™‰ü¿’.

b) Her voice was good, at the same time heraccent was horrible = Ç¢Á’ íÌçûª’ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC,Å®·ûË Ç¢Á’ Öî√a-®Ωù ´÷vûªç ü∆®Ω’ùç.

c) She was able to pay the bill, at the sametime she was angry at the bill amount = BillîÁLxç-îª-í∫-L-TçC Ç¢Á’, Å®·ûË bill Åçûª °ü¿l ¢Á·ûªhçÅ´ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-*çC.

4) You are at it again = †’´¤y ´’Sx ÅüË îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤.be at it = îËÆœçüË ´’Sx îËߪ’ôç.

a) You are at it again - eating sweets, thoughthe doctor told you not to = ´’Sx ÅüË îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤B°œ Açô÷, Doctor ´ü¿lØ√o èπÿú≈.

b) He is at it again. He has cut class and goneto a movie = ´’Sx ÅüË îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’– Class áíÌ_öÀdÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«xúø’.

5) Busy ... always trying to catch criminalsat large = ûª°œpçèπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o ØË®Ω-í¬-∞¡x†’ °æô’d-éÓ- -ôç™ busy í¬ ÖØ√oúø’.at large = ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o (ØË®Ω-í¬∞¡Ÿx,vèπÿ®Ω´’%í¬©’ ™«çöÀN)

a) The suspected murderer of the child is still atlarge = Ç Gúøf†’ îªç°œ† ´uéÀh ņ’èπ◊çô’†oûª†’Éçé¬ °æ®√K™ ÖØ√oúø’.

b) The bank robbers are still at large = BankéÌ©x-íÌ-öÀd† ¢√Rxçé¬ °æ®√K™ ÖØ√o®Ω’/ §ÚM-Ææ’-©-éÀçé¬*éπ\-™‰ü¿’/ ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

c) The people in the village are scared of apanther at large = Ç ví¬´’ v°æï©’ v°æ´÷-ü¿-éπ-®Ωçí¬A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’†o *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤-L í∫’Jç* ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’.

Panther = *®Ω’-ûª-°æ¤L. scare = ¶µºßª’ç éπL-Tç-îªôç.6) He is at his best when he is out hunting

criminals = ØË®Ω-Ææ’n-©†’ ¢Ëö«úË N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ÅûªEíÌ°æp-ûª†ç îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’/ •ßª’-ô-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.at one's best = äéπJ íÌ°æpûª†ç •ßª’-ô-°æ-úøôç.

He is at his best while acting tragic roles = ü¿’”꧃vûª©’ †öÀç-îª-ôç™ ÅûªE íÌ°æp-ûª†ç îª÷°œ-≤ƒhúø’.tragic = ü¿’”ê-°æ‹-Jûª¢Á’i†. role = (Ø√ô-鬩’/ ÆœE-´÷™x) §ƒvûª.

Exercise: Match words under A with theirmeanings under B

A: 1. cunning 2. disgrace 3. kernel 4. omen5. offspring

B: A. portent B. dishonest C. children D.shame E. central part (of an idea) F. geyser.

KEY: 1.B 2.D 3.E 4.A 5.C.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 277-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

You are at it again

v°æ ¡o: ¢√é¬u-™xE Ø√©’í∫’ ®Ωé¬--©’, °æü∆© Å´’-J-éπ†’í∫’-Jç-* -N-´-Jç-îªí∫-©®Ω’.

– Èé. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y®Ω’x, éπKç-†-í∫®˝ï-¢√-•’:Four kinds of sentences.1) Statement 2) Questions- two kinds of questions:

i) 'wh' questions (questions beginning withwhat, when, where, why, how etc)

ii) Non 'wh' questions- questions without'wh' words like what, when, where, etc.

3) Imperative sentences. (orders, requests, etc)4) Exclamations- sentences expressing sur-

prise/ any sudden feeling.Word order (order of words) in the differ-ent kinds of sentences.1) Statement:

eg: He is my friendWord order: He (subject) + is (verb) + myfriendWord order of a statement: Subject + verbThat is, in a statement, the subject comes

first and the verb next.2) Questions - Word order.a) Wh questions:i) Where is he?Word order: Where (Wh word)+ is (verb) + he (subject)ii) Where are you going?

Word order: Where (Wh word) + are(Helping verb) + you (subject) + going?(Main verb). If a verb has two or morewords in it, the first word is the helpingverb, and the other words, the main verb.b) Non wh questions:i) Are they here? Word order: Are (verb) +

they (subject) + hereii) Are they coming? Word order: Helping

Are (Helping verb) + they (subject) +coming? (Main verb)

Question word order:i) Wh word + verb + subjectii) Wh word+Helping verb+subject+Main verbiii) Verb + subjectiv) Helping verb + subject + Main verbDifference in the word orders of state-ment and question: A statement hasalways the subject before the verb. A ques-tion (whether wh question or non wh ques-tion) has verb before the subject, or the sub-ject after the helping verb (subject inbetween the helping verb and the main verb)

3) Imperative sentence: orders/ requests, etc.In all these sentences, the subject isalways, you, which is not mentioned.eg: i) (you) get out

ii) (you) please come in.Word order: (You) - subject + get (Verb)

4) Exclamations: Sentences expressing sur-prise or sudden feelings:a) What a leader he was! (He was a very

great leader.)Word order: What (wh word) + a leader(noun) + he (subject) + was! (verb)

b) How tall he is! (= He is very tall)Word order: How (wh word) + tall (adj) +he (sub) + is! (verb)

c) How slowly he walks! (He walks veryslowly)Word order: How (Wh word) + slowly(adverb) + he (sub) + walks! (verb)

So the word order in an exclamation:Wh word + Noun/ Adjective/ adverb + sub+ verb.These are word orders in the 4 kinds ofsentences.

