I~~t - Forest Survey of Indiafsi.nic.in/inventory_report/Orissa/Report on Resources survey of...
232
j \ MINISTR' 0« A'GRICL.:Ll (tOR OFFICIAl .. l'::-.F. 0 (1)EPARl :\IF 'ST OF A<;RIClI:n RE AND (. ')-OPERA"I lOS ) - REPORT ON RESOURCES SURVEY OF PliULBANI FORESrr CATCHMENT (ORISSA) sr OF INDIA D i.; HRAI>UN 1982
Transcript of I~~t - Forest Survey of Indiafsi.nic.in/inventory_report/Orissa/Report on Resources survey of...
~\I~~t j \ ~ ;.4:'tJ~ ~ _~.a
MINISTR' 0« A'GRICL.:Ll 'U~
(tOR OFFICIAl .. l'::-.F. 0 l~Y)
(1)EPARl :\I F 'ST OF A<;RIClI: n RE AND (. ')-OPERA"I lOS )
-REPORT ON RESOURCES SURVEY
OF
PliULBANI FORESrr CATCHMENT (ORISSA)
sr ~t ~Vf) OF INDIA D i.;HRAI>UN
1982
f'HULBANI- OR1SSA -
GOVEFJTMEJ:>.1T OF INDIA
HnnSTRY OF AGRICULTURE
(DEPARTMENT OF AGRI. & COOPERATION)
REPORT ON
FOREST BESOORCES- OF PHULMNI CATCHMENT •
( ORISSA)
FOREST SURv"'SY OF INDIA.
CElrTRAL ZONE
NAGPUR
1982
PREFACJi
The Central Hi.l.J.lf Agency tract of Orissa state is reputed to be holding rich f'orests. However., no or very little quantitative assessment of forest wealth held in the region had been made in the past. The Orissa state Forest Department natura~ have been keen on obtaining a quantitative assessment of the forest growing stock existing in the region. Theref'ore, they approached the Pre-Investment Survey of' Forest Resources Organisation f'or undertaking the survey of' the catChment comprised in district Phulbani and part of district Ganj t;-m.
The total geographical area of the districts Phulbani and Ganj am is 2.3 • .327 Km2, but tr..e geographical area covered in the catchment surveyed is 15.$5S 1Cm2 wh:ich has 10, 65i .. Km2 of f'orest area. The forests of' this catchment constitute'three f'orest Div:i..sions, vJ..z. the
\ Plrulbani, the Parlakh:iJ:nedi and the Ba1l:i.guda Forest Divisions.,
The ,obj ectives of' the survey, set out .in consultation w:i:th the state Forest ,Officers, were the assessment of :
(i) the bamboo growing stock,
(ii) the extent of' the area af'f'ected with 1ID:i:fj:.ing:_.cul tivation,
(iii) the potentiaJ,.. o£-ssmul.l.T.ood,
(i.v) the identi:fication of' non-sal areas f'or piantamon of: economic species,
(v) the assessment of the avaiJ..abili ty of various minor forest products, and last~
(vi) the estimation of the volume of salaiwood in Phulbani Division.
The uae of' photointerpretation technique, coupled with aerial reconnaissance, helped in classifYing the catchment into various strata of tree -forests. Those studios, whi.ch preceeded the pilot survey, were completed by the end of: March 1976. The field inventory work was started in May 10//6 and had taken n earJ.¥ thirteen months to comple t e by the e nd of ' May 10/17.
The inf'ormation envisaged to be provided can be obtained i'rom the various tables contained in too report. Besides this, the inf'ormation on the standing p~ood volume, standing. pulpwood volume and the standing fue lvIOod volume in the catchment area. bas also boen computed.
It is hoped that the survey report will serve as data base :f~.:t.he_J:.a.ti~l mi.cro-l..evcl planning of the catchment.
~~~ 1'>"~~'1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 9-~7"
A.B. Choudhw:y , __ " D:irectoT',
Forest Survey of' India 25-SUbhash Road, Debrad1.ln (U. P. )
?aragraph Number ---
1 .1 .1
1.1 .2
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2.1
1.2.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1 .• 2.6.1
1.2.6.2
1.2.6.3
1.2.6.4-
1.3
- i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
contents
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
origin of the proj ect
Implmnentation of the proj ect
Area
Physical description
Geology, Rock and Soil
Mineral deposites
Climate
Land use
Access ibili-cy
People and Socio~conom:ic> backg-round
Socio-economic bac1~ground
Pe ople
Shifting ccl ti va tion
Forest Vegetat~on
.., ,.3--2- - --- - -
1.3.3
Type, Composition
Demarcation and Forest Settlement
1 ~3.4
1 . 3.5
1 .• 4 1.5 1 .5.1
1.5.2
2 .1
2 . 2
2 . 2 .1
2 . 2 . 2
2 . 3
Legal status
.!'Xis ting u-tiJ..:iza ti on Available Forest Rasources inrormation
Maps and photo.grapey
Maps
Photo grapey r
CHAPrER II llNESTIGATI'ONS AND }1ETH~ -
ObjectiveSinoludin~. preois{on Ph otointerpretati.on, and aerial. reconnai.ssance"
Photointarpre tation
Aerial reconnnissanca
Invento~ des ign
pilot SU .... vey
F:i.nal SurVey
1
1
1
5 6
6
7
10
1 1
11
12
1 2
13
14 18
H~
19
"2
2.4-Zit
26
Z7
27 2 $
-29 '29 3".
pp.ragraph Number
2·4.1 2·4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.4.1
2.Lt··4·2 2.4·5 2.4.5.1 2.4.5.2 2.-4.5.3-2.4.5.4 2.4·5.5 2.4.5 .. 6 2.4.5.7
3.1 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3
.3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2 3.3.3
3 ... 3..4 3.3.~4.1
3.4 3.4.1 3.4.1.1
3~4·2
3.5 3.5.1
:.r:s.2--3.5.3 3.5.4
- ii -
Contents
Field manual
Formation o:f the parties
EquiplJlSnts used
Field work
Pilot Survey
Final Survey .
Field forms
The Rlot approaqh form-'
The Plot Description form
The plot enumeration form
The Sample tree form
The Bamboo em.uneration :Corm
The Bamboo weight :form,
The Special stud;y form
CRAPIER III - P!::'l~ ANALYSIS.
Pilot Survey resuJ... ts
Tree Volume study
Felled Tree Volume
Cu.11 voluoe
Bark volume
utili. ty vol.ume
Volume stuey
General. vblume equa t:ions
Local volume equations
Enumerated Tree volume
plot volume
Sampling error
Tree volume stud,y
Stand and stock Tables
Grow:il'lg ~tock- -cr£ minor- fciretrlrprodu~trect:'l
Total Growing Stock
.Bamboo ~a ______
No. of' c1.umps per hectaro
Number of cu:t.ms per G1ump
Cu.1..ms -per. hectar-e
page Number
32 32 32 32 32 36
37 37 37
Y/ Yl
'37
39
39 40 40 40 41 42 44-1.4 45 45 45
paragraph Number
3.5.5 3.5.6 3.5.6.1 3.5.6.2
4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2
4.1.3 4.1.4 4 .. 1.5 4 .. 1 ... 6-
4·1.7 4.1 .. 8 4.1.9
4·1.10 4.1.11.1 4.1.11.2
4.1.11.3
4.1.11·4
4.2 4.2.1
4·2.1.1 4.2.1.2
4.2.1 .. 5 4.2.1.6 4.2.2 4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3 4.2.2.3.1 -4.2.2J.Z
iii -
Contents
Total number of' Culms
Bamboo weigp_t
Green weight.
A:Lr dry wei~t
GHA-PrER IV - GRGJING STOCK AND YIELD
Invep.tory results
Area Est.i.IIa tes Vegetation
Forest. iypes
Size class distribut"ion
Conf"igurational distribution
Su"itability of' areas f'or plantations
Distribution of' Stems per hectare. by :forest :typo
Distrirution of' volume per hectare qy :forest---eype
ut:il"i~ classi£ication
Standard error percent of' the growing stock
Bamboo
]>.:rea Estimate
No. of' CuJ.:r.ls per clump ani cu:u:n per hectare -- --Smmdnesa and age class ana:cy-s~
Error percent. o£ Bamboo stock
PotentLaL annual cut
Present management"
P~ntation working Circle
Selection Working Circle and Salcction Cum Improvement Working Circle
Coppice Working Circlo
Podu prevention Working circle and Protection 'vlorking Circle
Bamboo (overlapping working circle)
Salai (overlapping Working Circle)
Proposed management models
Object of'"~gc~nt
Formation of' the Work:ing Circle
SilvicuJ:tural. ~st,ems
Protection ... ~rking circl.o
.P] a n±atian . .work:i.ng-circle
48 48 49 49 50 51
53 5.3 -55 56 56 57 58
5a-
59 59 59 60
60
60
60
60 61 61 61 61
63 .63
63
Paragraph N\unber
4-2.2.3.,3 4.2.2.3.4 4.2.2.3.5 4.2.2.3.6 4·2.2.3.7 4.2.2.3.8" 4.2.2.3.9 4.2.2·4 4.2.2.4.1 4.2.2.4.2 4.2.2.4.3 4·2.2.4.4 4·2.2.4.5 4.2.2.4.6 4.2.2·4.7
4-2.2-.4. S---4.2.2.4.9 4.3
iv -
. Contents
Sal Conversion "lorking Circle
Selection Wark~ Circle
Coppice "r.i.:th Reserve Warld.ng Cir~le _
Bamboo( overlapping) working circle
Salai. (overlapping) Warki.ng Circle
Tree Forest Rehabilitation War1d..ng Circle
Scrub-f'orosts plDntation Warlcing Circle
Yield CaJ..cula tiona
Plantation Working Circle
Sal_C onvnrs-ion- WarJdng _Circle
Solecti.an Working Circle
Coppice with Reserve 1-larking Circle
Sernal (overlapping) Working Circle
Salai (overlapping) W oiking Circle
Total annual a.vailabili:t~r of' volume by utili-cyclasses ancL Working Cir-eles
Cull vaJ:ume
Distribution of' Five Species
Estimate of' annual Bamboo CUt.
---------------,-------
Table No.
1.1
1.2
1 .2.1
1.2.3
1.2.5
LIST OF TABLES
Description
Distribution of' Geographical area _under various Land Uses.
Dist-r:ibution of' Forested area in various Forest Typ'QO
Distribution of' Tree Forests (Hectare) in different Si.z e Classes
Distribution of Tree Forests (Hectare) in different topogra~r.
Distribu-tion af Tree Forests (hectare) in diff'orent. slopes
Distribution of Tree Forests (Hectare) in diff'erent position of' SJ_opos
D:Lstribution of Tree Forests (He?tare) in different vegetations ' ~
Suitable area -f'or plantations
Forested area (l{m2) :i_n__eaclL~arest -type---crl'_u Division
page Number
64 64-64 65 65 65 66 66 66
&7 69 70 71 72
73
74 74 75
80
~
80
To..blc ~ber
1.5
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2.3
3.0
3.0.0
3.0.1
3.0.2
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2.2
3.3.3
- v -
Doncription
Tree Forest area(KJn2) wi t.h standard error percent
:in each Forest '~pe of a Division
Number of stems per Hectare by species and diameter classes - Forest t,ype : Sal
Number ot: stems per Hectare b,y species and diameter classes - Forest -cype: Misc. Number ot: stems per Hectare b,y species and diameter classes - Forest "type: Salai
Estimate of the total Growing Stock by species and ~neter classes Forest Wpe : sal Misc. Forest ~e
Sa]_ai F'ores"t -!:upe
l1ean Volume per Hectare (W) with SE% in dit:f'erent Forest ~es of' Divisions
All trees species volume :in dif'f'ercnt Forest types
P1¥1>lOod species volume in dif'f'erant forest types
Sa~r~ood species volume in different forest ~s . Species-wise Total volume. by diamoter classes per Hectare :in ·Gub:1.c :intrs - Sal Forests
Spec.ies-wipc total volume by diameter classes per hectare in 1-13 - Miscellaneous Forest
Species-wise total Volume b,y diameter classes per Hectaro :in ~ - Salai Forests
Species-wi.se total volume in '000 Cub:ic meter by diameter classes - SaL Forests
Species-wise total volume in '000 Cub:i.c mater b,y diameter cJ.asses - Mi.scellaneous Forests
Species-wise total volume in '000 Cubic meter qy diameter classes - Salai Forests
Mean ,-oluJUe/Ha cz.f3) in vari.ous topograpey, slope, position on slope, vegetation and size classes _ Forest typo: Sal
Mean vr.lc::!le/Ha (t-f3) in various topography, slope, positions on slope, vegetations ,and size classes _ Forest ~e: Miscellaneous.
Mean volumc/Ha (M3) in various tcpogr-aphy, Slope,. position on slope, vegetntion and size classes _ Forest type: Salai
Strntum - Sal Fore~t ~o (No.of ste~s per hectare)
Stra~~ - Misc •. Forest ~e (No •. of stems per hectare)
stratu.!u - Sa1.ai Forest Type (No. of stems per hectare)
91
93 95
o/l
0/7
0/7
98
99
101
1.03
105
107
109
111
111
111
112
112
11 J
Table No.
---_._-
5 • .3
5.4
5.6
5.S
6.0
7.0
7.1.2
7.1.,3
7.2. 2
7·2 • .3
7 • .3.1
7 • .3. 2
vi-
Description
P~ood volume expressed as percentage o£ the underbark volume in each diameter class individua.1J.y
Saw wood volume expressed as percentage o£ the underbark volumC3 in each diameter class individually
'Polewood vol'lllDe expressed as percentage ot: the underbark volume ill each diameter class individunJ..ly.
Matchwood volume expressed as percentage of the undcrbark volume in each diameter class individua.l.J;y.
packL:;~§ volume expresscd as percentage o£ the undeTbark volume in each diaineter clas s indi vidual.1Jr •
Pulpwood volume as parcentage ot: the underbark vobme in each diameter class individualJ.;y-.
Fuelwood volume expressed as percentage of the underbark volume in each diameter class indi vidualJ.;y.
No utility- \-rood volume expressed as percentage of the underbark volume in each diameter classe s individuaJ..J.;y-
Bark volume expressed as percentage ot: underbark volume under di£ferent diameter classes for important species •
C~ volume expressed as a percentage ot: underbark volume
Plywood volume (~) per Hectare by species and diameter classes - Forest ~es: Sal
P:cywood vo:hune (~) per Hectare qy species and diamoter classes Fore st ~e: Misc.
Plywood v olume (:r.i3) per Hectarc by species and diameter classes Fore st ~yPe: Salai
Sawwo od volUllie (1{3) per Hectare by species and diameter -classes Forest type: Sal
SaWW'ood volume (W) per Hectare qy species and diame ter classes - Forest ~e: Misc.
Sa""'lOod volume (K') p e r Hectare by species and diameter classes - Fore st type: SaJ..a.:i
Polewood volume (W) per Hcctare cy specie s and diame ter classes - Forest ~o: Sal Polewood voJume (M') per Hectare by species and c:liaroe-te r classes - Forest -cype : Misc.
Polewood volume (M') per He ct.a.rc 1::zv" specie s and diame ter classes - Foron~ ~s: Salai
Pac kingwood volume (M.3) per Hcctare by species and diameter clasoes - Forest ty-pe: sar Packingwood volume (M.3) p e r Hectara by specie G and diame ter classes - Forest -tzy-pe: Mise.
11.3
114
115
116
117
11 S
119
120
121
122
12.3
124
125
126
127
128
129
1.30
1.31
1.32
TD.ble No.
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.7.1
7.7.2
10.0
11.1.1
11.1.3
11.2.1
11.2.2
- vii
Doscripti.on
P:lcldngwood volume (M3) per Hectare by speci.es and diamQter classes - Forost'~pe~ Salai.
?ulpwood volume (~) por Hectare by speci.es and diaoetcr class - Forest ~e: Sal
Pulpwood volume (M3) per Hectare'by species and diAmeter class - 'Forest type~ Hi.sc.
Pulpwood volume (11') pElr Hectare by spoci.es and diameter classes - Forest ~e: Salai
Fuelwood volume (M3) per Hectare by Gpec:ies and di.Bllleter class - Forest ~e ~ Sal
Fuclwood volume (M3) per Hectare by species and diameter classes - Forest type: Mi.sc.
Fuolwood volume (M3) per Hectare by speci.es and diameter class - Forest type: Salai.
No utility wood volume (M3) per Heetnre by species and di.ametcr class - Forest type: Sal
No utili.tor wood voluno (M3) per HcctI:U·o by spocie."'! and d'iamctcr classes Forest. ~e: Mi.sc.
No ut:ili~ volumo (M3) per Hectare by species and . di.o.octer classos - Forest wpc: Sa.l.a:i
Di.st.r:i..bution of no. of culns by age and Soundness
D:tstri.bution of"Ba.lhoo\.foi. ht by age ~nd Soundness
Volume per Hectare of"· Bombax eeiba by d:iameter class ~ different Forest ~pes
·Total volume of Bombax caiba l:zy" diameter class in di£f"e.rent Forost -cy-pes i.n '000 IV Matchuood utility- volume/Ha (M3) of' Eombax deiba by dj..ameter class in d:if'f"erent Forest -cypes
Total Matchwood ut:i1.iilf volume (:in roOD l-Y) of" Bombax Ceiba by diameter classes :in d£f"£erent Forest ~es
Di.str:ibuti.on of :tro. of: :Fellod trees bY spcici.es and d:L.-U.lotcr classes
Total. pzywood volume'in '000 ~ by: species and diameter classes - Forest -cy-pe :'. siD. Total pzywood utilit,y volume :in 1000 ~ qy species and d:iameter classes Forest wpe ) Ni.sc •.
Total pzywood uti.li.ty volUll1.€l (1000 H3 ) qy species and d:ia.metcr classes - Forest type: Salai
Total savrwood volume i.n 1000 l.i3 by species - Forest ijype: Sal
Total sa .... Mood util:ity- vclume :in (1000 143 ) by species a.nd diametor c]flsa - Forest. type: Nisc •
•
Page Number
133
134
136
137
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
145
147
149
'150
151
152
Table No.
11.2.3
11.3.1
11.3.2
11.5.1
11.5.3
11.6.1
11.6.2
11 •. 6.3
11.7.3
App. 1
App.2
App.J
App.4
- viii
Description
Tota.1. sawwood utility volume (1000 M3 ) l:lf species and diameter classes - Forest ~pe: Sala~
Total polewood volume in (1000 M3 ) by" species and diameter class - Forest -GYPs: Sal
Total polewood volume in (1000 M3.) cy spec~es and diameter classes - Forest ~e: Misc.
Total polewood utility volume (1000 M3) cy species and diallle:tcr class FCirest type: Salai
Tota~ pulpwood volume :in (1009 M3) cy species and diamoter classes - Forest typO: Sal Total pulpwood volume in (1000 M3 ) by species and diameter cJ..asses - Forest type~ Misc.
Total pu1pwood volume in (1000' t-Y) by specieD and d:iAmetor classos - Forest. type: SaJ.ai.
Total pacld..ng wood volume i.n (1000 W) 1})r species and diamo-cer classes - Forest. iQrpo: Sa~
To-ca1 pack:tng wood volumo :in (1000 M3 ) by species and diameter class - Forost -cypo: M:i.sc.
Total packing wood uti.li -w volume (1 000 M3 ) W sr.ecies ~nd diamotar c1Asa - Forest tcrpe :Salai
Total Fuelwood. vo1ume :i.n (1 000 ~) by species and diameter classes - Forost ~pe: Sal
Total Fuolwood vo1ume :Ln (1 000 ~) by species and diameter clasB - Forest. "GYPe: Misc.
TotaJ. Fuelwood uti.liW volume (1000 M3) by species and diameter clas s - Forest. "GYPe: Salai
Tota1 No. ut.iJ..i:ty volume i.n (1000 14:3) l:lf species and diamoter c:La.ss - Forest ~pe: Sal
To-CaJ. No utiliizy' .. tood volume in (1 O(X) ~) 1:u species and d;i.arneter class - Forest 1:ifpe: Misc.
No u-til.i.W wood vol-u:ma (1000.M3) l:lf species and diame1iar classes - Forest typo: Sa1.ai
Details o£ 1: 2, 50, 000 and i.ts corresponding 1 :6.3,'300 SCalD ·map shoets covering the su.rvey" area
Manual of f~o1d instructions
Lis1i of Roo.ds :in charge of various dopartments
Abstract Showi.ng distribution of ground plots in J.and USe and £oroe-t types Or:i:iJsa survey area
Page Numbo~
153
154
155
156
157
15B
·159
160
160
160
166
1&7
168
212 215
SerxIlNo.
1.
2.
3.
6.
8.
i.x
LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
Description
Diagram No.1 - Location map on 1" = 150 mile scale i.ndi.cating the location of: the survey area
Diagram No.2 - Map of: the survey area on 1:1,000,000
Diagram No.3 - Map shot.n.ng existing roads in charge of: various deparments
Diagram No.4 - M3.p shOT...r.i.ng reserved and proposed Reserved Forests in various For~st Divisions of: the survey area.
111 = 1 mile or 1 :63,.360 map sheet coverage of: the survey area
Diagr-Bm. 6 - Illustration showing the £'light plan f'ollowed in the aerial reccee
Diagram 7 - Illustration showing the 1ayout at: the gri.ds 1!',~ x 1';', :for a one inch t::>posheet
D:Lagram 8 - ID.ustration showing-the layout of: sample __ p.l.a:ts-.
Page l\Tunil?~
3
4
9
25
33
34
1.0
1.1
1.1.2
CHAPI'ER - I
DITROlJUCTION
INTRODUCTION
General
Origin o.f ·the 'Pro je~t
'The centr8.1. hi:fly agency region oc, .Ori.ssa state abounds in vari.eties of forest species which ~ve remained untapped for \olant o.f -assessment of: resource data. The dif'fl.culties :have been fur.:ther- aggrevated for want. ·of'--proper communication· f'acilities i.n tpe western h.il.Jy forest. pearing r~gi.on inhabitated by triba.1.s. The state Forest Department was very k~en .in knowing the raw,mater:i..al availa.bility f'rom f'orests f'o:r:' setting ,+p of' fq~est based_ i.n~tries on the basis of' f'oresi! resOurce aw.i.la.bil:ity '£rom the whole of: PhuJ...bani district and :in the entire parlakh.imedi and parts
_ of .. Bhalljna.gar and. Berhampur subdivis:i..ons -of_-Ganjam district._ Tpe ':f'ore~ divi~ions., inyolveO_ wer~- Phulb.ani, Balliguda and .Paria.khi.medi.. The-catcbment was. carvGd· out ot: those forests .. - _ divisions and was named as Or.i.s.sa_,..,L Ca;tchment.
i·_
._ Imple~ntation of~ the- Proj ect. , .. - .. ,
Origina.l.J.Jr this catchment· was s].a. tep. t:or (f'i.eld survey Work) during 10/74-75 field season but the zone had to divert
~ i.ts attention 'to more' 'pressing demands o£ Tr.i.pura and Manipur States located :in the north-e as tern· region of the country. The zone f~ undertook the field work for pilot surve.y .from .JanuarY 1976.and 'completed that" csame by the end of February 1976. The fi.na4., survey was undertaken from -May 1976 ~ which time the zone had-received data. 'collected during ·the Pil'ot survey:l d~ processed and then the- design for :the final..sur.vey took shape. The final survey continued upto the end ot: May 1977 with of course a break in the field work dUring the monsoon period of, 1976. In the -meant:i.meJ
the_ zone-undertook aerial. reccee, wi.th the project helicopter, during the. second. w.eek at: March 1976 and completed it by the end of March 19'76.' Before the start of final suryey a joint meeting was heid at Cuttack on 12.2.1976 to t:inalise the obj ectives of' the:""'"'aurvey and to decide ;the· porma to be followed whi.l.e undertaking the field work in the area. The Data Processing U:rri.t of the Headquarters ;oi'fice processed the data by the end of May 1978 and the report writi.ng was completed shor~ thereafter.
AREA
~sical description
The total geographical area of the tract dealt with is 15,8,&.01. sqJlkrns. and the total forest areaJ as on"J1.3 • .,975, i.s 10,653.961 sq.kms. This works out to 67% of the total
---~ ,1 l .
-2-
geogranhicAl area of' the catchment. The f'ore.st d:Lvision-wise break-up j_s as f'ollows:-
Text T a.ble 1
Name of' Nama oi' the For- the C:i.vil est D::b,-i- di.s-::'r:i.ni. sion.
CSOgTD.pr·,ic3.l. or88 of' -the Div:i..'sioIl :irl:' .sg.kIn''; .
Forest area in sg.km.s.
Reserved Proposed Unreser:... Un-res~ed ved , classed
Total(Cols 1+ to 7)
1 2 5' .. -!- ..
6 7 8
Phulbani PhUlban$
Bailiguda Phulbani
parl.akhi- Ganj am medi
~446 .• 8€i 5" 517.41 4,893.77
~6 ' '. -1,. 0.5.369 7_Z7 •. 579· ,-,.,52~ • ~4
CJ7D.500 2,180.670 674--.170.
424.744 17 ~ 60/.1 i~_926~. 886' + '_
34.35
3,.825.340.
2,463.671
Total 15,858.04
Source: Divisio~ Forest O£f'icers-Phulbani, BaL1:iguda,. Parlakh:Unedi ~lor~g. l'~nB, ~njp~'ga!'" and the Off'ice of' the Conservator of' Forests, Berhampur Circl.e I Berhrunpur.. ..
, "
The -cract lies between longi_tudes 8.30 _30. 1' E to 840 _461 -,3011 E
and latitudes 18O-45 t -3011 N to 2oo-53'''451t N.
The tract doaJ..t with is bounded on the north by the :rivcr Mahann.di, on the east.. by Puri and Parts of' ·Ganj am d:i.str~ct, on the scuth by' the interstate boundary'between ·Andhra Pradesh and Orissa state and on the lilCst by 'Koraput and KaJ..ahandi districts ot:· 'Orissa state.
+
The terrain,; over' the most ot: the' pa.r.t of'. :the catchment is hi11¥' and rugged except :the northern parts or ,plrulban:i district and the eastern 'narrow ,·strip of' Parlakhimedi, subdivision. Here the~ terrain is most.:cy" pl.ai.n .and gent.1y sloping.
"The elevation varios between '85 metres ·to 1, riD motres above mean See level. Tho highest· pollit b.elf -ulParl.akh:i.medi Forest Division around Mahonc3ragiri group co£. hills. The el.evation 'ra:ises a.s one' goes to south and south-east.
The ganl3I'aJ.. drai.nage is ·:in..-:t.ba-nor-bh and~ndrth.--<last direction for the northern half' of' the catchment while :fa,:, tbo southern portion,.- t.he drainage is towards south. MO:;l1; ' of the s"'y-rO!l.l'&l.S f'ilJ'll1y mee t Hahanadi and its tri.butories. In -th~ 3 0 u+,hpJ_";n I'o:::-tion, ths streams ~mpty into the rJ.ver • , V3.1!' .... "l.f' :J o.'-l..:t::"R. ~Ch<1 m:::d ... 'Yl ~·i~ro::."s of' the tact are Mahanadi, Tel, R~~l~~~.~~--J., ', .... A's.. ,~~dl~~ .. h~:r-a· -e:".d 'la:I'.L'l.S~ara ,~
~ -. .;,,--
,.
MAP OF INDIA SHOWING SURVEY AREA OF PHULBANI CATCHMENT
( o.RISSA )
r· ,/._.'/'"'. ( "\..\ '"7 . ../ -..... '1 _.) ...,
".: ! \ JAMMU KASHMIR {""
, c .... , ~'J """\ '-"'\"~
(:?<....... ., HIMACHAL PRADESH . .~, .... S.\..
/.)PUNJAB ,>./ ,".-. r: _,...J. ... ; . ' •.. ' " i r . /---........ ('7?
.I · ... t!~RYA~· / /ARUNAC.~AL\...-· _;, ,/ '.' I._._ SIKKIM ....... _...II"RAOe:.$H,; • ..J
/' ...• ,> ...... :.': ... ~ .. '.: '\, ~ ! c. .' •. , .. :,-..... ~ ",' , '-., (fo.. 1 ... , " 'Jf
/ ...... · .... ,UTTAR PRADESH . ....,...0::-:-.;,....., .~ .... _ ~."" . .:;; . : . .) i.-.) RAJASTHAN _)~. t --, -.~._,: (.". ....... ") ..... ~M. (.:~AGALANO .
.:_. ..' '.:,' .::::. (..~ J~ . ..-; j • . )MANIPUR I ... ,...... ..... BIHAR'; ( MEGHAlA~~ •. ~.... .J' .
_ oJ, _.... .~ .. ~. '~.~;:~ ... ~ : '-(0 (' .. ~.~.r--r·- ... ..r....,. ". i /, ..... :. ". :. ..... .:... : TRIPURA C i ,
i '.' ". '. ......... ! ("'-MI ZORAM
.' ~.'
. ""ADHY • ": w. ( U... . . ..... (. . A PRADESH . .••.. ..000;BENGAl L.">
.,.; .......... "._ .~ ... .
f ·~··~ :: .'
~ ... -., ~ ' .'
.........
MAHARASHTRA
~'I ., '. :'"KARNA TA~";
~)
_- ~ ,
"
.'. .....
ANOHRA PRADESH
.'
...... --'.
' . ... : ..... ...... "
Are a covered In the report
4-~~------------------------~~--------------------~~\
130' _ . 8l~5' 63- 3d 11,5 '
MAP
45'
H
19· ~ ~
-,t.
J. 83 30 I.S'
-_..~--
DIAGRAM I-t~ 2.
OF THE S0RVEY AREA
u
V I
Q
I. S I
84· CI' IS'
I N 0 E X
survll'Y boundary
Forll~1 divi!>ion toounduy
Railways
Road5
River or Nalla ..
la ' . 45' 8(.·
.+
45'
~. I
~ 0'
!
t-z5i
+-
1 .. 2.2.1 Cool ow • Jl.c~k &. Bo:q:..:_
The hilJ_ ranges of the tract belong to the 'Eastern Ghats I and tho geology- is closeJ.y associated with that. Tbo st.ra-ljii¥'uphic. nlccession of' tho rocks of tho group is aft f',ll.:n\,3:
r..8CCr:.t or S;.l.b~recent: A soil or lateri to
Gondwu~n ~ormation, shales and sand stones.
Intrusive contact
Archean
Unconf'ormicy _ '
1 I
. :. ! , 1 J I I I I I I I
Quartz and _pegmatite veins. 'Loptymi tes,. . s'trev..ey grnnulites and gar.pctif'erous granite gneiss Cbrirnocki to. suite of' rocks.
P,yr.oxcno granulitos Khondalitc suite-garnetSiJ.J,.imanito gneiss, graphite gneiss, garnotii'orous quartizite, Calc-silico.t
; granulites etc.
Tho rocks arc broadly grouped into two suites. The IKhondalite' suite of rocks comprising the metnmorphascd sediments of' argi1J..o.ceous, arenaceous and calcareous c omposi tion and the second thc I charnoclci te , sui to. The khondulites are highly alUI:linous & compmmd of' quartzgarnet-potash f'elspill"-silJ_imnnito with or \-titho:ut graphite. This suite is considered I'~e orig:in_li maf'i.c ignoous rock. The charnockito suito comprises the acid types .... r:i.th or~~op,yroxene-quartz-po~~sh-f'elspar and gcnetica~ related to rocks li2cc alasl3.te,. cr...dcrbitos and hypcrsthenequartz-syenit.os. The K""1ondalitcs ~nd cha-rnockitc series of rocks f'orm red and grqv coloured soils rCSP9C~. Tho t:ru:::mcr suppor.±, goQel-woo and ~o vc:gcta.t:ion. I .
I i
.,t! , ,.
1 .2 .. 2.2
1.2.3
- 6 -
The Gondu\-laru:l. formations and sUITp0rt. excellen·t growth. arounc'. D.~Al~akhaJ .•
give rise to sandy soil Tho formation is noticed
l:Io Lmportant mi..'1.oral deposits arc noticed in the t:_-a.::.-J-; 11.'1 .. i~:c consideration. HOvlOver, bauxite ore has boen r8ported from Handux::1., Kotgad, Bclgad D.nd Gurnlimska lacali.-'cies situ:..~ted in Phulbani district. Tho Khondmals i..'"ldicate the presence of: coal scams in the area but their mining is not economic. Kaolin deposits are found near Snntarpally, Jil1indD., Sill1ila.r deposits have boen noticed ncar Sorongod.."l., Dwarjam and Satrasda. These deposits lie in Ganj am district. Except tho deposits of Sorongoda and Dwarj am the rest ~f them lie aut side the CD. tcp...ment.
In Phulbani district white clay, derived from gneisses, is found ncar Karanda .. Bahcnd.~, Deogurh,7 Tulij eri Ratakandi and Dunurkot~ Graphite deposits have bean noticed, near Tumdi.bandh in Pln.u.bani district. This bait is 38 kms. long and 8 lons 1ride. The coastal belt of Ganjam district contains approcinble quantities of' ilmenito, granet, Sillimanit0,. xu-t.ile .. Tll()L'.."l.Zj_to and zircon. •
Climate: "' .1
The tract axperioncos three wall def:ined s easons. 1,.[intcr stru.~ts from the rd.ddlo of' :CQtcber 'aL';.Q con-(;:iJ'Il!es
• to the middle, .of February; ' the S'U."'!'"",-n.0X e~::tonds f:;:'om middle of: Fcbru4ry to 3u;'1,0 av..:i ra:Lr,:r !:lcc-son f'r::>m J\,Uy to October. Thc ma:::dJ7.,lrr.. t ompc ::'atu:.'Q vr.r:LGfl from 2901 0 c to J9of~0 C jj'l \·.ri:1tor, 1j-'jOe to 42~6o j.n_ Sim;nc::' a n d 32 .. 0 0 c to 34 .. 60 in ,rni:1s", The D:i:li:iiI'..l_":l t':lmp:.:raturc var i ,o s £'rom 5 • 7°c ·to 1:;~7°a :Ll t,d_'-'ltur" 1'j oOZoe 'to 16.,7° in summer and 14.70c to 16,7° :i..n rains " Tho r!:<),Y',:i?.it7.1' PP:r.'COl}·l;agc also indicates w:Ldc variations i'ram season to season. The hU'!lidit,Y' p~cent.c'\.ge is the 'lowest ,~n surcane:r: i.e. ar01.wd 23% whilo the ra~ season indicates hunidi~ percentage around 0/7%. The win-ber O"'~'lSnn 1='0 hum:id.:i:f:i)" pe3:·contQ.gq around 85%.
Name of: the Recording Station
Phulban:i.
-7-
Tho tract. receives rainfall from south-west monsoon. Winter rains are not uncommon. The f'ollowing table indicates the rainfcU..1. data collected from 1971 at various places in the catchment.
Text Table 2
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 (Rain f'all in rom)
1,375.42 1,525.4 1,290.9 813.7 633.21~ 1,154.9 (1 (9) (94) (113 ) (89) (56) (93)
parlakhimedi 1,293.94 1,601.2 1,H;7.0 1 .. 318.2 1 .. 401 .1 N.A. (109)
G.Udayagiri
(103 ) (93) (79) (96)
1,682.50 1 .. 485.0 1,542.50 806.0 N.A. N.A. (105) (85) (110) (77)
Source: - Meteriological data collected f'rom the Agricultural & Me tor iologic al. department.
Note: - 1. The f'igures in the brackets indicate rrumber of' ra.:irzy" dey-s in a year.
2. The f'iguro with *" indicato rainf'all figure collected upto the end of' .ruJ¥ 1975 onJ,y •
.'3. 'N.A.' means 'not available'.
Inspite of the above f:igu~es indicating moderate rainfall the tract is prone to periods of drought •
The area has seen worst droughts in 1967 and 19'72.
Landuse.
In tho tract under consideration Agri~ilture and Forestry are the two main productive land uses. The terrain .. along rivers Tel and Hnhan..9.di.1 show i.mprovcd agricultural practices while the irrigation project on the river Salki has provided irrigation facilj_~ios to t!1e hinterland ('yf EouCh sub-division of: nhulbnni c:i..strict ..
Tho districtwise bre~~-up of the land use pattern is avn:Ll..able from the tablo gi_vcm-belo1.il:-
- 8-
Text Table 3.
---------------------------------------------------------------.--------Sl. ]'Jame of the No. District
Type of' Utilization
Area ix1 00.
Percentags to total arQfJ.
1 2 .3 4 5
A. 1. Phulbani. Total geographical area
Forest
11,,09,017
4,92,091
40,,482
100
44.37
3.65 2.
4.
5. 6.
8. 9.
10.
11.
Barren & uncultivabJ_e land
Land put to non-agricul tural uses
cuLtivable waste
Permanent pasture & grazing land
l-1iscellaneous tree crops & groves
Current fallows
Old fallow lands
Net area sown
Non-reporting a~ea
57,880
1,60,020
14,300
13,440
3;642
3,,25,916 777
5.22
14·43
1.29
0.04
1.21
0.33
29·39 O.w
B. 1. Ganj am Total geographical area
Forest
12,23,780
5)58,000 13,000
100
2.
3 .. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
11.
Barren & uncul tivable ].aD:l.
Land put to non-agricl..'!l tural use
Cultivable waste
Permanent pasture & grazing land
Misc. tree crops & groves
C'_'Xrent fallows
Ot.her fallows
Net area. sown
Non ropo:!:'ting a:coc.).
57,000
20,000
28,000
20,000
Z7.,OOO
1 0}OOO
Ii .• <~7 ,. j)O
45.74 loW
4.67
1.64-2.29
39~92
The above details for parlakhimedi Forest Division are not available separate~ hence tho details for the entire district have been reproduced.
(Source: District statistical Handbook of Phulbani district 1974 and the Director" Bure au of sta't.istics and Econo:m:ios, (Wj.ssa).
