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![Page 1: It is the time response of a system to an input that sets the criteria for our control systems. Many quantitative criteria have been defined to characterise.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e965503460f94b9a203/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
It is the time response of a system to an input that sets the criteria for our control systems.
Many quantitative criteria have been defined to characterise the time response of a system.
The time constant and system gain of a first order system are useful in its analysis, but other criteria describe the time response more accurately to an engineer.
A first order system may be written as:
or where K=1 and T = 1/a
→ and for a unit step
→ using Laplace tables
we obtain the standard response
©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
sT)+(1
K
sR
sC
First Order Time Response
s)+(a
a
sR
sC
s)+(a
a
sR
sC s)+(a
asRsC
ssR
1
s)+(a
a1
ssC
a)+(s
11
ssC
atnf etctctc 1
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First-order system response to a unit step
Rise Time, TrRise time is defined as the time for the response to go from 0.1 to 0.9 of its final value:
Settling Time, TsSettling time is defined as the time for the response to reach, and stay within, 2% of its final value (2% is standard)
©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
First Order Time Response
aaaTr
2.211.031.2
aTs
4
©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
First Order Time Response
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©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
Second Order Time Response
Second-order step response components generated by complex poles
Consider the characteristic equation ofto give roots
The real part generates:The complex part generates:
9)2s+(s
92
sR
sC
812,1' s
te
tk 8cos
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Damping Ratio
Consider a second order system:
with unity in front of the s2 term and k such that
note that the constants a`, b`, c` are not equivalent to a, b
Natural Frequency:When there is no damping in the system (a = 0 in this case)We obtain with poles
We know that as a complex number.
So the frequency of oscillation , which is termed the natural frequency
Exponential Decay Frequency:Considering an underdamped system
The real part of , is , where is termed the exponential decay frequency
Damping ratio :The damping ratio is defined to be
= Exponential decay frequency = = Natural frequency
c`)b`s+(a`s
k2
sR
sC
b)as+(s
b2
sR
sC
b)+(s
b2
sR
sCbjs 2,1
nb
js
b)as+(s
b2
sR
sC
js 2
a
n
n
a
2
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Damping Ratio
Consider a second order system:
Written in terms of damping ratio and natural frequency:
Consider the roots of the characteristic equation:
c)bs+(as
c2
ksR
sC
2
n2
2n
s2+s nsR
sC
122,1 nns
j
j
j
j
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Second-order underdamped responses for damping ratio values
©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
Second Order Time Response
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 140
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
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Second-order underdamped response specifications
Can not use equations for first order system!
Still would like to consider:Rise time, Settling time, but alsoTime to peak,Percentage overshoot (%OS),Steady-state error,
©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
Second Order Time Response
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Time to Peak
Determine the time to the first peak (zero slope):
Differentiate the time response to a step input and set to zero:[ this is straightforward thanks to Laplace!]
→
But it is easy to differentiate this equation: the differential is
Now we complete the square to utilise the Laplace tables:
We now need to find something familiar in the table:
2
n2
2n
s2+s nsR
sC
2n
2
2n
s2+s
1
nssC
2
n2
2n
s2+s n
ssC
22n
2n
2n
2n
2n
2n
2
2n
1+s?+ss2+s
n
21
nK
21 n
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Time to Peak
Determine the time to the first peak (zero slope):Differentiate the time response to a step input and set to zero:[ this is straightforward thanks to Laplace!]
We can return to the time domain:
We can set this to zero and note that sin-10 = nπ:
→
We now no the time to all n peaks, but only need n=1:
22n
2n
2n
1+s
21
nK 21 n
teteK ntnat n 2
21sin
1sin**
ntn 2121
n
nt
21
n
pT
![Page 10: It is the time response of a system to an input that sets the criteria for our control systems. Many quantitative criteria have been defined to characterise.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e965503460f94b9a203/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Similarly:
Rise time, calculated by iterating c(t), see final value theorem for cfinal
Settling time,
Time to peak,
[note cmax = c(tp)]
Percentage overshoot (%OS),
[note %OS is a function of damping ratio only ]
Steady-state error, is the difference between the input and output for a prescribed test input as
Second Order Time Response
21
n
pT
nsT
4
100%21
eOS
t
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Normalized rise time vs. damping ratio for a second-order underdamped response
©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
Second Order Rise Time
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Step responses of second-order underdamped systems as poles move:a. with constant real part;b. with constant imaginary part;c. with constant damping ratio
©2000, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. Nise/Control Systems
Engineering, 3/e
Second Order Time Response
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Controllers
s
sT+1C
s
sP+I
s
IP
K
(1+ sT )(1+ sT )1 2
O
E
CK
s(1+ sT )1
O
I
CK
s T + s + CK21
Another form of controller is the P+I controller Its transfer function can be written as
Here C = I and T = P/I.P and I can be chosen so the 1+sT term (controller zero) cancels Plant pole.
Suppose Plant
If apply P+I to this Plant, and make T = T2,
then
So
Note, the I term means that the steady state value is 1.
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Controllers
P Ds C(1 sT)
K
s(1+ sT)
O
E
CK
s
CKs
CK
I
O
s
TTs)sTT(1C
s
Ds+Ps+I=Ds+
s
I+P 21
221
2
O
E
CK
s
P+D controller
Make 1+s T cancel Plant pole.If Plant is and P+D is applied, then
so
PID controller - can cancel two lags in a plant:
then
In all these examples, by careful arrangement, systems is first/second order.Cancellation may not give best response, but analysis of systems is easier!
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Controllers
Suppose the system is one with controller C and plant G.
We want
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
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Gain Controller
Try a gain controller Kp.
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
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Controllers
Try a gain controller 1 +Ki/s.
We want
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2x 10
4
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
![Page 18: It is the time response of a system to an input that sets the criteria for our control systems. Many quantitative criteria have been defined to characterise.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e965503460f94b9a203/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Controllers
Try a gain controller Kp +Ki/s.
We want
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2x 10
4
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
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D Controller
Try a gain controller Kds.
We want
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
![Page 20: It is the time response of a system to an input that sets the criteria for our control systems. Many quantitative criteria have been defined to characterise.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e965503460f94b9a203/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
PD Controller
Try a gain controller 1 +Kds.
We want
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
![Page 21: It is the time response of a system to an input that sets the criteria for our control systems. Many quantitative criteria have been defined to characterise.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e965503460f94b9a203/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
PD Controllers
Try a gain controller Kp +Kds.
We want
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time t (seconds)
f(t)
![Page 22: It is the time response of a system to an input that sets the criteria for our control systems. Many quantitative criteria have been defined to characterise.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e965503460f94b9a203/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pole Cancellations
Try a lead/lag controller (1 +K1s)/(1+K2s).
We want
• Rise time Fast
• Settling time within two seconds
• Time to peak < 0.5
• Percentage overshoot (%OS) < 90%
• Steady-state error < 0.1
But have:
I OGC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Time t (seconds)
f(t)