- M. SURESAN

-Ç-C-¢√®Ωç 25 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Subhash: Oh ... you are back. What a relief! Imissed you a lot during your absence and lothas happened since you left. (Å´÷t... AJ-íÌ-î√a¢√. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ! †’´¤y ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ E†’oî√™« miss Åߪ÷u. î√™« ïJ-TçC èπÿú≈.)

Prabhas: I missed you too. I am happy to beback. (E†’o èπÿú≈ ؈’ miss Åߪ÷u. AJ-íÌ-*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-úø’-ûª’Ø√o.)

Subhash: There was a lot of back biting hereabout you. People were saying behind yourback, things they dare not say in your pres-ence. (F ¢Á†éπ F í∫’Jç* áEo ´÷ô-©-Ø√o®Ó. F´·çü¿’ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ îÁ°æp-™‰E ´÷ô©’ F ¢Á†éπØ√o®Ω’.)

Prabhas: Who said all that and what did theysay? Didn't you try to check them? (á´®Ω’ Å™«Å†oC? à´’-Ø√o®Ω’? ¢√∞¡x†’ †’´¤y Ç°æ-ú≈-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-™‰ü∆?)

Subhash: I was backing you up whenever theyindulged in backbiting about you. But nonecould stop them. (¢√∞¡Ÿx F í∫’Jç* îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’çõ‰ E†’o ؈’ Ææ´’-Jn-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o. é¬E ¢√∞¡x†’á´®Ω÷ Ç°æ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’.)

indulge in = àüÁjØ√ îÁúø’ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôçIndulge in drink = û√í∫ôçindulge in vice = ´uÆæ-Ø√-©èπ◊ ™•-úøôçindulge in violence = üˆ®Ωb-Ø√u-EéÀ §ƒ©p-úøôç

Prabhas: I now know who they are it must beRohit and Roshan. I know the reason too. (Ç... É°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC ¢√∞Îx-´®Ó.. ®Ó£œ«û˝, ®Ó≠æ-Ø˛™„jÖçú≈L. ††’o ¢√∞¡Ÿx Aôd-ú≈-EéÀ 鬮Ωùç èπÿú≈ûÁ©’Ææ’.)

Subhash: You've guessed a right. But why? (FÜ£æ« ÆæÈ®jçüË. é¬F áçü¿’èπ◊ Å™« Aö«d®Ω’ E†’o?)

Prabhas: They wanted me to recommendthem for inclusion in the team. They are verypoor players and so I couldn't. They contin-ued to pester me and I told them to get off myback. That must have offended them. (Team™ îË®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√∞¡x†’ Æœ§∂ƒ®Ω’q îËߪ÷-©-Ø√o®Ω’.¢√∞¡Ÿx ´’ç* players é¬®Ω’. Åçü¿’-éπE ؈’ ¢√∞¡x†’recommend îËߪ’-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’. Å®·Ø√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ††’o°‘úÕç-îª-ôçûÓ, ††’o NÆœ-Tç-îª-´-ü¿lE í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ§ƒp†’.ÅC ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç* Öçô’çC.)

pester = üËE-éÓ-Ææ-¢Á’iØ√ äéπ-JE °‘úÕç-îªôçSubhash: Correct. They were saying a lot

many things about you. But at the back oftheir minds there perhaps was the feeling thatthey had been ignored. (¢√∞ÏxüÓ î√™« ÅØ√o®Ω’é¬E, •£æ›¨» ¢√∞¡x ´’†-Ææ’™ ûª´’†’ ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-î√-®Ω†o¶µ«´ç ÖçúÕ Öçúø- a.) But I think Ramana isbehind all this, egging them on. é¬F ¢√∞¡x†’È®îªa-íÌ-úø’ûª÷, DE ¢Á†éπ ®Ω´’ù ÖØ√o-úøE ؈-†’-éÌç-ô’Ø√o.

egg on = È®îªa-íÌ-ôdúøç.Prabhas: Why perhaps? That is exactly at the

back of their mind. (áçü¿’-éπ™«? ÅÆæ-©üË ¢√∞¡x ´’†-Ææ’™ Ö†o ÅÆæ-©-®·† ¶µ«´ç.)

Subhash: Now that you've come back you cantalk to them and settle things. (†’´¤y AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤é¬•öÀd ¢√∞¡xûÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ ÅFo °æJ-≥ƒ\®Ωç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a.)

Prabhas: OK. Let's see.

°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ back ûÓ Ö†o expressions í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Natural conversational English ™back, back ûÓ ´îËa expressions î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·.