45'
ROAD MAP OF THE SURVEY
4S
15
30
IS'
1<1 0'
'IS'
S4 45'
AREA
I N 0 E X Survey bound.r.y
Forest division boun dar y
Railway'i
Rivf1r 0<' nalLas_
Stalf1 hi9hw<l.Y _
""ajar district road
OHnr distric.t road
R.E.O. ROad
301 8 45'
H+++#
~
15'
200
o·
45'
30'
IS'
19° 0'
1 I
I ~
1.2.5
- 10 -
ACCESSIBILITY
The tract, under cons~deration~ bas poor~ developed ro~d net work. Tr;e plain r.md the undulating areas of Boudh, lyUlg along the r~ vcr Mahanadi and the area of Parllikhi.r.ledi Sub-di:n-sion of Ganj am district adj o:ini.ng to Barhampur townsh~p~ has better communication facilities than the rest of the tract lying in tho hillY region of the Eastern ghats. The maj or townships and villages have all ueather ac.cas13ibility.
lTo National. Highway passes through the tract. The district place Pl:rulbani of: PhuJ_bruri. dis+,r:i_c't can be approached £rom Badgada (£rom North)~ Cut-(;ack-Bhut.,lancslivrar (from east), Berhampur (£rom Sout:L1.), nnd :tr0T.l Rcyngo.fI..u ... l-fu.n:fglldD.. (£rom t-Ic st ). The sub-divisioTh~ he~dqu~ter Parlrucilimoai of ~~njam district has approaches from Berhnmpur (South east) nnd ~oro Vishakhapattnrun (sout,h). The ron.ds connecting tho district Plnces and the ~portant p]~ces are all weather roads while the roads connecting the· :L"1.tcrior arcas are mO.cltly fair weather ones and are f:cw fU'ld far. bo:tH\3en. Their :m.::tll1.tonanca is cost,J,y due to hilly terra:in.
Tho total length of f:orost roads is 552 kID. This works out to 0.049 kIn lcng:th per sq. kilomet0r of nrea. Due to lnck of transport facilities the forest resource has remained locked l'-P in t.he region. _~ppendix:3 givos the details of vario1.:.s roD..G.s under the char fP o:f tho Public WorkS ~ Irrj_sntian, Foroct a,nd Rural F.ng-'..w.""1.eer.ing .Or.ganisat.ioll Depnrtmonts.
Wherever roads md.st the transport is by trucks. The forest produce £rom tho coupon, un.dor l-/orkingJ such as timber bamboos ~ firm-lOad, tcndu loaves is trnr:.spor-Wd ly tr'..l.cks. In the interior most urens -tho trcr1.Gportation .is by shoulder loads. The firow00d comos to th0 l:'.arket by l .. cua.lon.ds.
Transport by water is t .he main line of: export :for Boudh f:orosts. B::mJ.boos and logs derived £rom t'1.e Boudh region of Phulbani distri_ct are fl?:\tor'l and :"fi.f:to~l f':;_~o:m the ri1;-or ghats located on the ri .... -r""r H~lho.n.c'\di. Tho seasonc.1 transport storts £rom October ane_ laet.3 t.:J.1 the end o:f MaTch of: the following year. After Karch w::rt,~"i- f'J_ow is not s-• .rlTicient to undertnke i'loatmE':.
There is no rail J_i.no (link) pa::sing thr?\.1,?P tho tract, except one I' .... ·u"row g,J.agc lj.J:lc Hhi.ch connects ~:~-..;..:t:a""[! to G.::u:pur vi.o Parlrikh~ed:i_. 51.e tot,':l]_ d:j_S~"1.IlCA is 90 _~S. ':he j Ul¥.:tion Naupara is located a:!j a dis~.:,()ncc of 77 kms .!'rom vln.ltc':l.ir along , iVnl tair-IIo .... :rrah routo. TJJ.is '_i!1k has vr.1.';{ J.-i_t+,lG 'rr',J.';.e :['rOD the point of: transport a::.: forest pro<1uce :.:1.'cm tl:o ca .... _,cr..l:i;Jl:..t as mo~t of: tho forests arc f:ar away :t:rcm the rD.il :..::.ruc. '_rho ncurest railhead is Berh,...-unpur l.ih:Lch is situatod on HC-Vlra..1-J.-1'·1adrns trunk route of: south-'Sastorn rn;~" 'Y, at a dintanco o:f 16!} l-::::ns. The raiTheo.ds viz. Muniguda. F.aY2.gadn nrc located on Ra-;.p-ur-.Waltair linD at a distance 0£ .2-01 1ms. 7:'~·0rJ. '?huJ_buI'_-i. . JhaT'f'icud':l. lcoated on Howrah-Bornb~ t;.run.1c: route :is nt [l. c::i . .8+~-::n('o nf' ~t 2SZ kJrs.
- 11 -
1.2.6.1 People and Socia-Economic Backgroun.d :
1.2.6.2 Socio-Economic Background.
The econoI!\Y of the Phulbani district is agricultural orie~ted. Near~ 84.1% of the po~ation depends on agriculture. This is not because the agriculture has 'developed to a great extent but there is no (arw al ternutive other source) for the population to depend· upon. The agric1.'.lture, l:)t'..r:r-j.ng feyl areas in the pJ_ain.9 along the river Hahanr-'l.di, is in an lmderdeveloped stage. There is no industry Hhich can ac t as a nucleus to provide facilities for ancilliary industries. Even SEl.w-mills are not located in the area. ~ the logs fU'e exported to adj oining districts f'or smrin.g. Bamboos are transported by roads to paper mills located at distances aro1.IDd 200 kIDs. or morn. This has resultod into keeping ·1>1"'.e tract bacbTard. Pover~ is very COnfu,on. The· tribal coopcretives do transact in some of' the minor forest produ.cts such as broom indust...ry J sal s·oed collection but its impact cn the econoIT\).r cf' the area :LS very little.
The position in Ganj am district is more or less the same. This district is also an agricult\L.~e 0riented one with 80% population depending on agr-iculture. No major industries have been. established except one sugar factory located at parl.:;. .. -khimedi. Sa\.r-miJls are also located outside the area of" the ca tchment. The tribal agencies indulge in collecting the f'orest produce such as mahuwa fl.owers, fruits, brool1' gr'ass etc. HOHever, it has very little impact on uplifting the socioeconomic status of tJ:lC region. In sho:!:"t, it can be stet·ted that the area is socio-economically very much bacJ.c\..rard. I-l ow eve r , within the district there are following Hood-based :industries.
i) 7 Wood and Cork :industries. ii) 3 Fllrnitur.e and i':i.:i-.--tnre industr:i.es.
The catchment f'eeds raw-materin..1. viz. bamboo to the paper mills liamed below. Their locat-;i.on ;:;..nd capaciw are also m0ntioned.
Tro..o-t Table 4_
Sl. Name of the No. paper mill
Location Capaci:ty per anr.um. in tonncs
Name ot: the Forest D'm. £'rom which the :JuppJ..,y
QUantity of bamboo in tonnes
1 • Orient Paper Braj araj nagar 70,000 ltill.s Dist. Sambalpur
2. TitagJ-r.r Choudwar, 12~000
Paper Mills Dist. Cu ttack
3. straw .Jaykaypur , 20,000 products Rayagada
Dist.Koraput
---------------:~.----------.--
is mado~ ______ .. _ .. __ _
Dhulb..q_vd Balligu:ia
Ph1 1.1..bam
Parlaldrimedi Bcll:iguda
4.500
10,000 12,000
_-- ~-.-----------
- 12 -
There are no orgon:ised cottage industries :in the ca.tchment but. certain loc~ people depend on the cottage- industries such as Cart rooking, mat and basket making,. broom and rope ma.k:i.?:lg, tassar silk cultivation and collection of: sal seed f:or cOcoa butter manui:acture. The s0asonaJ.. tcndu leaves collection -provide sample "Work f:or th3 .forest dwellers f:or a period o:f 2 to .3 months.
1.2.6 • .3. People
The total population of: Phulbani district is 621,675 according to 1971 census. 18.98% o:f the population belongs to Scheduled Castes and 40.31% belongs to Scheduled Tribes. The decadal increase is 20.35 percent. The main communities res:iding in the area are Khonds,. _Panos,. and the M_iv:a.sis viz. Gonds and S;).h~rw.s .96.85% of: the population reside in the rural zone. The densi~ o:f population is as 10w &s~56 percent. The literacy percentage is around 20. The percentage o:f workers to the total population is .35.29. Nearly 64.70% o:f the popul.at.i On has been termed as non~workers during 1971 census. This includes the agricultur:ists and the agricultural labour. R:ice :is the main crop and the per cap:ita producti.on :is 1.2 quinUls., Turmeric and oil seeds such as tRasi! and tSorisa t
are extensively grown as cash crops.
There are no maj or irrigatiDn proj ects :in the d:istrict except±ng one med:ium i.rr:igaiJion proj ect known as 1 Salk:i. t Irrigat:ion Project'.
The picture in Ganj am district is not d:if':ferent. Actually the area 01: Ganj am district viz. the \Jhole of Parlakhimedi s"Ubdivision and the parts of Bho.njnagar and Berhampur sub-division" f:a.1.J..ing :in pa.rlakhimedi Forest V-l.-v:i.-s:ion~.andJ~ming part of: the catchment, cannot be separated out !:rom tr..e reS"b---o£____j<Q~ area ot: the district 1:or "Want of: readDy available f:igures. The ------ - :figures o£ the district are" therefo~c" quoted here to give an idea. of: the statistical.. data. The tot3l popu.1.at:ion o:f the di.strict is according to 1971 census, 2,29.3,80S, 25% of: the population falls under Scheduled caste and Scheduled Tribes categories. The decadal inc rease is 22.50 percent. The area is :inhabitated most)y by c..'zyas,. Telgus, Khonds and Saharas. Tel.gu peopl.e are con:fi.ned to the towns bordering Andhra Pradesh. The densi-tQr o£- po-puJ..ation is 183 percent as compared to other parts o£ the St..'l.te. Evon the tract, forming part 01: the catchment i.s sparse1¥" populated. The percent.ages of wo.('!cers and non-workers to the total population are .32.54% and &/% respect:ive~. R:ice is the ma:in crop and -"he p,"r capitzl production is 1.90 quintaJ..s. The p'2();__) l~ tu .... _s· s:!::tr~~c prc4ucing turmeric, oilaeeds and s"I,lgarcane.
SHIFTING CULTIVATIGl!:
The greatest. impedime nt in the growth and deve1.oproeni:i of: forests :ia shif'ting oultivu:t.:i.on ~-ocaJ..:cyr known as 'Podu I The b-:ibals "Which f'orm about 4CI!o of: the population nre mostJ.y :forest dwellers. The.r have no land for permanent cultivation in the hills. There is no al.ternate source avai.J.able to them by which they can subsist f'or their living. They, theref:ore, resort.: -to shi.fting cultivat.ion. In thi.s 'itr _~~:L~;_ t b-;) -y,~ng grouth of: tree species nnd bamboos are cut down :in M=trchApril. The Rre3. ;is g:i.van a good b11rn snmf'l\·rhoro _in M:ty and '-.
1.3 -
the crop of hill paddy, haldi, 'kosara, tur, maiz e and chillies are harvested in november bf the same year!. The 'tr;ibals generally folloH u cycle of 4 to 6 years. By this t:ime the ol?- a:cea gets re(Jouped with young jr'ovlth of Sal, bo.mboo and other spec;ies. According tq the helicopter reccee, undertaken in tho catchment in the last vieek of March 1976, an area of 774.89 sq.lan 'Has found unde.r - -... current podu. Even the steep slopes and the areas with bouldary soils are not .spared. This is a socia-economic problem and steps will have' to be , taken to settle the podu .cultiya-tor pernanently. To settle the issue amicap]¥ the bn]¥ course open appears to be to introduce Agrisilvi l,:'lethod of plantations in the area.
Note: - 1. The area f:Lgure 'Of 774.89 sq.ktn has been worked out on the basis of proportional 0istribution, in the absence of recent-ly ~t,aken aerial photographs. Out of the total 1.,670 forested in:ter-3cctionr3 of latitu.das and lonii-tu.des at 1t' x 1*·1 m:inutes interval 157 'intersecti.ons fell in ·the area which was under Icwr.ent podu' land class,
2. The definition of: ICurrent podu l is given in field manual,
The forests of the trac~ under consideration, have forests ei.thar of high forest type or podu regrowth origin. !'1aj or portions of ParlakhimE;!di and BaLUguda diviSions except on the rocky hill tops of 'Parlakh:i.modi division and Kotgarh, Belghar and Simanbadi blocks of: Bulliguda division, ha'\re been affected by podu cultivation in the past. As a result of thut young sal and its assoc:Uites 1'lJ.~e commonly .sce:n in the area. The for'csts of Phulon.ni forest divi-sien ha,,-e been subj ected to lesser damage and as a result (of t~:lat) luxurient grov~h of sal and miscellaneous species is still noticed in the vaL1.eys 'a.nd ·inacr:ossibJ.e areas (Puranakatak, Padrnatola). Sal. (Shorea robusta) is the principle species of -t,he area an.-i occ:urs~extenSi';ely in all the ;threo forest divisions in tho vaJ..leys and -t.hc arc[\s VTit:h. bottor soil cover. The average quality 'class att.."1.j.ned by Sal is III/::.v_, All India qualit.Y class Snl appears ei+,her pure or mi::c::::d Hit:h its associates such· as Saj a (~_~;_)':~ ~~.:::=!.:~:t ... .:::), harra (Terminali;;;-. chcbula), Tonelu (~r)"~ros. !r:p_lc'tI,l9N.l-_oE) etc.:. on tho higher slopes and on the' ch~i~.).l· g-..~O'L:l.a. S::0. :LS replaced by miscellane ous spC:cies such as d..'l-t0/J.l·a (Al''-~S.::,j-~.!:!~~ latif?l-j.a), haldu (Ad:i_na cordif'olia) c.nd bj .. ja lpt(·,....o_c_~s ma~rsuriLun). In the orier type Salai (Boswellia Ser2~;X"1.) is comrnotilJr -seen in the ar.ea -€o the north' of' Boudh-=cna.rachakMadhpur road. This patch extends towards Sagars situated to the south-west of Manmunda tin Phulbani division. In, t~e Lakhari valley of Parlaldri.medi division, dhaora (AnoQcissus latifcilia) occurs pure on. flat and unclulat:i.n.g gro'md.
In Parlakhimedi divisJ.on (t'J<lhendra_g_:i:E:h hi~~) and in Balliguda division (DaringabaCli hillS) thfl elevation rises about 1 500 metres. The cOD1Position undergoes a change and spe. cies"liko makartcndu (D:Lo~OS embry_opi?~"Jri.s) A..-ra (!i~1g:ifera indica), jamun (~UlIl cuminiiJ, ashok n~CJraca indica, rai (Dillenin pentagyA!::) oceur- Tho -paJ-.!!he .s n:r.e 'UlOBt1;)r conf:inad +,0 p'_Sl.+.onu~
1~.3-2
- 14-In the Shitalpani forests of Phulbani division, along
tho river MahaIk~di, the forest shows peculiar composition of phasi (AnoezissuS ::!:£UIDina_ta), arju.."1. (t'crmil'ialia arjw:a), pani-gambhori !_J:'ewia nudiflor1::) etc. .
Salla bamboo (Dendracalamus strictus) occurs mixed with Sf'.J... and miscellaneous forests on drier hills of the eastern region. The incidence declinp.s towards west. It forms pure patches over sm~ areas as is noticed near Ranipathar, SUdrukumpa forests of Phu1.ba:r;j_ division and the Turubudi forests of Parlakhimedi forect division. Kanta bamboos (Erunboosa arundinacea) occurs in appreciable extent mostly along the bank of 11ahanadi in the Padlnatola region of Phulbani division. Over the rest of the areas, J_t is conf':ined to narrow strips along the pe::'8~n:'_al 'J".lt0r courses.
Toclc (~tona ~~d.~) 'occurs over 100 }:loct3.res area near Kantamal of Phulbani division. The prltch is 'in t-I'lG form of narro ... r strip D.Ild seen along the river Tel - a tri.'!."1.t-::'')ry ot: Mahanadi. Here teak forms a ·pure crop. At places, it is noticed mixed with palas (Buteo. ~2.!?2..~erma.). Truos ~.rl3 straight and well grown and theyt· attain All Indio. IV quality.
Ecologically the forests of the tract, under eonsideratio!b can be broadJ.;y classliied in the follO'lring types.
1. Northern Tropico.l Son:L Evergreen 'Fo:nests Orissa Semi-evergre8n forests
2. North Indian Moist Deciduous Forests
A-Moist Sal
a) Hdst peninsular hi~ level sol
b) Moist peninsular lou lev~ 6aL
c) l-1oj_st peninsular valley sal.
3. Southern Tropicul. dry deciduous £orests-a) Teak dry -
4- Northern Tropical dry deciduous forests a) D:;_7 30..L h::aring i'orests b) northern. dry mixed
deciduous fo~csts
5 • Tropical Riparian Fringing Forests
6. North Indian moist deciduous forest a) Northern secondary moist
mi..'{ed deciduous- £o;rests. b) Shrub £ ore sts
TYP.C COMPOSITION
- 2B - ~~~!C 3
3C ,:,:~ ~/C 2
\ _ ,-JC IC;I._c ( i)
_ -3C Iqz ~(ii) "3~,", / c ? oCiii
5 Ale 1 b
5B :; B/V1 "l11/02
3C 3c/ZS 1
. I
'"3C./23.. 2
The ecological ~os, their distribJtion and composition are described below:
Northern Tropical Semi-Everf!'reen Fore'3t 28
Orissa semi.-overgreen :forest - 2B/ C3
- 15 -
This type occurs over limited areas nnd where the elevation is more than 1,500 metres above. mean Boa lev-el. This type is confined to l!!oist vo.lloys of: Mnh0ndragiri ~s ranges ot: parla.ldrimedi division and the high hill a around Daringbadi of DaJ..J..iguda division. The ::iJnporta...,·c species met with are am (!.f~n~o.E._D: ~ndi.££).r maImr ·tendu (P~o~ £mb:r:yopJGEE..=i:..s), raJ .. (Dillcm .. a p<mtagv~), m.."lndn (Hoca..--:i:£;.~ J2£(tata_)~ Nageswar (Mes"!:!...D:. f:er2::_C~), ashok tsarace in~j..c~) .. Kakad G3rU~: pinna.ta) canos (caL.~~ spp.) (Fl.acourtiA indica.) .. (Hibiscu:J :furcatus), (Thes-Ees~ JiiIDp..'ts) etc. - - -------
Nor"t._h. Indian Moist Deciduous Forest -_2_Q
A ) ~loist SaJ.. - 3C/ C 2
i) Noist peniI):;ular high J .. m1f}l sal - ,C/C' '2 e ( i)
This -cy-pe occurs on neorJy flat grounds in the valleys where condi-l:;ions are opt::i:rnal for tho growth of Sa),. This type occurs in Haharaj pem, ValJ.ada, KtJrlO:'l~h, Pc.x<:.8C::.mha, Narayanpur J Koipur nnd Ta..1.J!'.anda blocks of 'p[,,:t"lal:h:irnedi division and over most of the & .. 1 bearing cent.;!.'al I-latean of Balliguda eli vision and Gantap..'1.da erGo. of Phu.:t.r.c..:-1i div;ision. The quali t,y ot: sal ranges bctyTecn highGr III to lower IV. 'The t:rees are uoU formed. Sal forms about 90% of the crop. It tends to become pure at higher eJ.evntion. The impo:!:'"tont associates of sal are bij a (P+uCr_~c<U'£~E. ~~l:!it~)J sajD. (T_~sin~:ia creI!'-fLat.::;) .. "!.hP..ora (7,ncM:...ssu~ :~tif'oli..:.:) hatdu ~:t\~_E: ~_0:::-difoli0} =rrund:i (Hit::a_gzp:l parv:?f:o~ia~, kasi (Q.r~_~l:L:: ::.etup~), bahe:-a (TeE..mi~~ bel.?::~ic::l) .. sh .. i.sp..am [Da2..b-:::J'f?2E:: ;'"'1.t:i.:fo~i.a), tcndu (Q:!:~O!! E;_ela~&lon), Hahuwu (~I:l . .Jb:; . .ic~ In:~j. .. (~~L:ir0"J -wr J.ut.it'c~i..9:1, gambhar (Gulol~~2 ~bor.2~), J amun ~~;:(~ j g~ £.umi.....,iII, I:l'"1,7011
(Lannea coroIJl..'JXldelica). The secOln at,oray cor"prise9 of aOiiJ:aT~bl:i.ca-Ciq;IcTn.;-u:t;_), (9as~o.r_~ :toItl~n-tos[lJ, bo.:id~lnn (O~gein:i.o. 005 einc~lsi~), d...1-tarnan (.0"::3~ t~~_i.aefo:" ia) }(umbhi (Cnxey8. arborca), garrud (:.aei?-~~-:t'ClUS £.?lli~~) .. The shrubs include giliri O:nd:igofer~ ~cl~;g,E:.), rar-ic..nnt.akut.hi (Flem:i.nr:~ ~h~:.z~££..), ),okl"l<"J:;lCli \~l3:..J?_a_rviflor~) (~ ~cro_-e..~a;) , Q.2!1:h::.~d7cl::l ~~dn!r'l) I (Bauhinifl. ~jn are COIJlJ.i1on. Ba11,boos arc n",,;0(;:ri:. in -::he area.
Regenera tien of: s.!tl :i_s p.'·~f:uso. Howover.. these areas are subj ected to rcpea"ted pOc1U cpl ti..vation.
ii) Moist Pcmrinsular levI 1_~].._.E::l.1.. ...::.....3. ~~g _ ;? ...... o ( ii)
Th:is ~3 is most~ confined to sal :f'orcsts o£ Phulbuni division around Subarnag.i:L'i, Hrttakurm-.. Padraatola. Sal f'orms high percentage in t:~e crop and even at plac8s it is £OUl1.Cl pure. The general quali-cy- at+...ained is IV end even V. Higher quo.1.i-CY- patches are (leen over small portions in the eastern parts. Here t..lJ.e sal troof.! wore found to be
·a:f:f'ected by top drying,
- 16 -
The important associates of' SnJ.. (Shorea robusta) in the overwood are saja (Tcrminal.ia crerrulata), harra (Terminalia chebula), beheda (Tcrminalia beller_ica), mahuwa (Madhu<?E: la~if'o]_iu ~ ]_on~f'o]_ia)~ .Jamun (~i.lP:um cumilP-iJ tendu (D::Lo~o~ me1D.~ on)1 bJ..,Ja (~~~I:! marsupium) kasi (Bri~ rctusa; aonla (Emblica ~c_~)) moyen (La.nnea coromandelica), kumbhi (Carey-a arborea haldu' (Adina. cordifolia), mundi (Mitr.§lgyna E.~if'olia~, dhoara (Anoge::LSSUS lat:Li'olia), sidhu CLagcrstroemi8: parvi.~J.or!:!J. The underwood consists of' char (Buchanania latif'olia), bandhan ..l{)lgeinia ooj einensis) 1 garari ( 9_leistenthus collinus) dhaman (Qrewia til1iaefC2_lia), bhirra (Chlorozxylorl; swicterria J The shrubs cormno~ Seen are dhatlci (Hoodfordia f'ruticosa), kurai (Holarrhe~ antidysentericaJ, ranidantukathi (~lemin~ c~E.i2~:) , giliri (Indigo)'era ~~hell~) and gutilmadilca VIYctantho_!! arbortristis. Saliabrunboo (Dcndrocalam_u!'l_ stri~ occurs in the undcrstorey.
Regeneration of' sal is good but it is roqu:i:rcd to be protected .from f'ires and from biotic influences su~h as podu cultivation.
iii)Moist PcninsuJ_ar valley sal - :3 cVC~ e tii.i.)
This cype i.s found: in Kotgarh, Beilghar and Tumdibandh blockS of' Bal.l:iguda division. The fore sts have remained untouched during the past. They, thor cf'or c , show excellent growth of sal. Sal. forms o.hou t 7(Y/, of' the crop. Thi.s type occupies the lower mois·c.:')::.- arens while the higher slopes are clad with miscellaneous i'0rests. Sul_ "trees have attained good dimensions and trees of 150 cms and above are commonly seen. Tho average quality attained is III/IV. Tho prin':liplc associates of sal (Shorea robusta) in the 07erwood are saja (Torminal.i~ crenula~), baheda (Te~irk"]_ia bolle):'j.ca), l:)aldu(Ad_~ cordif'olia), b:ij a (Pterocarpus mars~i1.ll1l2., kusum '[Schloichera 010058. ), mabuwa (Madhuca la ti..foliiliar. .f.ongifolia ). The second storey consists of' j aTUUll (~UID cuminii), bandhan (CUgoinia ooj einensis).t cl~lUrers (!3~ia supeE.:t~:) are commonly seen. Salia baMboo (Dendrocalo.mus strictus) is common.
Regeneration of sal is adequate. Thc area has not boen subjectcd to podu cultivation.
iv) Moist Bamboo brakes
This -cype occurs in Singaraj and Thumba Chnndra gixi, Gucimesa" NnJ.aghat, Guluba and Govindpur blocks of Parlakhimedi, division and over scattered patches to the cast of' Ranipathar-Ghnrichak section of' plrulbani.-Ghaxichak road. These patches are practiculJ.Jr devoid of' aey tree growth a.nd contain salia bamboos (Dendrocalamus stric-Lus). The average number of' clumps per hu. enumorated in three patchos is Drmmd 1,500 ('.].umps. The ground :floar is clean.
- 17 -
3. Sotl"th~rn Tropic~ D!JI:: Dc~i.d~~_for~:t - 5A.
a) Dry Tenk typo - 5 p/C 1 b
This occurs in smalL po.t~he:J cov7ring 0. total.. area of' 1 00 hec"t<.~es alO'1g the river Tel in ]?hulcani di-;isiC'n. The tca.'k trees have nnturnl origin from seed. .lhich haR come f'ro:r. the i'ornsts of' Khc..riar and Bll1.Qra-l'TaFo.gurh arc~_. Th(·)so pa:l:;ches are 011. {'1.c.t; grou!1.ds vThcre "(-J').0 soi.'l is G.eep. The CX0T.' :i:::; of :Low C!.'ln.li:b.r. Teo.k is :-'Ui.·c at m.')sT. cof tho pL.'1.Ce9 bUt; tho crown is open. Cbly t·o,,·'3..!'rifl Udai.plu· tho dendi ty ~hows iFlpt'ovcT!lon.J;:;. S<:tl:ia h=bocs (Pendroc~.lnllms strictus) is rC'.re. Regeneration 01: -wcl~ j.squit.C- ade(;_untc •
b) Northorn d"t"V. E1--i.:x:od ~~~id,!1_~ f~_Rt!?_2...]3,2'~ 2
'rhj_s type occurs ih nll tho tlu-ee divisj.ons es>:>ccially along tho h:L-:,hcr s]_op.:..o ru.onr- s(\'.l+.he:---n n~,?c-:;t .. r"l1.e'""c soil is drier o.nd aha.llo"'· and. conditions arc ~ot fc..v')l'rl:l.l)]o to tho growth of sal. ,[h:is ~rpc can s").:':) ia.lJ..,y he i'nmd in -the no::::,the:::-n pc.r-ts of Boudh sub-·djv:isinl'l of' Pi:v2.o£'.ni. c::.:br:_sion? Jumtari., Devp:iri? Bhobc..n::i_, KOTIk'1lc:Lng.i. bJ_ocLs of' 'P.:-xlukhimodi di-v-i::::ion. This i7.rDc tonds to be hl0j_S7, in -r..he "usv~rn region and becomes cu:y Type ~vO"!~t't'ds 1-lestern part. The c;')TU:,?ositi_on of th~ T.'.m sub.,o/pcs is a8 follows:
Regeneration of' i!!'_po::-t.':1.nt. species is want::i.ng.
a) RL p:J..t'ian f'r:i.neir:>.g i'or.o~ --as 1
This type occurs along thc T'i:vor -r.-tp.hanadi over Do short distance aro'l..."'ld Sh:i t.."lJ_J?U!d_ L'"1. Ull1..,:'he..,1:i. G.i"'ri!;lir:::::1. It, consti-Q).t-es. a narrO\1 :fru ... ;c. The {..r ·ClTD.ctarj.,J~ic f"'·'1ccios of' the ar~u phasi (~~...ESi~~ ~,~n~~.)~2rJl!.n(:r'~'·?2a..l..i::l. nrj una)? pa...l'1i-grunbhl:'_ri. (!:rewiD:_ rru.di.f1:0r_£)? kalchi. ' Th~2lE..~~ ~~tica), kuc;bila (STa:-ycJ.:lp._"J.8. ~~J!J.ica) and rarely pc..l.uli TLa.g(?rs:.o'2:9...E!'li.<.~ ~'e~). G:O::imbors l£ke Qappuris sRccie ~, Calj_£,<?p.!.~!,i '3 Q92.:_:ij:u~d::::., Con1?-=:.e_t::i.!l! dCC.~.!l~-ruLl.__.Iasm.i.nuLl sPl?' .~j...zyp~s ~ Q(;no'Olj!:l arc co:w::onl.;y _seen ..
1 .:1.3
1 • .3.4
- 18 -
6. North Indian: Moist Docidu~~ Forests _- .3 C~_
a) Northern Secondary moist mixed deciduous i'orElst-X/~ S 1
This iifpe of forests occur over a considerable areas of: f:orests of: parlakhimedi division, on hill slopes, foot hill tops uhere the soil is poor and dry. In BaJliguda division this -cype occurs on shallow soils just adjacent to sal -cy-pe. In this region conditions are not sui·GabJ.e for the erowth and establishr:lent of snl. The common speci"Js found in t'-1c area are saj a (Terminalia crcrrula!e-) -' dh...'l.ora (!~p:~~:mus ;gt_$!/' '?~iDJ., mahu,:,a (~iadlruca latii'olia var- lon.er-i:fo~_:i.r\), hal:lu ,-Ad_ina cordifol~a), Sidha C!?.Kerstroemia p"'-I'vifJ.ora) bij<l. (~erocarpus I!lD-r~). Salia bamboo (Dendrocalalillls strictns). occurs scattered.
Regeneration of iL~portnnt species is want5ng.
b) Scrub Fores~ - .3 C/2.8 2.
Due to repeutC3d 'podu cultivation! t_1-J.e trees loose their vigour and the area is so oCCUl?ied by a dense undergrowth of thorey species such as ~~us 8"f'3c-LelJ, l-t"i,l('sa r>.lbi.c~s_,. ~~onia ~i:f;'ol~, lJyct£.utlrcs a;r'-\"'ct'-t:-~:i..3tisJ Eu~tcri"lli3 species and Lon~ spec::>_cs. This S-.20-·::;;;~po is fO' .. llld :in all tho three forest di~iisions ,rj_z. Pl1uloo.ni, BaJlig.J.cb. & Pnrla.lchimed5.:t \.hcre the area has -o.:;en =bj ected to repeated I podu cul ti V<:" tj_on I •
The totnl :forest area :i_nvolY9d in tho catchment is 10,65.3.961 sq.l:ra. Oll~; of' t"l:lis about 2"5,% forma the reserved f'orests_7 about the eq-.lal percentage of land falls tL'ider proposed reserved forests:, 39% f'aJl_s undm.' unL'3scrrod lands and 5% forms unclass8d :ll>nds. 'fr_o p=r")as 'l:ndcr t-:he :first category viz. the reserve d £'orosts C'I."ld pru.'t 0f' the ser::ond category i.e. about .30% of the tc+_,aJ_ aroa lwvo buan dc!'"'.arcated on the grOU11.J.. T}1e ros-t of i:.ho arca s l-c;;17e not. yc-t ~e'3n demarcated as the seJ~tle:nent '."ark is no~ yct compJ_0w. The process of settlement is s+,ill gc.:ing on. The old reserves of: Boudh sub-divisj on of' "Plmlbuni c£.vl.sion have been mapped on 1" = 1 mile -t,opographic lIlr"_p3. Re~cj_ltl..V +,11.e Fcreat Deptt. of Orissa State requested t.11e S1:_rvsjr of' In'iia to under~(>a.ke mapp:ing work of forest aro..-... s of: t~ .c!l.tcbment on I!'.e+..ric .. scale. the Survey of: Incli.a was to n:t.-'Jxir the w01.'k :frOta -t.he t'ield season of: 10/r7.
~ STATUS..:..
The reserved and the protected forests of the catchment are burdened with rights and concessions. In the r e served fore sts of' Boudh Sub-divis.i.on follm-ring concessions have been gran~o cess-paying tenants in A class reserved forests according to Boud...l-J. Forest Rules 19.36. However I these concessions are not to bo enj eyed :from 1 s-t March to 30th June <;>f' .:the samo year.
-19-
a) !'reo collection ot: fruits, roots, leaves & creepers.
b ) supply of rohini (Soymida .fh brifug!::) .1 bandhan (Ougq:l. j_ w. ooj einensis) and class II and III 1:xees at 1/3 scheduled rates on permits.
c) collection of thatch grass on payment of 1 pice per anrrum per house hold.
d) collection of: bamboo on payment of Rs.3/- per 100 bamboos. __ _
e) colleotion of dry fuel. at Rs.3/- per cartload.
f') !'ree grazing of: cattle upto 1 mile depth.
g) collection of tamarind, na.hu.a, sal resin, edible:f'ruits nuts, bamboos freo of: cost (25 bamboos per household) for the residents of Ravaneswur & Kara dalrutha.
The B class reserve are also burdened wi t.h rights to obtain the requirements of: B class tenants reserved_ species at t scheduled rates and unreserved species at free of cost. The panchasa purgana residents have rights to removo, free ot: cLk.-u:-ge, unreserved species for agricultural i.L1ulements at one 'piece per plough, to remove free of charge timbers, poles, ballies of unreserved species for house constructioI'-S and repairs and remove edible i'ruits, roots" leaves and flO'L"rers.
In Parlakh:imedi division in the reserved forest.s tho agenqy area residents are permi~tod to remove bamboos as matter of concession.. As a n~tter of' righ"t they are entitled to remove fruits, thatching grass, timber for house constructions upto a maximum of: 15 poles or 3 ct:t .• of t:imber p'3r plough. FelJ.:ing and removal of 30 bamboos p::.r year p!>.t' house are also allowed. Romov:<:u of firmlood, to the cxhent :>L 8 hea~oads per t:anri.J¥ per month, is "Cer:nit1,od. In add:Lt.ion grazing is free in the agency area. In the unreserved forests collection of bamboo and grazil1.$" !IT.a ft.ee.
EXISTING UTILISATIOl'il_
The forests of: Boudh sub-division o:f Phulbani division are under scientilic management over decades. Some of: the remaining areas have also been brought under scientific management in the recent past. The total arG3. unrier scientific managomcnt is G, 39.9 • .'C&3sq.lan. i.e. 6=% of' the total fore st area. The vlOrk:ing _plaI:i.sl scheme 0 _under-- oper-dt;ions a.re as ":foll.o1.ls:
,,-
45
15'
30'
\5
b 19 0
------------- ---
45' IS' 30'
map showing
RESERVED AND PROPOSED RESERVED FORESTS I< A IV
-'\
\}
... cr
0
~
45'
I N 0 E x Sur ... "y bound.ary
For .. " di"';sion boundArY
Rail ....... ,.
Roads
45
I
~
F?j ... ~r or N.II.as ~ ,S
Reser ... ed 'orIPs! c=J I Proposed rpsp r ..... d forll'S! c=J
30'
15'
",1°
0
ee 45'
- 21 -
Text Table 5
lJame O:L the Forest DVn.
Name of' the Horking Plan7Scheme-~.Area covered and the author's name in sq.km.
Durntion
1
Phulban:i.
B~iguda
2 3
i) Working Plan ,f'pr the Reserved forests of' Baudh ex-state qy Basudeo Mahapatra, D,y.C.F.
ii) Horking scheme for the i'orests of Phiring:ia and Phulbnni ranges by IJ.K.Nishra, A.C.F.
,
970.0
517.584
i) Working scheme f'or the i'orests 748.251 of G.U~giri, Balliguda,Siman-badi ranges, qy G.S.Padhi, IFS
ii) \lorking scheme f'or the fpfests 1 631 .690 O:L Kotgnrh & Belghar ranges by S .Hah.'l.pa.tru.
iii) Working scheme f'or. the f'orests 231 .434 of' Karanda range by Parmatam Singh, IFS
iv) ~forking scheme f'or the blocks 477 .081 Pusangia, Rutnngiu, Tumdibandh, Kurtumgarh, Budanai, Dharampur, Pottangi, Si.koketa, Simanbadi, Doringbadi, Pondhariad, Unreserves of' J:unglGghar, S:iloketa, Simonbadi and 'pottangi of' Balliguda division b;T' K.C. Das
4
1975-76 ·to· 1994-95
1963-64 to 1982-83
1971 to 1990
1957 to 1967
1971-72 to 1990-91
Not known
Parl.akb.:i.medi: i.)Working scheme i'or Pnrlakhirnedi 2323.013 Dvn. l:zy- Shadang:i., ACF
1977-78 to 1996-97
It means that near~ 3,556 sq.kD of forest area has remained unmanaged so f'ar. This works out to 34% of' the total forest area.
Out of the total area of 6,899.053 sq.km t"hich is under scientilic management, nearl;y 4C1% of the area is .... IQrked under Selection or Selection cum Improvement vJorking Circle, 5% of' the area is kept under protection working circle and protection cum plantation working c:ircle,. 7% of the area receives treatment under coppice or coppice with reserves systems. The area set aside under J'Podu prevention working circle is about 1.0 and 13% is worked under miscellaneous working circle. Salni overlapping working circle which forms abou"t 6.5% of' the crop, is confined to Boudh area of' Phulbani division. 22% of the total forest area is worked under B<'1JDboo over~pping working circle.
