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IT Research Challenges to Advance Open Government
Marti A. HearstUC Berkeley School of Information
iConference 2010
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Disclaimers
I am speaking only for myself, not my employer. Any views or opinions are solely my own.
I am new to most of the topics I'll cover, so my statements may be naïve and/or shallow at best, and incorrect at worst.
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What’s the Excitement About?
“Government 2.0”
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What's the Excitement About?
“Government 2.0” Three main areas for IT innovation:
1. New technologies for public-govt communication,
2. Open data and other techniques for govt transparency,
3. Cost savings and efficiencies from new approaches to using technology.
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Outline
Background U.S. Govt Agencies basics IT-related legislation
What is Open Government? Research Topics for iSchoolers How can you get involved?
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1%
2%
Proportion of employment (Bureau Labor Statistics)
97%
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U.S. Government Agencies
Agencies are like large public universities Serve the public Relatively autonomous Slow to change Similar in structure and operation
Lots of replicated functionality
Lots of sub-agencies that replicate functionality
Depend on the state for their funding
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U.S. Government Agencies
The nation’s largest employer 15 executive cabinet agencies (1.9M employees)
Defense Homeland Veterans State Justice
Education Health Energy Interior Agriculture
Commerce Treasury Labor Housing Transportation
~70 independent agencies (180k employees)
Social Security, General Services, EPA, NSF, NASA, …
The Executive Office of the President (EOP)
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Executive Office of the President
OSTPScience & Tech
Policy
CTO
OMBManagement and Budget
OIRA Information and
RegulatoryAffairs
e-Gov and ITCIO
And manyother offices
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Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
Used to be the Bureau of the Budget Assists the President in budget formation, review
Now, an expanded role, with IT spending as a “hook” for linking reforms to management:
(according to P2PC Group’s Newsletter, October 2002)
procurement policy accountability for management results information security shaping management priorities
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E-Govt and Open Govt
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E-Govt / Open Govt
Recent timeline: 1998: Govt Paperwork Elimination Act
By 2003, agencies must provide the option of submitting required information electronically.
2002: E-Government Act 2006: Transparency Act
Requires a single searchable website of federal spending award information.
2009: Open Government Directive Jan 21: Memorandum on Transparency and Open
Government (Open Govt Initiative)
Dec 8: Open Govt Directive itself
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E-Government Act of 2002
Purpose: Improve the management and promotion of
electronic government services,
Establish a Federal Chief Information Officer,
Establish a framework of measures that require using Internet-based IT to improve citizen access to government information and services,
Reduce costs and burdens for businesses and other govt entities.
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E-Government Act of 2002
Purpose: Promote access to high quality govt information and
services across multiple channels.
Make the Federal govt more transparent and accountable.
Transform agency operations by utilizing, where appropriate, best practices from public and private sector organizations.
Promote inter-agency collaboration in providing electronic govt services.
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Open Government Initiative
Inauguration Day, 2009 Three pillars:
Transparency Participation Collaboration
Approach: Use cutting-edge tools Use cutting-edge practices
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Open Government Approach
Use cutting-edge technology, e.g. Online dialog tools Visualization and dashboards Cloud computing
Use cutting-edge practices, e.g. Social media for communication Challenges and prizes
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Open Government Directive
Goal: change the default stance in govt agencies to one of exposing information.
Designed to require action.
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Open Government Directive
First 45 Days — Jan 22, 2010
3 high-value datasets from each agency
A senior official must take responsibility for accuracy of information in usaspending.gov
An OMB working group.
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Open Government Directive
60 days — Feb 6, 2010 An Open Govt web page for each agency
A framework from OMB for describing spending data
The CIO and CTO will make an Open Government Dashboard.
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Open Government Directive
90 days — Mar 8, 2010OMB will make a framework for challenges, prizes, and other incentive-backed strategies to find innovative or cost-effective solutions to improving open government.