ÅN î√™« ûª®Ω’-îª’í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. Back Åçõ‰´÷´‚©’ Å®√n©’ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’. ¢Á†éπ ÅØË Å®Ωnçî√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. back Åçõ‰ O°æ¤ ÅE èπÿú≈ éπü∆?He carried the bag on his back=

Ç Ææç*E ûª† O°æ¤ O’ü¿ ¢Á÷¨»úø’.back Åçõ‰ ¢Á†éÀ\ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC éπü∆.He took it back with him =

Åûª†’ ü∆Eo ¢Á†éÀ\ BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’ (AJT BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’)èπ◊Ka, sofa ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™ ´’†ç dž’-èπ◊ØË ¢Á†é𠶵«í∫çèπÿú≈ back. She leant on the back of the chair=Ç¢Á’ èπ◊Ka™ dž’-èπ◊E èπÿ®Ω’açC. (The back of sofa)

ÉN ´’†™ î√™«- ’ç-CéÀ ûÁL-Æœ† 'back' Å®√n©’.Back èπÿ, behind èπÿ ûËú≈: Back Åçõ‰ ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤.a) He sat at the back of the bus =

Bus ™ ¢Á†-éπ-¢Áj°æ¤ èπÿ®Ω’a-Ø√oúø’.b) There was a small car behind the bus =

Bus ¢Á†éπ ã *†o car ÖçC.

(´’†ç î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ¢Á†éπ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ back side ÅEéÌçûª- ’çC ņôç Nçô’çö«ç. back èπ◊, back sideèπ◊ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. back Åçõ‰ ûÁL-ÆœçüË – ¢Á†éπÅE, backside Åçõ‰ ÆæÈ®j† Å®Ωnç °œ®Ω’-ü¿’©’)At the back side of the room there was a dogÅçõ‰ ´îËa £æ…≤ƒu-Ææp-ü¿-¢Á’i† Å®Ωnç Ö£œ«ç--éÓçúÕ.Room èπ◊ back side Öçúøü¿’. At the back of theroom there was a dog = Room ™ ¢Á†éπ ã èπ◊éπ\ÖçC. There was a dog at his back = ÅûªE ¢Á†éπèπ◊éπ\ ÖçC. There was dog behind the bus - bus¢Á†éπ (bus ™ é¬ü¿’) ã èπ◊éπ\ ÖçC)É°æ¤púø’ back ûÓ ´îËa ´’J-éÌEo expressions îª÷ü∆lç.Look at the following sentences from theconversation at the beginning of the lesson:

1) You are back/ I am happy to be back

2) There was a lot of back biting about you

3) I was backing you up

4) Ramana is behind all this

5) I told them to get off my back

6) But at the back of their minds was the feel-ing that they had been ignored.

1) You are back/ I am happy to be back. Ééπ\úÕphrase, be back = ¢Á†-éÀ\-®√-´ôç/ AJ-T-®√-´ôç.

a) My father was back from Tirupathi yesterday´÷ Ø√†o E†o A®Ω’-°æA †’ç* AJ-íÌ-î√a®Ω’.

b) When will you be back?

†’´¤y ´’Sx á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh´¤?c) I leave for college at 10 and am back home

at 4 = °æCç-öÀéÀ college éÀ ¢Á∞¡-û√†’, Ø√©’-Tç-öÀéÀAJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. (Back home Åçõ‰ î√©’. Back tohome ûª°æ¤p. Back at home Åçûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’)

2) There was a lot of back biting about you= †’´¤y ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ F í∫’Jç* (Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈)î√™« îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-ú≈®Ω’.

a) Only a coward indulges in back biting = °œJ-éÀ-¢√∞Ï Éûª-®Ω’© °æ®Ó-éπ~ç™ îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.(coward = éıÅú˛ – éı ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç = °œJ-éÀ-¢√®Ω’)

b) He does a lot of back biting about everybody = v°æA-¢√úÕ ¢Á†éπ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈á°æ¤púø÷ î√-™« îÁúø’ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’.

3) I was backing you up =

E†’o ؈’ Ææ´’-JnÆæ÷h ÖØ√o†’.back up = ´’ü¿l-A-´yôç/ Ææ´’-Jnç-îªôç

a) Krishna always backed up the Pandavas =Xéπ%-≠æflg-úÁ-°æ¤p-úø÷ §ƒçúø-´¤-©ØË Ææ´’-Jnç-î√úø’.

b) If God could be seen, and if God were tocome down, he would back me up. üË ¤úø’´’†èπ◊ éπ-E°œÊÆh, Çߪ’ØË CT ´ÊÆh, †ØËo Ææ´’-Jn-≤ƒhúø’.

c) She always backs her husband up = -Ç¢Á’á°æ¤púø÷ ûª† ¶µº®ΩhØË Ææ´’-Jn-Ææ’hçC.

(Back up Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç –Computer program -™í¬-F,Disk ™í¬F Ö†o Ææ´÷-î√-®√EoCopy îËߪ’ôç. The comput-

er program has been

backed up = Computer pro-

gram †’ °æ¤Ææh-éπç-™éÀ copy

î˨»®Ω’.)