- 22-
The above systems of: management, yield aIllUlalJ.y, on an average, t:ollowing kinds of: t:orept produce:
Text Tabie 6
Sl. Name ot: the No. Division
Kind of t:orest· produce -a:va:LLa.ble annuali'-:y::-----
1 •
2.
3.
Timber :inID3 .f.irewoqd iniii3
Phulban:i 7,192.092 1 2, ·062.366 Balliguda 7,957.000 2,265.35 Parla.k.llimedi 4,417.1+.3 .39,360.30
Total: 19, 566.522. 53,698 .. 016
Source - Tho Divisional Forest Oft:icors, Phulbani, Balliguda and Par laldrimed:i •
~mboo i.n...no.
28,12,674 5,388,000
2,,430 ,541
10, 631.,215
The tiinber is mostl,y transported by trucks to the adj oining markets like BorhaJnpur, Ambadola, Bhanj ana gar , Bolangir t:or conversion where saw mills have been established. Firewood is also transported mostl,y outside the district t:or consumption. It goes right upto Cuttack. Bamboos to the extent ot: 75% are consumed by the three paper mills located at Baranj anagar, Choud,·mr anti Rayagada. Abcu.t. 20 to 25% of: the bamboos are utilised ei th?..r locall,y or used by the cottage industrie s.
1.4 AVAn.ABIE FffiEST RESOURCE INFCR1·1ATION:
At the time ot: the revision of the llorking plan f:or the ex-state f'orest ot: Boudh by Basudeo Mahapatrat- 5% partial enumerations by strip method were carried out :in various blocks Which wore prescribed to be worked und.or selection \lI'Orking circle. EconomicalJy :iJIr.P.ortant species like Sal (Shor.2! robusta)" bij a (ptorocal~s !!lp..rsupium), sisu
..... (Dalbcrgia lati£o~), bandhan (Ou.z?.:hrt~a ooj~nensis) gamar
1 Gme:l.:i.!b arboro~· saj a (Tergrinalia ~enulata -Y:-haldu Adina cordii'olia) mundi {M:l.·!2~·am::na parvifoliaJ
t kasi
Bridolia remsa), dhaora ~ogGissUS la t:_:f'olia), tondu Dioswros l11oiano::-~l:on)" mahuwa. CHac'.l-;:uc=':, lAtifoJ.::L.~_yar.
longit:olia), Simal (Bombax ceiba), SaLai. 1Bos'.-Tell:La~ serrata ), Were enumerated :i_ndi-.'i.du~ and t ·rn :reIl:'::I.L..-,j..ng species were g:r:'ouped together undcr- others. The sppcies Were enumerated in 5 girth classes
For bamboos (Dcndrocalarous strictus) several one acre sample plots were laid at random in the bareboo areas ot: the various blocks in different densi~J classes (c~~ density) and culms more than t'l-lO years old, two seasons _old a!Jd one s~ason old were enumerated. Three densi.lcy classes -such as :L) good - wi. th more than 36 clumps per acre, ii) medium \.lith ::.'.5 't-..o .35 (,~llmps pGr aer.o and iii) poor - .lith less
Sl. No.
23 -
than 25 clumps per acre were recogriised. The results ot: the enumerations indicated that 340, £:70 and 180 per acre are available under density classes good, medium and POOl:'.
Salai (Boswellia serrata) was enumerated in the blocks allotted to Selection Horld..ng Circle along with. the other tree species as mentioned in the earlier paragraph. For the blocks allotted to coppice working circle the estimation was based on sample plots and occular estimates. The number of approach class trees were cO~5idered in the same propor~ion as was done in case of errumcrated blockS. The results of the enumeration ga~e following estimation.
Felling series
Te)[t Table 7
Name of blocks Area of F.S. No.of trees in ha in approach
class
Exploitable class
1. Marmrunda Salai F.S.
Sanadanda Sunadci, Rengali Sulia, Penaj or ,. Sindhurbhadi panchasa
2,4<Xl 15,.425
2. Sadar Salai F.S.
3.. Puranaka ta.k. Salai F.S.
Subarnagiri,. 8,611 Bohawallchok ,. Ravaneswar, Pu tana,. Nagarj una,. aaudadei,. Bankamundi
Pndhal, 10,904 KaradaJrn. tha, Mundeswar, Jaipur, ~apit, Aragarh.
4,410 17,520
1,760 17,4$0
The incidence of salai trees in Khasara forests \ofaS assessed by occular estimat.ion and counting in the test. plot;:!. The areas were GubsequentJy reduced by taking 4 exploitable trees per hectare as standard. The average incidence of salai exploi+~ble tre0S per hectare from reserved forests CaDlD to 2 and the Ll1cidence of moyen (Lannes coromandelica) and rai (D~"h!-enia pontc'1.~) came to 1. In the Khasara fores-t,s i;he incidence of salai, moyen and rai came to 4, 2 and 0~6 per reduced hc~tare.
At the time of the preparation of a wor~~g scheme by K.C .. Das for the forests ot: Pus<l.l1.gj_a, Rutangia, Tumdibandh, Kur"burngarh~ Budanai, Dharampur, Pottangi" Sikoketa, Simonbadi, Daringbadi, Pndhiari and unreServcs of Jungle ghar , Silc.ok eta , Simonbadi and pottiangi of Balliguda division one acre sample plots were laid out in the representative areas. In theso plots, sal (Shoroa robusta) and bija (Pterocarpus marsupiurn.) were enumerated in 1 foot girth class .!'rom 3 I and above girThs. The enumeration results covered 17% Urea of Simanbadi block and 30% for S:ilwketa block. In respect of other blocks enumeration was conf.:inod to areas having IlIfItUTO sal. The
1.5.2
-24-
intensities varied greatly £rom 10% :for Pusangia,. Kurtumgarh and Turodibandh blocks to 5% for Rutungia, Budhnai .. Pottangi, Dharampur and Daringbali blocks •.
MA.PS & PHOTOGRAPH'{
Haps:-
The topographic survey on .1 11 = 1 mile (1 :63360) scale was originally under~.l::en by the Survey o:f India in 1854 to 1863 for the areas lying in 64/P shoets. For the remaining areas the topographic survey was undert.aken on 1 ti = 1 mile scale £rom 1930 to 1936. 9 full sheets and 28 sheets of 1" = 1 milG topographic maps cover the Whole area of the catchmen+ .• The details of the Sheets covering t.he area arc given ::in Appendix 1. Si.mi.J.arzy a map indicating iliA C()VBrflbC i.s given on the opposite page.
PHOTOGRAPHY :
The catchment was photographed during 1967-68 on 1:60,.000 scale. (Specification nos. 518A 542 H). The same was made use oi' while interpreting the areas for non-i'orests and forests and t:or fUrther classif'ica:bion of forests into densi"by classes such as 05-29%, 30-69% and 70%+. 611 photographs cover the whole area o:f the catchment except i'or the areas :fa,J.ling in 1 :63,.360 scale sheets 64 P/11_, 12, 15 & 16 and 74 A/11 •
During 1972-73 the area of the catchment has been rephotographed on 1 :25,000 scale. The speci.t::i..catj.ons t:or the A.bove l"l1->moQ. photograplzy- are> 'IS! A ann 747 A.
30'
IS'
45
~ o·
.25
145' Its' [ JO' eZ 145 (
1"= 1 MILE MAP' SHEET
SURVEY COVERAGE OF
OIACSP,AM NO. !:J THE
@ :
I' ~u !bandh
6SM
" .- 13 • Kot"a
45'
I
AREA I
T
oud ~
73~,t+-f-+-~~I-+I..7) ~ Choirichak
·.hul "., •
o It; sipar. Dj--
Phi,in i ..
a4 O'
• M",dha[ L1
.:L
n¥- U-.J-I.-I-I-+-+-II-1..~~ 7)D 'll""'I-b,f. .... -I~-YI.., 'J 8
.U}OIya I I
• Rai ia
imanb.;odi
., ., 17
7 4 ~ H-+-f-+-l 'A-~"""'_'
,
-
-.andr~c: ri
·R.Udayagir
ilt.r 1m. I
1/
I N D E
Forert division boundary
Railway
Road~
River or n ",lias
x
IS> at' 45'
-----........... --~
lB.. O·
~.
,__ IS'
- 26
CHAPI'ER II
INVESTIGATIONS AND }~THODOLOGY
OBJECTIVES INCLUDING :rnECISION
The broad objectives of the surv~ were arrived at a£ter_ proli.m.inary consultations with the State _Forest Department officials on 7-6-1975. Following objeci.~ivos were..decided:-
1. AssesSlOOnt of the total availa.h:ility of b a mboos division,cise.
2. Assessment of the extent of Ipodu areas' i.e. shifting cultivation in these divisions.
J. Estimation of volume of salai (BosvTellia serrata) trees in Plrulbani division.
4. Determination of S:imal (Bombax coiba) potential divisionwise.
5. Identification of 'miscellaneous areas I i.e. non-5al areas for the purpose of future planta tiona of econooic species.
6. Assessment of potential of minor forest produce with reference to mahua, kusum, harra and sal s ecds - o~ rru.mber of tree s should. be given and a design :ror yield studies.
The details at: the survey, the information r:'."8edec1 to achieve the broad objectives Here,arrived at a:rtor consu],ting the sta"tc Forest Officers for the second 'G£~e on 12-2-1976. Following decisions werc talcen:
1. The precision of the results of the survey was to be within ± 10% standard error at 95% probabili1:i)r level.
2. The precision was to be considere d at the level of the Forest Division as different dj_visions l-:ere alloeated or likely to be allocated to di£'i'erent industrial units.
:3. The precision .-laS to be considered for the component -t~ber and p~ood trees.
4. The precision for bamboo Has to be considere d for weight cy division at + 1 at standard error and a-t 95% probabilit,y level.
5. The general and local volume tables would be prepar f3d for sal, salai, saja, moyen, bija, haldu, gamar, dhaora, simal, kasi and fer jam'..l.n individna'-'y. For r€lst of the species there would be a common volUllle equation.
6. A resource map "lOuld be prepared on the e::isting 1 H=
1 mile scale on IkodaliTle prmts I cy superimposing the resource date on topographic maps.
Considering the factor s like time, money, man-power and statistical accuracy the obj actives of the survey .... rill be confined to the level of the catohment only and vlherever possibJ results be oompiled division-wise. In addition, the report wi}] provide information on g:'l',>W"ins -,::.wCk l1Y ~0rE"o+.- {iYI><'>R .. f'pe'''; .. ps,
d:Lmensi.onR and uiti.J.:i:tO'-.
2.2
Land use
Vegetation.
Density-
-27-
PHor Olll'TERffiET.A,TT ON., AER IAL n~c ONNAISSANCE
Photointerpretation:
The photogI;"aphs of the catchment on 1 :60" 000 scale and or 1967-68 photography \"ere made available. The small scale.ot: the photographs as 'IITell as the time lag bet,'0en the year at: photography- and the actual year of fiGld 'l>lOrk put constraints on the utill~ of the photographs. Also photographs for the areas falling- in ir.ap sheets 64· P 111" 12 ~ 15" 16 a:':1.d 74 A/11 were not made availab~e. Under the circumstances" explained apcve" the obj ects of the photointerpre-tation were decidE>J. as gi von below:
1. to devide. the entire area of the ca tcJ:>.ment into grids of 1-t'x1l,-' intervals of' latitudes and 10nlSitudes •
2. to stuqy a sample plot at ~~e intersection of latitudes and longitudes spaced at 1i'x1i'.
3. to classifY the intersectional points into the f'ollowing densi-cy classes a)5--29%" b) 30-69% and c) 7Cf/o +.
4. to take up 100% photointerpretation of the catchment for differentiation into forests and non-f'orests. The non.,.forest plots can then be e lim in.c'1. ted from cruising f'or field work.
5. to classifY the plots into various land uses _ such as _ a) forests" b) current podu, c) pastures and barren land, d) agriculture" e) t..rater and f) others.
6. to classifY the land class forests into vegetation class a) tree forests, b) scrub, c) bamboo brakes and d) blanks.
The work of ph·otointerpretation was started in August -and was completed in September 1975. Tho phqtointerpretation gave the following results.
Text ~able B
Forest
Tree fore st Scrub
5--29% 30-69% 7(Y/.,+ 5-2<)% 30-69% 1 2 3 4 5
70%+ 6
Bamboo b:r'a!::e
7
Blan"J-r.s e+,c.
8 --------.
Total forest
9
No. of' 335 722 305 306 35 1 8 6 1721 plots
- 28 -
Total Grand water others non- total
=-____ ~--__ ~N.on-forest Current pasture Agri-
Rema.J?ks
podu & barren cul- forest lands ture
-10 11 12 13 ---1~· 15 16 17
144 99 31 1101 2$22
-----------"-._-Note: 1. Photointerpretation of plots ~alling in map sheets
64 p/11, 12, 15, 16 and 74 A/11 could not be do~e for 1f{ant of aerial photographs.
The mapsheot-wise details of the photointerpreta tion are g:i. ven in Appendix 4.
Aerial. Reconnaissance:
The :interpreted aerial photographs helped in c1ass:i.i'ying the intersections of latitudes and longitudes into:
a) forests and non-forests
b) forests into i) ~ree forests, ii) scrub, iii) bamboo bralees and iV) blanks and
c) stratifYing the tree forests and scrub into density classes.
The above :information was not o:f much use to determine the total growing stock ot: economicaDy important tree species. such as sal, bija, salai. etc. and bamboos within the preCision l~its. In order to achieve the precision for timber, stratification of tree forests into semi-evergreen, sal, misceJ..laneous salai and bamboo gained :iJnpor-t.ance. S:i roD arly the photogr-aphs, being ot: 7 to 8 years old, it vJaS not possible to know the change :in the area figl=es of forests which is subj ected to podu cultivation annually. This issue was of: vital importance in know:L'1.g the total grmTing stock of the catchment Within + 10% st::l.ndard error and at 95% probabilitylevel. The zone, -thorefore, made use of: the p:ooj ect helicopter .from 15th March, 1976 to 31st :March,. 197?o The intersectional points of latitudes and lo!,_gitudes of 1!'X1i l t:alling in Phulbani and northern parts of BaLl:i.guda dj_visio~s were observed after flying from tJ:1..e base camp at phl.ll-oani while the remaining :intersectional points at: Balliguda and the whola of parlakh:Unedi divisions were obsar-rod after i'llfing £'rom the base camp at 110hana. During one flight line three obsGrvations were made at a time, by tln'ee perRons. The £'ront man was flying over the I c·eb:traJ> flight lin8 \lhi.le the two sitting in the back were observing the points situated to the right and left of the flight line and situated at a distance c£ about 2.1 lan. away as the crm" flies. The exact point of intersection ,·JaS located by observL.'1.g t.he point on 111: 1 mile topographic map on which the intersectional po..;.n-t~ ·were--already JA:id out and, rn.unbe..rod at 1-t'xl"i' :i.n+Dr"V"U..
cr.. rc ''';
t1 . 0 Ct-I
0-. -. C
. . M 0
cr.: :z. ..- 1""\ ..-
C'.J 1""\
2.3 L..--"" -
-z;)-
The resul~s of t~ aerial reconnaisDance are summarised as given below:
Text table 9
Land class Vegetation Forest type s class
f.i (1) en I
+" :> :::s f.i' +" ~s:: s:: a. +" +" o cr. [jJ CD I 0 (1) en - 0 (» CD f.i u;. pc::; 0(1) ~ I s:: (» c; 'M +" Q;rc :::s,-; M f.i:::S Q) C)(l)
e~ ,..c..!:<! 'g Cl) 0 § ro ..!.:l Q) J...;S:; 'C,...-4M HOC ..c: Q.) J...; Sm ..s:: .(1) ~ cr.;
~ rorc o ro 0«. .... 8& C HO 00 . ro M C ~'E ro '.-1 rl CD G ~rl P-tJ'<.tP E-i Ct-I tfJ Ct-I ~..c C/) :a::rl C/:; 8
CO CO C ..- 2 r- L.r. 0' . 1.0 ..- \,0 L.r. L.r. ..- C 0'1 0'1 0 N -.::t-
,.
..... 1""\ ..... ..- ..... 1""\ C'.J '" ...- \0 OJ L.r. C'.J
The semi~evergrecn stratum was subsequently merged with miscellaneous stratum as the. area was negligibJ.;y- small. Simi-1.a.rl¥ tho teak stratum was overlooked due to negligible area.
The f'light plan followed is given on tho opposite page.
INVENTffiY DESI~
Pilot Survey:
Th~ major portion of the fores~ area of tho catchment was brought under scientific management ~ the recent past. ~ the reserved forest aroa of ex-state Boudh of phulbani division was under sci.entific management over decades. Even this portion hardJ.;y- constitutes 1% of the tota.1. forest area (as per the record of the forest department). The enumerations carried ou:t" at the time of the revision of the working plan for Boudh forests and at the time of the preparation of the working scheme, had limited objec~ives of knowing the growing stock of important species like sal, salai. and bamboos. The saxnpling design and the intenSity varied greatly and no standard error of the estj,mates '.va9 assessed. Evoa +.11e annual exploitation proceeded on limited J.:tne. It WUS~ thGrcfore, not possible to determine the co-efficient of variation to find the size of tho sampl.e and to know the correct plot si.ze. _ It was 7 therefore" decided to undCi.~take a pilot SLU'vey in tile catchment on ~he basi.s of the stratificati.on made on densi.ty classes, at thA +..:imA of phC'1;oi .. n+..o:L-pr..:l-;''1.t:i.on vf: -"'f>:r:i.a1 photographs.
DIAGRAM ~O (;,
FLIGHT PLAN
-- ....-:_ - ... ... , , , , . , , , b I~
, " ,.' I.'
1~1n l6';Q\ I' , , . x::...~ 1'-t§I • , . . .. ... ... - ,..._ -- - - , , , .
I I . , , ,
I- I- - . " , ,
, , , ""- ... -- - . , , , - .,
• ;
1- 1- ._ -- , , , , ,-
1t.;3~ I~Q\ , , • ~~3 I'-'Z I I , , . - ~ - ... , , ,
I
I , , - -- /
.-
, ,., w sy>d:.qo.o -;:."t4JI.g, '~H4 .t-m~ Ill' J:;. J~' Wfrli'f."'l ~'t
.~·t ,. '''..;- .. 1> ~ ;~ r .3" ..... -t.
~ 7' 7', +. -~ .;t. _' ~ ;.l..;
- ·t"·fI. ~.t" '<t' ~ .
. J' j ._
11 • ".- I( ".
, ... :~ '1,.1 ., i:
t;ll ~ -t
l
" ., ~ ), The objectives o:f the pilot
a) 1;;0 .determine the optimum pl.ot s:ize and . ... • T ~ I ~
b) • to "determine th~ optinmm numbet;: o:f samples, to g:i v~ t'he' . lestima:Bes w:ith:in.+ 10%' 'at ,95%r~proQaqil:i::ty, level.
-;. ., ~ The point in:tcrpr.etation! .o:f, aari~ "pp.otogr~:Phs :indicated
• " 3,35 ihter.sec1tiona1: p<{ints :in, densiW cl~ss I (05-2,9%)" "'I :..,'1l··""tl 72-~~f4ens~~~C:4~~ :-;r;I; CBo-.9~} az:!.q,:~p~ _~.4(msi-W class III
. " r ..... ~t. ,und.er~~ta:t;;i6lj'.r.c~~ss' ·'tTrec :,i'o.r~s;l;-.s l;~"- For' ~}1.e .ptirpose Gll 1:l)rt~ . a-~12#Fo~r .. ~ .. vcy.,-~ ,;:;.4~ !i:r:1L . . ' e:¢.sect, ~ona;l;',"B~~, I?j ,:i~," ,qep.si.~ class I,
r~11~ ,~ ?I(... 6(}r,:m1ib~a13~.. . ", poi-Ate ;in. d,~~~W '~ctW. {Jf${, ~H' ~q,. ". :4,0 ll'lte:t-''It! ,gte5'bili~J<-P.i'ifrts ~Ui~,P~~' c:;l;4'S~q:flll~~~~~n~J,p~~p. at random. \.If '.~} ,1;1 .At r£if.~ ~cc~"d"a;n~a.tp:qr~~ P9;U;~ .. ;f0UJ<l~ demarcated
squarG pTo-{;s -'Of .0.'; 0.2, 0;.3 ,anp_, ';'().4, ha;. al).d o:r;to ,2 ha. undemarcated circular plot wero lai<;l <;Jut concentrically. The records 'of: 'tr.ee and bamboo enumcrat:i;ons weJ:,",e .maintained 'separateJ.y :for every ,additioI_l?l a~ea ,of: thQ plot starting from 0.1 ba. plot. ThG bamboo anaJ,ysis was cons:l.dered .fI-dequate over the entire 0.1 ha. plot oIily.,
I
Final S'U1':vey:
Tho l'I.nalysis of: the pilot survey cljrrie.9- 9ut by the Data ,Processing Unit :inq.i7aWd that. the optllIltlID size of, the Plot is 0.2 ha. :for the est:irnD.tes of: vOlu,I)'le at; in).p,ortant tree species, _and bamboos and 2 ha. undomardated: plot iJ ad~qi.llit~ enough to estimate the number of treG~ by diameter classes 01 f:ive species viz. kullu, kusum, .mahuq." hrirra and ,semal. Sirnilarzy, the pilot survey indicq,t9d that ,Z7P pl9,ts under sal. a tratl,nnj , 3(:>0 plots under. ·misce.;uancous st.ra~, ail the 558, ,p:Ib.ts~Und~ bamboo str{l.:tum and ~tl .. the. 54 ,plots under salai'"atra:tum are adquafu enough. tq g:Lye t:q_e vp~~e estimates withm. +.10% standarA eri;p:ri ai;.: 95%. prQP~bility ieyeL Renee ':' desi~~'()f.' .two.i.COl(l, c. ~ntr.;i.c. plP,1:.s,., oro. de~p~~,?~. ~.nd square :tit ~?ap~' .{:P;':2"ha.I) a.;t1-d,,~p,e o~t-.I;ql;' W,ld(fwarq,~~~d '<?::u'. ~~ar (2.ha) was adopt.ed~ ~he' ;re9u~e9- s;Lze 0 1 , th;o ·.P~P+~ Wl7~ .det~rml.!led for' 'fue 'prcscr::lbcd 9rror and soleqt,erJ. strat;pm","w:Lse u.En.Ilg random number tables. Ih case a plot. was :found :falling in a non-forest area, another plot was selected qy the sawe method.
Ill. the demarcated square plot (0.2 ha.) all the tree species and bamboo cJ_UIDps were .enur.lerat.ed (tr.ce species were enumerated down to 10 cm. diameter). The sample tree study "Tas confined to north-west qu.s.dra.."'lt of. 0.2 ha. plot while bamboo age .an9. soundness analysis pas carried 'out of the e'Vr3ry 8th clump, starting from the f:i.r.st. The :f:i.ve spel?ies viz. kullu" kusum, mahua" }1arra and sima.l werO-·-<:lDlJlllGrai;-ed'·ovcr the- e.n.tiro are~ '0£ undBlllfU'Cated 2 ,1m. plot.
l
, -.32-
~.J:ill!YS. :
Field manual
For the guidance of the field staff a field manual was drawn up enlisting therein the nature of' thO' field 'olork to be carried out, details required to be filled in the various columns of the pres<;.:ribcd forms und the code numbers to mdicato various details of the area undC3r sarnpJ_ing,. A copy of the IDaual is attached as Appendix 2.
Formation of the parties :
For the execution of the pilot survey si.x parties were formed. For the final survey t«:,m parties l/ere formed :L'1. May 10/76 uhile for the post-monsoon field work of' 1976 onl;}r seven parties were working in the field. The seven parties :for bamboo and vo~ume studies, Here led by t.he Jr_ Technical Assistants. The addi t;lonal' t.hree parties created in Mey 10/76 for field work were l~1Jy l)y"" Hangar3. These additional parties \-Tere moant on1y for bamboo study "lorle. The crew leaders were a8sisted in the f'ield by a Dy_- Ranger and t\-lO fieldmenoo The available number of vehiclcs'Were made use of for dey to day field \-lork of the parties. This arrangement f'acilitated the Srl'T.Oth running of the field \-lork.
Eguinment us ed ~
Every party \-las equipped '.-lith 1 II = 1 wile topographic maps, duly marked ,dth latitudes and longitudes spaced at 1t'X1-i-1
and with intersections dul:<i m~rkcd ·These maps 'I...r3re useM for easy locatj_on of -reference points. The party \.fas
also provided ",i.th a Tsilva compass' to detcrm:i.l1.e the bearing of the plot cent.re :from t.he reference, p0int and to locate it on the ground,t t"lO 00 metre 10ng_lWlon ropes to locate the plot centre at the desirec_ dist<'lnce :Cram tll.e ref'~rence point, BJ.nrn~leiss hypso:r1e+..or to find out the correction for slopping dint,~ces and to moas\U'e the hoights of tre?s, stoel calliper to. measure ovor~ark and underbark diameters, .30 motor tape, tHO snws, cro§s out, saws, axes, khukris, field .forms for filling i:r:l. t:ho de: l:..n.il::: or rea inventory, Hark, pencil, ernser etc.
Fiel.d \.J'ork :
Pilot SUrvey:
The field parties located a m .. d+.Y-~ble reference point on tho topographic ll'¥l-P preferabJ..y junction of tr..,ro nalas, or :ll17 other l.ll1Pistakuble feature such as C1'bssing of road rJ naJ_as, trignometric reference points, etc. The reference po-i!1.t was selected as closo to the concentric plot centre of four demarcated and one undemarcated plot as possiblo. ~~s reference point was reached on the ground \-lith .reference to, the topographic map of the area. A compass 'boaring from tho reference point to the plot centre was work9d out b,y orientinB and levelling the topomap. Similarly, a di.stanco botwQ~n the .ref'oroncQ .point t"-nci t-.ho p.1.ot contra 'Was
I
'LAY C'l.T ('F THE GRID~ 1}4X d/4 FOR A ONE INCH SHEET
SHEET NO 739'3
- - ----IS' 15°
II
10- 0 09 0
, 08
07 0
06- 0
05-
04 0 0
03
02.
01 0 O· 0 15° 0 01 02 03 04
84()0' 05 Q6 07 08 09 io H
84° 15'
Rondort"' 1)1 selectee! for sampling
LAY OUT OF S,A M P LE t . ,.
1Y4
" .. ~
'\ ,.
'\ . , . "- .' " .,
" .. .. J.;l " ,
1 ~ " . " . ,
. ' SAMPle. PlOT
OIAGRAM SHOWING GRID
ALL "T 1'\l:.~S OF 10 eM .AND'" ~60VE 0 i> . D. e». H WI\.L
BE "'E1'-SUReO AS SAMPLE. TRE~ I~ ,HE N W . '" QUA"DRAN, ,~.
I , , . / .
I ,. I
-l . I 1-,'
: . I
~ I I. I I I , " ," \ .. , .
'"
, (
r·
\ .~
\ ~ \
, .. . \ , " '
'\
" , • ..r
'" "' .
----- -----:---:-,---......... _ .<.- . . . .. _ ..... _.;.. .... .. ~ . ...
, '
....
" ,.
; , ....... .-
., .. "
~, " .... -,. '!" ,
, ......... .: __ .. '" ....... .,,;' _. __ - ~ ----.;---
O• N°_ Q_ \ogrom 1J
PLOT ~.
ALL TREES ao CM AND A&OVE. WI\.L e£ MEA&URBP AU. Oy~p,
THE PLOT oI\S SAMPLE TRI!1!6 ....
").
" .> "' "-.', , ,
" . .1 I . " , /
i 'I' , • I
>'
\ , .\ , , ,
.' I
.'
.: ~
• J , I .,
I I
1<\. '·;.~:I INDICATE. 0 ·2 Ho .. · AREA (UNOEMARCATED) TO BE
CONSI DERED -FO~ TtlE ENUMERATION OF MOHUA. SIMAL ~ KUl.LUAAD.HARRf.
AND kU5UM.. ,.REES
- 35 -
determi.Jled with the help of a scale. The concentric plot centre was reached by cruising aJ_ong the desired bearing and measuring the desired distance with the help of 80 metre nylon ropes. Corrections for slope were given' wherever necessary. The com.'llon centre of 4 plots was marke9. on the Wound. Four concentric plots of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ha were lai~ out with diagonals in north-south and east-west directions. The diagonals for various plots Here as given below:
1 • 44·72 metres for 0.4 ha. plot
2. 38.73 metres for 0.3 ha. plot
3. 31.62- metres for 0.2 hp.. plot and
4. 22.36 metres for 0.1 ha. plot
All the four corners of the plot were se.ria~ numbered as 1, 2, 3 ahd 4 starting £'rom north direction and end:Lng in clock-wise direction. The plot points indicated by posts rrumbered as 1 '.Jere of 0.1 ha. _, post. numbered 2 were of 0.2 ha. and so on. In addition, an area of 2 ha. arotmd the c~ntre of the plots was considered f"or 5 specj_es kulln, ku'3lim_, mahua, simal and barra. The circular plot of: 2 ha. was not demarcated on t..}J_e ground.
The trees and "bamboo clumps touching the north-west and sout.. .... -'.est borders \-Jere considp.red as 'in r -b'ees and were enumerated while those touching the north-east and south-east borders \-Iere considered as lout' trees and_ ,.ere excluded :f"rom errumera tions • l-Jhi.le erruI!lera ting the· next bigger plot the 'in' trees were considered as 'out' trees and 10'.1"1:;1 trees as 'in' trees so as not to count the trees for the second time to avoid over-est.1mation. All the trees _spcci~s upto 10 cm,dia. overbark and all the bamboo clu..-rrDS W3re emm.er·"'1. ted o .... -rsr the entire area of the plot 0.1 ha. ~nd '~""_e r.eeord \-;as maintained separateJ.,y and for the n9xt bigg"_.).~ plot enrr.:nerations wore undertaken, on sj.mllar lines, in th.e additional ·8.rea around the previous smaller one. The record of this enu.-rnera tion was maintained separately. Likewise all t.'l1.e fot.U' plot.s Here enumerated. The sample tree study \,ras confined to 0.1 ha. plot obJ;y and all the trees above 30 em. dj.ameter ovcrbark were considered as sample +~ecs over the entire area c£ the plot except the north-west quadrant of the plot. In the north-west quadrant au_ tho trees above 10 em. diameter overbark were considered as sample tre~s. Bamboo clump analysis by age and soundness classes was ta!{:en up of every eighth clump start:ing from the £:irst. The cuJ.ms ..... Iere divl.ded into three diameter classes viz. 2 cm. to under 5 ems., 5 ems. to under 8 cms. and 8 ems. and over. Brunboos under 2 ems. diameter were (IlIlm:i..tted £'rom coun.ting. Bamboo w'3ight f:a.. .. ·:-rple:3 "Tere collected for diameter classes mentioned above a.nd then green weight and, the utilisable lengths 1-mre recorded. One of the samples was utilised to determine gree~ weight to ovemLry weight relationship. The £.Lve trees viz. kullu, kum:m_, mahua, s:i.mal and harra were errumerat'3d in the 'undema:r:-cated 2 ha. circular plot and the record was ma~tai.ned s8:;>arately.
During tl"le f"i.ald "work the £ield _par:t.:Lss filled i.n the following .:forms.
- 36 -
1 • ,Plot approach %orm
2. Plot description ':form •
'3 "' Plot enume,rCitioJ;l. :for:m
• C' "a:;) '£or.,: ,0.,1 ha,'. plo~>.I • ,.'
xi ;j' _"l{Y"i-c;:r.--'ati" add1:t:LOhal. 'area- 0'£ ~JJ. ."~{j.. _. ~,'l. v ~."'~(."-_.. I' ~ I:
" , ~ c.~), ·'flon".' ~~·,D:clq.i:tiQ~ll ar?R 9:4 ,~·r rMJ'I)".aFo:i:f-'an ra:adi-£~onaJ.. area:.~-df'
jo
0.2 'M'. p~ot
0 • .3, ha~ plot
0.4 M'. plot,
,r ry> e.} i:f.or·~ Jm." ~roup.d=4'lg>lt¢! ~i'I\.lm,era;te" kullu, kUSUID".
harra, mahua and" simal.... ' ':J
4. Sample tree :form for 0.1 ha. plot
5. Bamboo enumeration form for 0.1 hu. plot
6. Bamboo 'Height form
During the final survey all the operations of selecting a re:ference point and laying out of a plot were done on thG same linB as :for pilot survey. However". only one square plot of 0.'2 na. area \.JaS laid 'but at the, intersectional points of latj:budes and longitudes spaced, at 1~1:1:.::1tl. In: those grids where bQ~ bamboo 'el~unerations and bamboo analysis stuqy were to 'be ce,rried 'out, the tree s'Oe'cies composition was not consid~red ~as the same was 'aIready covered while unde:o:-taking f'ie1.d :inYE?~tbrY ;in 'sal 'abd 'miscellaneous ~rnta.., The, b-:unboo weight ,-'s~pl:es, ,to dete:FQ.ih.e' green'1ve:i:ght to oven 'dry weight relation-'si4P, . Vlere 01 .. 0.50 m:l-..:r. :i:ength fust;ead of 1 t>:e+."re length, 'collected -during the PiJ_bt'. Stn:;-~.rey.. Jrhr:~e ,sam'll.es ~ one £rom the top portJ,on, 'oii"1'5 .£'romi -the middle. por'tiort al}d ~~l::t.e third £'rom the ,qot,tom ,]?orticm .. 't-,ere collected' for ea,ch d.i;;:mle-t:;,:, .. r class. For vdlunie 8"tUdy, 10 t:r;.eqs, Po..'!;" d£am(;l:t~~, 'c).,aAP :p,er individual species such as sal; saj fl., 'b~i a,- ai-so,o, I4oY.~n, am rai, haldu, l~ekad". rrnmdi, siris, hc.hed.E~, sidha J oal'1$g,n, waara, .iamun, dhaman, ga.mari~ kasi, e;'d.Y'az-i, tel').d..:t~ .,s:iJn,al,. salai and bhirra
vlere f'elled and the 'l'proa:ining 0:1'99 1.-,ere c):\.lb'!Jed together to f'orm rest of' the npecies group and trees of different species :felled.
The data collected was recorded in the follpwing forms:
1. Plot a.pproach .form,
2. Plot descr~ption form,
3. Plot onumeration form,
4. 5. 6. 7.
Sample
Bamboo
Bamboo
Vo1:ume
tree form,
enumeration form,
weight .torm
stuey form.
- 37 -
Fie1..d .:t::orms:
The Plot ~Eproach Form:
This was f:Ll.led_ in by t.hs -erew' leader S whila prOC'"""".:L."s !'rom the field camp to the reference' puLnL and then on to the plot centre( s). The f'orm was meant for time study and to help the check crew to locate the reference point and the plot correct:cy-. The f'orm was not designed for punching.
The Plot Description-Form~
This form was coded f'or punching. The data. on this f'orm ,.as recorded f'or 2 ha. stU"Tound around the inter.'3ectiohal points of' la-b:i.tudes and longitudes. The data~ regarding the location, legal status, land use, vege-tation, forost type 7
size class of crop, height.1 stocking, regeneration, bamboo occurrence, qualj:i:zy", terrain data, soil data etc. were f'illed in this form.
The Plot Enumeration Form:
This form was also coded and species code and its diameter at breast height overbark were recorded. For bamboo clumps the species; code and the average -clump diAmeters lIare recorded indi vidualJ,y •
The Sample Tree Form:_
This form was c'Jded. Tee data. f'or individual -tree species, occurr.ing in the sar,lple plot, and consi_o_crE:d as sample trees, were recorded to estahlish the di=e·~r height relationship.
The Bamboo Enumer§l-tj_on Form:
This f'orm was coded. It recorded camboo age - .... Iise and SO\milileSS-wise ana:lYBi-s for di? ..... -neter classes 2 ems. to under 5 ems. J 5 cms., to under 8 (::oms. and 8 ems. and over.. The total number of culms per~~sed clump was also recorded.
Bamboo Height Form:
This f'orm ,.;as coded and was meant to record bamboo green weight data .. utilizable length upto 1.5 cm dia. , <!-C top end and the diameter at breast height, b.Y diamet~ classes. It also recorded the green weigh~ of' samples collected fer oven dry weight to green weight relationship.
The Special study Form:
This form ,-las coded and "Tas meant for -studying the ana.J.ysis of' tree volume D<J dia.."'!leters and ut:il.i:t:y- groupings.
The detailS, regarding t...'1.e coding ins-truct,j_ons, filling up of f'orms are g:ivon in tho Fipld Hanua.l which is appended as Appondix 2.
3.,2
- 38 -
CHAPTER - III
2>IJTfl FJIYIJL}'S/~' PILOT SURVEY RESULTS:
A Pilot Survey f:or determining the optimum size of: a plot f:or reSources survey in Orissa area had been carried out. 140 grids uere selected at :!"an.dom covering three densi~ classes 0.1 to 0.29, 0.30 to 0,69 and 0.70 and above. At each grid point, square plots of: four sizes, viz. of: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 ha. \-Tere laid, in a concentric f:orm. Trees in each sized plot "'ere enu.~erated. For analysis purposes, over bark volume of trees, :30 em and above diameter at breast height has been worked out \dth the help of: local volume equations de~loped f:or 'Sall and 'Rest of: species' in Narayanpur survey. In case of: l?oswel1.il9. serra-ta, however, the local volume: equation ob-i.>ailled £01.1 saln.i in Bihar survey has been taJ.c'en.