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Open Government Directive
120 days — Apr 7, 2010 OMB will issue a longer-term comprehensive
strategy for Federal spending transparency, including ARRA.
Each agency publish an Open Government Plan that will describe how it will improve transparency and integrate public participation into its activities.
OIRA will review existing OMB policies, such as Paperwork Reduction Act guidance and privacy guidance, to identify impediments to open government.
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Open Government Directive
1 year — Dec 8, 2010 Agencies with a significant backlog of
outstanding FOIA requests must take steps to reduce this by 10% each year.
Each agency’s Open Government Plan shall be updated every two years.
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Open Government: Transparency
Memorandum on FOIA (Jan 21, 2009)
A presumption of disclosure for govt records
Executive Order reversing changes to PRA (Presidential Records Act) (Jan 21, 2009)
Only incumbent president can assert constitutional privileges to withhold information, and must submit withholdings to Attorney General and White House Counsel.
ITSpending.gov launched (June 2009)
White House Visitors Log public (Nov 2009)
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Transparency: Data.gov
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Transparency: Recovery.gov
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Viewing Citizens as Partners
Participation + Collaboration How to get people involved to:
Find out citizens’ needs Get citizen input for decision making
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Citizen Participation, Old to New
Public hearings Citizen juries FACA committees Requests for comments Idea generation tools
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FACA Committees Federal Advisory Committee Act (1972) Small standing committees that advise the govt
on all manner of topics ~1000 of them!
NSF panels are one type of FAC
A complex formal procedure High-level officials, filing of a charter with Congress, notification of
meetings in Federal Register, complicated payment arrangements
One way for citizens to get involved But too cumbersome for quick advice Not feasible for most people
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Open Government:Participation
Examples uses of online participation tools just in the last few months: Convert the Initiative into the Directive
Ask for input on specific questions, such as how to do Open Publishing.
Ask govt employees how to save energy.
Critique implementation plans for Data.gov
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Important Predecessor:Peer2Patent
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MindMap of Summary of Transparency Conversation
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Engaging with the Public
Some agencies have more experience EPA makes heavy use of all forms
public forums
requests for comments
Now: social media EPA just released guidelines
http://govsocmed.pbworks.com/Guidance%3A-Representing-EPA-Online-Using-Social-Media
Issues include: Have to print out and manage official records
State facts, not opinions, unless approved to do so
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Research Topics
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Research Questions:Online Discussions
How to compile and summarize responses How to engage appropriate stakeholders? How to moderate? How to debate topics? How to incorporate new entrants? What are the types of conversations? Are they valuable or not? What role should they play in decision
making? How to evaluate and assess?
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Research Questions:Social Media
How to establish policies? How to balance providing official
information with being conversational and responsive? What are the goals of this kind of
communication? How to achieve them?
How to handle archiving rules?
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Research Area:Information Visualization
Design guidelines for information dashboards
Automating tools for information mashups
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Research Questions:Open Data
How to search large data collections? How to devise shared metadata? What tools can aid in data normalization? How to link the content across datasets?
Role of Semantic Web
How to publish all posted content (such as on web sites) as data?
How to discover who is using a dataset?
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Research Area:Web Site Design
Proliferation of web sites No one knows how many. Having many sites is not necessarily a bad
thing, but can cause problems U. K. Government did a massive
consolidation of their web site recently. Should the U.S. do this as well? If so, how?
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Research Area:Web Site Design
Parallels between Government Agencies and Universities, as reflected in their web sites Archive vs. Curate? Unique Content vs. Administrative
Structure? Wide ranging audiences for research content
Especially for scientific agencies
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Research Questions:Web Site Design
Why is it so difficult and expensive? Is there a turn-key solution for all but the
content?
How to automate Some of the design process? Some of the usability testing process? Updating sites with stale designs?