4) Ramana is behind all this = DE-¢Á-†éπ ®Ω´’ù£æ«Ææhç ´¤çC.

to be behind = äéπü∆EéÀ 鬮Ω-ù-´’ßË’u ´uèπ◊h©’/N≠æ-ߪ÷©’.

a) The Police are yet to know whose hand is

behind the Sanjhautha Express blast =

Ææç®Ωó¯û√ express Ê°©’∞¡x ¢Á†’éπ á´J £æ«ÆæhçÖçüÓ police éÀçé¬ -ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’.

b) Maoists are behind the blasting of the policestation = Police station Ê°La-¢Ëûª ¢Á†’éπ ´÷N-Æˇd©£æ«Ææhç ÖçC.(Maoist - correct pronunciation: ´÷NÆˇd;´÷¢Ó-ÉÆˇd é¬ü¿’.)

5) I told them to get off my back =

††’o °‘úÕç-îÌü¿’l/ ¢ËCµç-îÌü¿’l ÅE ¢√∞¡xûÓ îÁ§ƒp†’(†ØÌo-C-™„-ߪ’uç-úÕ ÅE îÁ§ƒp†’.)

a) Please get off my back. I can't give you any

money now =

É°æ¤púø’ †ØÌo-C-™„ß’. FéÀ-°æ¤púËO’ úø-Gs-´y-™‰†’.á´-È®j† ´’†èπ◊ NÆæ’-í∫’-°æ¤-õ‰dç-ûªí¬ àüÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-TØ√éÓ°æç ûÁ°œpç-*Ø√ Å°æ¤púø’ *é¬-èπ◊ûÓ ÅØË ´÷ô–Please get off my back/ Get off my back.

b) Get off my back. Don't trouble me anymore

with your requests =

†ØÌo-C-™‰-ߪ’çúÕ. O’ Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†-©ûÓ ††’o NÆœ-Tç-îª-éπçúÕ.c) The tourist told the beggars to get off his

back =

Ç tourist Ç ´·≠œd-¢√-∞¡x†’ ¢ÁR-§Ò-´’t-Ø√oúø’.6) But at the back of their mind was the feel-

ing that they had been ignored =

¢√∞¡†’ ©éπ~u-°-ôd-™‰-ü¿†o ¶µ«´ç ¢√∞¡ ´’†-Ææ’™ÖçC.At the back of one's mind =

äéπJ ´’†-Ææ’q™ Ö†o Ç™-/ éÓJéπ/ ÖüËl¨¡ç,etc.

a) At the back of his mind is his desire to be

elected =

ûª†’ áEo-éπ-¢√-©ØË éÓJéπ ÅûªE ´’†-Ææ’™ ÖçC.b) His absence from the meeting is a surprise.

No one knows what is at the back of his

mind =

Åûª-E-¢√∞¡ Æ涵ºèπ◊ ®√éπ-§Ú- ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’. ÅûªE(´’†-Ææ’-™E) ÖüËl¨¡ç á´-Jéà ¶üµ¿°æ-úøôç-™‰ü¿’.

EXERCISE

Match the words under A with their mean-ings under B

A B

1. Delicious A. bodily (of the body)

2. explode B. raise

3. embrace C. burst

4. lift D. hug

5. physical E. tasty

F. tender

G. scientific

KEY: 1-E 2-C 3-D 4-B 5- A.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 278-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

There was a lot of back biting ..

v°æ ¡o:Could you draw a 'thumbnail sketch' ofwhat you mean by that? Talk about theissue of displacement and rehabilitation.

°j ¢√éπuç-™E Thumb nail sketch èπ◊– ¢ËLíÓöÀûÓ ¢ËÊÆ *vûªç– ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈ ¢ËÍ® Å®Ωnç àüÁjØ√Öçü∆? DEo ᙫ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?

–– N. Satyam Emerald, Adilabad.

ï¢√•’:Thumb nail sketch Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç O’®Ω-†oô’xíÓöÀûÓ UÊÆ *vûªç ÅØË. Å®·ûË Give me/ Letme have a thumb nail sketch of the personyou've met ™«çöÀ ¢√é¬u™x D†®Ωnç – †’´¤yéπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊†o ´uéÀhE í∫’-Jç-* èπ◊x°æhçí¬ ´Jgç ÅE– Ç ´uéÀh ®Ω÷°æç/ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©’ ÅE.The magazine gives thumbnail sketches ofthe Padmasri award winners this year = ÑÆæç´-ûªq®Ωç °æü¿tX °æ¤®Ω-≤ƒ\-®√©’ §ÒçC† ¢√®Ωç-ü¿JÆæçéÀ~°æh N´-®√©÷ Ç magazine ™ ÖØ√o®·.

v°æ ¡o: Begin, Start, Commence èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. Å™«Íí lest ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ should ûª°æp-E-Ææ-Jí¬¢√ú≈™«? - M Prakasa Rao,

Visakhapatnam

ï¢√•’: Begin, start, com-mence Ñ ´‚--úÕçöÀéÀ Å®√n©’ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰. Å®·ûË commence

§ƒçúÕûªuç – bookish and formal. ´÷´‚©’conversation ™ Åç-ûªí¬ ¢√úø®Ω’. Begin, startäéπü∆E•ü¿’©’ äéπöÀ ¢√úø- a ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo-îÓö«x.Å®·ûË begin éπØ√o spoken English ™ start¢√úø-éπ¢Ë’ áèπ◊\´.

lest ûª®√yûª should ´Ææ’hçC, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ plaininfinitive ´Ææ’hçC.

a) He started early lest he should miss thetrain = He started early lest he miss thetrain. (He ûª®√yûª should ™‰èπ◊çú≈ miss ÅEplain infinitive ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.)

b) He wore a sweater lest he should catch cold= He wore a sweater lest he catch cold.

v°æ ¡o:i) A book exhibition is going to be held °æ¤Ææhéπv°æü¿-®Ωz† E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC (Future). -D-E-E Abook exhibition will be held ÅE ®√ߪ’-´î√a?

ii) 'To be' †’ particular í¬ á™« ¢√úø-û√®Ω’?ü∆E´·çü¿’ ´îËa verb à tense ™ Öçú≈-L?