The estimated co-ef:f:icient of: variation (c.v.%) f:or the volume in dii'ferent sized plots, in di:f:ferent f:orcst .type.s, and for all the forest ~pes takon together, have been worked out and talJulated belo1tl:
Plot Size (ha)
,
Sal
168.10
119.46
116.36
10).87
Forest Bisc. c.v.%
173,06
128.:34
1::6.57
1"17<99
'I'"'"De Salai .AlL
118.35 171 .23
99.76 125.23
113.13 12.3 .11
102.36 112.85
From the above table it iq obviry~s that 0.2 hectare plot may be the op-~iml.1m s:Lz e.
Tree Volume stucy:
For tree volu,me stu.dy, trees f'e:lJ_ed in difi'epent. dia.metor and height classes all ove:_' th_~ proj ect a::""Ja ;,;p.re used. The numbers of trees of var:i.OU$ specie.s £el1.e.i and studied for the purpose are shown in Tabl~-10.
..
- 39 Felled tree volume:
Each felled tree \.Jas cut into sections of suitable _sizes' and the overbork and u.nd.erbark diaIll2ters at each end of a section were measured and recorded. The length' of tpe se.,ction 'l-las also recordod. From this cb.ta, app.::yL"tlg the S~"I.lj_an' s fo:rmuJ.a." the overbark and underbark 'Tolumes of each section of the tree portions including branches were calculated •.
v = \-Jhere
1\. L 8
+
. TV' is the volume (m3 ), 'd'1 a.nd '(112
are the average d~ameter (Til) at the t .... ,O ends of a secticn and ILl tho :Length (m) of 'l:,he section. I d 1:1 and Id
2 r rop:'Gsent o-..rorburk
measurements for overberk volum·3 ~and l..u'lderbD.rk measurements for 1.Ulderbark vO].Ull1e. In case of st'.1JIlP volume a:'1.G volu.'lle of first scction of each branch, t..~e a·"l'Brage diameter at the top of the stL~~p or at the top of the fjxst section of a branch was considered to represont the m::i.d-d::_amoter and the voll;lIle was calcula:tad. as f'allm·Ts:
= 4
vlhere,
Id,1 is the aVG:!'age diameter (m) at the top of' the stump or at the top of the first secti'-.n of a branch_.
The over bark and under bark volumes of all the sections of a tree were added up toO .. ol~ta:iu overbark and underbc..rk volume of' the tree.
CULL VolUJ!l~_:_
Measnrement of de£'0c+, suc'h as rot, hollowness etc. were a).so t·a.ken at each e~:d of a BG<Jt:i.on and the dcnth of cull recorded to estiIrt8;t,c c'lill volune. If -the d'3£'ect v1as prGsent at bo·t,h th~ en.ds o.t' the sectj.on, the cull volume was calculated considering that tho defective porti()n :forms a cylinder. The larger d:i.aueter of' -:;11.0 cull was cO:-J.sidered as the diame'ber of tIle cylinder and the length of.' the section as the l.ength of the c;}rD.n:ler. In cases \lhcre the defect was present at ono end of the sect.j.on 011.1;'7, ·the c'ull volume was calculated considering the cull. conforming to a cone. The aefective measurement was considered as diameter' of' the base of the cone and the depth of' cull as heiffht of: the ~ cone. Rot volume and holloH volume of each section '..Jore calculated. These volumes \-lere added up over the uhole tree to obtain cull volume of' t._'1.e i:.ree. Cull perccntagoA were calculated for each def:ect from the cull volume of all the felled trees in a particular diameter class and -to·t:.";l.l underbark volume of: all the trees in that class. 01.' a ..species.. lhasa .are given :in Table 7.04
3.2·4
'Bark Volume:,
The dif'f'erence of oV,erbark ahd under bark volumes of all i;.p.e tp,eel? rj.p., a~,¢iiaweter cr;t"ass:' gi-ve t1}~ bar,k ·voJrmte :j..n that Pl.a:I?E· '1 ~o W-r~S'l!Jyol~;}JCl.s e(q?Tesse4, ~s .1?erpeht~,~. of total
1:;·' .. urd~l?~*,S~~~"'tJIl~ ~.J'bA;t,.p;Lq~s ;t,?.:lop:.:ta~l1' I>e:r;c~I\tage,. bark volume l' ,.of, a J)eB.-tJ"Y~"4};l~e:p~r. cJ,.?-~,s,; lJ:pe bpr;1c, pe;r:-centa,gos are
, ,~ycl}j, ;!,.n c.'1'~B~e {?~.J!'~j,; 'I'..j; , '
' .- - .J ••. !Ii' r~'~ ,~b.J·"'" , ~:~ , ~l J,iv," rTa}tr- '~": ; ~ .1. ~ ;r .~ Ii',
l!t2.l1 ty Vol'l..lI!l~+! 'i; ~ 'J ii "iii ~ .• }. •• " 'I'
Each section of a felled tree" Has assigned one of the utili ties viz. PlJrwood~ Saw mi.l.ling, Pole~ ¥pwood, Match\ofo~, Packing case~ fu,elwood and no utility (n6 utilitw' includes the volume 'of ~turn.p~ YO,lUlllO of' f,ii~sf;. section of each branch which cannot be irtilised i:or any ot!;ter pUJ:'P'6S0. 'It may also inc lude c'lLG_ volume). Tlll),S for each 'cree tho volume under different utilities was calculated. These utj_liw volumes wore cJ.assifil?d by ..diame'tcr for each species. Siry'ce t11.e 'falled trees data is too inadequate for estima.~t,:t~g re,liable utility volumes, the figures given, are indicative oriJ..y.
The 'volume of all trot;:: s under each. utility in a diameter class ,0£ a epec:;ies "".as ej,_'J)ressed as a per'centage of total under bark vo1.ume of that, class. The volume of 'different utilities ·1ve:r;e added up i?uccessfuJ..ly ar.d tho following combinations. op;tainoo. .in .or.der :to have -a better j.dea of the trend if I" " . ..... ; ..... , ' . , ,_ , ' 't .
. ~:rw, ... ! ._ \_ ;·""tZ. "':'i.(r _' ,'.Jl
1_')' 'i, f, 'to <:!f L-,
~ ~~29~. < w" ~2) P~ooti )+:';'sawmilling
.. ~ : " ,~.f ..... ..t. . .. 3) PlyWood -+., $~wniilling T 'Pole
4) 5)
6)
P1ywood
Plywood
PJ.;,vwood cases.
+ Sawmilling
+ Sawmilling
+ Sawmill:i,.ng
+ Pole,
+ Po.1.e
+ Pole
, + fulp
+ Pulp + Matchwood
+ Pulp +·Matc:q.wood + Packing
7) PJ;ywood + Sawinilling +' I;'ole + Pulp + 1'1atchwood + Packing cases + Fuelwood.
'8) ,Plywood + .Savnnilling + PoJ_e + Pulp + HatchllOocf + Packing cases + Fuclwood + No ut~li~.
,These u t ility p ercent<::gos were plotted against mid- • diamete:r; a.nd smooth froe h <:.nr:l c;'1.ll""'J'.a:J -:!rmin to llcdicl:d _;.e , t he tre nd .'of' t he utility over the entire diameter ra.YJ.ge. From these curve s utility volumes corr.dspondin g to mid~diameters were read . Tho utili;CY percentages in different di.a-:n3ter class'es foJ;' important species are given in Tables 5 .1 to 5 .8'.
Volume Stu~
The v olume o.:f 'f e lled trees o.t: a species was utilised :for prcI?a:t'ing ,e:-en era..1. v olmno oqua T.d.OllS for fr ... ').t s pocies.
3.3.1
- 41
C~neral Volume Eguat~o~
General volume equations were derived separately for some important species. The data of" other. species .1ere taken together to obtain a general volume equation for rest of species. Tree volume or a transform of it, was trucon as dependent variable and a function of" diamoter and height as independent variable.
Following -cy-pes of" regression £'unctions were tried.
V == a + b D~ V = a + bD + cD2
H
V ::: a + bD + c.H + dD'11
V ::: a + bH + cD2 H
V/D~ == a + b/V~ Log V ::: a + b log D ± clog H
vlhere
V -::. underbark volume (~), D = Overbark diameter ,em) at the breast height, H =.. Height (rn) and a, b,c, and d are the constants.
The f"ollowing general volume equations were selected . taking into conSideration, (i) the sta'1.darcl error of t4e ] est::i..nk ... _"te, (ii) t .he mul-tiple deterrnina-tion co-effiCient, and. ( iii) the applicabili"o/ of the equation .:in +.he en·t.ire range of data ..
an1?SA ~~VEY GSNERJ.L VOIJJME EClUATIONS
~) Shorea robusta (1 3~.2.
Loge V = '<'"0.595479 + 2.1 lSI 665 ~ D+0.877344 1qge H
(2) Terminali~el"..ulata and !obelliri;a (117)
V/D~ = 0.339402 + O • .w0.342/D~ or
V ::: 0.000342 + 0.339402 D~
~terocarpus marsupium ( S5)
. V/D~ = 0.382499 - O.007399/D~ or
~ ::: -O~007~+ 0.382499 D~ ~OJ.gen:ia .ooj ~nensis.. and ~nnea co~andelica (1 C57)
V ::: 0.017028 - 0.243413 D + O.415CJ7--; D~ xJ!5) Diospyros melanozylon (60)
V/D~ = 0.400004 - 0.007336/n2H or
V = -0.007336 + 0.400004 D~
-42 16 ) BridoJ....ia rQtusa (40)
. V/D~ = 0.383012 - 0.003;"'2/D~ or
V = -0.003872 + o. 3$3012 D~
~) Anogeissus 1.a.tif'olja (92)
Loge V = -0.305765 + 2.042219 loge D + .0.788251. loge H
.Je) Lagerstroemia parv:Lf"lora (45)
V = -0.01 0442 + 0.3856a7 D~
_}(9) Syzyg:ium cuminii (42)
V = -0.002043 + 0.361337 nfH .)AU) Boswell:La Serrata. (66)
V = -0.020177 + 0 • ..377885 D~
...... J, 1) Garuga pinna ~ (40)
v = -0.074212 + 0.390288 D~
'" jj(2) Adi.na cordi:folia (65)
V/D~ = 0.319951 - 0.OO2392!D2H
V = -0.002392 + 0.319951 D~
~) Bombax ceiba (71)
V/n2H = 0.310272 - 0.003990/D~
V = -0.003990 + 0.31 OZ72 n~
.J.14) Cleistanthus collinus (43)
V = 0.005405 + 0.3..36072 n2rr I J(15) Rest of' species (.329)
V = -0.004119 + 0.346750 n~
Local volume eguat:i..op~
or
or
From th.e sample tree data, the diameter and height of' a tree was subst:i.tuted in selected general volume equation of' particular species to obtaiTI. volume of' each sample tree. The est:ima ted volume of' a sample tree or :its transform was taken as a dependent variable and corresponding diameter or a f'unction of' diameter as :i.L:dependent variable. The follow:i.ng equations were tri.E><.l.
v = a + bn2
V -- .a. + bD + aD2
../V= a + bD
v/n2 = a + b/n2
"I \<. ;j-~" :v-~ ~ ;~·(H,i9m.' D .~ ,." ;J +~, ("'t' .. '9' . ~(: ,.'~ .. . ,C3e ..,. . I I
v/n = a + bn + c/n .' 2 2 t r,.. y'
V/D = a ~ b~ + p/n , • .,.. 1
l' ' ~
• t r. :;''<,,\v -:rj .. - .... ,.', ,; . "L . Ie ',.] .• ·.L'J i ·7 I ,-" 1~'\3 .,i'9llf?f;"i.U~ ~oc~ ycU,.~er~.c5rua:ti,on~, '-1OJ;',~ tJ,cl~cted iJ<¥E~r.~t~P.,:.. <?Prtp:r-derat:l,9P' (:1.): ~R._.~tan~at4. ,err.or: t c:f the e~~pl~~ .. r (~~) .. tp.q :. ~t1;I?le ,aQ-t;;er:~itwt:J.,0l?- 0gef~~c~en-t and (u::r.) t:.he app1.:icaollit,y" of the eqM't:a.9.n:r~ 'l(j!nt,:L.f~ ra~,ef~ data. IIJ~-nt· .'" , I
.j .) I.·' - ~~ -.~;' [~r~yj":~·;~tt'9.2.1}{P&o£~12~fiX%~Ns'.~'~~t:. L, -, 1 ,_,,_,.~~,-~ .... ",'i". t ..... t i.. ... "
.~horea robusta. (1 ~45 ), '
If /n -.= :1.· $04754 + 1,0 •. 29771'4. 1;)' ,+ 0.1 098R4/D or
V = 0.109884 - 1.804754'D +10.-297714 D2"
\..f~)\"e~~ia ci'enuIata. ana t. b~J..ca (575)
V/D = -"! .684599 + 1 d • ., 07586 D + 0.103171 /D
. ~cir. •
V:; 0.103171 - 1.68:.4.599 D {- 10.1,[17586 D~ ~ ,
,. 3'f P.te;.roca,ryus ,rnapSlii>itim (Lm) ,
v =' o-.~ .... 1.233468 D + 9:4.33633 ni2
(4)· 'OO~~: ~o~c<ne~it) ~nd Lan.~ea·~omandelica ., " l.
V = 0~057l,2.L, - 1.153088 D + 8.542648 n~ .. J:: So ~,~-;-.:T • 1 .,. r 1",,,,:'. P) 'DiosWrob Iilel.a'nozy'lon '(989)" bii .' ,
. V/D = -0.494103 + 7.610416 D·!"'"· Q.OQ9124/D
or
v = - 0.009124 - 0.494103 D +'7.610416 D2
..Jfof' ~i~el:ia retus~~ .(1 65)
V/D = -0.839708 + 8.157614 D + 0.0351/..z/D
v or
2 = 0.035142 - 0.83970$ n ,+,8.157614 D
~Anogeissus htifoli8:_ (748)
v/D2 = 9.659667 _ 1 .020606/D + 0.045731/D2 . or
V = 0.045731 - 1.020606 D + 9.656687 D2
(252)
-44-
~ Iall!erstroem~ parviflora (1<15)
I
~O)
~1)
IV = -0.153687 + 2.9759J8 D
Syzygi:um cuminii (221)
Loge V = 2.132776 + 2A79397 loge D
Boswcllia serrata (151)
IV = -0.138655 + 3.021335 D
Gar1.!ga pinna ta (1 39 )
V/D = -1.4S1 043 + 9.70/7028 D + 0.077965/D
or
V -, 0.an965 - 1.4$1 04.3D + 9.797028 0 2
Y2) Ad:ina cordi..f'oi:ia (98)
IV = -0.15.3360 + 2.802965 D
Bombax ceiba (71)
V/D2 == 10.156600 ~ 2.07U740/D + 0.136196/02
or
V = 0 •. 136196 - 2.CJ7tQ40 D + 10.156600 D2
Y4) CleiBtan~ll_s_ co~irrus «(:/7.3)
V = 0.030925 - 0.567037 D + 5.709471 02
.Y') Rest of: species (1.359)
it/O = - 1.4492.36 -+: 8.760534 0 + o.088a741D
or
v = . '. 2 0.088CJ74 - 1.449236 D + 8.7605.34 D
Errumerated tree volume:.
The diame:ter of each enumerated tree was substituted in the selected local volume equn:Lion f:or a species t.o obtain' an estimate of: volume of each enumerated t.ree.
Plot volume:
The volume at: all the enumerat.ed trees. in a plot was added to obtain. pl.ot v'Jlume.
- 45 -Sar-mling err or :
The project area was stratified with the pelp of aerial reconnaissance in-to forest types. As grids were selected at random for ground survey in each forest ~e independentJy and a plot laid at grid centre the total volume and the volume of timber species in a plot were taken as the characters for study. The standard error (S.E.) was calculated . .trom tho· follo'-1i.ng formula: .
~I
> (is.E. f;:
n (n - 1)
t-Jhere y. is observed plot volume, Y'the mean plot vol.ume of the striktum and n the rrumber of pJ.ots ll'l the sample. The finite population correction factor is ignored ~ the calculation. Standard errors expressed as percentage of mean for different forest ~es for timber speQies as well as for all sp~cies are givan in Table 3.0.0
Tree Volume stu~
Stand and stock tables:
The trees enumerated in each plot were classified qy diameter and species. Pooling the data of stems and volume over all the plots in a particular forest type, the volume per hectare b.y diameter and spocies for t~t forest t,ype has been worked out. Tnese are givon in Tables 2.1.1 to 2.1.3 and 3.1.1 to 3.1.3.
Growing stock of minor forent produce trees:
Since sw.al, mahua, kusum, kullu and harra were enumerated in 2 hectaro undemarcated circular plots at the selected grids, tho estimates of s·wrna per h:i)ctare by diameter class :for these species were obta~ .. ncd. separatl';::l,v in each forest type. These are given in Table 4.1 to 4.3.
Total growing stock:
The figures of total geographical area of the catchment was provided by t.he D. F. 0., lJoL'king :'.lans. The foroz'tod area and the area under dif'i'E>rent "1.::-'00. usc (' was calculated on the bas:is of aerial reCO!l..11.aissanqe survey conducted 'ly the Zonal team (tabl..e 1.1). Area of: Itree-.t'orea"t;f (Land cJ..ass forest, vegota'tion class tree fores~, Open forest and bamboo brake) in differel1,t forest typos was e~timated on the basis of: the n'l..1r.lper' of' ground sample plots !f'alli~g in , treo-:forest I of' each forest type. These are gi-vcn in Tab~e 1 .. 2. Est:i..ron.tes of stems and volime per hec,_tare and area. wcx·o utilised to estimate the total _grOwL~g stock in each forest, type by- species and diameter. -These arc gi von in Table 2.2.1 to. .2 .. 2-3 and 3~2_1 W 3-2.3.
3.5.6 3.5.6.1
-49-
Brunboo area "ms estimated on the basis of the aerial reconnaissance survey. This consisted of area in bamboo brake and nJ;:ea over-lapping with Sal and miscellaneous forest Wpes.
Number of clumps pe:r:.J.lectare:
Estimate of the :rrumber of bamboo clumps per hectare was calculated on the basis of the bamboo bearirig grids. All the clumps in 0.2 hectare plot in a grid \-I'ere enumerated. The estimated number of clumps per hectare was 151.5.
Number of culms per clump:
Every eighth clump starting with the first cl'ump in a plot was classified qy age (current Season, one to two seasons and more than two season old culms), condition (green sound, green damaged, dry sound.. dr'J damaged and decayed) and diameter of culm (2 to 5 cm, 5 to Cj cm and 8 cm and above diameter) • Mean munber of' culms per clump under di.ff'erent classes was obtained from all the enumerated clumps. These are given in Table B.1.
Culms per hectare:
The estimate of the number of, clumps per hectare and the number of culms per clump under different conditions, age and diameter were utilised to est:i.ma.te the number of' cuills per hec-tare in various classes. These are also given in Table 8.1.
Total number of culms:
Total rrumber of culms ir1 different condit:i,ons, age and diameter classes were obta:i.ned £'ram the number' of culms per hectare and the area '..:1nc.er b3Jnboo. These are also g:i.ven :in Table 8.1.
Bamboo v'eigl!:.t:
Groen HO;fiht . Gree Ft1e~ght of sound mature culms VJaS recorded just
after :felling the culIns from the enumerated clumps. The green weight of eulms in diameter class 2-5 eID, 5 to 8 cm and $ cm and over was recorded separately. From this data aVEJrage gTeen weight of cuJ.ms of dj.f:ferent diameters was estimated. The average green weight estiJnates 'W3.S 1 .162 kg. ~ 2.133 kg., and 3.565 kg. for c::ul,:" diameters 2-5 em, 5-$ em and Scm and above respective~. 'Since current season and. one to -t,.;o season old cu:uh~ were not i'elled, the weight of' 2-5 em Qi~oter mature c~as was used for current season and' one to tvro seB.son old culms. Fo::,' eulms 5-8 and 8 cm and above in diameter of one to two seasons, the correspond:i.ng woight of OVAr ~10 season old euJ.ms was taken. However,:i..n order to estimate the total tonnage of cuJ.ms belonging to different cond-Lt:i.ol1."l and age, the .i'o]_1..owing weiah-n-"1.'p'"os were> oonR"ine.rDd.
47 -
Green Sound 1.0
Green damaged .. 0.5
Dry sound 2.0
Dry Damaged 1.0
Decayed 0 J
The green equivalent weight of cu1.ms of each category of bamboo was estimated. These are given in Table 8.2.
Air dry weight:_
An experiment was conducted by the zone :in the proj eot area to estimate the air-d_r.J 'Height of b.!\mboo at 1 D% moisture from green weight. The air-dIy '·Jeigh"!:. at 10.% moisture was estitrated as 61.64% and 64.4tf!, of green vreight at the time of felling for 2-5 om and 5-8 om diameter oulms respeotively. These percentages wore utilised to convert green equivalent weight to air-dry weight. at 1 D% .moisture.. _ These..axe also given in Table 8.2.
-48-CHAPTER - IV
CR CKnTlllG STCCK AND YIELD
INVENTCRY .RESULTS
Area Estimates:
As recorded earlier in paxagraph 2.2.1 the Organisation could not procure aerial photographs of areas f~g in map sheets (on 1:63?360 scale) of 65 p/l1, 12, 15? 16 and 74 A/11 and the photograplzy- being flown in 19&7-68 oould not be much relied on for computing the area. It 'I-]8.S,
therefore, thought proper to take the total geographical area :figures availablo Hi th the state Department, as a base for fUrther calculations. The total geographical area o:f the catchment is 15,858.04 sq.km. The forest division~ise :figures were collccted :trom the office of the Divisional Forest Officer? Horking Plans I at Bha.'1j nagar. This corresponds ,dth 3213 grids at 1i l Xlt r ir.tonrals of lat:.;;'.:tudes and longitudes. The i'ore st di v-ision-uise brellle-up :is as follmls:
Sl. Uo.
1 •
2.
3.
Text table 1 0
Name of the Division
Phulbani
BaU.i.guda
Parl.akh:ime<li
Tota4. .......
Geographical. area of tli-e-Division in s9.1an.
5, IAf,. 86
5,517 ·41
4,89:3.77
15,858.04
The Soil Conservation Officer, Survey, Orissa, was .. forking in collaboration with IERO (InternatiOnal. Rank for Reconstruction and Dovelopment) and NRSA (National Remote SenSing Agency) and the geographical area :figures of Phulbani, Balliguda and Parlakhimedi divisions were computed as 7028.21, 5628.00 and 4500.00 sq.lan.. respectiveJ¥ (Souroe Plann:i.ng Of'i'icer to the C.C .1"., Orissa state, Cuttack) •
With the e.erial reconnaissance tho catchment could be disting'll:i.shed in 'bhe f'oJ_1..nwing J..rlnd use cla-snes.
Sl. Land use ciass No.
1 • Non-forest
2. Forested
i) Tree forests
- 49-
llrea in Sq.km.
7590.93
B267.11
5657.79
% to the total area
47.Er7 52.13
35.6B
10.45 ( ii) Scrub forests 1656.75
\0 .btS'? .~b • ii.i) Bamboo brake 177.6S
%~bl~ iv) ~rent~~_~_ '}6~~y 1'.12
A~C4}r _. The total forest area, according to the aerial 'rile '/ reconnaissance comes to 8267 .11 ~q.km while according to
57 the .Forest Department reco:r:-ds it is 10.,653.961 sq •. km. J The difference. may be due to the fact tr~t some of ~he
areas are stiJ~ being continued as forest areas as per\.division records.
4.1.2
',..1 .3
Vegetation
The forest areas were classified as tree forests and scrub forests on the basis of nature of forest cover. Out of the total. forest area of 8267.11 sq.Y.:ru. (100%) an area of 774.89 sq.km. (9.38%) came under the class - current podu and the remain:ing 7492.22 sq.km. (90,90%) came under classforests. Even out of the total area of' 7/+92.22 sq.km. (100%) an area of' 5756.79 sq.lan. (75.52%) turned out to be productive area While the rest 1834.43 sq .1011. (24.1+8%) liaS termed as
./ unproductive (timber point of view only), which mostly compr.i.se o.f scrub for~;t7and podu regrowth and bamboo ·br;:-.}:cs .. The productive area o£/3756.79 sq.lan. can be fUrtl~or classified, (on the basis of der-sit,y classes), into tbFee densi~ classes (1) Hith crm·m densi~ above 2~, (2) open f'orest~ Hith tree density belm., 20% and (3) bamboo brako vlith practical1J~ no tree cover. The percentage distribution of the above (named) ca tegories viz. tree forcs-:,s, open f'orests vli thin the productive forests came to 79.88_, 20.12 respeGti~ly. Tab.le numbers 1.1, 1.2 and 1.2.5 are indicative of: the same.-
Forest ~p~s :_
For the purpose of f'ield inventory orily four strata viz. sal, mis~ellaneous, s~Lai and baraboo· (inclusive o~ bamboo brakes) vlOrc recognised. CAlt of' the total number of 1518 forested grids 601 fell under sal stratum, ft:;'7 under miscellaneous stratum (this included one grid of semievergroen stratum), 54 under salai stratum and 558 1.m.der bamboo stratum (this is inclusive of 36 grids falli~ under baral2_~o brakes). The parameters for the recognition of the above .. types in the fie.._l_d .MVO -boG>n giVBn .. :iL'l. ..Appoudix 2~-Page lJo.;..)~ 77.
SlUo.
Fore~t type
- 50 -
Table No. 1.2 indicates the distribution of the total Torest land (minus tho ~d under current podu) into the recognised i:orcst Wpes. Tho:ir division-Hise di:Jtributi.on is given below. This table is prepared f'o:r' the sake of' inf'orIDf.l.tion onJ,y.
Total no. of' grids
Toinl area in sq. km
Text table 12
_--::~...."..,~--,. ___ --,:t-:..;'Jam~:;;:e;..,...;of Di v:i.sicns Phulba:n..i. BaL1.:iguaay-- -=o..'Par=='lAk"-::::-''='h;:-:1T·m= .. '"''n7:i--
Ho ........ Af'ea % No. Arf}3. Ho. Area of in sq. of' in F',q. % of in Sq. % gri~ lcr;1. gri- lCJl g:r-i- lan.
_________________ ~d~s~ ________________ d==s _________________ ~d~s~ ____________ _
1. Sal 2. Miscol1.a
601 2966.29 177 8'73.60 ?9.45 .3411633.03 56.71+- 83 4iJ9.6513.81
827 4081 .73 273 13-~7.42 33.01 227 1120.38 Z7 • I+-5 .?-271613.94 39.54 noous t
3. Salai 54 266.52
2754.06
54 266 0 52 100 4. Bamboo 558 21.3 1051 .23 .38.18 175 863.73 31.36170 839.05 .30.47
(including bamboo brakes)
kica. under bamboo .brake totalling to 177.63 sq.lcrn. is aLso equally dis·~ibut.en. in aJ~ ti"'", t:ITeG f'03..'cst db.d.sion.('l. 12 points (59.23 sq.km. i.e 33.33%) f'cDl in Phulban.:i division. 11 point3 (54.29 sq.km. i.e~ 30.56%) f~+l in Balliguda. diyision and the replf-l.:inl.:ng '13 points (64.1 6 :Jq .1=. i.e. 36.11%) f"alJ.. in P1ll"'la.klu.;':led:J_ f'orcst divis_!_i:m.
Siz e class distributio.!'.:.£.
Tablo 1 .. 2.1 lncicatos '(',he distribu.tion of: productive forests into dif'f'erent size classes., The !!lC'.l1D.gernent pattern will be gT('at,],y inf'luencod lfJ -t!.c ~j~o claDS. Out of' the total :productive are~ of 565,779 P.Ja.._, 5.,2547 00. (9.29%) falls under regeneration clF~ss di.2-!llHter upto 10 em. at. b.h. over bark, 165~ 554 m. (29 •. 26%) \dtb. dianeters. at breast height over bark rang:L"1g between 'j d to 20 ems, 112,640 ha. (19.91 %) under small timber crith c"ia:note::.~ range of' .20-30 em. diameter predominating 15~052 ha. (2.66%) l..:..th trees with dj.cmetcr more :than 30 ems predominating and called as big size tjmber and .2~9.1986 (38.F>.3%) coming undp.,r mixed crop ... lith no marlred domination of: aW pa.::'tj.culal.~ ~i.ze class. The table 1.2.1 indicates an area o:f 1.1124 to.a. as unspeeif'ied. undo:::- stratum 'misoe.l1.ancous. It aetua~-cy- moans "pixe<:P size cls.c.s in uhich no specif'ic size claes predot;l:i.n.ates. Hence the area is merged with area of 'mixed' size c:laSS, under stratum 'miE:ceJ.la.noous I • Tho abov~ .resuJ ·hs are s:ummaris.::.o a.:::l bole't-.r;
- .51 -
Text Table 13.
Distribution of: size class by f:ores"t types
... --------------81-No.
1.
2.
3. 4. 5.
Size Class Name of stratum To~.-
Sal M:iscella- 8alai :area.
neoua in ~~.: % ~'
% Area %
Area % in ha in ha. in ha ..
Regeneration ZT,8C"f) 12.77 24,738 7 • .56 52J 547 9.29 Pole 76,,011 34.89. 86,,582 26 .• 46, 2,961 14.281 65,554,29.26
I
Small t:imber 36,16:; 16.60 68,591 20.96 7,S97, 38.10 112.,640 19.91 Big timber ,.5,562 2.55 8,996 2.75 4,,94-0 2.38 15,052 2.66 Mixed
Tota.1.
timber 72,303 33.19 138,,)06 42.Z7 9,,37/45.24 '29', ·986 '3;G. S8
219,837 100% 327,21.3 106% 20,729 100% 565,779
The sal and miscellaneous forest types ar~ \,fOrked under tho selection systom. No at~mpts· have been'made to bring the areas under conversion to uniform sys:f;;e~. Some of the areas boaring regeneration crop is indicative o:f the i'act that after the 'podu cultivation! the areas are covered
100%
with regrowth of: sal and miscellanoous species. If the sal typ.e areas are protected £.rem· podu cultivation aiid~ tended· properly, the areas ,?.an produce good. siZed tfubor· ·in du~ course. BalJ..i.guda division is guod example f:or that. In. th:i.s division podu rogrowth ,of sal has shoWn promisihg 're'sul ts on tending. The areas under sa.1.a.i t;)rpo are not subj ected to .~-podu cultivation hence regoneration class is absent.' .. Presence of: gig s:i;2;e timbe~ aver a .~oagre 2.66% of th~ ar~JI ,\.. indicates general dearth of'" big size timber :4l the area. •
4.1 ~5 Configurational distribution: , . Tables 1.2.1 to 1.2.4 d.rldicate· the distribution of: the
area cy topograpey" sloI'e p,ercent apd the posi ti~)ll on S?-oP9. The tables indicate that. nearly 70 to 75% of' the total area. under forest -cypo sal and m:Lsccll..aneous arc situated on easy grounds, and hence can be considered for :intensJ.ve management. 17% of the area located in the slopes above 60% can be considered :for selection system. The- rest located in the, ve~ ~ region oan be workeq under .protection.
-
..; 52 -
-Toxt ~ble 1lt!.
Dist;r.,i'Qution, 0.£ Fpr~st., %Y'Pes by Conf'i~t::Lon
, .A;~ By Topograpey "i-" ~ -.... ~ -"-:-!""_
>J, " -_".,-
Topograpb;y ,... - ,sa.i, '" , ,-=,Mi.,::·::,:;s::.;:c::.;:c:..:;:' ll=' :;:;:a.:..:n:=;.eo::.,u:rs::;.._--=_-=::~=...,........"...._ clltss' .Ar~ in.:. ,. ~-Ar~ in !t,
Sa1.a.i !a'ea, ,in %
hli"O ha.
'FJ.B.~, ~ ~,4A9~',a.~2:9S· 12',369 3.7S' 'Gont:Jiy- Tolling 24,'161' 114,;06 24,7.38 7.56 ' 1I:t.uy '1 57,438 7.3".1"9 226, 01' 3 69. U7
'Very hi:l.ly , 10 2:'(, 8f::J7' 12 .77 64, 'fF73 19. 59
·Tot.a.J. •••• 0217,837 , 00% 327 ~ 213 100%
ha.
1,481 1,914 i.
11,845 '5,429
20,729
'B - By slopo percent
SL No.
1.
Item . sal Area in
• ha.~,
Loss' than 10% 25,955 11 .'?,!
, HisceDanedus Area in %
hi!. •
30,,060 9.28
"Area in ha.
3,948
7.,,5 9.52
51.14 26 .. 19
100%
19 .. 05
Total area :in % ha
.T
20,339 3.59. '50,813 B!.,S
30/(, 2961.' 70~'23 97,331 11.20
665,779 100%
Total area in % ha.
60,263 10.66 2. 1'0 to .iess 162,219, 74.47
than 6qt 231,:635 '7P.79 12,$33 61.90406,687 71.88
3. 60 to l.ess 28,736 13.19 t.hah 100%
.65,2tfJ 1909~ 3,948 19.05 97,902 17.30
4. 1 cot and above 927 0.43 92:7 ' •• 16
Total. •••• 217,,837 100 .. 3Z7,213 100 20,729 100 565,'7'79 100
" - By position on slope
1. ,Ridge t<?P 8,'343 3.S:3 22,4$9 6.87 9fr7 4·76 31,819 5.62 2. Uppor one' t,,:;;.:. 6Q,253 27.66 83,209 25.43 6,416 .30.95 149,878 26.49
third·
.3. Midd1e one t.h:ird
47,Z7521.70 B7,4/:h 20.62 4,935 23.91 119,,676 21.15
4. Lower one &,',135 40.00 121,440 37.11 5,92.3 28.57 214,,49B Yr.92 t.h:ird
5. No Bl.ope 14,831. 6.81 32,609 9.0/1 2,468 11.91 49,908 S.S2
Total .. ' .. 217'1837- 100 327,213 100 20,,729 100 565,779 100
4.1.6
Sl. No.
1 •
2.
3.
4.1.7
53 -
Su:i.tabilii:jy of areas for plantations:
Sal is a valuable species and its regeneration has posed no problem. The state does not desire to take up pJ.D.p:ba.t:i.ons of' sal.. On the other hand the state is vecy keen in knowing the availabiliizy- of' suitable plantation area in miscellaneous and salai f'orest types \-Ihere plantations of economicalJy valuable species may be rais'ed. During field studies the parties collected imf'qrmation on soil. depth, texture, colour, humus contents, height class, stonine ss, slope percent and crown densiizy-. This data was used f'or assessing the extent of: area suitable for plantations. FollOlv"ing parameters were considered for arriving at the estimate of total plantable area in the miscellaneous anq salai strata.
1 •
2.
3·
4.
5. 6.
Land class
Legal status
Stoniness
Depth of soil
Top height.
Percentage of: slope
_- Tree forests
Reserved and Protect~d fore~ts
i) miniIIrum percentage of stone,
ii) low perc entage of stone and
iii) ~tone s absent.
i) shallow r" to 30 ems.
ii) 30 to 90 cms and
iii) 90 ems. + 15 metre s and _above
upto 60%
The data, when processed, indicated availab:ili~ of areas for plantations as given in table 1 .3. The same are reproduced below:
Text Table 1 5
.---Forest -type Area in Plantable percentage to
area in ha .. the total area ha. of the type
Sal 217,8.37 19,466 8.94
Misoellaneous 327.213 50,600 15.46
Sa1.ai 20,729 .3,948 19~05
Out of' 347,942 ha. total area 54,548 ha. (15.68%) comprising of miscellaneous and sal.ai strata is available f'or plantations.
Distribution of: stems per hectare BY forest ~~s:
Tables 2.1.1 to 2.1 • .3 indicate the number of stems per hectare by diameter classes and species. The average rrumber of stems per hectare for sal, miscellaneous and sala:i types are 294.9=J7, 297.715 and 310.952 respectively •. In
- 54-
addition, tahl·e 4."1 to 4.3 indicate the f'ive.. speoially enumerated species viz. kullu, lcusum, harra, siI.o.a.l and mahua together for sal, miscellaneous and sa1.ai -types. The average number of' stems per hectare in different forest ~eB como to 9.457, 8.573 a~d 9.524 respeotive~.
In 'sal. -cy-pe', :i_ndividual species like sal (Shoroa robusta) :forms 3'6.83% of' t.he crop f"ollowed by dhaoda
AnogeisSUs ~tifolia) (6.91%), saja (~ernir~ia cren1J]ata) 5.1 %) and. garari (Cleistanthus collinus) (I~.OO%-Y:--The _
rrest of' the species' which .... Tere :i.1.ot-c;rrjmerated individuallY form 20.55% of ·:tho orop_ Bijn (pterocnrpus marsupium) i'orm 3.95% of' the orop while i::.endu (Dio:3w.ro~ me~noxy~-o.!!) constitutes 3.30% of the orop. The other :i.mport.:>..nt species in ordEll: o:f occurrenoe are moyen (La:nnea coromandelica - 2.2$%) bandhan (~gei.ni.a oojeinensis - 2.11,%) and ka.sai (Br:i.delia retusa) is to the extent of 1 • 23%..
In the 'mj_scellaneous stratum' also sal (Shorea robusta) .... and the 'rest of the species' group form 24.10% and 21.5~ of' the crop. The percentage of dhaoda (Anogeissus latifolia) is ~s high as 7 • .3S% wh:iJ.e that of saja (TerminaJ.:ia ~~a~) and bija (Fteroca.r~~ marsupium) i.s 5.32 and ,3.99% respcctive]Jr. Garari (Cleistanthus cOllinus) f'orm9 3.39% ot: the orop. Tendu. (DiosWros. melanozylo~is to the extent ot: 3.1.3% of' the .crop_
In I sal.ai stratum I a.l.so sal (Shorea robusta) f'orms 2.3 .62% of: the crop followed by res-t, of the ~pecies group (20.98%) and the remaining spocies in orde~ of oocurrenCe are Garar:i (C1eistanthus coll;inus )12.06 dhaoda (A!l~~ ~ati:folii3:), b.S1~tor;:au ti5IO~os melano~iY:lon)-6cOl%~-"!Jan dhan (Ougeinic: ooj e:i.ncp.sisT 5.17 p, Saja-[Terminal:i..a cre~ ta) 3.98%, bija {;pteI'ooar~ marS!:ll2i~) 1.88, aoru..a ~bli.ca off'i.cina.J..:is) 2.57%, salai (Boffiiellj Ct serrata.) forms 1.57% o:f the orop. Tho results of tho inventory also i.n.dicate the preSence of t.oak (~~ _grandi_J! 1.$8%). This:is due to the fact that teak plan·retions b8ve been carried out in this .stratum which is conf'i.ned to Boudh area of Phulbani division. Some portion of the plot has fallen :in the plantation aroas and hence the occurrenoe of teak.