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How to Get Involved
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For Students
Presidential Management Fellows https://www.pmf.opm.gov/ 2 year paid fellowship Few people in IT apply! Must apply in the Fall before you graduate
Very few opportunities for non-US citizens
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Govt Often Uses Information from Outside Groups
Independent non-profits, bloggers, university groups can have real impact. They do this work on their own initiative.
Examples: Technology developed by OMB Watch for fedspending.org
used in relaunch of USASpending. Sunlight Foundation compiled lists of strategies for govt to
address the OGD. UC Berkeley iSchool faculty posted guidelines on how to
improve the design of recovery.gov; had a big influence. Open gov how-to workshops and websites. Federal Register annotation tools.
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New Opportunity: ExpertLabs.org
Goal: provide a way to let outside experts help improve government (use of) IT.
An independent non-profit. But will work closely with Federal govt agencies
Director: Anil Dash Tech Entrepreneur, early blogger
Sponsors: MacArthur Foundation AAAS
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ExpertLabs.org
Philosophy is open source / collaborative Ideas generated via open conversations Will document and publish what is learned Code written openly, versionable Work will be seen as experimental, hence
more open to risk.
Designed with govt constraints in mind Plan to release projects via apps.gov
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ExpertLabs.org
Who are the experts? Not just academics, but also online leaders
How can you get involved? People will have short-term stints leading
projects. There will be applications for fellowships Being active in the online conversations
and the shared code repository will be key.
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Participate with Classwork
Example Idea: Usability Clinic Professors teaching usability courses
Have their students critique a web site as a homework exercise
Commit to a particular time period
Organizations sign up for the clinic Govt, non-profits, small businesses
May turn into longer-term projects
Think it’s a good idea? Organize it!
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Participate with Data Analysis
Build tools that use govt data Expose inefficiencies Create new, useful functions
Example: Analyze hiring latency on a per-agency basis Data isn’t there?
Comment on agency’s opengov websites
Ask for time-to-hire data for each agency
Be persistent if necessary
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Participate with Code
Example: Write code that makes it trivial to make
beautiful, highly useful, 508-compliant visualizations for web sites.
Offer webinars to explain how to use it
Make the code compliant with govt specific constraints.
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Impediments to Adoption of Off-the-Shelf Software
TOS PRA PII OWACS COOP 508 Cookies Gift issues
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Impediments to Adoption of Off-the-Shelf Software
TOS (Terms of Service) PRA (Paperwork Reduction Act) PII (Personally Identifiable Information) OWACS (Security requirements) COOP (Disaster recovery requirements) 508 (Accessibility Standards) Cookies (Persistent Cookie Restrictions) Gifts (restrictions on acceptance of)
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A New Way to Help:Submit Code to Apps.gov
If you have free code, especially software-as-a-service, you can now offer it to govt on apps.gov
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Participate by Writing
Example: OSTP Request for Comments Federal Register, May 21, 2009
http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/2009/05/opengov.pdf
Also on the OSTP blog
Sought advice on Open Govt topics: What government information should be more readily
available on-line or more easily searched?
How might federal advisory committees, rulemaking, or electronic rulemaking be better used to improve decisionmaking?
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OSTP Request for Comments
What alternative models exist to improve the quality of decisionmaking and increase opportunities for citizen participation?
What are the limitations to transparency?
What strategies might be employed to adopt greater use of Web 2.0 in agencies?
What policy impediments to innovation in government currently exist?
What performance measures are necessary to determine the effectiveness of open govt policies?
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Summary: How to Be Involved
Join in on the government conversations. Make and teach practical guidelines. Create clinics Help automate information design,
organization, linking, normalization. Mash up, visualize, and/or analyze the open
government data and then publish insightful findings.
Participate in FACA meetings. Set up alerts on the Federal Register!
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More Information
Web 2.0 Expo NY 09: Beth Noveck and Tim O'Reilly, "A Conversation with Beth Noveck”, Nov 2009 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ2JE0vlLTE