–– S. Nagamani, Beechupally

ï¢√•’: i) A book exhibition is going to be held;A book exhibition will be held. Ñ È®çúø÷future ØË ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. Å®·ûË, will be held éπØ√ogoing to be held ņôç áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç.

An exhibition will be held = E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC. (Åçûª-éπ-*aûªç é¬ü¿’)An exhibition is going to be held = E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îª-•-úø’-ûª’çC (éπ*aûªç – DE í∫’-Jç-* ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’)

ii) To be E future èπ◊ ¢√úøôç:a) He is going to be/ will be here in a few days

(He is going to be ÅØËC, will be éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ éπ*aûªç)b) The bride to be has yet to buy her saris =

鬶ßË’ °Rxèπÿûª’®Ω’ ûª† <®Ω-©-Eçé¬ éÌØ√Lq ÖçC)c) This is to be your diet until you are cured =

Fèπ◊ -†-ߪ’-´’-ßË’u-´®Ωèπ◊ ÉC F °æü∑¿uçí¬ (®Óí∫’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊ØË °æJ-N’ûª ǣ慮Ωç) Öçúø-¶-ûª’ç-C/- Öç-ú≈L.To be á°æ¤púø÷ future †’ ûÁ©’-°æü¿’. will be,shall be, would be, should be É´Fo to beèπ◊†o éÌEo ®Ω÷§ƒ©’– ÉN ´÷vûª¢Ë’, °j† a), b)c) sentences ™ ûÁL°œ†¢√öÀûÓ future †’ûÁ©’°æ¤-û√®·. O’é¬\-´-©-Æœ† -É-ûª®Ω -N-´®√-©-†’Eenadu website -™ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ.

- M. SURESAN

-´’çí∫-∞¡-¢√®Ωç 27 °∂œ-v•-´-J 2007 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 1

Pradhan: What's the time now?

Vardhan: Nine exactly by my watch.

(Ø√ ¢√î˝ v°æ鬮Ωç ûÌN’tü¿®·çC.)by my watch = Ø√ ¢√î˝ v°æ鬮Ωç.

Pradhan: Nine already! How time flies! Thanksfor a well spent hour. I must rush tooffice. I've (I have) a lot of back logto clear. I suppose it will keep mebusy till the week end.

(Å°æ¤púË ûÌN’t-ü¿-®·çü∆. ã í∫çô-Êư椶«í¬ í∫úÕ-°œ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Fèπ◊ thanks. Ç°∂‘Æˇèπ◊¢ÁRx§Ú-¢√L. Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·† °æE î√™«

ÖçC. Åü¿çû√ Å´-íÌ-ö«dL. ü∆E-´©x Ñ¢√®√ç-ûªç- ´-®Ωèπ◊ G@í¬ Öçö«-†E ņ’-èπ◊çö«.) well spent = ¶«í¬ í∫úÕ-°œ†.

to clear = ÅÆæç-°æ‹-Jhí¬ Ö†o°æE-E -°æ‹Jh îËߪ’ôç.Vardhan: You usually sweat it out. Why don't

you take it easy for a change.

(´÷´‚-©’í¬ †’´¤y î√™« v¨¡´’-°æ-úø-û√´¤.éπFÆæç ´÷®Ω’p-éÓ-Ææ--¢Á’iØ√ ã≤ƒ-JéÀ ûËLí¬_ BÆæ’-éÓ- a éπü∆?)

sweat it out= îÁ ’-öúÕa v¨¡´’-°æ-úøôçPradhan: What do you know? The boss is

always on our back; he forgets weare understaffed. If I don't clear theback log, I'll be shown the door. It'sas serious as that.

(ÅC °æ‹®Ωh-ßË’u-ü∆éπ ´÷ ¶«Æˇ ´÷ ¢Áçô-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. ´÷èπ◊ Æœ•sçC ûªèπ◊\´ ņoN≠æߪ’ç ´’Ja-§Ú--û√úø’. Ê°®Ω’èπ◊§Ú-®·† °æE°æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË, ¢ÁRx-§Ò-´’tç-ö«úø’.Ç N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª Æ‘J-ߪ’Æˇ.)

(To be) shown the door = •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-´’-†ôç.Vardhan: I thought your boss was the good

sort. (O’ ¶«Æˇ ´’ç*-®Ωéπç ņ’-èπ◊Ø√o.)sort = type = ®Ωéπç

Pradhan: Good Sort! No other boss can be asnasty as he. Most of us at the officewill be very glad to see the back ofhim.