The percentage occurrence of' ·kusum, mahua, harra, siJnaJ. and kullu amongst themselVes by f'orest types is tabulated as· given below:
'fue percentugo N·~\.-..r'''n~c '=';1:- number of' stems per ha of' KusU!'l, mnhun., hnrrC'., Sil";·.::" -na ~:u.1lu. rcs:?cctivo~ and their r·~·~ ~r_,.t.:"...;;j. ~-.. cng:Jt. th.JU~01.VOS bv" Vw.!~4}l!n 1"uron"t, h~cs is tbu.:....t .. :.,d cy to::::t t~,: lc ·16. Goh.ns -: ~3.15 .• 73'? -,.").)~t:.ti_n to r."t;.r.1\:1cr 01> 3tams of. these sp~:io~ ;tlld. colru::n.3 2,4,0, 8 tmd 16 to be !,or.,.:oni;..:'go. Ca:..lli..lU nun; or "1: is the '-t.ot-:.l. of St-AlDS ;:AlI' h..'l of: thos...> sp"?*
si. Forest No.
1 1 • Sal
2. Misce~
- 55 -
Text Table 16
Percent Distribution o£ £ive species qy forest t,ypes
type Name of species with percentages
~----------------------
1.457 15.L~0 4.747 50.20 2.334 24.67 0.343 3.64 0.574 6.09 9.460
1.955 22.81 3.42840.00 1.957 22.84 0.400 4.67 0.$309.688.570 llaneous
3. Salai
4.1.8
2.024 21.25 3.774 39.63 1.881 19.75 1.14912.0 0.702 7.37 9.524
In all the three forest -cypcs viz. sal, miscellaneous and sa.lai maj or bulk (65 to 70%) of the t:rec 'species fall tmdcr diameter classes 10 to under 1 5 c:m8 s.nd 15 to under 20 ems. The exploitable girth of sal anc1' ct.hcr major timber trees is 120 ems (corresponding to 40 cms. diameter approx.), under the present pattern of mfu"lagement. The ~'1.bJ_e s 2.1.1 to 2.1.3 i.ndicate that nearly 97% of the crop, :in case o:f all the three strata falls lmdcr diameter class upto 40 cms while 3% of the crop is above the exploitable diamet-er. The crop can be considered as an immature one.
Distribution _~_~oJ.nme per ha. by f'orest_~~_;_
Tables 3.1.1 to 3.1.3 and 3.3.1 to 3.3.3 indicate the total volume per ha. available by forest types and by con£igurational distribution such as topograpey, slope percent and posi. tion on slope. The invontory resul. ts indiCA to that the volume per hoctare figures for sal, miscellaneous and salai strata are 56.051, 58.570 and 69.960 m-1 • Sal (Shorea ro1?usta) forms 42425%, 28.36% and Z7 .92% of the crop in c..al •• mi~cell.aneous and salai strata.
The ;following table indicates t118 max::i.m1.un pos:ttion of voll1Ti1p/hn. lw f'<:."\T'o£'iJ iyres a.nd lur i:11a::;ses.
81. Forest Ho. type
- -56 -
Te::ct table 17
He-x...!.. Volume psr h(>::..C-t,~e in cubic metres min. ~;;;T;::0-::.::n::-:fS-:~~2-:::-E=_'-g}C=--_-_-~:;:::c"':t-~-e~1:7,=~::......Jt::.:::P;"""o:Z.s~::. t,ion o-n-=-~;";;:v:::-e:;":;:g-e-7t;:';a:'trJ.."'" o;::'n'::_-'S~'"'i""z-e--c"'la"--IJ' s
Class/Vol. GJass .... /V~ol::--. - __ ~o.,p:::c,.-:;-__ Class! Vol. Ciass/'Vol. -----~_____ Class/VoL
1. Sal
2
2. Misc.
3. Salai.
4·1.10
Max. Vc~ 95.365 100% 101.900 ~ddle 72.~65 hilly
Tree 72. "$30 Bi.g 115. 6115 forest;. size
timber
Min. Flat 43.600 10% 47.510 No 41.860 Bambo<J 9.790 15.935 slope
Ma.x. Ve'J:'"J 66.475 60- 62.990 It!idd.le 66.190 Tree f::r7 .3S5 High 125.900 hilly 100% f'orest size
t .irnber
Min. GentiJr 39.025 10% 46.960 No 48.700 Opon 2S.::;"15 6.420 slope slope i'orC:3t..
Max. Flat 107 ~700 60- 81·42 Upper 1·!i~.230 Tre~ 72.125 Snail 81 • SUJ 5<:% 1/3 f'orost. size
·tiniber
H:i.n. Oent;cy- 33.695- 10% 64..825 No 49..025 'op'on 56.400 Pole 23.510 roU.- slope f'orest ,crop i..'"1g
The above t.::tble indicates -Ghat in all the three strata the :rr.a~~hlUrn velume available is situatod :i.n tho mi.dd18 1/3 rQ gion of the hills.
utili5r Classif'icatien:
The pcroentFlga distribution of volwne per heotaJ.·e OI-'
important species by utility and dil'lmeter classes is given in tables 7.1.1 to 7.7.3. The oo.rk voJ_ume pe~'0entage expressed as of undor bark volume qy species and diameter classes is given i.n table 6.0. The perccn+...age of bark volume varies cansiderab~ from speoies to species and f'or the same species in dif':ferent diameter classes. It varies from 15 to 35% in the younger age classes and from 8 to 20% in higher diameter classes. The cull percentage by species is given in table 7.0. The cull volume is required t.() be deduoted £rom the gross volUI:le of' the species for ro-ri-..rj.ng at the net vol:ume.
Standard error percent of' the growing stock:
Table munber s :3.1.1 to :3.1.3 gi -va mean volume per r..a. by forest ~es for p~ood species volume, sawn wood species volume, and f'or ~ tree species volume. The standard error arrived at is within the desired precision. Even £0r the Forest D:ivisions the standard error of mean is within + 10% at 95% probabilit,y level for sal and miscellaneous ~p~. In all the above named categories the standard error :fer salai type is on the higher side. This is due to the fact that tho number of obServations in the stratum were less. The results are tabulated below:
- '57-
Text Table 18
Distribution of standard error £or mean volume per ha. ey £orest types & utility class-pJywood)' sawn ,.;ood
Sl. Forest No. type All tree
species volume
Ncan vclume--porhec.:t;-1:re-:u1 m. S.E • % P1y-'lOod S • .G "% Smffil;ood S • ET
2.
3.
Sl. No.
1 •
2.
.3.
volmue voJ.ume
.~----~----------------------Sal 6.42 11 .712 10,01 43.668 7.0 Misc.
56.048 53.5;]0
69.960 5.ZJ 14·493 9.06 40.841 6~(J7
Salai 11.58 11 .930 19.75 41 .116 14.50 --------
Te:-::t Table 19
Distribution of standard error for menn'volume/hectare by forest -G:,'T'CS and Forest D:':_visi.::ms
Forest :Civis:lons -cype PhuJ.bani S • E. % Balliguda S~E.% Pnr].a- S.-:s.$-·'-
______ .. ___ ~j..medi,
Sal 58.0]2 S.67 55.654 20.5 51.724 17.38 Misc. 68.087 6.04 67.334 7.72 .39.912 10.53 Salai 72.680 8.93 46.570 .3.3 .12 10.655
It will not be advisable to utilise the above S.E. 'i,% figures while estimatdng t_"J_e yield b.!" Forest D:'Lvis:i.ons as the volume ,,,as compu-t,ed for the catcr.uJ}('>..nt as a whole and not for allY part of' it.
6nJ.,y clUJ!1p £0rn"l.:_ng bamboos occur in the catch.'7lent. Sa.l,t;:i "(Dend.coc,,\L-:U'·:"l1.s s-;:'ric;lnc) bamboo is the main species. Daba (Bam"bUsa arm"lcfu..a:C-oaTcccurs in t,._"J_e ~e f'orm alcng '..;ater courses and along ilie r~;_ver Mahana,di. This species coes not contr.ibute much .. ej:tJ~.l3r to the tot.:3.l gTQHi.ng stock or to the total extent of' area. Hence this species has not b een estimated separateJ.;y.
The plots bearing bamboos were assigned to densi~ class scattered (less than 50 clumpsjhe.. clumps spaced 15 m :x 15 m or more)' dense (i.e. over 50 clumps/ha. or cJ .. ump spaced 14 m x 14 m or less) and no bamboo.
Lof
4.1 .11.3
S1. No.
1
1 •
2.
Sl. No.
1 •
2.
Sl. No.
1 •
2.
Item
2
No. oi'
No. of'
Item
Uo. of'
No. of
Item
No. of'
No. of
- ,5S -.A:rea Es~i.mates:
According to the aerial receee qy the,_project helicuptor 55B plots indicated the presence of' bamboo. Olrt of those 36 grids indicated tho presencEi(bamboo brake i.e. the presence of' bamboo clumps w:i_th practical~r no t::-ee cover. On the basis of tho same, tho area of' bamboo stratum oame to Z75 J 406 hectaro. The area of' bamboo bralce camo to 17, 76'S hectare.
Number of' cul.1ns per olnInE and cuJ.m pe:!" hectare - Soundness and Age Class unaJ.ysis:
Table llUrolber S.1 gives the number of: culms per clump, C1llmS por hectare b,y- soundness, age. and dianeter. Tho results are summarised below:
Green SOU1~1.d::!-___ -;::," _ __:.L-c_-=--=-: __ --=-_ Current Geason One -co -:.N0 soasona Over two seasons
2[5 __ 5L8 B+ 245=~-fl 8-t-3 4 5 b 9
culIns/clump 1.22 1.32 0.05 3.41 0.12 0.02
culms/hectare 184.53 199.65 7.56 515.761S.15 3.03
Green d"l.map.ed
Current. seasc.n O::lB t(J ~"IO Geasons Over ''c~'TO seasons
'2[5 f3ffi 8+ 2L5 5L"8 8-t-
10 11 12 13 14 15 1()
culms/clump o.4S 0.89 0.02 2.11 0.16
cu.1m~/hectare 72.60 13/1-. 61 3.03 - 319.14 24·20
Dry SQund Dry D9.r.l?ged
2Z5 ~[G 8+ --"-;::;--rr- '-A '5@ 8-t-2/_5 u
17 18 19 20 21 22
cuJ.:ms/ elump 1.38 0.02 2.0/7 0.15 1.01
cuJ.m8/hectare 208.73 3.03 419.21 22.69 1.51
- 59 -
The above table indicates that the annual_r~ruitmonG is only 1 .70 cuJ.ms per clump i.e. 10% of' the total stocking. This is very much on the lower side. Looking to the stocking of one year to two years culms and over 2 years culmS,. it can be stated that the year of inventory was a "bad recruitment year. The second pcs sibili ty may be that the remote areas are not being worked and such areas being lCl.rge in number, the conj estion in the clumps obstruct rocru:itmont. SimiJ..ar~ the percentage of dry sound,. dry damaged and decayed is to the extent of 60%. This indicates that during the exploitation the cultural operations are not being carried out proper~ resulting into congestion in the clumps. The congestion J!ll".y be ultimato~ affeoting the annual rate of recruitment.
4.1.11~ Error percent of bam~oo stock:
The estimate of' the standard error percent for clumps per hectare~ tnmlber of culms per Clump and culms per hec+.are is as given below:
TeA--t Table 21
Sl. IteI!l No.
Q".l.antity S.E. %
1 • Clump per hectare 151 .25 7.92 2. Total culm s/c lump 15.58 5.89 3. Total cuJ.Jns per ha 2.356.49 9.87
Thus the estimate of culms por VA. has -Ghe precision of + 1 9.74% 8. t 957~ probab:i_lj -b"..r level. This is on the higher side as the survey \-za8 designed main..l.v to estimate pJ.;ywood and t:iJnber component volume -within + 10% at 95% probabil::i:t,y level. -=-- . Potential Annual Cut
Present Hanagt:'l!lent:
0nJ.y the forests of Boudh ex-state,. lying in Phulban:i division, are being managed under the prescri.ptions of' -the working plans. For the rest ot: t..,"e area "Torking sch"Jmes have been prepared the details are mc~tioned in pW'a 1 • .3.5.
The rnaj or working circles operative in the forest are:-
i) ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Plantation Working Circle,
Selection \.forking Circle,
Selection-cum-Improvcmont vlorking Circle,
Coppice Working' Circle,
Podu Prevention Working Circle,
l I
vi)
vii)
viii)
- 60 -
Pro-tecti.on \Olorki.ng Circle
Bamboo (overlapping Working Circle) and
Salai (Overlapping l-Torking Circle).
i) Plantati.on Working Circ;t-~:
The silvicultural system 'clearfeJJing and planting' has been introduced :in parlakh.:imedi di.v:i_sion "Under Shri S.C. Shadangi's (1977-78 -to 1996-97) Working scheme. The rnisceL1..aneous forests aro expected to be plan~d up with e~onoI!li.cally valuable species ':.Iithill a period of 20 years. The \wrking scheme has just been made operative hence no mora details regarding the planting technique, species planted are avnilahlp.. The total area of the working circle is 9rO~_ha.(22,202 acres).
ii) & iii) Se=!-_o_<?tion ~o!'lcin.K_9E'clo anr! Se) ection-cumImProvement Working Circle:
Selection and the Selection-aum-Iu~rovemcn-t Working Circles are applicablo over TlU".j cr po!:' ~ions of sal and misoellaneous forests in all the three divisions. The felling cycle is of 20 years a"YJ.d the cxplc:i 1;,3.0119 diameter/girth i'ixed are 50 cm. in BaJliguda and parJ.a!cr .. _imedi diviSions, and 120 -to 135 cm. 'girth at broast heigb.-t in Bouclb e::-;:-state forests. In selection :forests the yi.eld is reeulate<i b,y number of trees.
iv) Coppice \.Jorking- Circle:
The areas along the th:ickly populated regions are worked under COI'Pice syskm. The i'ores+'s are expected mainly to meet the demands of the local people in respect of firewood and poles. The rotat":'on proscri.bed is /+0 yee..rs in all felling series except the Kar::o.oku.tta :fc:;.lli.ng series of' plrulbani. div:i.s:ion. Here the rotation prof':cribcd is of 60 years as the Bhuwancshwar market req .... ct.res poles of higher diamGters. The marking in this working ci=c~o is moS-t-_.zy on -the pattern of prescriptions of 'Coppice with Reserves' worlting circle.
v) & v:i.) Podu Prevention Horking Circle.& Protection Hork:i.:!!_g Circle:
Podu Prevention Werking Circle and Protection Working Circle are most]'y f'or the proteet;ion of the forests. No rnaj or feilings have been prescr:i.b()d and no yield is expected from these "lOrking circJ.8S.
vi:i) Bamboo (OVerlapping Work:ing Circle):
Th:i.s Working Circle is operative :in all the t,hree i'orest divisions. The divisions are cOIDrilitted to supply bamboos to different paper mills located at Braj raj nagar Chandwar aud Jaykaynagar. Ma~ Dendrocalar!ru.s str-i_ctus :is worked under this working circle, under the Silvicultural system of' Selection.-cum~lerurings. The yield is prescribed qy area. The felling cycle adopted is .of 4 years. The salient features oi' the baJnboo cut-ting rules are all the bamboo in a
clump will be felled except (a) aJ.l culms under 13 month old (a culm will be considered as 13 1:1onths old on 1 ~t October of the f'ellin.g year ) ~ (b) six upright green culms uniformly distributed over the clump, will be retained, ' (c) vlhen bamboo is in i'l01.o1er (the clump will be clearfelled as soon as tho seed ripcn~) and (d) cl,n!lps vii th 10 or less culms • Daba bamboo (Bambusa arundinac 0[1.) clumps will be clearfelled by felling at the 1st node fro:n the ground level.
viii.) Salai (Overlapping Horking Circ"\_e_).:
This ",orking circle is conf'ined to Baudh ex-state forests of' Ohulbani di~T.i8ion and overlaps tl~e selection and coppice "larking circles. The principle of' constituting this working circle is the presence of' :>alai (Bos'I-!ollia serrata) in economica1.1;y exploitable proport:i.on. The exploitable girth is arbi trar.iJ;y- fixed at 140 ems. at br~S:. heieht far the three species viz. salai (Boswellia serrata), moyen (lAnnea corOIIk'"l.nde1ica) and-raT (Di JJ enia pcntam::na). 20 years felling cycle is adopted. The anrruaJ.. yie.l.d will be one-twentieth of the total yield. The total yield being the sum of all the exploitable trees plus ha]_f the increment that Hill accrue during the perioa.
Proposed )1anagement Models:
Object of Management:
The model pJ..ans nrc dependent on the i'ollowing obj ecti vas:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
to protect the steeper slopes qy way of conser~~g the growth. at all eo::;+;o
to manage tro bi_gh forests for '~~e production of big size timber.
to manage t~e 10\1 quaJ_i ty forests Eor the production of' s:oall sized timber t,o meet the local requirement of the populace.
to undertake plantations of: economicaJ...1y valuable .species in the niscollaneous and saJ..a:i strata wherever the terrain :is suitable.
t~ rehabilitate tree f'orests in the areas which have been subj ected to shifting caJ:tivation 10ca.l..l.y Y...nown as 'Podu'.
to exploit economicalJ.;y important speeiGs like s:iJnal (Bombax coiba)_, salai (Bosvrellia serrata) and bamboos (Dendrocala:nru.s strietus) :['rom the economicalJ;y- viable un:J_ts.
4.2.2.2 Formation of' the Working Circles:
The inventory results tabulated in tables to indicate \ the distributi.on of the tree forests by topograplv~, slope, position on slope and size 'classos OtJ strata. :indicate that (a) f'or sal stratum (i) out of the total area o:f 217,837 ha. (100%) an area of 9Z7 ha. (0.43%) lies along
Lslo};les stoopeL l-1hi.ch roqu_-i.re ahsoJ.u-toO protccti.on.
-62-
(li) an area o:f 19,466 ha. (8.9%) bears good quali-cy sal :forests >lith good amount of' soil. These can be brought under intons~ve management.
(iii) an area of 161 ,292 ha. (74%) lies along slaDe percentages var.y~"L'"lg bet\:een 60% to 1 OO%~ These ar'.:lD.!3 cannot be brou&:lt under intensive management. Seloct.ic!1. felling trill not allow the mature and ovormature trees to d3tffi.~iorate.
(~v) an area of 36,152!la. (16.60%) bears small sized timber trees which can be managed for the pro:iuction of small sized timber, ,
(b) for miscellaneous stratum.
(i) Out of the total area of 327,213 (100%) an area of' 50,600 ha. (1 5.46%) ca=ries good qua:li -L-:,r miscellaneous forosts on good soil and torraj_n. Tl1is area r.c.n be considered f'o~' undertaking plantations of economicaJ.J-y impoL,-/:-,ant <>pecies.
(ii) an area of 208,022 ha. (6:3.57%) which lies along slopes ranging between 60% to 100% require solecti ve feilings.
(iii) an area of' 68,591 ha. (20.96%) bearing small sized twber whi.ch can be brought under cop~j_ce wit,h reserves system for the benefit of the 10caJ_ poplLLnCe.
(c) for salai stratum.
(i) Out of' tho total area of' 20,729 ha. (100%) an area of 3948 ha. (19.05%) carr~es good quali-cy miscellaneous forests wh~ch are suitable for planting economica.lJ.y important spec ies.
(ii) an area of 8,8Si" hu. (f.,2.S5%) wlrich can be managed under se1.oot.ion .f'ell..i.ngs duo +-0 :i.ts locat,ion along slopes higher then 60%. and (i~i) an area of 7? m ha. (.38.10%) which can be worked f:o:r the production of small sized tdruG:!' for the benefit of the local population.
The areas admeaSllring and land ('Jassed as Current Podu 77,489 00. and wh~ch are cllrrentJ;y afi'octed by shi..f'ting cultivation (podu.) are required +J() be clo"thed by resorting to Agt'".i..-..'?il.vi mc+'hods of' plantations. Tlris method will ult:i.mate]¥ benefi+, both tho department as well as the tribal populace. However, no y~eld would be anticipated ann~ £rom these areas while undertaking plantations.
The areas under land class I Scn'tb l 81 :3,,4/..,3 ha. can be studied in detail by tho state DepBrtnent wi.th a -vo::el-! to undertake plantations of oconomiCAJ.J.y important specio.s in the su.i.tablo areas.
Based on the above the tree i'orests, scrub and curront , podu land cms.ROl'l can be managed under the following working
circles.
- 63 -
Total Forest Area 826,711 ha. (10Q1~
r'--------------------~---------, ! I I
r ~ ScrUb Forests Current podu area 165~675 ha. 77,489 ha. (9.38%)
BamboJ brake 17,768 ha. (2.15%) Bamboo (overlappil.g) W.O.
(20.05%) Agri-Silvi-Planta-Plantation of tions. economic species.
1 I 1 I
Protecti-on forests 927 ha. ( O~43%)
I I I
conve:x:!sion W.O.
19,466 ha. (8.94%)
I I I
Sal 217,837 ha. (38.50% )
1: I I
! I 1
Selection \J .c .
r I I I
Plan-t.a. tion W. C • 50,600 ha. (15.46%)
SilviculturD.l syste!l"ls:
t , I
, t
Mise el.J_.,.neous 3Z7,213 ha. (57 ",~4%)
I
1 I I , , , ,
• r Oo!)p::t.ce
I I ,
PL.9.ntat.ion W.C. wit..1-1.
I I I ! I
Reserves ~ 3.94S ha. 36,152 ha. 1 (10.05%) (16.60%) 1
I I I
1 I I I
I
I Selection 1,,[. C • 208,022 ha.
4.2.2.3.1 i) Protect?-on \Iorki.ng liircle (9Z7 ha).
, 1 I
Tree forests 565,779 110..
( 63.43%)
Salai 20 .. 729 ha.
I I r
I , I I I , t I
Select-:ion 1;1.0. 8,884 ha. (1;2.85% )
, , • 1
Oopp:l.ce with Reserve 7,897 hi. (38.10%)
I 1 I I
Coppice ,nth Resc:rTes W.C. 68,59'1 h9.. (20.96% )
The areas w:i..ll be completely protected •
. PJ..a.nta:l::ion "1-1orldng GircJ.o '(54,548 rA. ) The Plantation "'orking circle is p:;,,'oposed for undertaking
plantations of economi.ca.J...J;y important 3pecics suitable to the area. The areas Hill be \oforked under the silvicuJ:tu:;.'al. system _ clear felling and planting. The entire area is proposed to be planted up wi th.:in a period of' 30 year s. The rotation of tho species planted will depend upon the size desired. Go:nera1.J.y a rotation of 60 to 80 years yields poles of 25 cm to 30 cm din. in caso o£ teak.
- 64 -
4.2.2.3.3 iii) Sal Conversion ,.,larking C:ircle (19,466 ha.):
The high, quality sal forests, )Jring on_.easier. and gentle slopes, are proposed to be worked under the s,ystcm Conversion to uniform. The sal fore.sts have so f:ar been worked under Selection and Seleetion-cum--Improveroont system. The forests are, therefore, irregu.l.a.r al1.d contain n3:ture and over mature trees. It is proposed to complete the conversion in 100 ycars;L'he
:.. I ~ . .
rotation w:.i.J.l however be kept at 150 years. The area is ~cted to yield 40 em. diameter at breast height over bark :t.n 150 years. Five pori.odic blocks of'~O years each are proposed to be formed.
In ,perioidic block I all the trees, except g sal trees, )Jring bet"reen diameter class 15 ern. to 19 emS l-rilL bs r"tained as sheltcrl-lood t:i..ll the regenerut.3d crop is £'ree £'rom damage due to natural factors. Hhere natural. regeneration of sal. has. established t._ll,e areus are proposed to be reganerated natura:ll;y while i.. .. the rest of tho m'cas artifiC'·:i..al rogencrat-.ir>o of: sal would be resort<)d to.
In periodic block II no felling are propoeed to be earriGd O'..lt as this perieidic bleck .. ,ouJ.d come up f'ur r;:ain f'cllings :>'0 ye..~D hence .. no yield is C'-xpected £'rom t...'his periodic block.
The remainil1.g periodic blocks viz. PB III to FE V are proposed t-o be merged -to f_orm periodic block runallotted r. In this perioid:i_c block only maturs and over mature trees are proposed t.o be explo:itGd. The yield will be regulAted by ~thies' Sa:fe-guard;4lg fo~.
4.2.~.3.1+ iv) Selectiol2- \.Jorldng C:ircl~ (373" 19S ha.):
The forests of: sal, miscellaneous and salai stra-ta J;y-ing along the hD.l slopes ranging bet~1een 60% to 100% are prbpos~d to be allotted -to this ;-lO:d<:.:ll1.g circle ~ The main objective is to exploi.t mature and over mature sal and othertimber species. The yiold will b _e regulated by w-tbies l
Se:Ce guarding :formula. A felling cycle of 20 years is proposed ~o be a.doptGd. It:Ls e.:;::pec-tod that a 40 cm diameter at breast height over ba"t'k .... ,.ill 'l;)e a"t--ba:ined \dthin a period of: 150 years. The rotation :i_a, therefore, fixed a-t 150 years.
4.2.2.).5 v) Copnice u:ith Reserves vlcrkj:r_!g _ _Qi::-~1.e (112,640 ha.):
The areas situated along gent.le slopos and armmd the habitations are proposed to be Horked Linder this sys-t,em. The main obj oct:t"\'U o.f this I-TOrking circle :i.s to meot -th.-e local needs of the popula:tion in rGspect 01' small sj__z;ed t:iJnbor and fuelwood. The rotation is proposed. to be kept at 50 years as, duri..'1g thls period it is eJ.._--pected that poJ_os of important species ".lOuld att.a.in a diameter at breast height 20 ems. Table Nos. 2.1.1 to 2.1.3 indicate the number of stG1!1S per hectare for sal, miscellaneous and sa1.ai strata. The total number of stoms by strata fOT
- 6.5 -
diameter classes 10 to u 15 em and 15 CID. to u 20 em. taken together are 212.17 for sal, 2:4.347 for miscellanoous and 206.667 for salai.. The prescriptioDs, which arc being followed under coppice wit..'1. reserves s;ystoam .are to reserve about 100-125 stems of' diameter classes 10 to u 15 em and 1 5 to 1.t 20 em at brea st height over ba.rk. Tald.ng into account the stocking and tho reservations "'oql:...lred· it can be assu.,-ned that 50% of' the volume o;f the abovo 14er~tioned diameter classes in case of' all the strata will not bo cOJytribut:i.ng-..:f:;owara.s._~. __ annual yield. -.
4.2.2.].6 vi) Bamboo (overlapping) '.Jorking Cjrcle (Z75,406 ha.):
Lit
A:U the bamboo bearing areas failing in the three strata viz. sal, miscell_ancous and salai are propol'1ed to be allot"""'ted to this working circle. The cutting rules which are in vogue in the state ore proposed J~o be adopted. The r.u-tt:i.ng rules are given in para 4.2.1 .5. T~1.0 state is at present adopting 4 year f'elling cycle under t·~le silviCl_'.ltuJ.::a.l sy.:;,_em of selection f'ellings ;follm-red by c]..ear.dugs. ~lC same is adopted in tho proposed management model.
vii) Somal (over 1a Wing) H o::-king Cir0lc (565} 779 ha):
Thi:J working circle overlaps (over) the entire area of the catchmel""lt. Hence tho entire area ·::Jf tho catchment is proposed to be inclu.de d in -this working circle. The constitution of' the \TOO-king circ10 is a prov.ision.u.l one. The system adopted will be a selection ~stcm as the trees arc scattered and only som::U. is to be e:A---uloic.c:-d. 'l'1!c cost of c::-.-ploitation of' treen, above 40 en diam;tcr at brC.'l.3t hei.ght overrork, . will determine whether the vTOrking circle can be operative. rv~th '1!he felling cycle of' Z:) yea-r:J/:iA expected that t·he oxploitabJ..e diameter at 40 ems at breast'ricieht over b"l.rlc w')uld be attained within a period of 60 ye~:rs. 60 years is, therei"ore, kept as rotation.
4.2.2.3.7 -v.:iii) Salai (ov~rlappin.g) Ho~king C~c=!:2 (20,729 ha):
This ,.orking circle is co"fi.11.ed to the miscellaneous areas located to the north of' Cuttack-Hadhapur-Bcuc1l:l road. Here salai occurs in econoE2c~ e::-.~c~table proportion. Salai occurs scattered in the area Bnd on.J.;y-: trees above 40 ems diameter will be exploi. ted. 3:.;clection sy3tcm is the most suitable hence proposed. The Q:;c>;Uoi.-t..9.ble diameter is proposed at 40 ems at brOR.s-t hoit',ht 0-,,1'3-::" bark. Tho diAmeter will be attained in 60 years tin.e. Folling c"cle of 20 years is proposed to be adopted.
4.2_2 • .3.8 h) Tree forest Rehabilitation Horking Ci..rcle (77,/~S9 ha.):
This '-lOrking circle is proposed to clothe all the podu afi"ceted areas by tal:ing up Agri-Silvi pJ.mrtaticns of' suitable species. No def:"l-"::"te tine limit is prfJ_posed to complete the rehabilitation of' tree f'orests as i~ illill depend upon the resources available with ·t;he state by way of' manpol-lQr, nursery stock and funds. Nc yiold o.f' a.rzy- kind :l.lI "'-'q'O.yt~d _D:'olll -t.h_-i..._q wnrki.ng c::U'Cle.
- 66 -
4.2.2.3.9 x) Scrub-forests Plantation Working Circle (165,675 ha.):
This is a provisional work:L">1g circle to p].ant valuable species in tho scr-u.b areas suitable for plantations. During the field inventol.'"'lJ no data Hao collected regarding the potontiali ty of thesa areas from the p:'_Hutab:ili W point of: vie...,. Honco no definite m-ea and tlme g,re prescribed. It is left at the discretion of tho sta+~ Government to take up plantations in this 'dorldng cir-::l'3. 1''-0 yi.eld of aey kjnd is expected from the working circle. The stratum-wise distribution of scrub forests i.s as f"ollows:
Te::>::t Table 21
81.. Forest -cype Area in hac No.
1 . Sal 78,792
2. l'1i.scellaneous BO,960
3. Salai 5,923
Total 1,65,6'75 ha.
4 .. 2.2.4.1 Plantati~!l Harking Cj.rclo:
Total area of the propqsed work~ circle is 54~548 ha. This area. is to be planwd up in 30 yeRrS time. It '[;loans that a:mrualJ.y an area of 1,BiCoZl ha. ',!:Lll bo plan-iJod. The annual yield from the above clenTfelled areos wi.J~ be as follows:
81.. S t;,ra- Tot.-'l.l .Annual No. tum area e.rea
in ha. in ha.
1. ~sc. 50,6001686.67
2. Salai. 3, 948 1 31 .60
Text Table 22
Vol UI!le j_u 000 1.t3 -=P"'J..yv-r-o-o-d.--oS:-a-v-, -_'P===o~I~e Rl.Lp Fu0.!;l:---'p=-a-~-,",1::-':---=1JO
wood vood wood wood ing U'cili-case W
Total
2.040 16.245 20.64i,,3S.75817.6,54 1,009 10.150 106.500
0.132 1.465 1.$77 3e7a6 1.704 0.990 9 . 974
, Total 547 548 1 B18.27 ~ 2.172 17:n0 22.621 1~464 19.358 1.009 11 .14-0 116.474
____ _ ______ _ L __ . _____________ ·
-&7-
4.2 •. ~ .4.2 Sal Convers=i;on Working Circle:
The iot~ area of tho \-wl'king circle of 19,466 hec"t< .... xe is allotted to five per.iodic blocks of: '20 years period. The nreas of Periodic block I and II are du~e.1y allotted while the areas of periodic bJ.ocks IIJ:.. rJ' and V are clubbed togo·ther to form periodic block-Ul1.allo·t.ted. A .felling cycle of 20 years is adopted to work t4e areas of FE \LTJaJ~Qtted. The distribution of the areas runO",1.gst the vax:i.ous periodic blo<,.ks .rill be
FBI PB II
FE unallotted
3893.2 hectares
3893.2 hectaros
11&79.6 hQctares
In periodic block I the yield will be regula ted l::lf area. In period.i.c bJ.oc1c II no fcJ~ings arc proposed as the crop vlOuld be going to periodic block one t,lCn"tif years hence. In periodic block unallotted the yield "lill be rogulatod by rrumber of' trees by appJying SIll'fthic.s t Sa:fe-guarding :fornruJ.A.
PEI Total area of PB I 20 years
= AnImal area.
The ar'Ilual/ area figure was multiplied by utili-cy- volume per hectare figures given in table 7.1.1 t.o 7.7.;'J.· -,
FE Unallotted as fol:l..ows:
The t Sxqythies I ~afe-guarding :formuJ.a is
y =
Fhere X
Cla.8S I trce·s
f t
x +
~r
A -2--
(Class IT
% of 11.
of Glass II trees)
where Y = annual. yield
Glass I trees - no. of trees of exploitable class and above here the exploitable dia.-netcr is 40 cm.
N
=
Class II
N\.wbcr of exPloitablo trces in the annual coupe,; .
Number o.r years in the felling cycle
time taken to roach :£'rom pre-expJ_oitable class to exploitable class.
Number of trees in the pro-cxplo:i.table class i.o. 35 - u 40 cm.
mortal:i..-CY- porCOJlt. Here. 331 /3% is tru~en as the mortaJ"ity % (S01.Jrco - Lecturo .no·tos on For_est Manag-:3J1.lcnt b.Y O.R. Ranganat..'1.an).
- 68 -
Table no. 2.1.1 and the area of the periodic block gives the availability of' class I and class II sal trees as 45959 lind 34291 respecti ve]Jr • Substituting aJ.l the figures in tho f'ormula the !IU1Ilber of tro-es avaiJ..a.blc annualJ.y oomes to Sal trees.
N = !.t5959 2298 trees 20 =
X 20 (34291 33~ of 34291 ) = ~-- - 3
20 (22861 ) = ""35
= 13063 y _= ( 1.3063 ) % of N
( 45959 + 1 3063 ) ~
= 13063 0' 70 of N
52491
= 24 .. 89% of N
or say 25% of' N.
i.e. 'S75 trees
other timber trees:
The number of' class I and class II trees at: other timber spoo:ies comes to 45,234 and .32,551 trees ..
N = 45234 = 2262 trees. 20
X 20 (.32551-33 ~ % = 35 20 (21.J701 ) = 35
= 12~401
of'
y = ( 12401 ) % of N ( 45234 + 1...?:6Q:L)
2
= 12401 % of N 51435
32551 )
24.11% or say 2L:J{, of' 2~262
543 trees
'The ut:i.J.i-CY- vohune per hectare by diameter olasses of; sal stratum are given in tables 7.1;.1 to 7.7.3. certain fixed percent.9-ge of' troes abov0 the exploi.tabl.e diameter i.e. 4b cm are remo-vable and it is presumed -that the same percentage of removal is maintained in a:D. the diameter classes above 40 em :in the first 10 to 15 years. The. proportion of' annual yi.eld to the total number of selecti.on trees comes to 'S75 O.24S9 f'or sal and ~ or 0.g411 f'or otper important
spc8f~~. The utiJj_fy break~lp~ boan -arrived at cy- using ~ abOVB £actors ..
-69-
The annual yield in the periodic blocks would be as' f'ollows:
Text Table 23 Stratum: Sal
Total.. area in ha
Periodic blo'ck
Annual area in ha PJ.y
wood Sa~" wood
Volume in f 000 t m.3 .~~~~----~--~~-Pole Pulp Fuel Packing No Uti- Total
wood wood wood case ~ __ -__ _
.3893.2 PB I 194.66 0.1.39 2.008 2.415 .3.9.30 1.9.33 0.007 1.110 11--542
11679.6 PH Unall- 58.3.98 0.100 0.&44 0.169 0.782 0.366 0.003 otted
0.251 2.515
Total 778·64 0.2.39 2.852 2.584 4.712 2.299 0.010 1.361 14.057
81. No.
1 •
2.
3.
4.2.2.4.3 Selection \o-Jorking Circle:
The total area of the working circle is 378,198 hectares. The stratum-~-riso distribution is given below. Similarly f"rom
, tho tables 2.1.1 to 2.1 • .3 tho number of class I and Class II trees comes to as g;iven below:
Text Table 2~ --_. Stratum Total Annual area No.of trees sal No.of other important
Sal.
Misc.
Sala:!..
Sl. No.
1 •
2.
3.
area in ba. Class II Class I trees in ha. Class II Class I
161,292 8,064.6 473,553 634,685 449,521 624,684-
208,022 10,401 .1 460,977 603,888 761,361 1,2.36,692
8,884 444.2 19,08:3 30,6&7 8.3,36.3 62,375
SUbstituting the above figures in the Smythies f Safegguarding for:mu.J...a the number of trees of sal and other important species available by stratum and the percentage of trees to be romoved comes to -
Te:>..-t table 2?_
Stratum Species Porcentago No.of trees Factor of: , removal somal
removal
Sal Sal 24.86 7934 0.2486
other species 24.11 7L .. 96 0·2411
Bisc. Sal 25.38 7'349 0.2538
other species 20.99 12985 0.20')9
SaJ..a:i.. Sal. 21.19 322 0.2119
other species 23.38 717 0.2.338
No.