(´’çî√! à ¶«Æˇ èπÿú≈ Åçûª ü¿’®√t-®Ω’_-úø’í¬ Öçúøúø’. ´÷ Ç°∂‘-Æˇ™ î√™«´’çCÅûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§ÚûË ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh®Ω’.)

Nasty = ü¿’®√t-®Ω_-¢Á’i†.Vardhan: Perhaps your pay is good.

(O’ @ûªç ¶«í¬ØË Öçô’ç-ü¿--†’èπ◊çö«)Pradhan: Who'd grudge if the pay were as

good as the work? what we get is apittance.

(v¨¡´’èπ◊ ûªí∫_/ °æEéÀ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† @ûªçÖçõ‰ á´®Ω’ Ææù’-í∫’-û√®Ω’? ¢Ë’ç§Òç-üËCî√™« ûªèπ◊\´.)

pittance = î√™« ûªèπ◊\´ úø•’s. - °œö¸Ø˛q– '°œ—ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç

Vardhan: Then demand a rise.

(°çîª-´’E úÕ´÷çú˛ îËߪ’çúÕ.)A rise=°ç°æ¤

Pradhan: We did and they conceded. But theyhave back tracked on their offer of a20% rise in wages.

(¢Ë’ç úÕ´÷çú˛ î˨»ç. ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç ÅçU-éπJç*çC. é¬-F 20 ¨»ûªç ¢Ëûª-Ø√© °ç°æ¤N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢√Rx-*a-†- ÷ô O’ü¿ ¢Á†éÀ\¢Á∞«x®Ω’/ ´÷ô-´÷-®√a®Ω’)

concede (éπØ˛-Æ‘ú˛) = Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç (úÕ´÷çú˛™«çöÀ ¢√öÀéÀ).

Vardhan: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?)Pradhan: We demanded that they raise the

pay from a back date, but theywouldn't. They wanted to avoid pay-ing us the back wages.

(¢Ë’ç í∫ûªç †’ç* °çîª-´’Ø√oç. é¬F ¢√∞¡Ÿx(ߪ÷ï-´÷†uç) ÅçU-éπ-Jç-îª-™‰ü¿’, í∫ûªç†’ç* °ç*-†ç-ü¿’-´©x ´îËa •é¬®· ¢Ëûª-Ø√©’ áíÌ_-ôd-ö«-EéÀ)

Vardhan: Yea; now I remember. I read aboutthe trouble in your company in theback number of a finance journal.

(Ç... Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. O’ éπç°Fvô•’™¸ †’ í∫’Jç* àüÓ ÇJnéπ °ævAé𠧃ûªÆæç*-éπ™ îªC-¢√†’.)

Pradhan: You're right. It must be the

December issue of it. OK. I must begoing. See you.

(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC éπÈ®Íéd. ÅC úÕÂÆç-•®Ω’Ææç*éπ Åߪ·uçú≈L. ؈’ ¢Á∞«L. éπ©’≤ƒh)

[[ [[ [[Spoken English ™ back ûÓ ´îËa ÅA≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωù¢Á’i†expressions †’ í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√oç éπü∆.Now look at the following sentences from

the dialogue above.

1) I've a lot of back log to clear

2) The boss is always on our back

3) Most of us at the office will be glad to see theback of him.

4) They have back tracked on their offer

5) We demanded that they raise the pay from aback date...

6) They wanted to avoid paying us back wages.

1) I've a lot of back log to clear =

Ê°®Ω’èπ◊§Ú®·† °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC.back log = (°æE ™«çöÀN) Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·-†N.

a) In every LPG shop/ gas agency, there is alot of back log, So you'd (you had) betterbook in advance.

(v°æA gas agency ™†÷ É°æp-öÀÍé book îËÆæ’-èπ◊†o î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ Ææ®Ω-°∂æ®√ îËߪ÷Lq ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ´·ç-üË Cylinder †’ book îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç´’ç*C. (Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ book îËÆæ’èπ◊E ÖØ√o cylin-der E Éçé¬ §Òçü¿-E-¢√∞¡Ÿx, back log Ééπ\úø))

b) The back log of applicants for the issue oflicences is yet to be cleared. So I'd betterapply now so that I can get the licence threemonths later .

(Éçûª´®Ωèπ◊ ™„jÂÆØ˛q éÓÆæç ü¿®Ω-ë«Ææ’h °ô’d-èπ◊†o¢√∞¡x ñ«Gû√ °æ‹®Ωh´-™‰ü¿’. ؈’ É°æ¤púË Å°kx îËÊÆh´‚úø’ ØÁ©©-ÈéjØ√ ´Ææ’hçC.)

2) The boss is always on our back

(´÷ ¶«Æˇ á°æ¤púø÷ ¢Áçô-°æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’ °æE îË®·ç-îª-ö«-EéÀ.)be on some one's back = ÅüË°æEí¬ äéπJ ¢Áçô-°æúÕ °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´ôç/ §Ú®Ω’-°-ôdúøç.

a) My dad's on my back about getting married.So I am seeking a job in a distance place.

(°R îËÆæ’-éÓ-´’E ´÷ Ø√†o äéπõ‰ §Ú®Ω’ °úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Åçü¿’-éπE àüÁjØ√ ü¿÷®Ω v§ƒçûªç™ ÖüÓu-í∫çéÓÆæç v°æߪ’-Ao-Ææ’hØ√o.)

b) She was on her husband's back about cost-ly jewellery. He ran into debts to satisfy her.