- 70-
The time taken to pass £'rom pre-exploitable class to exploitable class was taken as 35 years and the I!lortality percentage i.e. ~% was taken as 33 1 f'or sal and f'or other impm taut
spec.ies. (Sourco-Lecture3notes in Forest 'Management b.Y" C.R. Ranganathan).
The factors given in column no.6 of text-table W61:'C
mu.1 tiplied cy the per hectare util:ity V0J.:une ta~)lc r.os.7.1 .1 to 7.7.3. The total volume by utlli"tiY clA.sscs comes -t.e> as given. below:
Text table 26.
Volume in 1 O')()! 11-3
Total PlY saw Pole Pulp Fuel Pack- No wood wood "lOod "lood wood:Lng uti-
______________ ~ __________ ~ ______________________________ . __________ ~c~a~s~o li~~· __ __
area area in ha. ·in ha.
1 .. Sal
'"":2. Mise.
3. Salai
6.6720.763 3.749 2.524 161,292 8~064.6 sal
ot~1.or impor- 1.1 ... 38 4.994 1.537 7.056245,) 0.C'46 2 •. 07$ 19.6<:2 tant
208~ 022 10,401.1
(!~8$4 444·2
Total
species
sal
other impor-tant spe-cies
sal
o+..hor i.mpor-taut spe-cies
6.2~ 0.736 :3.550 2.374
2.640 7.515 2.299 9.552 5·'000 O.7E5! 3.255.3.1.048
0.225 0.031 0.1.31 0.004- 0.04.7 0.5,18
0.105 O.lA 0.137 0.697 0,.317 - 0.206 1.866
4-1$.3 2':.0:)8 5-50.3 24.'7)5 12.752 0.833 8.130 82.2.34
4.2.2.4.4 Coppice .. lith Reserves vlorking Circle:
The entire area of 112,640 h e ctercs is proposed to be gone over within a period of 50 years. 50-.% of tl·c~ shown against diameter clc""l.s Ges 10 u 15 cm D..oct 15- u 20 CIPS ,,;:ill be reserved' against f'ellings. It is presumed that the volume will be reserved in these diameter classes in the same proportion. The per hectare utili-cy clans-wise figtu'es have therefore been reduced proportionateJ.;y "lhj.le calc'_' .. L:rb:L""1.g the a:vai1.abilii::if of' annual volume by utili-ey cJ_aszes.
total y area of the \-lorking circle X Per ha volume Rotation figures.
The figures obtained by the above method are summarised beloYl :
- 71 -
Text table Z7
Sl. stratum Total A~"l1,w.l Species Vo 1XUllO :ili.-'--OOO..--w'::P""J.,y---s""'a-'-"-;::_P;::'o::';:~19" P..:lP--Fu:-e~l~-=p"-a-c~k---No--.----No.
1. Sal
2_ Misc.
3. salai
area area in ha. in ha. wood "lood wood \-lOod wood ing uti-- Total
_c~~. li__i;y__. __ -'-
36~152 723.04 sal 4.681 3.559' 4.580 2.119 -_ .1_602 ,.6.541
others 0.516 3.1 Z7 4.017 8.147 4.259 0.026 2.171 16.541
68,591 1371.82 Sal 6.332 4.632 6.088 2.842. 2.728 22.622
others 1.660 6.f!78 9.16621.194 9.680 0.822 4·707 54·107
7,8CJ7 157.94 sal 0.73/+ 0.664 1.236 0.387 0.300 3~321
1.388 7.355 others 0.161 0.90) 1.222 2.835 0.646
Total 2.3:;722.655 2.3.260 ~080 19.933 0~S4812. 896126.009
4.2.2.4.5 Semal L?verlapping) Working C:ixcle:
The ent:ixe area of the tree forests 565~779 ha. is :included to constitute -this ;'lorking. Semal -trees above 40 em of diameter at breast heieht over bark will be exploited with.in a period of 20 years. Table Nos. 4.1 to 4.3 give rrumber of semal -trees per hectara by strata. This fi.gures are utilized to find out clasl'! I and cJ..ass II trees by strata. The results are SUlnmar-isEld below:
Text Table 28
Sl. stratum N'). of -troes No. Cl,ass II Class I
(35-u 40 em) (40 em & above)
1 • Sal 6 , 971 5,445
2. Miscellaneous 11,700 20~941
3. Salai. 1,969 3~960
Total 13,913 30,346
----------------------------------------------The yieJ_d wLll be regulated by IT..llllber of t.rC8;:! by
1 SI1lfthies I ,safe-guarding formula viz:
y x X % of N = Class I + -2
X (C1ass II - Z% of class II)
S1-No.
1 •
2.
3.
- 72
t - the time taken to pass £'rom 35 - u 40 em di,ameter class to 4JJ em and above has been worked out from tho All India yield tables for Bombax eeio:l. - 13.8'1 (57.5 cc) diameter is rea(}hed at the age oi' 4S years while 16.0:1 di.alPetor is reached at the ago of 59 years. It means it t.akcs al.o'L"+' 1 0 years to pass to the exploitable class.
2%-Thc .. lOrking plan for North Chanda Fcrost Division by S.H. Singh indi.eat~s that 2/3 trees paGs on i'!"om 3 1 ~~th to 41--4' -6·: • The mortali i{y is ~ thereforo, t,.,..l:on as 33:!_ %.
3 Substituting the above figures in tho formula, the
annual !lU!D.ber of trees exploitable or:mos to 713.
= x =
x = y =
=
=
i.c.
3031.$ --20- = 1517
f ~;- (Slass II - 2?% of class II)
fa (13913 -3:3)"" ~of' 13913)
18550
18550 % of N .30346 + 9;;;:;75
% of N
46. 82% cr .qay 48% of j\J u
713 trees
Tho utility classw:'~se yield !'rom the 713 troos is tttbu]_a ted belO.l:
Stratum TO+..:l.l area Annual VolUI:le in r m3 in ha. area in 11atchwood Others ~
Sal 217,'267 10,891.85 ) )
724.00 513.89 Miscellaneous 327 ,213 16,360.65 ) )
Salai 20,729 1,0.36045 ) )
4.2.2.11-.6 Salai (Ovcrlanping) t-lorking Circle:
This working circle is constituted only in t...1.C northern parts of' Boudh area of P'culbani !<'orest D:i"l.,·j_sion. The. total area of 20,729 hectare is proposed to be worked within a period of 20 years. S3.lai (Bos\,m:;t.l:ia ~,errat-o'1:) is proposed to be utilized f'or packing case mater:ia .. !.. 'l'he Jrie.ld will be regulated by :rn.unber of: trees by t Srrvthios 1 safe-guarding formula. Table nos. 2 .. 1.3. indic..'1.tG the number of salai trees
Sl. Stratum No.
1. Salai
- 73 -
b.Y" diameter classes. The o'::p1oitabl d· t of'. d t ... e J..aIl1e or ovor barl' is _DCC a. 4.0 cm.. :No data ro~dj_ng th~ r<;.te of" gro:,t:!-J:l of salai ""ras ~va.~able from the volU.!!'c tahles. The yield ta.1:l ~ not ~V3. ilabl +..' . • ) os ure
Go . J 0.. ~" ~S? '::.11.o:;:'ci'o::-o) pr"::S'"..l..1Tled that the rate of ~ol.rth of sa:w.~ J. s the same ar. +,hdt 0;': -:::~mal. Honce the t:ime
~cn ~o pass from the pre-exploita~~e class to exPloitable class. lS ~aken as 10 year s and tho mortaJ.i tv percent as 331 % Subst?-tutlng the above figure!> in tho '2n!;rthies I sai'e-:' ."'- • guard:L."lg formula the U'Ylllc:..<il Ylelrl. come "") as f"llo'·w. ., -?
Total aroa in ha.
20,729
,Annual area in !la.
10)6.45
Species ,No,of trecs
Class II ---Clas-s I-(35~~0 em) (40 em +)
14,810
Ho.of trees to Volume in OOO:::.;.:.....:M:,.:3_--=---::c= Pael~ing case PulP-WO~llCl wood No Uhili t"if
Total
be removed annua~
326 trees 0.477 0.103
4 .• 2.2.1 •• 7 Tota.l. annual a vail.abilii?r of ~~l.'_'ll'l€ ?:y: ut,j.lity clLlsses and Workin_g_li=i..r<iJ_es:
ItT introducing above systems of managoxnent the catchment is expected to yield tho below xnentioned Jl}3. teria1. if all the tree foresT.s ArO b:!.·Olleht undGI." W<._'rking.
S1- Name of the TotaL No. working a~oa
circle :in ha.
.A.1.1"t7i-:Bl area P}'y in ha wood
- 74-
ITo]';:.,"'e in --OOO-].;;::r---·--------~
Sa;;-'- Poie' Fulp -.fu8l Fac}: •. wood wood l"c::>d -·Tood ing'
case
Ma'coll --No --wood Utili
i:;y ------_ .. _-_._. -._---1. Plantation 5/+,5L~8 1,818.27 "2.17217.710 ~.621 1,2.4H+ 19,.358 1.009 11 .140
1 .361 2. Sal Con- 19,466 778.64 0.2.39 2.852 2.5["44.712 2.299 0.010 version
3. 4.
Selection 378,19818 .. 909.9 4.18'3 26.093 5.503 2l~.735 1?752 0.833
2.337 22,655 2,3..260 ie'+.080 1C) .9~33 0.&':-8
3.130
12.896 Coppice with Reserves
5. Semal ( 0Irorlapping
6. Salai (Overlapp:t.ng)
112,640 2,,252.8
565,779 28,238.95
::>0,729 1,.036.45 0.477
'--------------------Thus the total annual rem,..., ... "3.l is :.3. 4l,?B.?F3 • This works
aut to 1. (Y.!;% of the t.otal gt' OVlng stock. "'hich is )2 .• 822) 650 H3.
4.2.2.4.8:.CuJ.l Volume:
The special stucy 1.,,10 deRigned to 10'101"" the presence of cull VOlllL10, by species, cdamotcr classes and by l:rtil:i:uJ classes. Hewever, l"hen ':;hc dat.:'1 Has processed it uaE: noticed tha:t the amount of cull present by- u"':;·il.:i.1.!y cJ.aoses "as neglj.gible. Hence the d9.t~ ",as processed t·:> f'incl out th3 cuJ~ volume by species onl,y. Table. no. 7,,0 shown ·t.he a',l,,'.mt o:f cull % perscnt. sal (Sho_!.'= -E.S:!b1.1sta) l)as the mr!.xi)TG1m C'I)_ll % . i. e. 2.29% while se:::nal (B:>mba~ ~~i.bp.)" tor.d:\}. (D:i::9..~~! rW]E.no~~), bij a (FterocarE.~ ma.:;:'supi.um), lendia (~::.r7e~_::!.:2_~mia ~v:j_:flora), salai [;poswe~~~ ~~ata) and j amun (§y_g;ig:L1.l!!l c':L";lir.;.2-~J show either negligibJy smELD. qu-::mtit-y- of cull c' no CUll at o.ll~ Tnis quantity of cull% will have to be deducted to El.rrivo at the net volume for a particular species.
4.2.2./, .• ,) Distribution ot' Five s1.)ecie:_3..l.
One of the obj ect.s of t·ne 3UJ'."vcy was to assess the number of treG~ of kusum ('§<?i;__liechc:r:~ oloo~a), harro. (Termina -lia chcbula), sCHal (Bomba 0ci::>a), kullu (Ste:i.~culia urg(m.~ al'1d mariuva_-(Hadh1.1.ca laj>j.j'E"{a .'~~.:ar ,._l._ongi.!o~,,-!:I:r:- Tile ::Lr..formation was collected from 2 ·h.a. Ul1.dorilcxca-t;ed plot A.rcul1.d tho gr"5..d centre. The data collected, en processin~, bas L'1.di.ca·l:;ed the resu,lts which are sho1t.'l'1 in tabJ_o nos. L~.1 to 4.3. The total number of trees assessed qy- diarilett~r eln3sos, 1:y specdes and by stratuDl arc tabt:l.lated a.s givon b()]ow:
Sl. No.
1 •
2.
3.
- 75
Text Tab~e 32
stratur.J. No. of: trees in 000 Area in Kusum ·-~H'T:a:-:x:'::r::a~:';";;"'-;:S""r.>'"':i.IIS"'="'=l;---~K"'Ull""-';;:-ll---'l:-::1a7'hr:u:-wa-=-
----------- ha.------------------~----
Sa~ 317.389 508.64.9 74~500 117.850 1~.854 (Total)(pcr ha.)
217,S37 1.457 2.335 0.342 0.575 4.746
Misc. 271.554 112'7.686 (Total)(per 1m)
327,213 640.029 640.6S3 130.885 1.956 1.958 0.400 0.1331 3.428
Salai 41.957 38.991 23.693 14.552 78.2'57 (Total)(pcr ha) 2.024 1.881 1.143 0.702 3.774
2.0,729
------,-----,_.,.--..-,-----------Total
4.3 Estimate of: Annual Bamboo Cut:
Lof
As has alrDady been mentioned in para 4.2.2.3.6, all bamboo areas in Sal, Miscellaneous and Sa~i types have been allot.ted to the Bamboo Working Crrcle.
For estimating the annual 'bamboo cut, a ~arge numbur of f'actors have to be taken ::into account.. Tha. na:ture of: the cxi.st.ing orop is very uneven. The e::cisting crop includes a~'ea.s whio)l have rogu~r]Jr been, wOlikod, as also,-areD:s which have nover been ",orked and variP_tj,ons in, between . .:thoBe ext.i"'emes. Ind:l:v.i.dual oulm and olump s:i.ze.s arc also very var;iable Within t.he same area. The rate of' atllT<lal Tocruitment varies f'l'om yoar t.o year depending on the amrual var:iation in the cl.ima.tic f'aotors and bio'!;-ic i.nfl..uences. 1.Jnde r t~ c:ircum~-t:an0es axv estimate can at best be onJ,y in4i_ca tive.
It has, t.herefore; been preSumed that the recruitment in the' YE3p _r of survey corrosponds to -f,::''le avcrage cOlld:Ltions of recr.uit;r:lent. It has further been ,?:>;'_<:l~9d t,pat the cultns of' current. year will propor"tional]Jr att:;l.i.n in the same diametors as 'are found in the e:x:L.st.ing mature c:t<op. •
~able S.1 gives the distr:Lbution of' mllms by age, soUndnesS' aha: in diameter classes. Tho total rmmber of oullns in the yearL~ey (current year ,'s cuJm~) ,t-re~ ~O,_,&O, 870 + 19,994,480,::: 70,81~,150. :Theori;t.ic~, thercf9re, :Lt ",ould be sa:t:e to remove 70,815,150 cu1J!ls q.l'll!-ualJ.y from tho area. Thj.s yield, hot-lever, is t.o be obtained from mature culms. In table' 8.1, tho totaJ..: rrumber of mature cu1.ms, excluding the d?cayed 9-qlms, :is shoun as 526, l08, 98Q.
This number, however, is compr:Lsed of oulms of .diameters ~ing from 2 cms to over 8 cms. . The 'breaJe-up ot: -these maturod c'tUms -] n d:Lrunctur cla.sses :is ~'l.S under:
- 76 -
No. of' _matured culJns in diameter classes
2 to 5 cn 5 to ·S em above 8 em Total
.No. 503,194,300 21 J' 663 ... 41 .. 0 1 ... 250 ... 340 526 ... 108 ... 080
Percentage 4.12% 0.24% 100%
From thG above Table, it is Seen that 95.64% ot: the maturo bar.(boos t:aJ..l in 2 to 5 em diameter class and on1;y" a SQD.]J_ proportion.. 4.12% and 0.2/..% in d::Larno-tcr classes 5 to '8 em and above 8 em respecti:vely. The thooritieaJ. yield ot: 70 ... 815,150 culIns will be obstainable in this- proportion as shown below:
Particulars
percentaga
Annual yieJ_d
100% No. of' culIns 70,815,150 wt.t:actor in Kg.pGr cuJ.m
Green \-Jt. 359,791.06 in Tons·
Break up of' Arurual Yield in Diameter Classes
2=---:-t-o--:::5'_;;;:c'-nl- 5 1;oB eM Above 8 em
-------------------------95.64% 4·12% 0.21,%
&7,730,920 2,915,940 168 ... 290
4.665 12.6'16 27.&70
318,335 • .32 36,799.16 4,656.58
----It is thus seen that the total annual yield comes to
359,791 -tons (green weight). Since the standard error ot: estimate t:or the total bamboo growing stock is 9.S7%, i.e. cont:orming to + 19.7/1-% .A:I;. 95~~ prohabilii7/ level, the estimated annual bamboo y~eld would be 359 ... 7S"1 + TI.;022 tonnes (i.e. varying between 430,813 tor..nes to 28n;-769 tonnes). This shows that the variation bot~eon the ma~L~ and themmrimumexpected yield would bo t.o the extent of' 1,42,044 tonnaa. Howavar, a minimum safo annual yioJ_d estiilUT,o,_ at 95% probabili-cy- level" . should be taJ~en as 288,769 tom::ea (green weight).
t-Jith the help of data collected for finding out the air,_dry weight (1 a;'o moistur G) corresponding -to the green weight .. it has been found- that the air dry weight is 61 .91 % of the gr-ean weight. Therefore, the air dry weight of ~e annual y:i.Qld \-Iould be
288.769 X 61 .91 1 00 = 178,776. S8 Tonne s
A safe estimate of tho annual bamboo yield from tho cu'ea WO'llJ.d -tJn~ h~ -1'18 .. 770 to:nrI.AS or 180 .. 000 tonnas.
.., 77 -
In the .survey area bamboo i.s being worked- on a four year cutting cycle. That means thq to+..al area is -dividcc:l into :four coupes. Therof'ore th:i.s est:L.'"!1atcd yield is to be obtained from a coupe" the gt'owing stock of -wbich is mentioned in teros of' no. of' bamboos as well a.s i t·s greon wej.gl.1.t in tennea i.s givcn in the table below. This table is obtained by combi.ning Table 8.1 and Table 8.2.
Distribu:t.ion of no. of cuThls BY ~ and Soundr!es.~
(¥o. in thousand & 'Height in H. Tonne a )
Current season
en for tho entire Bamboo area:
No. in 1000 50820.67
,:!cight237078 42 :J.ll. Ton •
54984.81 2082. CJ7
For the Annual. coupe:
No. 12705.16
Weight 59269.60
13746.20
64126.03
520.51
6566.85
(5 ) -r6j
1420Lt3.40 4998.62
662632.46 63062.59 23090.06
35510.85 1249.65 208.62
. 165658.11 15765.64 'l7'72.51
Green daIoe.ged
Current season
For the ent~c area~
lio. 19994.48
Heigh~6637 .1 2
37CJ72.4D 834.40
86471 .37 "5263.90
~ :t!l_e An.."?;.~ COU.E,o,.!.
No. 4998.62 9268.10 .. /208.62 r
Weight1 659.28 21 617. &'!- /131 5.97 - ......I.....- OJ' . --... ------
ever two ,;rears 2-5 5-g--" $.1-
C 12Y=--( 13 ) Ji£!_
f57893.07 6664.83
2C-501 0.58 L~041 .75
21973.26 1666.~0
51252.69 10510.44
-7$ -
Dry Sound ....-l.?E.Y- damageq. 2~ .. ~ ~
I)ecayed TO+pl "----
(1 5 ) 0_6) (17 )
For the entu:~e~:_
.No. '37485.49
t']eight 536.339.62
No. 14.371 .37 Weight 1.34084.90
8.3.4 .• 48 21055.60
20$.62
526.3.90
- 123715.1.3 624,8.96 415.86 52068.2&,4664899.49
- 5771.31 .. 08 78836.8811506.85 287B929.81
_ .30928.7S 1562.24 10.3.96 1.3017.06 162247 ,.S? -144282.77 19709.22 2S76.71 -'7197.32.45
Ii' He examine the table given,. above, it will bE.: seen that there is considerable stock of' baraboo 1.-Thich is ei.ther greon damaged or dry damaged or dry SO'U.."1.d and decay-ed.
All this stock will have to be removed for the eygiene oi" the .. future crop. A:Ll such removal ~lill contribute. towards, the yield. However, the decayed culms will not contrt,bute' towards the yield. The number of' cuJ.ms \/hich would be removed and their corresponding equivalent green weight is. given bslow:
No. of' culms vJe:i:ght
Groen damaged Current season 208620 1 to 2 season
5772.51
Dry Sound
. D:ty damage d
Dacey-od
2-5 Cm
5-8 8+
Ov-er 2 season --,,:
2-5
5-8
8+
".
4998620
9268100
208620
14Lf'15:340
2197.3260
1666200
\ 14.371.370
;,208620
I -
11659~28
21617'.81,.
1.315.97
.3459.3.09
51252.64
10510.44
1.34084.90
526.3.90
-14,579990 '--'-39.348.80
.3 0'92 87 00 144282.77 1 ~6221!-O 19709.22
2-5
5-8
8+
Total
1~022§_0~ ___ """"'.:;.ZW~·LL_ __ 32i :::46::: 'i,.
- 79-
From the above table it is seon that t.~e total removal 983068:30 CU]JllS is more than the aClmissibJ.e cut equivalent t o the annual recruitment of: 70$15150. HO"vIO"ver ~ t h is rCDQval would be obligatory. on. .s.ilv:icultural considorat.i ons. Its-, total tonnage :in terms of: gTeen weight t,ror}{s out to b e 408346.18. Its dry Height equivale nt j.s 252807.12 M tonnes. By o..pp¥ng the standard error of 19074% at 95% probnbili:ty lovel, tr.'he safe estimate can be taken. to· bo· 202902 .... 99 nay 200000 M. tonnas.
It is further poin~cd Ol.lt that in tho calculation .of tho safe estimate of: 200000 M. tonnGs~ thoro is no contribution from the saund green cu2_ms. Bamboo fo.lling rules prescribe the retention of: 6 no. sound. culms 3.n a cllmlp. The total cu1ms to be retained in a coupe will be
No. of clUlllpj'l..J.::l. x No . of cuJms x Area of coupe to be retained.
151.25 x 6 x 2754Q§. 4
= 6248Z74fJ or 62482.74 thousand cu.1.ms.
As against t.J.lis, the total of' a vo.iL"1.;:'le grGen soun d culms in ~ coupe is 51235845 or 51235084 5 thousands. This shows that tho n:vui.lable green sound C:LiIlS are loss than t,hos e required to be retaine d as per ru.2.o£:. The refore, no yield w:ill be available from green sound cu.:!.ms l:e c3.USO 1JlD.r.ilT clumps ar.c aireaqy under stocked.
From the abovo discussion3~ it Crul be stated that tho arlnual yi.eld i'rO!!l tho are a "Jill b e ~l:;rut 2COooO M. Tons. jn the first cuttj.r..g CYCJ.D. T!lC:!:'G(1.i'tO l.', if tho oxploitat1.cn- is done by follm-dng th3 c-u.tting r>~10s r ig:icl.q .. m_ ... i_n:in!ltm y i.old of 179000 N. Tonncs ... 'auld h e- dwdl.fl.hl...o.
TABLES .. 7" ,-_.---.-
I
mISSA SlJRVEY Table 1.1 -
- BO -
DISTRIBUTI_9N OF GEOGRA...PHICAL AREA UNDER
Y P,H]OlJS LA,ND USES
(Based on aerial Recce)
'Land use. No. of grids
1 ) FO,rested 151B
2) Current Podu 1'52
Forested & Current Podu 1670
3) non-forested 1543
Total 3213
2 Area (KIn )
7492.22
750 .. 21
8242.43
Table, 1.2 DISTRlPUTION OF FORESTED lL'RF..A TIl VA.-qIOUS FOREST
TYPES
Forest Types
1 )
2)
3)
4)
Sal.
MisceJ.J...ar..ebus
Salai
Bamboo brake (without overlap) 'l'otal
Bamboo (including overlap)
Aerial Reece No. of grids.
601 827
54 36
iSl8
558
Forested
266.52
177,.68
7492.22
*Tree2Fores t (I\ln ) .
2178.37
3272.1 :3 2CJ7 .29
i~ N .B. These are based on groun.d data. Th;) tree forest con.stitutes Land clhss 1 and Vegetation classes i, O2 and 5.
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122 -
CRISSA SURVEY
Table - 7.0
CULL V()LUM": EXffiESSED AS A PSRCENTAGE OF millER BARI~ VOllJME
S1.
1 •
2.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.
"11 •
12.
13. 14. 15.
Shoren robusta
Termin0lia crenulata & T. bclarica
P-terocarpus marsupium
Ougenia dalberg~eides & L~ru1.ea C or oID3..'"lde lie a
DiosP,YTos melano~lon
Bridelia retusa
AnogeiDsus latif'olia
Lagerstroernia parviflora
Sy-z. -:Lg:i:um cuminii
Boswellia s e rrata
na.ruga pinnata
Adina cordifolia_
Bombax coiba
Cleis-t;,anthus eollil1.us
Rest of' species
2.29
0.04
0.00
0.36
0.00
O.M-0.04
0,.00
0.00
0,,00
0.01
0~04
0.00
0.02
0.30
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w co H 0 (L ~r-l ro Cil '''; w-P<r-t Q) ro 0 ;.>-. K -P • ..-1 r-l cc >=: • ..-1 c;:j r-l • ..-1 UlO
I -..-I (]) 0 p..ro cc w tlD a:; ~'g >=:Q)Q) (l) H C) H H ws;::,.o '..-1'''; ;?; Q) § ro b.D'lJ-P ill 0 Q) 0-..-1 E! a;- N U1 H H QU "..-1 0 t.QCO p., G.-+" -rl -0-. 0 ...... J;' 0 . ro a.: 6CilH~m(])
,. til - -Cf.) P-I P . ~;:r:; o .. ;:r:;0E-1 1 .... =U:q H P=i
143 -
qT~:r:Si3.A _S_llliVEY. Table - 8.1
.QI.S_1Jl.~B.lff_I_QN. .• QF .. ...:..1\lli_I\1f.3_?lLgF_£!!.J..M3 BY _J\_G__g__~_SO{dND-,"l';LESS
Total Culms Culms t
Culms per ha-. per' in '000 clump , 'Current ' - -----~ -. _- •. __ ._~ __________ -_____ L__ ,
50820.67 184.53 1l.22: ___ _ _ -L. __ 5..e.C?-_s_9D -----_-_---: 54984.81 199, .. 65 l!.32 r ~-5 , One to two
2082.07 7'.56 0.05 r 8 -~ T seasons.
142043.40 499&.62
834.48
19994-.48
37072.40 834'.48
87893.07 6664,.83
57485.49 834.48
l23"f 15.13 6248'.96
415'. 86
52068.26
515.76 .18'.15 3.03
72.60
134,.61 31.03
319.14 24.20
208:.73 3.03
449,.21 22.69 1.51
189 .. 06
648991_ .. 49 "'2356.49
---.... ,-------
3.41 0.12 0.02
0.48
0.89 0.02
2.11 0.16
1.38 0.02
2.97 0.15 O.O~
1 1.25
15.25
, r -.---1'-----------2-5, Over two 5-8 I seasonS.
, 8 + ,
--L ,
-----, -Cu-r-r-e-n-t- season ,_ , ---- ----t ---------- __ .t _ p. :;:l
2-5 r One to two r Pol t-j' S (1) , 5-8, seasons. "-l (1) ~~ 8 + , _ ____________ . _____ -l- ~
, r , 2-5, Over two , 5-8, seasons t
T 8 + r I t _____ ~ ____ ..J_- -~ - - -,
t 2-~5 T 5-8 ,8+
(/}'d o I-! T . S ~i ! , ;-:
, ~ r ,_ .. _.----y-. _____ . _____ -.-l,. _____ . __ -,.
, 2-5 , f p..\::::1 , 5-8 r llli-$
I ~~ r 8 + r (J1:j r
_.L--~.---, Q.. '
" -- ---y-I Decaye d ___ r ______ -______
Tr ... _ -~-
I
r Tot a l t
, I..
1_ __ -'-___ ..J... -_ ____ .--1.
..
- 144 -2EJ.§l?h.2_illlY.E.:l
Table H. 2
Q_I.S.TIP~B.l!I_ION OF BAfJ1BOO WE IGHT ,~'!"- ,'-'-..:...~
Dry Wt'. in tonnGs
Green Wti .. in t6rmos
, r f r r
~ .
- _-_ .~---------.---.. - .. ..:._.- --- ___,_ Current 146135.13
158109.14 16931.97
-409446,_64. .. 40650.15 14883.85
28747.12
5330(y.95 3393.11
126368'.52 27LOI).11
330599.74 1357L.-.-1-4
355743'.59 50818.25 7:"H7,.~2
o
1782218.03
237078' • .42
256504.13 26267,.40
66~632.46 _._ 63062.59
2f3090.06
4p637,.112
85471'.37 ?263.90 , 1
205010.58 42041..75
536339-.62 21055 .. 60
577131,08 788~G.88 11506.85
2878929:.81
r r r r , r r r I r , r r
.f r f I r I r r , r
season r . --'_.-~-- ... ----' -_ .. _'---J cnQ
2-5 r One to two ' C' ,.., ,s::co 5-8 f seasons g, § 8+ T _. __ ._._ .... __ ._ ._-_____ . _____ r
2 5 ·r-· r , - Over- two'. ---.--,..------ -5-8 I _I ~ + ! season f
r .--- __ S-. ____ --.-.--~-- r
t CllrrGnt f
I season , , -_--_._.- '---.---~----.- r ~ W ~ 2-5 One to t wo f3 (1) r 5-8 , o:l' ([) r sea sons. r oq t:l J8+ I"'. : ,-.-_. -.-.----- f p_,
! 2-5 Over ·two r r 5-8 r r seasons I f 8 + I I , .. __ -_.£-_------------,---_._-"-i 2-5 ! ! g ~ !
'5~ :e~ ~8+ f .5, , ..L.........-____ . ___ ._-L-. ----'. I --. - --- . . I p,.__". I
I 2-5 t C) i:::1 i 's~ r 5-8 r ~ , f Otl 1 8 + lro r , ! po I
J -_.__ -~-----'------r i _._:_~~_~e_~._. ___ L __ '. , • l , f Total 1 'r l' --.-.-------.. ~.- - - -_. _____ ._ .. ____ -L-__ . .s--_______ '------- ._-
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C-.:l-O C(' N Ll\ ..-CO · . . 000
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t<""\
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(\J (\J N .. (\J 0', 0-. 0 0 't- t:--m . . . 0 -.:j- v
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tr\ ro lr'\ rr-. ..tr\ C 0'1 \.0 ..;:to 0"' '''-' U"\ N · ...... \.0 ~ U"'\ l.C\ \.0 ..- C\J t-
CI) Cf.l <: t3
~ e;:! ~ H R
c8 CI)
~ r<"'\ H
• 0 t:- f.'£l
.- ~
o c o ..--
~I
+ o 0"\
o a
t
2 o (()
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o '-D
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I..{"\ N
I o N
o N
I I..{"\ .-
en Q)
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t<"' L- 0"" 0'1 CO'l'" tr\ 0'10 t-•• • I
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tI..{"\ o
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co 0"1 t- 0"1 ~1..Dt-V ON "<TN
• • I 1::-000
""'" I..D vl..D ro I..D ...- I..D 0..-...-..-· . . . "","ONO
OI..DOO N 1.0 ...- 0'1 I..{"\...-~N · . roo...-o
t- tr\ t- tr\ !.}"I co ~ CO ~"\J 0""," 0 · .. t- ONO
~O..-
O"IOC--"......... "" I..D N O'II..{"\C- C · . . . ......... 000
• I "-00
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t-Nt-..- I..{"\
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. o
U' OJ t<"'\ 0) tV"'-NO) 0 ..-1..{"\1..Dt- N .. . .. . OOvO 0
ttV
t- ""'" N O)I..D , I..{"\ .- C\J 1<'\
• • I 0..- 0
• f •• • o 00 0
1..Dt-I..{"\V o CO 1<'\ 0\ ~...-~~ ..-000
o
...-000 0
I..{"\ \.0 -N ·N -t<" t<"'\ I..{"\ 1.0 I..D ..q.-""'"00 I..D .. . Noao c
U'"\.q- ..- N t<"'\ N N N I..D I..D ~..--oo I..D
Noao °
lC'I O"II..D O'II..D CO t- 0-" 0- <-0"1 0 -0-" c... \.C · I..D ..- N ..- 0'1
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0'10"1 CO t..q- l.C\ NorNNNI<'\
• • 0
ON on
t- I.e CO I..{"\ OJ\.ONN .-..q- N ..-. . ON o....t-
N 1<'\ a I..D
.q\D OJ . co ..--I..{"\
C\J t-
o ..-N
.q- N .q- n \.0 01..{"\C\J..q- 0
.-o...-I..D j ' l..{"\
~~~~- ! ..-- N..-- or- N · . .. . 0'-0l.C\ t-..-..- ..q- L!'\ 0 n .q- t- ..q- 1<'\ N 00'1..-0) N · . . . o oo~ 1<'\ ..-
.--I Q
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E-<
- 1.67 -APPENDIX NO.1
Details of 1 :2,50,000 & i.ts corresponding 1 :63,360 scale map sheets covering the survey area.
Total
1:2,50,000 or
,.11 = 4 m:i.les.
64 p
65 M
65 N
73 D
7/+ A
74 B
6 sheets
1 :63, 3600r 1 II == 1 mile
64. p/10 64 P/11 64 P/12 64. P/13 64.--P/14 64. P/15 ~~ pl16
64 M/9 65 M/10 65 M/14 65 }:,1/15
65 M/13 65 N/16
73 D/1 73 D/2 73 D/3 73 D/I", ?3 D/5 73 'D/6 73 D/1 ,3 D/8 73 D/10 73 n/11 73 n/12 73 D/14
74 A/1 74 A/2 74 AI3 74 A/4 74 A/5 7/+ i/6 74 Ai? 7/ .. Aie 74 A/11 74 A/12
74 B/1 74 B/5
37 sheets
- 16$ ..,.
~l'_cy:!m:Q::_ ~ _gCDING. INS·~:tUCTIONS .FOI< FI2:ID HORK
CI-.:APTER _ I _._-_. __ -,---
This form ~d.ll bG filled in for the journey undertaken· from tho :fie'le} cC).mp 'co the reference point. This form "','ill give t:he dCi,:q.ils such as mode 01: travel up to the reference poin'c and conspi<:::uous features observed during the journey by vehicle os. ~le'll as on :coot. The bearing :r:rom the reference point a.i1(~ thG c.istance from the re:ce rence point to the grid centre Hill be "lritten in degrees/grades and in kilo metres respectively. For e:;:ar.-tple, 500 mz'crcs distance from ·the reference poin'c to the grid centro '.-l ill b e '1tlritten as 0.500 _kms. This form will also inc":.icate the tim8 0:': leaving 'cha cc.m:!;JI time of al.-rival at reference point, time of arrival in the plot, time of leC"ving the plot and time of returning to the field camp. All thz timings \li11 be ':."lritten in hours and minutes. For example 7.30 A.H. uill be ,-Trit'cen as 0730 hrs. t1- .30 P .H. ,·,ill be uriJcten as 1630 hrs. .If the plo'c is to be visited on mOrG than 011.0 day separa'te plot approach forms '!,-/ill be uritt-.en on every day.
2.. PLOI' DSSCnIPTION FORM
This .form ,viII be filled in after considering tHO hectare area ..around the centre of th<;;: gri.d.. The t·...,o hectare pIo·t:. \Jill not be. demarcated on the ground.
1. Job No. (col. no. 1-3)
2 .. Carel des igrr (col. no.. 4-5)
Three digit code no. \"Jill be fille d in by the DPU.
~'10 digit code no. "Till be filled in by the DPU ''':0 dis tinguish different types of forms as given belou.
E'_Q..rm No ... Cocl.e
01
02
03
Plot des.cri~tion form
Plot enumeration form
Sample tree fonn
II
III a"b,c,d,e.
04 Bamboo eriUmeration form V
05
06
Bamboo 'NO ight fonn
Special study form
J .. State (col. no. 6-7)
CQd~O~
01 4 Forest Division
(Col. no. 8-9)
VI
VII
'1\"0 digit code nos ..... ,ill be used. For the present the c8ntral zone v:il1 b8 taking up surve y in Orissa StCtte.
§_i;.!'3..:.l;:e Orissa
rr..:o digit code nos. 'dill be filled in, for each forest division of the State as under.
~ 09""-EL!_J.Q_ ••
01
02
03
5. LarlcJu::;e. (Col. no,. 10)
S=:_9-"-=le 1
L1;.9.m :Pore::;'c land
- 169 -
.EQ.rest DiVisiop_,"
Phulbani
BaIJ_i<]Uda
P2.rla}~imedi
.. One digit code no. ,,·:ill be used t:o denote various landuse classes.
!?_e~'i.~;mti_Q!)
AJ.l landIS uith a forest cover of bQr:tl:loo, grass2s, palms a.no. scrub c:n::-O'·lt!1. will be considered as FO~0S·t land provid8d. \":len land surface is primarily used for fo 8Stry purposes only. Speci:i:ic arl?as ,·:hich sh.ouJ_d be incluil.ed or c:::cJ_udcc1 are given bo lo~'].