(êK-üÁj† †í∫© éÓÆæç ¶µº®Ωh†’ §Ú®Ω’-°-õ‰d-Ææ-JéÀ, Ç¢Á’éÓJéπ B®Ωa-ú≈-EéÀ Åûªúø’ Å°æ¤p-©-§ƒ-©-ߪ÷uúø’.)

3) Most of us will be glad to see the back ofhim.(Åûªúø’ ¢ÁRx-§ÚûË îª÷Æœ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx ´÷ Ç°∂‘Æˇ™ î√™«-´’çC ÖØ√o®Ω’.)

glad to see the back of some-thing/ someone=

äéπ®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç/ äéπ N≠æߪ’çÅçûª-´’-´ôç îª÷Æœ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªôç.a) Who won't be glad to see

the back of corruption.

(ÅN-FA Åü¿%-¨¡u-´’-´ôç á´-J-éÀ-≠ædç-™‰ü¿’?)b) Every opposition leader will be glad to see

the back of ruling party.

(v°æB N°æ-éπ~-ØËûª ÅCµ-é¬-®Ωç™ Ö†o §ƒKd ¢ÁRx-§Ú- -ú≈Eo £æ«J-≤ƒh-úø’.)

c) He was glad to see the back of the guest.

(ÅAC∑ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-´ôç îª÷Æœ Åûªúø’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√úø’.)4) They have back tracked on their offer.

(¢√Rx-≤ƒh-´’†o ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’ ¢√∞¡Ÿx.)Back track on offer/ promise/ word =

É´yôç/ ¢√í¬l†ç/ ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-éπ-§Ú-´ôç

a) The party has back tracked on the policy offree power for all the farmers.

(È®jûª’-©ç-ü¿-Jéà Ö*ûªNü¿’uû˝ Nüµ∆†ç ´÷ô E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-™‰ü∆ §ƒKd/§ƒKd ´÷ô´÷JaçC/ ´÷ôûª°œpçC.)

b) He back tracked on his word of pardon.

(éπ~N’-≤ƒh-†E ņo´÷ô†’ Åûªúø’ E©-¶„-ô’d-éÓ-™‰ü¿’.)5) We demanded that the raise of wages

from a back date.(§ƒûª ûËD †’ç* ¢Ëûª-Ø√©’ °çîª-´’E úÕ´÷çú˛î˨»ç.)

Back date = í∫ûªç™ äéπ ®ÓV/ ûËC.a) Raju wanted the teacher to issue him a cer-

tificate with a back date.

(§ƒûªûË--C ¢ËÆœ† ÆæJd-°∂œ-Èéö¸ É´y-´’E ®√V öÃîª-®˝†’éÓ®√úø’.)

b) Kumari issued a cheque carrying a backdate. (èπ◊´÷J §ƒûªûËDûÓ Ö†o îÁé˙†’ É*açC.)

6) They wanted to avoid paying us backwages .(§ƒûªûËD †’ç* ¢Ëûª†ç É´yôç áíÌ_-ö«d-©E ņ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.back wages = (Back date †’ç* Å´’-™„j† @-ûªç •é¬-®·©’.)

a) The court struck down his removal from ser-vice and ordered the company to pay himback wages.

(ÅûªúÕE ÖüÓuí∫ç †’ç* ûÌ©-Tç-îªôç éÓ®Ω’d éÌõ‰d-ÆœçC; @-ûªç •é¬-®·-©†’ îÁLxç-îª-´’çC.)

b) He spent the back wages on his daughter'smarriage.

(ûª† @ûªç •é¬-®·-©ûÓ èπÿûª’J °Rx î˨»úø’.)7) back number =

äéπ °ævAéπ í∫ûª Ææç*-éπ†’ back number Åçö«ç.a) I came across your photo in one of the back

numbers of the magazine.

(Ç °ævAé𠧃ûªÆæç*-éπ© äéπü∆ØÓx F§∂Òö îª÷¨»†’.)b) Kumar could not get the back number of the

magazine.

(-´÷uí∫-@-Ø˛ §ƒûªÆæç*éπ- èπ◊´÷-®˝èπ◊ áéπ\ú≈ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’.)

ExerciseMatch the words under A with their meaningsunder B

A B

1) Rural A) small

2) quiet B) of villages

3) harm C) calm

4) polite D) hurt

5) minute E) simple

F) courteous

G) complicated

Key: 1.B; 2.C; 3.D; 4.F; 5.A.

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 279-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù

I've a lot of back log to clear

-v°æ¨¡o: i) Shopping ÅØË °æü¿ç ᙫ °æ¤-öÀdç-C?ii) I saw/ I did see ™x àC éπÈ®èπ◊d?iii) Miss, Mister, Mrs °æü∆-©èπ◊ plural îÁ°æpçúÕ.

–-Å-L-¨Î-öÀd ≤ƒy-N’-ü∆Æˇ, ---A---§ƒp-ߪ’°æ-Lx, éπ-Kç-†í∫®˝.

ï¢√•’: i) shop Åçõ‰ ü¿’é¬ùç éπü∆. ü¿’é¬ùç/

Åçí∫öx ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ éÌçö«ç 鬕öÀd shopping

Åçö«ç. a) shop = ü¿’é¬ùç/ Åçí∫úÕ

b) shop = ü¿’é¬-ùç™E ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ é̆úøç.a) I bought these things at/ in that shop =

Ç ü¿’é¬-ùç™ Ñ ´Ææ’h- ¤©’ éÌØ√o.b) Only when we have money we can shop =

úø•’s-†o-°æ¤púË ´Ææ’h-´¤©’ é̆-í∫©ç.ii) Miss, Mrs, Mr. - OöÀéÀ plural Ê°®Ωxèπ◊ ´·çü¿’

¢√úø®Ω’. ¢√úø-éπç™ ™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË Mr èπ◊ plural

Messrs ÅE ÖçC. é¬E DEE M/s í¬ com-

pany © Ê°®Ωx ´·çü¿’ – ÅC èπÿú≈ company ©Ê°®Ω’x ´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ω’xí¬ Öçõ‰ØË ¢√úø-û√®Ω’.

eg: M/s Gopal and Krishna, M/s Syamlal &

Sons, ™«çöÀN. Company Ê°®Ω’x,´uèπ◊h© Ê°®Ωx™ ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ Messrs

¢√úøç. iii) I saw, I did see - È®çúø÷ correct. I saw (the movie last

night) = ؈’ îª÷¨»†’. I did see

(the movie...) = ؈’ îª÷¨»†’ ÅE ØÌéÀ\îÁ°æpôç. (؈’ îª÷úø-éπ-§Ú-´ôç àN’öÀ? éπ*aûªçí¬

îª÷¨»†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)I did see him go out = Åûª†’ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç؈’ îª÷¨»†’ – îª÷úøôç ߪ’ü∆®Ωnç.

v°æ--¨¡o: éÀç-C-¢√-öÀéÀ -ûË-ú≈ --ûÁ-©°æç-úÕ.1. Passenger - traveller

2. Attender - Attendant

– Èé. Å°æp-©-Ææ÷J, N¨»-ê-°æôoç

ï¢√•’: Traveller ÅØ√o passenger ÅØ√o ûÁ©’-í∫’™ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. TravellerÅçõ‰ ûª®Ωîª÷ v°æߪ÷-ù«©’ îËÊÆ-¢√úø’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓEnglish ™ áèπ◊\´í¬ ¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈´÷´‚-©’í¬ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úø’ ÅØË Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC.Passenger Åçõ‰ v°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úË. Å®·ûË àüÁjØ√v°æߪ÷ù ≤ƒüµ¿†ç (car, bus, train) ™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™xv°æߪ÷-ùÀ-èπ◊úø’ ÅE. ÉC î√™« ´·êu¢Á’i† ûËú≈. pas-senger á°æ¤púø÷ v°æߪ÷ù ≤ƒüµ¿-†ç™ ÅD ûª†’drive îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÉçÈé-´-È®jØ√ drive îËÊÆ ¢√£æ«-†ç™¢Á∞Ïx ¢√úøE Å®Ωnç.Passengers Åçü¿®Ω÷ travellers é¬F travellersÅçü¿®Ω÷ passengers 鬆-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.ii) Attendant Åçõ‰ ؈éπ®Ω’. shops, parkingareas (¢√£æ«-Ø√©’ EL-Ê°-îÓô’x–•£œ«-®Ωçí∫ v°æüË-¨»™x)customers èπ◊ ÊÆ´-©ç-CçîË ¢√∞¡⁄x, íÌ°æp £æ«Ùü∆™xÖ†o-¢√--∞¡Ÿx, ´·Ææ-L-¢√-∞¡Ÿx ´uéÀh-í∫ûª¢Á’i† ÊÆ´-©ç-Cç-îË-¢√∞¡Ÿx(ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÊÆ´-èπ◊©’) attendants.

Å®·ûË Â°j Å®ΩnçûÓ India ™ attender ÅØË ´÷ô¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. é¬F standard spoken or writtenEnglish ™ ؈éπ®Ω’, ÊÆ´-èπ◊úø’ ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ atten-der ÅØË ´÷ô ¢√úø®Ω’. äéπ Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ £æ…ï®Ω’(attend) ÅßË’-u¢√-∞¡xØË attenders Åçö«®Ω’ stan-dard English ™.a) She is a regular attender at these music

concerts = Ñ §ƒô éπîË-K-©èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ véπ´’ç ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ £æ…ï-®Ω-´¤-ûª’çC.

b) There wasn't any attendant to take care ofthe blind passenger = Ç Åçüµ¿ v°æߪ÷-ùÀèπ◊úÕEîª÷Ææ’-éÓ-ú≈-EéÀÈé´®Ω÷ ؈éπ®Ω’/ ÊÆ´-èπ◊úø’ ™‰úø’.(á´J Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ØË v°æߪ÷ùç î˨»úø’)

c) Blind passengers are allowed to take anattendant free on the train = Åçüµ¿ v°æߪ÷--ùÀèπ◊©’ ûª´’ Å´-Ææ-®√-©†’ îª÷Ææ’èπ◊ØË ¢√JE È®j∞¡x™Ö*-ûªçí¬ BÆæ’Èé∞¡x´îª’a .

- M. SURESAN