;r_rlS,-~e. :
a) Ptlblic and priv'ote forests. b) All pla ntations including one
rot2:t. ion planta"c::i.ons, primarily used "Eor fo~st..-y pU:q")oses .
c) Areas ·temporar ily unstocked as v1el1 as YO·..lng na:tural sta nd.s and Cl11 planta'cions established :cor fores 'cry pu~oses, ''Jlhich had not: yc'c reached a. crONn c1cl'1s ity of more than 29%.
d) POJ:-Gst .roads, streams and o"!::hcr small op~n a .rGas , as ~'lell as :J:orc>st nurseries that C'cns ·t i.t:'l1'Ce Con i_n1:ogr.:tl part of t:he forest .
e ) Bamboo bearing areas.
f) ~~andoned cultivation having forest cover in forest area.
a) Area occupied by orchards, parks private garde ns and pastures.
b) Area of "lind-brake and shelter belt tre8s Hhich arc in small groups and on narrow s·crips., i.e. trees a long road s ide_ c a nals nnd st l."Cams ~"hich are too sm2l1 to be T:l"lnaged as -r-o::-cst.
2 • .l>.gri.cult:ure tree land
3. Non fo~stcy plantat:Lons.
~. Agricultural crop land
-5. Pastu~ Land
6. Urban, v:Lllage sites and industrial areas.
7. Barren lands
s. Current shifting cultivation (podu)
9. othe r are a s.
- 170 -
All lands pres8ntly under cultiva'cion 0::: agricultural crop Hi-'ch tree cover of any size and density. Shi£·ci.ng cultivation Hill not be j.Dcluc1od un:-l.e r this category.
~.ll lanCl.s ",ith tree gro\"Jth primarily planted for purposes other than "':orestL-Y.
~ll lands under cultivation (i:lcluding fallo'1 land) and "rithout ClDy tree cover \:Iill be included rere. Shifting cul·tivation \'lill D0t be :Lncludcd una~r this.
Al 1. lands "hieh arc primarily f;1-:l __ "l,"I;rcd for cuI "(:.j.v.:."ci on of grasses ""nd graz~ng ( used primClrily :C o r rurposcs othe r 'chan :forestry)
1' .. 11 lanas \'lhich are used :Cor urDa.n si t.es, village sites and :'_ndus·tr:l.al area ' -Jill come under th is class,
1'.11 lands ';vith exposed. .surf.ece dnd "lhich are lying unutilised i.e. :::>a r r:cn lands e;;::posed rocks, sa.nd dun~s ~ s\vamps and areas '.lithout vlOgetation 'dill come un~cr this class.
Are as 0:;: the curre nt as 'liTell as o -.E the l a st y ea r s shifting G ' ... l l·t.i,-a+-.ion ,·:ill corne ll:r..der -i:.his class . The crop Hill be c .Lt:h.e r .s t a ndi.n g 0 r ha:;::vcsted reccntly~
"":"11 ClIDas \olhich do not appear aga inst any onc o f the above classes "r i ll a p pe a r a g ainst this c a tegory.
Note :- I f the c e nt re ox the grid i s inaccessible f ill t he data up t o col. no. 8 -9 in the plot de scrip t ion :E Ol."1tl and urite the '.10rd in block letter .. INACCESS IBLE II in the rema ining columns.
Some c:;I.:amplcs 1_
(1) Shifting cuI ti v "'l:t. ion : (Podu)
(2) Abandon e d s hi£'cing C"'11J _ t:. :L v a -t. ion
ShLEt:Lng cultivatio n curl:-ently unde r cro"!:") o :f just h u rve ste d or under c l cnr ance a t the t ime o £ i.rr ' enJc o cy ,,!ill. b03l cl.ass i:Ee d a s c urrent p odu.
S :i -t.es CCJve r ed Hi t h trees/s c .r:ub/ bamboos/g r ass grouth o f a n y dens ity H ill be class :L f icd a s x o=st lan cJ.s .
(4)
(5)
1
2
3
4
5
6
F<:tnTI Forests
Pc nnan'ent cuI tivatioh
Grass banks
Legal status (Col. no _ 11 )
_2~ Rese rved :forest
Protec'ted forest
Unclassed
National park
Private ;forests
Undete nnined
7. Gene ral To!?O<;rraphy (col. no. 1 2
1..tem
Flat
1'1r
If the fcp::TTi forest adrneasures less than 0,.5 ha. it Hill be classified as a g-ricul-t.ura l- tree l2nd. I£ it admeasurGs more than 0.;; ha. it \'Till be treated as forest lands.
Areus of ::orest villages h -lithin reservGd forest) \'Iiil be classified as agricultural crop land.
Areas enclo~ed by rese rved forest boundaJ::"'_[ Tdill be classified as forest becaUse primary £unctian is lfot to ~aiI'ltain as a pasture or a grazing land but they form a part of 'the forest land.
One digit co('~,e no. Hill be filled 'i 'n as under :
~_riptioni
As per the definition given in the Orissa Forest Act.
-do-
Area "1hich is not classified either as res-erved or protected fOrBsts ,but it is a government land and bears forest crops. It may- be incharge of any other departp1c nt.
~'\.reas 'Hhich have been declared as ' national. parks by legislation \lill be considered under this .class •. IFcllings vlill be restricted by ,lo.H.
Fore st lands ~nd agricultural tree lands oHned by private indi.viduals, com .. nunities or: corporation; ,,,ill come under this catG gory.
Any forest land which cannot be classi£ied in any of the above categories 1'lill be class ified under this class.
General topography of -the area around t;.he centre of the grid \'lill be examined for this purpose. General to~ography ,-li12 be determined from 1" = 1 mile topo -sheet and an area -of 6 to 8 sc_::. lcms ... ·!:Ji.ll be- ,consic":.ered ..
Code
2
3
4
... - 172
It.~
Goht~y rolling
Hilly
Very h.:U:ly
8. Slope (Col. no. 13)
Slope of, land around the grid centre Hill be determined 1tJith
Code
1
2
3
4,
.I'\:~l!l 'I..ocss: than ')10%
the help of 1" = 1 mile t:opo sheet and about 6 to 8 sc~ _ km area ,rill be cons,idered for the follo;,'Jing slope classes.
10 -to less than 60%
60 to l ess than 100%
100~ ~nd C\I?ove.
9. Position on s~o:r;:>e (col.. 14) -
The position o.f,- plot 'dill , J
1~0.
Code
1
2
3
<1
5
6
7
Aspect
CgQ_~
1
2
3
.4
5
6
7
8 ,
9
ll.~JIl Ridge, -top
be e~~amined on 1.1' ""_ 1 mile topo sheet and it:s pas ition ';-lith reference to hill slope on "lhich it is Jqcated p ill be clas~ifie.d "as ' ..
Uppe r op.e th i rd
Micell'e' one thi rd
LOHcr one third
N~ slope
In shallo~'l ravine ( depth of ravines les s 'than 5 metres).
Deep ravines C. over 5 metres .in 'dcp,tJi'.
(Col ... · 15)
Icym ,
.Northern
North-eastern
East-ern
South-eastern
Southern
Sou th-Hes to rn
Western-
North-,'~cste.l::Jl
No aspect.
11. Rockiness '(col. 16)
1
2
3
4
.!..t.~ High
.Medium
Lou
No rock
S qil DatA (Col. 17':-21)
173
..:.. Rockiness refers to land surface in a two hectu"re area around the grid centre ';lhich is cove red ,-lith rock making the area unfit for gra.-lth of trees. Small piec.es of broken stones, boulders and pebbles will not be inc~uded as rocks. " •
The v<.~rious classes \"Jill be as under:
Desc~:bQn
'dhen more than 80% of area is covered by parent rock.
When 30 to 80% of land surface is cove red by rock.
,- \'lh.en lE£ss "than 30% of urea is cove red by rbck.
Rock absent and ent ire land surface is available f or tree grouth.
Soil data 'dill be collected after digging a pit in a representative place in 2 ha. area. The depth of the pit Hill be about 15 ems.
12. Humus (col. no.17)
!=ode ~I!l 1 Shallo\-J
2 Hedium
3 Deep
4 No" hUfi,\US
13. Colour (Col. no.1S)
Code Item
1 Black.
Humus .,is the decomposed organic material ( leaves, tVTigs, branches) t'lh ich has become a const:i.:tuent pare of the upper most soil horizon.
This should be clearly distinguished from undeeom':Josed leaf l·itter. The- later mu;t be removed 'from soil surface before making any measurements. P resonee of hu.'1luS \1ill be classified in one of the following classes.
Descriut:;I,on
Nhen the humus is Ie 5S than 5 ems. thick. Hhen the thickness of humus laye r is from 5 ems. to under 10 ems. vlhen the l.:cyc r of the h'UITtUS is more than 10 cmS. thic}c. l'lhen the humus layer is abs~nt.-
The colour of the upper horizon of the soil belovl the humus lay~r \lill be determined and classified as under.
Codq ].t9.Jll
2 Bl.-OHn
3 Rcd
~ OCher
5 "
No soil
14. Consistency (Col. no. 19)
2
3
4
J_t:em Friable
Slightly c,ompact.
. Compact
Cemented
5 No soil
.. 15. Te?±ure (col.no.20)
!=ode .. I~cem
1 Clay ~ Clay
loam
3 Loam
4- Sandy loam
, .5 Sand
6 Pebbles
- 174 -
Consistency means the aggregation oE soil particles. The various classes 2..re as under ..
Dcs.s:;:-i..lli;ion
A friable soil is one Hhich i:5 loose and uhich crumbles vC!ry easily \·;i~ch a sl ight pressure of figgure ~ Sand contents are more in this type.
p. slightly compact soil is one \·inich sticks together as a lump ",hen ';:a1cen in hand. Digging a pit in t:.his 'cype is comparativelv easier than in a compact soil, _ such soil can be scrapped :W.s ily '':-lith a toe of the Ghoe •.
A, .compact soil is one uhich makes i{igging difE iC'lll t. Clay contents are more in ·this type arid the soil is very hard.
A cemented soil is one 'lr1hi~h makes digging practically impossLble due to soil particles cementing toge·thcr.
Tex"cure of soil refers to relative occurrence of clay, silt and sand particles. The various types arc
De sc;:::ciotj.g..!l
Soil contains mostly clay particles, Soil h2ving higher pcrcontage o£ clay particles but also some sand and silt.
Soil having mostly silt and sand 111 i th s orne clay.
Soil in 1.-lhich sand particles are pre-dcminan't but also contains si].~c.
Soil havIng mostly sand particles 4
The soil having very little soil but haVing mostly pebbles. Broken stones "'hich arc· about: 5 'Cms. in dia. meter Hill be CO'l),sj.aerod as pebbles.
7
8
~_"t.elJl
'Bouldary
No soil
175 -
Description
ThB. soil having very little soil but having mostly boulders. Broken stones 'i.'lhich are more 'chan 5 cms. to 20 ems. in diamete r 'i.vill ~e con~idercd as bOUlders.
16. S oil depth (C01.no.21)
Depth of soil vlill be estimated by digging a 15 cm. deep pit and also by observing various e::;q:>osed soil/profiles such as nula b anks.
17.
~_g?_9 ~:~_:t..~.m Descriptions
1. Very shallo,"1 Soil depth less than 15 cms.
2. Shallow Soil depth 15 to 30 cms.
3. Medium Soil depth 30 to 90 ems. 01. Deep Soil depth 90 ems. and above.
5. No soil
Vegetation (Col. no. 22)
The vegetation classification will be as follo"/8.
£g§.g
1.
Item pes criotiQn
Tree forest - Forest Clreas '"lith tree crO\vn density of more than 29% and not used primarily for purposes other than forcstDJ .. ""·Specific nreas vlhich \·,ill
or excluded':" be includedLarc given bela,,,.
I. Includes 1-
(a) Publ~c and pr:tvate forests·.
(b) All plantations, including one rotation plantations, primarily used for forestrJ purposes .
(c) Areas temporarily unst09ked as well as young natu~al s tands in all plantai:ions es·cablished for forestry purposes, t:lhich have not yet reached a CrO\·,n density of more than 29%.
(d) Forest roads, streams and • other small open areas as .·lell as forestry nurserj_es tha t cons ·t.it.1,l.te a n integral part. of the forest ..
18.
176 -
~"'Cclu.££ :-
(a) Areas occupied ~y orchards, parks priyate gardens and pastures.
(b) Arcas occupied by isolated tree groups smaller than 0.5 ha.
(c) Areas of Hind brakes and shelter belts on narrOH strips i.e •. tree along road Sides, cannals and strcams·,wh.ich are to.o sma.ll to be managed as fores·ts_.
Descr;i.:otion --. 2 Open -forest Open forest aD3as Hill be those
3 Scrub forcst
Tree in line
5 Bamboo brake
6 Grassy blanks
-7 others
Origin of s t a nd (Col. Jlle). 2 3)
2
J:t£m Na >-cura l forest
Manmade f ores t
\-Jhich have tree cover ranging from 5% to 29%.. I-e Hill not have unde r grovJth of shrubs of any densi·t.y.
Areas ..,.,ith tree cover less than 5% and t he undergrcMth is of shruJ:::>s wilt b e te rme d as s crub forest.
Tree in line Hill inclucte trees planted along the banks of the cannals, as Hind brakes and as she l tc r belts.
Areas covercd "lith tree cover from 5 % to 29% density and undcrgrOi:lth is -full of bamboo \V';i.l1 be termed as bamboo braks.
Open are as or forest ",ith tree density belOH 5% "I.·li t h high grass vihich is a pparently the IBsul t ,of old and repeated shifting cultivCl.tion'.
Any a rea which cannot be classifie d in any ai', the above categorie s "7.ill b0 .include d in this clas s . Old Pod u 2 r Cas \'Jith no g ras s 'tlill c omo und er this c ate gory.
D epending u p on the origin of rorests tho s tanel vJill b e c l assifi e d as £ollo\-ls .
Q.s§criDti o n Fores t g roHn f r om s eed ,",ill b e te r.me d as n a tura l £o~st.
'I"lhc re f o r e s ts are the outc ome o f p l a n tat i o n s .
3 N a tural & artifi-Forcst s 'ilhic h are partly o f s e e d cia l rODOsts o r igin and p a rtly of plant ations
"Jill b e .cl assi£i c d u n der t his class .
;1. Pod'u rc grOHth
19.. ForcI3t type (Col. no .. 24)
177
Descript:i,.on
Old podu areas Vlhich a~ restocked either ~'lith tree, bamboo or grass will be classified under this class ..
.:. ForGst type of the plot as \.,cl1 as of 2 ha surround ."ill be described in the £ollo,.,ing t'ypes.
~ript_io.n
1. Serd_-eve rgl:Oen type
This type vlil1 be available in Paralakimed~ and Balliguda divisions. The important species \'7il1 be ,
2. I Sal forest
1) Mangi£era indica
2) Diospyros embryopteris
3) Michalia champaca
4) Dillenia pcntagyna
5) Mosua ferrca
6) Saraca indica
7) Canes \.,ill also be present in this type.
The forest in which sal forms more than 20% of the CrO\'ln c3.ensity '''ill be considered as sal forest.
Miscellaneous forest.
The areas 'containing sal less than 20% and any other area llith miscellaneous species will be considered as miscellaneous forest.
Salai fOrBst
20. Number of storeys (Col. no. 25)
~ 1
2
J t 9m Forest one storeyed.
Forest t\'10 s.Jcorc~rcd
The mj,scellancous ::Eorcl?t ':lith 20% & more salai in crOHn density Hill b~ tenned as Salai forest. This type '''ill be available around Baudh are3 of Phulbani division40
The no .. o:E storeys describe the vCLticul distribution of height. The classe s "'ill be as follOl.·15 &
Dcscrint:icn.s ~:--s~.il-h~"IC;~'1t varia tion may exist e-.ren in one - storeyed forest ..
Varia'tion i .n height is large & the trees c a n b e groupcu - into upp c r ana. ~.O\'7Cr can.to?)?y_
- "/<:5 -
De sc riot ions
3 Forcs't three or !nCI'0. stor-=yed.
The variation in heiaht is very large and in [,_lost ca~es ~'C is not po;?sible to group the -crees in canopi.:::s.
21 .. Top h;.;!ight (Co:t. :-'0.:26-27)
22. Size class (CoJ ... no .. 28)
The average height of predominant and codominant trees surrounding the plot uill bo occularly estimated nearest to 5 Mtrs. and vlill be recorded. It vlill be checked by measurj_ng few trees (say 2-3) from the predominant, codominant and from -the dominant classes.
EXample If the average height of a tree is 27 metres then it i'7ill bo rounded off to 25 metres and then recorded. Similarly i.f the ave rage height of a tree is 28 metres it v]ill be rounded oft: to 30 metr..;s and then recorded.
Size class characteriscf: the presence of a particular class in the stand. Ti}e various clas ses are
Des c..fi.r2.t: i Q.l1.
1. Regeneration Trees bc.lot-l 10 cms diameter l-/ill be prq-domina-ting ''lith J.CSS than 10% canopy!'
crop.
2. Pole crOp
3. Small timber
Dig timber
Trees bcb-:een 10-20 ems. c1iarneer it1ill be prc-domin2.ting uith less than 10% canopy.
Trees bC.:!t",ccn 10-30 ems. diameter cl a SS \ ... ith ~O% trees bet,-..reen .. 20-30 ems. diame ter clo.ss H i ll be predominating.
Trees ,-..rith diameter more than 30 cms . ".,ill be pre-dominating.
5.. Hixe d size cla ss Tree c rop Hi th no InaF,kcd dcmi -
23. CrovTn density (Col .. no.29)
n a tion of any s ize class Hil l be classified under this claSS .
Croui'l density cesc:cibes the c1e g r'2c 0:[ COV-3 ra~-r~ r,f l and by t rees . It: :Ls mcusu:r:t.?:d by the actual no" of t , y"'CCS in the stand by s ize comp ared to no. of trees requi :r:t.?:d to fulLy 1J.til i sc t h e
(Col. no. 29 cant i.nucd) 179 -
groHth potentiul of the land. Numbc r of treQs stand ing in tV10
ha. area. t'liJ_l be occularly astim::I.tcd 2nd classif i~o. as follows.
" !?c.n.si ty· clas ses
(\ ~!.:.o ~..:~~
30 co 69% ..
24. n.e<Fn~r:::tt .~ ,"1
(Co::" ., no' .. 3 C /" .hn occular c:::d::irnate of the ab1-1ndancc of, reger.3rati.on present in the plo·t: and' on i:h.e surround
£c;>Qg-1
2
3
5
7
of about 2 ha. ,,·iill be recorded. For 't:.his purpose only tree species beloH 5 m2tros in hcicrht but more than one' n~2tre 't·]i.ll be. considered rJ..'he various classes Hi'll be
De-t;ail...§
Regneration profuse i..e. see dJ_ing o f tree species over 2'500 per ha .. i .. 2. rr.ore than 4 sccpJ_ingsL16 sq. mC!ters ar,·!q_.
Regeneration adcqttate i.e .. 'tre,.e so.cdlings more than 1200 but l~ss 2500 1::lc r ha..i.e. more than 2 or 3 pc r 16 sq. meters area ..
Re generation in adequa:t:e i.e. trqe s eedlings less Jchan 1200 ,per ha i<;q •. l e ss than 2 per 16 sCI. me ter ~area .. Regeneration prescn'c but'damag ed or burnt
Crop not in nee d of regene.ro.t i.on i .. e . Hell stocked pole or middle aged crop., .
P o orly stocked pole crop '~i :!-thout ade quate r e generation.
Regencratio~ abs ent .
25, Injuries to. crop C o l. no.31.)
Bore r a ttack, 'cop dying of "'c rees gj .. r d. ling o f e x isting ';:' DCes over a la r gG a r0a , (ab out t~'TO h a .. ) burn i ng artd SC? rri.ng o {: trees , OJ i l l b c reco rOcd an folJ,.oHS
.:r:t8JIl D Ol.-e r a t t a ck, :tC <=l.:C d8:"' 0J. i<.i~ ;;'''' 1~ 0 1.' o the r p est a t t a ck like ly to c reate e pidcmicJ' at l e a st ~O~ -0:2 i:h c t ree g roHth s ;~ ould b e Zl ~~:.ackGd. ..
3
5
6
7
- 180 -
l..:tsm Top d~ing or dying of timber trees caused by borer attack l pcst:s or drought. For this purpose -thc trees shonld have died during the current year or onc year earlier to that:. htleast 10% tree should be affected.
Girdling & felling of trees for encroachment.
Burning & scarring of the c=:isting t1:"Ces.
Grazing and lopping for fodder.
vJind and lightening damage.
No injuries.
26. Past treatmcnt. (Col. no.32)
Treatm.:)nt alr--::;:ady given to the crop Hill be recorded in one of the fo~lowing classes.
CO_9£
~
2
3
5
6
7
.!...1;9m Improvement felling.
Tending
Thinning and selection felling.
Coppice ",ith rese.r;ves/standards
Clear felling.
No oper~tions.
Podu CUltivation.
27. Grass incidence (Col. no_.33)
The occurrence OI grass 'in the plot l"lill be recorded as given beloH.
2
3
4
28. Fire (Col.
,!j:cm
Grass gro~rltl~ scattc rcd.
Me dium grass groHth.
Dense grass gro\·,th
Grass
incidence no.34)
absent.
Based on fire scars on tree s -tems occurrence of fire during the curren:t and prevj_ous years '·li.ll be LlClicated as belm·l.
Code. Itclll
1 Fire presBnt.
2 Fire absent.
29. Barnboo data (Col. 35 to 6.1·)
1 S1 -
The comoosition of bamboo crop (2 ha.)-·uill be recorded in major groups. The intention behind describing the comp osition is to gi.vc percentage composition of more frequ2nt species in order oE occurrence amongst the bamboos.
l~ cUlm 'lrJill be one "'hich is more than 2 metres in length and more than 2 cms. in diameter at breast height (J .• 37 metres).
An aggre gate of more than one culm ,-lill consti tutc a clump.
Group I (Col. 35-40)
Spe cies (Col. 35~37) Three digit code no. will be used to denote the species name~.
Occurrence
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(Col. 38) One digit code no. ' -Iill be used. The stoc}<;:ing 0:<: the specics will be \'j:i_th rC!f0 rence to intersc stocJ<:ing.. amo ngst the various species of bar.J.:>oos. The total 0:1: Jcho perccnt<J.gc of all the baw.boo s::..X!cies ta;(on together will be hu.ndred. If 'che occ urrence is be 1 ow 10% it is to be iqnorcd. Follol-d.ng code nos. vliJ.l be utilised to d e n.otc percc ntagos.
Stocking perc~nt0.qe
10 to 19%
20 to 29%
30
~O
5 0
60
70
to
to
to
to
to
39%
49%
5S,;'~
69%
79%
8 80 to 89%
9 ' 90 to 99%
Flo\·!c ring (Col. 3 9)
CQ.Q.~
1
2
3
!?..9..tAi..l_~
Sporadic
Grega rious
T ll.c c :-;:to n t of f lo\-m ring \·~j_ll be f i llo d in a s :col lO\JS :
No. flo\-lcring .
Regenerat:i.on (Col. no.40)
Code
1
2
3
4
- 182 -
Bamboo bearing areas where clumps formation :i.8 not v~ clear or
areas under bamboo regneration contain:ing bamboo seedlings •
. The above ,,,ilL be. classif':i.ed as :follow:s ..
Details
Dense
MediUlll
scattered
Absent.
Lll~ew:i.se the next bamboo group occurr:i.ng :i.n order of appearance "rill be recorded as Group II and Group III etc. as the case may be in Col. 41-4b, 47-52, 53-58 and 59-64.
29. b Bamboo Densi~ (Col. no.65)
Code
1
2
Deta:i.ls
Scattered
Dense
3 No bamboos 30. Map sheet No.
e C~l. no .71 -76)
.?1. Gr:i.d rrumber (801 __ no.77-80)
The densi-cy of bamboo C1UlllpS observed over the 2 ho.. area will be given i..,. the foJloV!ing manner ..
was than 50 clumps per ha. or clmnps spaced 15 mtso :x 15 !Ilts. or more.
50 or more clumps per hectare or clumps spaced are 1 It- !Ilts d x 1ft- mts. or 108S o
The map sheets wh:ich will be used in Orj.ssa survey have been given code non. S;:x d:i.git code w~il be used to denote ti"e map sheet no.
Four digit code will. be used to denote the grj_d no. The ere,.; leaders Hill please note that the f:irst two digits will be along Y axis and last tHO digits will be along X axis. For example for gr:i.d no. 0305, 03 will be read on 'Y' axis and 05 will be read alnng , X I md.s.
- 183 -CI-U~PTE R _ II
PLOTEI:-JUHEnl'~TION FORM
Four plocs of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 & 0.4 hectares will .be laid out at a grid centre. The Plot Enumeration Form Hill be filled in separately for each plot startin9; f.rcm the smallest plot i.e. 0.1 hectare plot. 'The 'enumeration 'for bigger plots Hill be exclus ive of the trees, bamboos etc. enumerRted in the previous smaller plots, i.e. 'h'hen em.lInerating 0.2 hectare plot a:Ete r comple -.ing 0 .. 1 hectare plot: the trec p and bamboo clumps Hhich have .alr:cady be'en enumerated in 0.1 hec'care l'Jlo:C Hill be e~~cluded and only those -hich arc occurring in the additional area, included in the 0.2 hectare plot, v.,ill- be enumex:ated. The same. procedure \-;ill hold .good for 0~3 hectare and 0.4 he ctare plots. Trees 'couching the North':'\<Jcst and south-,tJcst borders \v,ill be IIIN" trees and .. 1ill be incluCl,cd. 'J;!:"lose t ·ouchihg the N.E. and S.E. borders ,-rill be c6nsidered as "OUT" trees Clnd ,viII be excluded. It may please' be noted ,tha'~ the trees uhich are excluded from smaller plot uS "OUT" trees should be excluded. i.n the next bi'gg~r one and those which ht-tve been considered as "IN II t,ree s and included in the earl i e r plot should be excluded from the next bigger plot. No tree shOUld be included twice." Similarly" ",hen enumer2.ting for 0.3 hectare plot all trees and bamboo c:)..urops that have been included in 0.1 and 0.2 hectare plots Hill be omit'ced and only those that have a,ppei?-red in "che e::tra area included in this plot will be counted. Sj_milar proce dure
H i ll hold good for the largest plo'c i.e. 0.4 hectare. · In. add.ition an area of 2 hectare, all around the grid centre, "".i.ll be considered for enume rating the follo'lrling five species namely Mahuvla , KUSUUl.l' Kul 'lu. Semal qnd...Jlarra. The 2 hectare plot \..,111 not be laid ou'c. But for this I:a_c.t"],")ose an area " .. i.thin a radius of 80 metres around the grid c e ntre e ;:clud i ng the area of 9-4' hecta re plot~ Hill b q cons idered f o r e numeratio n for a b ov e me ntioned 5 species.
To summerise the field Fonn No. III ..... i11 ,be in sets of five each and ",ill b e ide ntified as foll O'.~s : F,onn
Form
Form
Fonn
Fann
III a 0.1 hec'ta re plot. III b addit ional arne'- of 0.2 hectare plot. III c additional area o:E 0.3 h e ctare plot. III d add itional arOa of O. 4 :_h_o._cta= p1-ot.
-I I -I G addi'cional area of 2 hectare plot.
( This >lill be 'o nly f o r five spec.ies Kus um, Harra., Ktlllu, S e mal a nd Mahln-la)_
- 184
The coding insi:.ructions for filling the en1Jl11eration form Clre as un de r :
1. Job (Col. 1-3)
2., Card des ign (Col. <1-5)
3. Stu'co (Col. 6-7)
4-. Divis ion (Col.S-9)
5. Map co.-J,e (Col. 10-15)
6. Grid No. (Col.16-19)
Thi.s T:!ill be filled in by the DPU.
-0.0-
A two digit code of 01 Nill be filled in.~
1', '(::"10 digit code 1:1ill be filled in.
1'. code of six digit "ill be filled in here.
A Code, of four di.gi.t will be filled in here.
7. Col. No. 20':'73 !- The cnumcra.tion form is divded. i'nto 9 section of 6 columns each. The columns are also horizontaly dividGd into ~ ro·.'lS; so th",·t as many as '36 trees/ clUmp can be r2corded on one sheet. If necessaJ:\_,7, a 2nd sheet may.be used for more trees/clumps. Each ~ections uill contain details of one 't:;ree/clump only. In the upper part of the section, the local name/botanical namG aT the species should be ;'lritt:en. ThG, rest or the section \ .. ill be filled up Hit.h the species' cod,e .in, 3 digit.s and diameter j_n cms. in 3 digits.
Diameter measurement will be to the nearest em. at 1.37 IIle.bovc. ground on the up hill s,idc OT the tree.. The a~ds of the Call1.per i.e. the long arm should be pointing to the c e ntre of the nlot.. If there is a considerable flare at the base of the tree wove the b.h~ the diameter will be measured above the flare.. Fo2.· t.:t:'Ges above 50 em. diameter, a diameter ta.po may be used.. In case of forking resulting i.n 2 or more stems, str.t2.-ti;ng beloH the b .h., tho diameter of each stem ""ill be ts.ken at b.h. or at such higher poi.nt" 'Vlhore they are distinctly separate. Dead trees v.'ill also.be enumerated if no~c -rotten. ,and at lEOast 70% u·tilisable. ' . .
The diameter of bamboo clumps ,·1111 ,be recorde.d at the base.
All callip~red trees/bamboo Hill be marked by blazing.
Border- line· treeSI- Trees, the stCmoS of 'iJhich touch the N .tv. and S .vJ. lines 0:': the p10-c: ";ill be ·t.reated a s I IN' trees and ',lill be e numerate d. Those oJ: Hhich the s tems of uhich touch ,;t:ho N.E. and S .. E. borders 0:': tho plot will be treated'as lOUT' Jc i:"e es and lI!j_ll not .b~ enumerated ...
-_
- 185 -Shrubs and small trees belo''; 10 cms D.B .H. are not
to be enumerated.
8. Total numbe r of bamboo clumps. (Col. 75-77)
9. To"cal nur.1be r oj; trees (Col. 78-80)
To·tal numbe r of bamboo clumps occurring in the plot vliil ' be recorded in three' diC;tit. coO.e.
Total number of "Crees occuring in the plot Nill be ,recorded in three digit code.
- 186-
CPJ'>PTER -=-ll±.
S~"'.HPLE ~E...1!:.Q~
Only 0.1 hactare plot will be sum:p1.Q n. plot. Trees 30 Cms. and ~::.ove diameter at br7:ast heiqht over bark will be .measured as sample trees over the entire area of the plot. Trees from 10 cms. <::'.ia. at breast height over bark. to 2.9 ems dia. over bark Hill be measured as sample trees in the northcH"St Quadrant of the plot. The follo\·,ing illustrations Hill give the idea about the same. On each sampl-e-tree . .,. _samnJe- .;r::Lee card TJill. be nailed and the data as given belo~l will be filled in, according to the columns provided in the card.
1. Job No. (Col. 1~3)
2. Card desi~n (Col. 4":'S)
3. State (Col. 6-7)
4. Division (Col.69-70)
5. Serial No. (Col.9-.10) (Col.37-3S)
6. Species'code (Col.l1':'13) (Col.39-41
7 • . Dominance (Col.no 4 14) (Col.no.,12)
8. D.B.H. (Col.1S-1?) (Col. 43-45)
The details will be filled in by DPU.
-do-:.-THO digit coCle ~·'i.ll be utilised to denote the State.
Two digit code no. will be used to denote the divisions. The code nos. to be used for various rorest division are given in Chapter No. I.
n-,O digit code Hill be written for each sample tree.
Three digit code will be Hritten for each species.
The pOSition of the sample tree in the canopy Hill be de-ce.x:mined \vith respect ·co i"1::5 surrounding trees. One digit code will be used to denote the following classes.
l.Predominant 2 .. Codominant 3.Dominated 4.Suppressed 5.Tree of under storey 6.So1ita:r:y 7. Othe r (Abnormal 6< damaged)
Diameter at breast height over bark Hill be given to the nearest cm. in three digit code.
'.
MEASUREMENT OF 0 B H (0 8) AND BARK
THICKNESS OF TREES UNDER DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
-r--- ----; ---Via
- - - _...J -t-Dia point , ,
, ~ point 1-37 M
137M •
2
TREE ON LEVEL GROUND TRt;:E ON SLOP
r '" -Dia point
+ "4
TREE FORKING JUST TREE
ABOVE ',37 M ,.
OR
.6 A 6 IS
5
3
LEANING TREE
pOint
FORKING AT" OR 8ElOW 1·37 M
7
I , I
TREE OEFORM~D AT 1 ·37 M BOTTLE NECK TR EE
- 187 -
9. D.B.T. (Col.18-19) (Col.46-47)
10. Total height (Col. 20-21) (Col.48-49)
11. Clear bole(Col.22~23) (Col.50-51.)
12. Form (Col.24-25) (Col. 5 2-53)
Longi-cudinal (Col. 24) (Col. 52)
2
3
4
Item Very striaght
Slightly bend
One pronounced bend.
More than one pronounced bend.
Double bark thickness \"lill be measured at tv-IO points oppos it to each other at D.B.H. and the b,"lO digit code no. \"ill be used to denote the measurement in millimetres ..
To-tal height of the tree Hill be measured \-lith Blune leiss hypsome'cre and recorded to the nearest metre in -cwo digit: code. 'To'cal he ig-ht recorded "lill be tha't from the ground l(2--Iel ( on the up hill side) to the Jcip of the croun. Nhile measuring the height of -the tree standing on a ;::lbping groUnd more t!,an 3 degree-the correc.tion \vill be done; Heigh-c oE, the leaning tree w.ill also be corrected.
;
The hej.c:!;ht be'tween the ground level and thG firs'c live branch (the branch from '-lhe re the actual cro':vn si:acts) Hill be measu:!':"ed '<:-lith the help oE Blume leiss hypsometre and recorded, in th'O o.igi-': code nearest '1:0 a metre.
Follo'_...ring four items for each sC',mple tree ""ill be de~3cribed to incicate the auality of the stem. 'I'he forms a~-e to be
-- .........
indi.ca ted for thG lcear bole only.
This item Hill inc;1icate ':-lhether the tixis of the stem. runs in a straight line or not. ~ollowing code noS .t-li.ll be utilised.
Complete bole along the axis of the trees. l'~;ds of the bole devia'tes slightly from the straight line (less than 10 degrees). -
l>Jhe re the bend is more than 10 degree and the -'3.xis of the bole deviates.
l.xis of the bole undergoes deviations more than_once.
Sect:ional (Col. no .25) (Col.no.53)
Co§e
1
2
3
4
l_te_m
Circular
Ellip'cical
Pluting
Buttressed.
13. Defects (Col. no .26) (Col.no .54)
- .l88 -
,~ The item will describe the fonn of 'i::h::: sJcem in, a cross sectional obser-v"at:ian and it vlill be limited to betHeen the' stump and breast height regiqn. Follm 'l ing classes "'ill be .11sed.
This Hill include all kinds of defects caused by 'che abnonnaJ .. ities oJ: the trees as Hell as by the external agencies. 'l'he defects vlill be b'list, spiral grain, climber damage, callus formation, hOllows, pathological, insect damage and rire damage. The various codes Hill be as £01101'/s.
~
1
2 Complete clear bole free of any defect.
3 One third of clear bole length Hi"i:.h defects.
~'10 third of the clear bole length ''.-lith CI~fects. Complete clear bole length Hi th derects. 4
14. To'cal no. of trees (Col. 67':"68)
15. t-1ap cheet No. (Co. 75-80)
16. Sample grid no. (Col. 7'~-74)
To,tal no. of sar.1,i?le trees recorded in 'the form "Jill be vl.ritten in two digit: code.
Si::~ digi,t code Hill be used to denote the nap sheet no. '2he method or coding 'l::he rn",p sheet has been gi.ven in.. Chapter I.
Four digit code \',i11 be used to denote the sample grid no.
.189 -CH,l'.PTER _ IV
Details bamboo enumeration "Jill be carried out in the entire 0.1 hectare plot and ,·,ill be analyseo- by age and diameter classes. I .. ll the clumps in ·c11e plot wi::l:l: be serially nUmbered starting from the northern corner of the NW quadrant and proceeding clock wise tvhile enumerating. Eve ry fourth cJ_u.rnp s·carting \"J i th the first follmved by fifth, Ninth, Thertecnth, and so on uill be enumerated by <3.ge, diameter, soundness etc.
Barriboo culms over 2 meter length ';'ill be enumerated. Culms un::":1.er 2 ern. D .B.H. will be· considered unutilisable and v·Till not be enumerated. The enumeration Hill be carried out and recorded in Bamboo Enumera·tion Ponn (Field Ponn No.V) as under.
1. Job No. (Col. 1-3)
2. Card design (Col. 4-5)
3. Map code (Col.6~11)
4. Sample grid no. (Col. 12-15)
5. S pecies (Col. 16-18)
6. Clump diameter (Col. 19-21)
7. Clump analysis
As per Plot Descriptio n ponn.
-do-_!. Six digit code vlill be adopted.
This "'ill b2 filled. in 4 digit code.
The species code ,·,ill be written in three digit code .
The clump diameter \ViII be meusured in centimeters at the base a n d \']ill be recorded in 3 c .igit cocle i.e. a clump of 2.65 meters vlill be recol.--ded as 265.
E a ch cltmro Hill be recorded in a s epa ra-t e· 1 ine in the f onn.
The cJ!ump analysis 'dill be recorded in col. 2 2 to 65. 1;.11 grc~n sound cUlms a re first. a nalys ed by age and diame ter classes . T h e n the green damaged and finally dry sound, d ry damaged and d ecaye d v/i11 be r e corde d. The c J_ump total se rves a s a check. The count f o r clump tota l shOUl d b e ma de i n dependa n t ly a nd the ·to t a l should not be arrived a t by merely add ing e a ch s eparate class.
Green sound Bamboos
Green damaged
Dry sound
190
- These are divided into
I) current vear (Col.22-23). These arc 'not to be further sub div.ided into dianle Jcer classes ..
IJ:) One to t"IO seas on ole!. are d i v ided int:.o ·t.h ree diame'ce l:' classes i.e. 2 to under 5 ·em. (Col. 2~~25), 5 to un~er B em. (Col. ?,G-27); _an!:L 8 eTl). and above (Col. 28-29).,
III) Over ·tHO season ole. ,are divided into 3 di2IDcter el2si3es i .. e. 2 to under 5 em. (Col. 36 .... 31), 5 ·~co unC',er- 8 cm~ ( Col. 32-33) 3 em. & o.bovc (Co] .34-35) ..
.l'.J_1 culm uhich are green and damaged v;ill QE2 re<;orded he, re,. '.rhese ure furth e r divided into
I"C::urrent year (Col .. 36-37)
II. One to two ;;:;easons. These are further divided into.
i) 2 to under 5 em (Col .. 38-3Q)
i.i) 5 'co unde r 8 en, (Col.40-41)
iii) '8 em .. and ove r (CoJ.oO 42.43)..
III.Over t'ttlO seas ons ,. c1ivdcc1 into.
These are
i) 2 to unt.~er 5 em. (4 t2--45)
ii) 5 to under 8 e m. ( 46--17)
iii) 8 em. &: a..~ove ( 4 8-49 )
Dry b a mboos "Ii 11 n ot analysed by a g e.. 13 amboos unde r 2 e m D.B nE. r if dry, a D3 t-.o be ignored from coun'.:, v:hether sound damaged or d c cayee.
'I'be d~y sound bamboos Hill b e ana l ysed only L. 'chYC"e d i ClITleter cla sses i.e.
1) 2 to unc1.er 5 em. (Co l o 50-S1)
ii) S to unc-;er 8 em. (Col .. S 2 - S '3)
i.i.j _) 8 em .• & aboc'e ( Col ... 50/-~5)
Dry damaged :-
Deceyed :-
C1.ump total :-
.l9l
i..e. at least 50% utilisable. Th:is will be analysed under three diameter classes i.e. i) 2 to under. 5 em (coL 56-57)
ii) 5 to under g em (c 01. 58-59)
i~) g em & above ( col. 60-61)
Burnt and rotten bamboos over 2 metres long with no uti) -' ty '·lill be recorc.ed under col.'62-63.
The total no. of culms in eaoh clump_ will be recorded Ul"'...d3r col. 64-65-:indopondent:cy" - I -
192 -
CHl\.PTE R _ V
The a~a for Orissa - I contains clurnp :Eorrning barrboos only. The weight of a sound bamboo cuJ.rftS , ·,ill be de.ter.nined by length and diametre classes. F rom eCl.ch diar:1etre class two mat:.ure culrns \-lill be cut a"c 25 ems. :erom aro".nd level and ·the length 1iJill .be measured upto 2 Cr'13 .... d:i an1,~·bre a t the top end and cut: at that p.oint. 'I'his t-.Yiil give ·che lengi.:h available :for ).ltilisa-t:.ion. The uti,J_i32ble J_ength of -t.';.·,o mature cUlms t-,ill be '.leighted up 'co 'l:he neares'c 5 gms. This h·ill be done in the :Eield. \'-7hile "':;:81e.0'(::i.,.'"19 ·"ehe tHO mature cUlms it "Iill be seen 'chat they 2.1"'e cu'C Erom th.2 firstly enUmera-tec1 clump. If this dces not: yieJ,d "che des.ired number -the nex-t clump of the species in order of enumcra-ci.on Hill be considered. If mature cUlms are not available from t,he plot the same v1ill be ta]~en from the surrounding area of the plot. In no cc:.se imrnature culms .....,i11 be 'deigh'ced~(over tHO season cUlms v-lill be treated as ma"cure culr.1).
The field parties vlill also be collecting bamboo samples for determining air dDZ and oven dry toleights. The method vlill be the SamB as 'iTas used ""hile carrying out: 't.h8 bamboo surveys in Manipur and Tripura. The me'ch:od 1,·.Jill be as £ollo'·:s. The first culm from each ciamct·.~ class out of the two mature cUlms selected for the green 1.-7eigh"c of the utilisable culm" Hill be used. One metre long pieces ",vill be taken out from t:he lovJer" middle and the top portions of the CUlm for each diame·tre class. The -three one mptre long pieces '...-Till be 1,,,e ighted nearest to 5 £'rns. i n the field itself and tied together Hi th the bamboo s~cri:ps of the same species. Every bundle Hill then bear the dia-nctre class .. s.pet::ies code, map sheet no. and grid number.
Item 1. Species code I (Col. 1-3)
The species of bamboo ':lill be recorded in 3 digi'c code ..
Item 2. Sarr~le culm No.1 i)~ Actual diameter in cm. col. 4-5 (Col.4-13) the actual diameter of the
culm -to the nearest c .. m.at b.h. ;1ill be entered in tHO digit code.
LUtilisable ii) LLength in decime-1:er will be recorded in 3 digit code . The utilisable length of barriboo down to 2 ern. dia. at top end ~"ill be recorded. ' A decimeter is 1/:1.0 of a me.icl.""G. The rE~fore a bamboo 'Idhich is -6 m .. and 68 cm. \Vi,ll b~= consid8L'2d as 67 and i!'l 3 digit code 1.-11.11 be l-l ri tten as o fi"7 a Ii. bamb..:-o \"Ibid"} is 11.33 '"' ill be reco::..-c1ed as 113 in 3 digit.
iii} He ight in ._gran~s (Col. 9-13 ) •
Item 3 D D.f \"Ie ight cor<:!lation.
193 -
The weight of the culm '."ill be recorded to nearest 5 grammes in 5 digit cede. If a bamboo <'7e igh-t.3 6.475 kg . it H ill be recorded as 06475 if one 'I;leights 13.422, it Hi.ll be recorded as 13420. Col. No.4-23 are for cU_a class 2 to under 5 em. Col. 24-43 aLe for dia. class 5 to under 8 cm. Col.44-53 are f or aia. class 8 em an~ over.
This study "\Vill be 'done as for Tripura.. Pc::-orn sCI.mp le cUlm No. 1 oE each clia. cl.ass cut 3 pieces of one IT:C!t-e r lengt:.h each one from the bot·tom, one from top a nc one f rom the mi ddle.. Tie \\1i th bamboo strips of the same sp~cies, and record their green Height to the n e arest 5 grammes in L!- digi:t code, col. 64-67, 6S-?1 __ and: 72-75. The WGight S 21nple 'l;lill a lh'ays be :Erom the firs '\: sarrp J_ c culm 0:': each c ia class. The species code, grid no. and dia cl..:lSS oE the sample Nill be ':, rj_tJce n on a ll piecep .. o£ each bund l e and if possible on other also t o fe.clli tate the identific ation of pieces in cas~, ·the y cecome to lOC·.3 E' 0
The sample grid n o . and the map shee-t no .. Vlill be .... :ri:ttcn in four di g i t and si.=:: digi.t c odes respectively. The se i ·t e rns will be en-ce red in the :L:orm, at -t.he right hand corne r . No columns h a ve been provide d for the sar.,e. T he map s hee"c no. a nd the grid no. 'l;7rit:t:cn i.n thi o IOl,n ':Till only indicat e the area :C rom ,·ll1e re b a mboo samp les h ave been coll ected.
- 194 ''p.!~g
CI--IAP !E_R I
9~~I.-:.L S~
For volume eC;ru2tion and utility analysis special study Hill be done on ten trees of each (" i<::::.meter class.. The diamet:cr classes will be as under :_
10 19 cm.
20 29 cm. and So on upto 90 Cm. and ove r.
Cull stuiiy ,·,i11 be done and C.n attcl"'1pt Hill be made to clas.s ify the cull a·t 'the proc-qss inc: stage b:i" '\:[12 DPU into utili·ty classes, as the expericnce has ly~en ·ch..""3.t the distribution of cull in the ~mClJ_l dimcns ion '.-lood is v~r.y different from that in the large dimcn.s:i..·::m 'dooCl., The utilj_ty classes liJill be Ply"'oo2!~ 'L'ircJ")er, Poles.., Pulp':'10od ... Fuel, No utili·ty and Match uooc1. The spec] fj e,,·t "Lons f or plY,lood are as be I Old ._
1. Length
2. Diameter
3. Bend
4. Taper
5. Hollot·; & spongy heart
6. Rot
7. TwLst
8. Crack
9. Knots
10. Plutes
-
2. 5 1-'1. and over
40 em. and over mid dia. u"b.
maximum 3 cms. per me tre length ..
Less than 1 em dia. :Cor e'7ery meter. length.
10 em. d iameter at centr e only
Not perrnissible
-do":'
2 em. d(~cp. on sur:Eac.e bu·t n ot more than 1/3 l e ngth.
Dead knots b~loh' 5 cm. not more than 2 in 2,,5 1'-1. lcn<;th (Linear dead };:nots in ccn ~-:rc i .. e . 5 em. from een tl."B or loa are a-cceptable .. ) ' __ _
2 ~os. of 2. 5 -.::-;-~.- a~pth maXi1i1~~"""~_ Flute s below 1.5 em .. a r e not c0un·t.~
~he follo\',ing Hill be cons ide rY;!o. as PIY.'lOod
Te:nnina lia. crenula ta (Terrninalia T omentnsa )
--...... , spe cie.s , -._
~-
2. Ptcrocarpus marsupium.
3. Dalbergia latifolia
4. Lannea coromandelica (I •• gran disl
5. Mangife ra indiCa
6. M:lch.~.lia _.champaca
195 -7. Dillenia pentagyna
8. Z:..dj.na corclifolia-
9. GaIUga pinnata
10. Mitragyna parviflora
11. l':..lbizzia stipulat:a
12. :.lbizzia procera.
13. Toona ciliata (Cedrela toona)
14. rL'enninalia belerica
15. Tectona graM :Ls •
The species \-Thich are conD icJ_e red under P lY-;-lOod "'ill also be conside red uS sa, .. nnill species if the species are not classi:E :Led as Pl~"'.;ood, except lI.lh::;_--:.z:i2. ~ -i: ;.p'~lata. The specLEications for Sa· ..... legs 8_re as be 10"; :-
1. Length
2. Diameter
3 • Rots
4. Twist
5. Crookedness
6. Bend
7. Taper
8. HollO'i"lness
9. Knots
10. FluJces
2 M and over
- 20 cm. and ave r mid c1ia. unde r bi3- rk
Only upto 2 em c1iame~ex. ... -·--
No pc rmitt:ed.
" 5 cm. per metre of length (max.)
Maximum 2.5 em. per metre length
Not more than 1/3 diamete r of 1.og
Not more than 5 dead kno-t:s in 2. H. length
hny nUr.lber acc2pted pro7 ided log remains :1: 1.. t to sa'",.
Follov7ing additional s p ecies Hill 21so be considered as Saw ·timber species.
1 • l.rtocarpus inte grc1:olia
2. Lagerstroemia parvi:C.lora
-3. Shorea robusta
4. Ougeinia ooj e n e nsis (0. c.;1albergioid cs)
5. hnogeissus l at)':Eolia
6. Eugenia jarr~olana
7. GreHia tiliaefolia
8 . Mesua ferrea
9. Xylia :;~locarpa
10. T ermina lia crenulata (toment:osa)
11. Rest of the tLmber species.
- 196 -?oles
1\11 the species ""'hich are enlisted ugainst plYVToocl. and saH mill wi.ll be considered for pole also except La,n~ £QronandiJ,;i.,ca and !.lbiz~ia stipulat('l .• The specificClJcibns for 901e s are as be10,,1 :
1.. Length
2. Diameter
3. Rot
4. ~"is-c
5. Crookedness
6. Bend
7. Ho11o\vness
,8. Sp1e ts
9. Cracks
10. Shakes
11. Knots
) ) )
3 H. and over
10 em. o.b. at smaller end
No-c allm-Jed .. i.e. bend in more than one plane not alJ_oHed.
Less than 1.0 emS. in 3 H lel)'.;..-l~. ll or 3 ern. for every metre lengtl:._
) Not c,l1 O,-led • ) )
Live kno'cs a],J_o'IrJed. Dead knot over 8 cm. diameter no-t acceptable.
In addit:ion the :::ollouing species Hi.ll be consic1ered as Pole species
1.. Chlo:r.oxylon SHietenia
2. Clei.stanthus collinus
3. t:.cacia catchu
4. D iospyros 'melano}!ylon
The rest of the s::;>ecics Hhich do no-c find place in the list given against ply""ooc1, sa':1 tir;iber and pole H ill be conside red as pulpv100d species c:~cept :E£nd_y., \'load of: Dalbargia latifolia, Mimosops h cxandra, Terminalic:t tomen-cosa, P -cerocurpus marsupium, Mesua ferrea, Xyli.a xylocarpa, :t.cucia catechu. The specifications for pulp· .. 700 d ,."ill be as belovI:
1. Length 1 1'1. & over
2. Diameter 5 em & over o.b.
3. Rot Not pe rmi r' sible_
4. Species hll species.
197-
The dimens ions :for maJcch"'ood are as under :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Length (min.)
DiillTleter (min.)
I-iolloNness r rots
Live knot:s
1 metre
30 cms;. 1,.lnc1er be r)c
not allOHed.,
allo:'led.
The following species will be considered as m~tc~~ood sp,:::cies.
1. Salamalia malaba;ricum
2. ."'c..ilanthus excelsa
3 0 1~n·t.t-10cephalus cadamba.
'L'he specificF'tions ",ill remain as for pUl'Jvlood but: rot is pe rmi tted •
p e :Zi_r:l_i_!:_j,_q_l]..S_
1. Hain s-tem :- ('rp I.) Portion .of ~i::.he ~cree from the base -co the point "There the stem canno;i:. be c1.i:efer2n'ciated f rom the bx-anches.
(In the pas-c bur creH hove been measuring along the rna in branch up-co the 5 cm. diams-cer limi'::' for the len,9th 0::: -che main ':::;tem. This is incorrect. '1'he main stem- -end.,,s \-}h2~ i-t is. no :onger pos s ible to say tJhich o£- Jcho branches is 'che mD.lon s .... em) •
2. C-1.e_~._bol..§. :- The lengt.h of the main stem from 't.he base Jeo the point "There the fin::t: main branch tn]~es off. (The branch from ~:,here the main st::.em crown st~rt~ ) ..
• 3. !?_:;;-.::~~h : - Such 1 irilbs of -tho tree, as h ave a minimum end di.arne-te r of 5 cm o.b. <J:t a. point not fc):~s them 1 r.1c·:: re f rom the sturnp of the branch. (The object is -[::q g-et ?l:C least one billc-c of 5 cm diamete r and of one met e r l a nct;h). The branches \Jill be num..be rec1.. as r,e.P. 2 O!1':lC).rqs for clC;.ch branch separately:"
P.B...q:;AJ:?.i!BE......L9R MEI:'sUREH8NT OF. SP~!:CIJ:.L STUDY 'TREES_
-1. !3_e rore -;Telli..n.g_ i") B .H. Hi.ll be marked anp diarn.-measurement D.B ..... -1il1 b e recorded. This is an ob1 iC;:ia-cory measUL~ment point.
ii) Total height ox tree Hill a lso he me asured -by BlUme Leiss Hypsometer.
ii.i) Tree uill be felled as cl03e -(:0
ground a s poss ilile , to minimis e ~ .. ood los~ .
198 -
a) I1__p.:i",n .1>.tem : Diameter and length measurements Hill be recorded at Jche following plc_ces :
i) Stump he igh-t
ii) Breas-t. height
iii) 39 cm dia. u.b. ( average OI two readings at right angles) provided this point is not less than 3 metres from the grm1nd l~vel.
iv)
v )
vi)
18 cm u.n.
10 cm o.b.
5 cm o.b.
( ave rac;<e 0:1:
(
(
t_10 readings at right angles).
-do- )
-do- )
vii) Intermidiate cuts as provided herea£ter~
~ing o-F S.§..9t~. :-
The tree \Till be cut at the follo\:ling places. The main s-tem and the branches Hill be trea-ted in the same \',Tay. The branches also uill sometimes yield some saH logs in addi-cion -1.:.0 pole s e-te.
1.
2.
Stump : l .. s close to ground as poss ible.
.l,:t e2,ch change of utili-cy as given in -t.he para. above i.e. 39 dia. u.b • .I' 18 Cm. '::'io. u.}:>. and, 10 em dia.o.b. and at 5 cm d.o.b.
3. 'Vlitl}in ut:ilit.y classes ply.load, sa't-llogs and ma_tch~ .. TOodsl fur'cher cutting ',-1ill be broad.ly as balm-1,. bu-c :t.hc cre''''' leader must conside r 'i::.he besot. logging poinJcs ~7l1e rc -che t.t"CC ,;ould be logged in practice Jco get -che maxir,1Uffi of ca,ch utility class and to obtain be3t utiJ.isatiQn of the tree. In some cases, the butt piece may be only £i t for sai.llog and :;::'_lrther up the bole may yield plY;'Jood. In such case a butt piece of 2 N. length or mo.!':"8 may be treated as sa,-1 log and :L:urther 10gging m<3Y be done as needed.
Ply\-jood ut.ility :_ One cut in the middle of total l::,mgth is more than 5 N. and less than 8 H. For leng·tbs 8 N~ to 12 me-tres, tuo cu'cs vlil1 be m2.dc. LengthS over 12 M. are not e):::pectcd in 'chis utili-Coy but one more cut i oe. 3 c:uJ..:;s may be made in total length 0:;:' ove r 12 me·::res.
S~.l..9S~-ci_1..:!..t:Y. =,':" One cut if length is more than 5 1'-'1 and less than 8 M., t'vlO if 8 to 12 H. and three if moXD -chan' 12 M long.
pa,:I:_C;J:y;"O..9...4.._S _ Ha'cch\-1ooCl species \'Ji11 be cut in the Same ;-Jay as for plY"TooO. and sa,-.110gs. The rninim1,._un ,s ize is 30 e mS. dia. underbark 1'~hc ra this u·tility \-Ji11 end. The rest of the tree of this u l:ili'cy \-;ill go to pulp',lood only ..
The Matchuood util ity pa:::t ~li11 b8 bille"ced in pieces of 2 me.t-..xe t.o 3 metre l e ugt:hs and s-tudied for cull e.tc.
~ I
- 199 -
Pul1.:"'!ood :- In case of trees t-lhich are of no u'cility except PUlp;:;C;odl sec-t-ions may be made at 3 metre inte,r{als for assessment of cull and defec'cs ",hich dis0-lalii"..[ from pu1'[_;.-;oo<;1 e.g. rot.
In m2'.ny Cases thc:':"e '.1ill be splitting of tree portions due to felling. This is normal end ';-]ill occur in actual prac'cico aI-so. 1:.11 logsl poles etc. {·:hich ge>c spli-t and are thereby re-l.derrcd unfi'c as PIYllood, SCl:;illog or pole should be ')U-t <'l.S Pul l :)"!ooc1, if 'chey belong to suitable .'3p':.:cie s,. or to fuel or no u~ility as the case may be.
CCDIHG INSTRUCTIOJ.\lS FOR FIELD vJOlllS
The cre", ;:lill fill Form Ho. VIIi a specimen of "lhich is enclosed as annexure. The various items '1::0 be coded in the form are e;::plai,ned belo,', :_
1 2 3
5
6
7
8.
01
02
03
Job No. (1: .... 3) Cam design (4-5) Serial No"or tre e (6-7)
Species code ( 8-10)
Tree portion ( 11-12)
S8c'cion No. ( 13-14)
Height _of section' above base (15-lS )
Col. No. (19-26)
Diameter a t right ang l es ( 27-34)
To be' f iliad in by DPU To be filled in by DPU Serial number of trGe s h ould be ·,'., ri·tten in b.'7o digit code.
This should be filled in as per species.
Ha in <';'cem of tree
First branch
Remaining branche s to be coded in ascendirlg order.
Secti.on nun'.ber should l;:>e HrJ._~~ten in -serial orde r star-j:ing, fro m bRse both :in cc:tse ,of stem -il'l.d bra nchcs o f . the tr8c.
The length (height) of each section of the m a in stem will be a running length f :r;om the base. Like,;, i :::e, the :L~nqt.h of each section of ·the b ranch 1vill be running _length from the ba:::e of t he branc h.
)
D iamc t e 'r o f e2.ch sec:l::i6n is to be recorcleCl ovcrbarl<: .. as ",e],l a:::, under b2.rk 8.101'"g i::he Gc:...lle a.xis as m'3as ured in case o f O.B.
Diame ter is 'co b e J:Bcorood a t righ-,-: a n g les t o the f irst measur e -ments ( record over -ba l.-1;: _ . as "'13 11 a s unCler barJcr-alQEg ·t.he nam8 a.:x::is. .
~_l._'!. £g§,g J:~§."'.'l1
9 1 CuJ.l ctuc..y code (:~S ')
- 200 Diameter measurements t'lill be res·tric·ced unto 5' cm over-bark for the main- stem as ' .. ;e11 .=t.:; for all the branches.
!2..~cripJeiQq
Free from defect.
Section partly defective.
Section fully c1.ercctive.
7d=,:1:.9.D.t_:!....0..Q Z If "ehe cut surf2.ce of a particular section and its erri;.ire bole is ::';rae f_rom o.e):c.c,t, but the preceding cu·t S,l.r:Eace is defective parely or fully; in such cases I' in Gal. no. 35 code no. 2 or 3 as th6 ccse may' be, be recorded, l'lhj.ch Hill reveal the Gt1ali'cv of the section undo r study j_.e.. ~"lh~the r pa rtly o.ar;aged ~r fully damaged.
Sl ... s.:.9.0_~ .IJ:.~m
10. De.fect code (Rot)
1 He b. rt rot
2 Radial rot
(36)
Des cri pti,.9.!l_ •.
In this, column at'tempts "'rill be ma d.e "'co class ify the ·t:ype of rot unde ranG of tbe Coding hC2.ds.
(l'~y rot in the sturilP .. Till also be considered as heart rot).
Rot entering through brcmches or othel.-;.:!i·se going from sur:E2.c e to~·!arc1s the heart. of log. ir{hen the section contains both h e art ro·t. and r adial rot, cons id.e r only the heart. rot.
If one cut face of the log ShovlS rq'c defect or holloi--;ness uno. other face is Qound, thon section is to b e classifi.cd C).S partly defective.. (The volume 0 :;; cull in "chis Case f o r defects rot (Col.36) and hollol>lneSS (Col. 43) Hill be computed as a concfor DPU) •
If radial rot or hollo"7ncss occurs in the sGcT,ion at p laces o t her than the cut face s,the sec·tion ,ri ll be classified as 'partly defectiv e. (Radial r o·t. t-liJ_l be computed as a C\j"linder - for DPU). .
~.j'hen the defect o n one:E c:.ce of the log al_')pe ars al s o on t he other ::CQce the' log u ill b e class ifie d as fully defe c tive . (The volume of cuil due ·to rot C~bl.36) or bollouncss (Col. 43) Hill be caJ.culatcd a s f or a cYlj,nd~r . - :Eor DPU) ,
201 _
3 1'1'0 ro-t.
1
De;[;;;r-t measurerele ::1 "c.s ( 3 -'1~ :s 2)
D efect code (43) (Hollo'iJn~ss)
Hollo,:1ness presen-t..
"D iameter me~suremenJcs of the rot portion in a sl2ct:inn \1ill be tc.ken at right. ar '7::,e::; ~.:c each other, 2nd ave ra<J20- diatn. miasurements ,-rill be recorded in col. 37--39. 'Iihen rot occures at both ends of s8ctLon the larger defect only \:ill be recorded. In case of such sect:ions, "lhere t:he ro'c:s are sC;~(~t?re.cl.r the follo".;ing procedure 'di.ll pc adop-tE'd :Eor cet(~nni.n:ing its total e~~t.ent .-
1. FiJ73,t,",1):'(e<ii!.SU,~ out:. 2 diameter of each patch a,-c_ right angles and then- a"\.fera_ge out. HaLE of th is \-lol.~l~1- pc -t.hf) :"adius.
2. Add t:he squares of- all such radii of all the patches.
3. Pind ou-t- th~ SOUQre roo-t of the figur~s derj_vcd in item(2) c{bove ,-lh'ich "t~~Ll give one r'3.dius of alJ_ thE), ro-e s '. T i!ice o:E t:.bis '.-lou __ ld gi;v~, die>Ii1¢"ce r 0
Length. of -the rot: ':' ill -be rocorded don col. 40 ___ 4?. For heart rot It '.1iil he e ntire l '2ng-eh m:: sec-tj_qn. ( :Eo r DPU "hen code :in co,1. 35 is 2 calculate as a conG, when code is :3 c2.1cu1<3_to as cvl inder) For r2'_dial rot l e ngth ~'lill be %th of -t.h<~ u.b. diameter of tree section at bigge r enq. The 3am8 procedil,re H;i;Ll be applicable for ml1 1t,iple r-c;dial ro-ts provided heart rort. '---:.(> '3 3 not exist.
S e ctions .hav;Lng hollO~-Jness :>-d _11 _be dealt v7,ith Uil.,'le r this item.
TylO d i a me-te r .s of hollo':J portion Hill be me asured in CIT! _a'c right angl e s t :o ,each o -(:her,' a nd average ,ente red. in -Co).. <14-46
12
13
,_ 202 -
~crj_n~
2 HOllowness absent . . ~ - .
Defect maasurememt When section is holloH at both :(44-49)" - ends, record the larger hollo'"
and averaqe entered in col.44-46.
~ ~~.-~ :~,~-~;.::-;-~.'
Defect code (50) .( quali ti:l:ive)-
The length of the hollcMin cms. \'lill be en-cered. in col. 47';"49 ... The, l~ngth of hollo,·, "~till be mec.surcd Hith a polter.
This code is int:.ej:lded to £urther classify the otper Defects unner one of the coding heads.
1 Loose knots
2 Tig).t knot.S
3 F i:re damage 4
.5
6
Super:fic:lal craqks Upto 2 eras. deep but more than 1/3 length of section
Deep: cracks
S.plits (in¢luc1..ing' ,;Eell ing 'damage) •
Deeper than 2 ems.
Split 1.ogs may still be fit for sauing.
7 Inse,qt damage.
S 'Any Other defect ' Only one major defect is to. be not included above.recorded. e.g. bulge, burr.
callus, climpep, parasites. 4> No damage
-, 1.--. .-;l
--' .:oft ~: I
,
Defect measu~ment (Col~51':'56)
Form 16rigititudinal (57)
Very straight.
If more than one defect is present in a section, then t-reightage should be given in orner of priority as listed above.
Average width or depth of defective 'Oortions \·.ill be measured and recorded in Col. 51-53. Length of cefect "Jill be entered in col. 54-56.
It '!:{ou.ld be judged "lith refe rence to the J :tnear axis of the section for one of the defects s ,ho;-rn under the coding he> ads ..
Sl.
203 -
2 Slightly bent Bend less than 5 cm per metre length in tir.,ber ahd less than 3 c:". pe r me'te1.~ length in };,ole sizes ..
3 One pronounced Bend more tl!an s.pecified above. bend
4 i-lore than one No measurements are needed to pronounced bend assess ·chis..,
Form Sectional (58)
'1 Circular
2 Ell ipt ical
3' Fluting.
4 Bu·ttre ss ing or bulging.
Defect (59)
1 Complete section length free of defect.
It refers ~co the shape 0= t:hG section at sert-!..on enc~
Una.er this category, all abnormalities \'Till be included Hhich i?-1X very na,tural and ve ry p.C'1.J:n21 ::or tl'l2 t:::-ee s.
2 One t:,hird of section length \-lith de:fect.
3 T-dO third of sect ion length ;-lith defect.
4 Full bole length ",i.:.:.h defect.
E:3:.ternal defects This is a very gene ral item o'chers (60) vihi r h incl1.'c;l.es all k::"n03..s of
de£e 'C'cS cau.sed by e;:tc rnal agencie~. The V' ').T i.ous classes to be cc~cd are :-
.1 CompleJce section length £ ree of defect.
2 On2 third of section length "lith derGc't ..
3 Two thiLu of sect~on length -"Ii th defect.
4 F u ll bole: l e ngth d e fective.
§.l.... £9de .!...1;.~
16. Utility pattern (61)
1 PIV\'lood 2 Sa;, milling 3 poles. 4 Pu Ip·,.'loOO 5 FuelHOod 6 No ucility 7 !1atch;,..rood
204 -
Dcscripti_Qll
The log can be classifi.ed in one of JCh0 follot-ling utility classes (specification details as giVen earlier).
Note :- 1) Stump portion \'1i11 have no u'cility and ,·,il1 be codified as 6.
17.
18
19.
20.
21.
2) U'cility pattern Hill s"t;art above the stump height.
D.B .H. (ovcrbnrk) in m.m. (62-65)
Total height (66-67) (Before felling)
Total height (68-69) (After :Eel ling)
Grid No. (71-74)
Map sheet No. (75-80)
Actual l'I1'2 asuremcnt to the nearest mm.. '" ill be recorded.
The total height of the tree ~heuld be measured with the hel'O of Blume-Ie is~ J'fyps ometer Bud - recorc1(:;~. to the n e al.--est meter.
After felling the trees, its he ight should be recorded to the neares·t. m2tre in a straiaht line from s tump to the tip, or highest point of t:he croun from ground level ( height of st1.1mp should be a dded '1:;["1i1e recording the height of the felled traes).
The gr:i.d no. "': ill b~ en'cered in rour digit ·code.
Tre standard conve..nti.on explained in the coding instruc'(;j_ons fo r f ield ",o~k s h OUld b~ ·':ol:!.o·,!ed.
1 •
2.
4. 5.
6. 7. 8.
205
(Field Farm No.1)
Pre-investment Su.rvey of' Forest Resources
CENTRAL ZONE- ORISSA 1
PLOT APDROACH FCRM
Name o~ Division and its Code No.
Map Code
Grid No.
Date
.. ...... " .... " ................................. ..
............ " ............................... , ....... ..
.. ................................................. ..
Name and Code No. o~ the craw. laade~ (1 ~ .:toTal'lO ••••••• _ • _ • _ ••••• _ ••••
o (2) Code No ........................ ..
Name of the camp site
Time of starting :from camp
Distance covered by vehicle (km) Time taken b,y vehicle.
................. " ................................. .
.. ............... .. ................................... ..
9. Name, ~ a~, o£ the place up to ............................... .
10.
11.
12.
1.3.
14.
15 •. 16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21 •
which journey was pcr~ormed by vehicle
Conopicuous ~~eatures observed during •••••.•.•••••••••••••••••••••• the journe,y qy vehicle (Describe in details) • '
Direction and distance covered on ~oot •.•.•••••••••••••••••••••••• up to the re~erence point (lan.)
Time o£ start~g on ~oot •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••• Consp-icuous features observed during •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• the journey on ~oot (Describe :LT). deta.:Q.s.
Descri.ption of' the ref'erence point •••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••• (Describe ~ details).
Time of arrival at reference point ••.•.•.• 8# ••••••••••••••••••••
Bearing :from the re~orence point to tho ••••••• _ ••••••••••••••••••••• Plot.
Distance o~ the plot from reference point (lan.)
Time of arrival in plot
T:Unc of leaving plot
Time of return to camp
Remarks record the presence of Permanent Roads, Temporary Roads, Lake, Nallas, Railway Line, Fire Line and Demarcation Linea, a~ other item of' n ote, etc.
. ....... ,. ... ,. ....................... . •••••••••••• e$ ••••••••••••••••
. .. e._ ..... ~ .... CII ... 4 .............. .
• ...................... CO.6.4.~t-~.
.. ,. ........................................... .
.............................. " ............. .
....••........•...............
.. ................................................. . (Signature of Crew Leader )
Notes : - 1 Plot Approach Form must be ~:i..lled during the journey in progress. 2 'Dato' includes month and year (while recording tho date o f
it is essenti.al to record month and y ear also). J If the plot is -....'isited on tH'O successive days, ono form must
b e f"jlJ_oci. j .n -fol:" tho soo.ond day alflO.
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- 212 -APPENDIX No. :3
LIST OF ROADS IN CHARGE OF VARIOUS D~ARn.ffiNTS
Cla.ssiCi.cation of Roads.
A Stato·HighwE\Ys
B Major District Roads
C Ordinary Hiatt. Roads
D othm- FWD roads
E. R.E.O. Roads (Rural Engg. Organisation)
Namo o£·tho roads
1. Madhapur to Ral<lpur ria Plmlbani Baligudo (S.H.I.) .
2. Baliguda,. Muniquda road (S.H.5) starti.ng from Tumdi.bandh Division.
3. Bcrhampur to Plrulbani. road (S.N.No.7) starting from Durgaprasad to Bisipara Junction.
4. Kalinga Baliguda road - (S.H. 7a) starting from Kalinga to Nuagaon junction.
1. G.M. Roqd (from Khonjumundi t·o Panigonds ).M. D .R. 60 a 0
2. Daringbadi Gazinbadi Road M.D'.R. 62 3. .Plru.lbani Tikrapad road M. D.R: 2() 4. Manmunda Gandapara road M.D.R".24 5. Hadhapur Bcudh Manmunda road M.D.R.43
,. Harbhanga Chatranga road 2. Boudh town road 3. Phulbani town circular road
1. Bolgarh-.AJnbod.:l.1.n "road • 2. Scmanbadi Ralkia road 3. Sankarkhal ·l\haj uripada road 4. Tlkaballi-Ghnnkpada-Nediguda-Bodgi road 5. Tumdhibandh-Belgarh~hiripa.ni· Road 6. Phulbani-Mallikud road 7. Phiringia-Gocha1>uda Road 8. Baliguda-Barkhamo.-Khamankhol Road 9. Kotgnrh-Mahagudi Road
10. Khamankhol Sindhiouda-Gntapada Road 11. G. Udayag:iri-Sarangada Road
1 Sugudabadi-Digi Road 2. Manikcswar-Karada Road 3. R~ia~odingonda Road 4. Subarnagiri.-Budaguda Road 5. Sankarakhol-Mandakia Road 6. Jningriduga-Katangia Road 7. Baliguda-:Bucktguda Road 8. Masaripada Ba.l.an.clapada" Road 9. Scmcnbadi-Budagudn Rond
. Distanco in KIn.
179.63
39.22
49.88
m.73
84.28 16.4D 80.45 43.45
101 .38
325.96
5.63 4 .. "$2 9.2 5
16.09 24.14 21.32 49.88 ,2.1 $ 67.59 Z3.]3 38.62 64.37 22.73 32.18
1065.00
6.0 20.0 12.5 28.0 39.0 11 .9 28.0 52.0 13.28
210.68
cInssif'J.catJ.on of Ronds
F. -Minor Irrigation Roads
,
G.. Forest. Ron.ds Phulbani. Di v.
Forest Roa dsl Balliguda In.
213 -
Name ,ef the roads
1. Nuagam-Sompcpador- Road 2. Pakano.grun-Karandimarka Road ,:3. Panisol-Bagiap~da Road 4. Bagiapad..'1.""!'Birigadn Road 5. PuranakataJc Dhn.lpur Road 6. ~Pnmunda-Gundulia Road 7. Butudali-Bhagiapada Road 8. Bhagiabnho.l Dapa)..;"l. Road 9'. Kata.knn.tia Boulus:inga Road
10. Dnmarrunda Huskura Road 11. Bhagrununda Mundapo.aa Road
1. R~ipathar to Ba.lli:apadD. 2. "Panisal to Srunapa.ju 3. Srumapaju to Banardoi 4. Katrangia t.o palchi 5. Gochapo.da to ~orj a 6-. Palchi to Kn "tramal 7.' Kusung to Gondapaju 8. Adhigad to 'Bairapada 9. Barpur to So.tghoUd '
10. Banisahi to Talgaon 11. Talgaon to Ka"trckachapaju 12. Tilipa.nga,. to 'Muliguchapada 13. Kanc1rakatha to Kutipori 14. Langurij ana to D3l1lcc~ 15. Norpada to Banordci 16. Muliguchapada to Dankcn 17. Mulckot to Sindhuguda 18. Palsaguda to Cha.r;c~or 19. Narainprasnd to }3.;"\dgucha 20. Adl1igad to Khutpada 21.. Ro.nisahi to Sntkhnnd 22. Chutrang to KandraJ;;:atpaju 23. Palsa~du to Kangppa 24. BaJ.nnd,upo.du t o Nnrninprasnd 25. .PaI1.sapador to Tilcrip.o"1.da . 1. Badnba nga to GaZalbo.di PliJD' road· 2. Rnnaba to &lha.ikhol 3. Barba to M:uipanko. 4. Karada to Polcasunga. 5. Mundo. to Bro.ba 6. Bclgad to Jhiripani 7. Tumdiba ndh to Guchuka 8. Lnnlcagarh t o Kn.:w.handi border. 9. Pa sera to Mundagaon
10. Kupati. to Chohali 11. Cha.h.al:i to Rupagaori. 1 2. Rupagaon to Budukakahol
Distance in Km.
·5.0~
22.0 24·9 14.0 -13.0 26.0 21.0 15.0 10.0
5.0 23.0
178.0
19.0 19.0 19.0 12.0 12'.0 8.0
31.0 12.0 7.5 2.0 5.0 8.0 5.0
40 .. 0 8.0
10.0 30.0 32.0 12.0 8.0 2.0 3.0 7.0 5.0 4.0
320.5 Kms
10.4 6.3 2.1 6.0 2.1." 7.4 1·4
12.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.0
Classification of Roads.
Forest Roads parla.khimedi Division.
1 • 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. s. 9.
10. 11 • 12. 13.
- 214
Gothelceli to Lakhari Chandragiri. to Sinkulipadar Gothokol:i to Dhopaguda Sirikulipndar to Donkabandha Bapaugud:i to CUba pnrsurampur to farm road Jha~ada'ppalli to Gumma Dhamadha to Khaj urpada Malaspadar to Morilcotc Ohhel:igada to Kanohagai:l Chholigada to Kalapanka Gandahnti to Nursery Ragc.i.singi to Denkabandhn
D;i.stanco in KID.
20.0 11 .0 8.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 9.0 3.5 5.0 2.6
.5 2.7
52.3 KIns .
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