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FISHERIES RESEARCH BOARD OF CANADA

Translation Series No. 2828

Some characteristic features of the biology of Pacific ocean perch(Sèbàstôdes àlùtus Gilbert) in the BeriiigF; Sea

by G. B. Pautov

Original title : Nekotoryye osobennosti biologii tikhookeanskogo

morskogo okunya'(Sèbà.stodes'àlûtus Gilbert) Beringova morya

From: Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogô InstitutaRybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii (TINRO) -(Proceedings of Pacific

Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography),

'81 : 91-117, 1972

Translated by the Translation Bureau(HpF)Multilingual Services Division

Department of the Secretary of State of Canada

Departmerit of the EnvironmentFisheries Research Board of Canada

Biological Station

Nanaimo, B.C.

1973

62 pages typescript

AUTriOR - AUTEl1R

8

DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE

DIVISION DES SERVICES

DiJ MULTILiN1J

R ^^^

DI V ISIONCANADA

^^ 0 z;2 '61o,;VR"TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN

l"RAr'(SLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS

MULTILINGUAL SERVICES

REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - REFERENCE EN ANGLAIS

CT. B . PAtTL0VTITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS •

Some characteristic features of the biology of Pacif icocean pcrch ( Sebastodes alutus Gilbert, ) in the Bering Sea-

'Nekotoryye osobennosti biolo`-ii

^^ ,^v ^t^_ _, . ,.

SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT

okeanskogo morskogo Okunya. ( Sebas t odes alutus Gilbert )Berinrova :(,,ior'ya.

TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS)

TITRE EN LANGUE ETRP.NGËRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS)

REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS.REFERENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTÉRES ROMAINS.

2ZVESTIYA T:tT^RO

PUBLISHER - EDITEUR

PLACE OF PUBLICATION

LIEU DE PUBLICATION

RUSS ilaN

^'I11r?;0

USSR

DATE OF PUBLICATIONDATE DE PUBLICATION

YEAR

ANNEEVOLUME

ISSUE N0.NUMÉRO

1972

REQUESTING DEPARTMENT

MINISTÈRE-CLIENT

Environ--ment

BRANCH OR DIVISIONDIRECTION OU DIVISIOIr'Zg:^ aax'c.^?--B-

PERSON REQUESTINGAl l.Lin 'àa Reid ,

,L Ç_L;^r1t;iDEMANDE PAR 1^J D pCeilD o, t10I1

YOUR NUMBER

VOTRE DOSSIER NO ---

DATE OF REQUEST 28 ,;:yLj•gust 197'3.DATE DE LA DEMANDE - ---- -

PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINALNUMERUS 0'cS PAGES DANS

L'ORIGINAL

91 - 117

NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES

NOMBRE DE PAGES

DACTYLOGRAPHIt'cS

6-

TRANSLATION BUREAU NO.^0NOTRE DOSSIER NO _

TRANSLATOR (INITIAL.S) HPF

TRADUCTEUR ( IN I TIA LES) -

i..?i`vLD?TED 7;iAl\i' LA7i:1

For fI1çOTs:+c3lkic?il :7i1}/

ï'R?1C'LlCT10-1,1 4vJPd R)°vIS£E

l7lttJi'(:u,ilUn SvUÎemOfl{'

DEC - .! 191,1-

505-200-10-6 10E V. Z/ t8)

7G^0•"t1-0?5-5333

Bulletin of the Pacific Research Institute bfFisheries and Oceanography

•SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT

BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS

DrEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE

TRANSLATION BUREAU

• MULTILINGUAL SERVICES

DIVISION

DIVISION DES SERVICES

MULTILINGUES CANADA

- CLIENT S NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCH CITY

N° DU CLIENT MINISTE' RE DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE

143960 Env. Fisheries Research Board OTTAWA

BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS)

N° DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES)

143960 RUSSIAN HPY DEC - 3 1973

SOME CHARACTERISTIC 'FEATURES OF THE BIOLOGY OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH

(Sebastodes alutus GILBERT) IN THE BERING SEA

IZVESTIA TINRO, Vol. 81, Pp. 91-117, 1972

BY UNEDITED TRA.,NE1A.TION

PAUTOV, G. P. For informai ion only

TRADUCTION NON RE'vikill:E Informittion saulement,

The Bering Sea is only loosely associated with arctic waters (basin). It is under

constant and tangible influence exerted by the warmer waters of the Pacific Ocean which

gain access to the Bering Sea through the straits in the Aleutian ridge. This phenomenon,

combined with some special features of the contours of the sea bottom, brings about favourable

environmental conditions for a number of boreal fishes, including ocean perch (ivloiseyev, 1964).

As a result of investigations of the Bering Sea scientific and commercial expedition, organized

by TINRO and VNIRO during 1958 - 1964, large stocks of the Pacific ocean perch (P.o.p.)

were found in that sea. In the catches taken in the upper waters of the continental slope

(at depths of 150 - 500 meters), the majority of fish were represented by ocean perch. The

largest stocks were located in -the region of Pribiloff Islands and at the south eastern part of

the continental slope of the Bering Sea (Moiseyev and Paraketsov, 1961; Paraketsov, 1963).

During our investigations carried out in subsequent years, we found large schools of ocean

perch located in the same areas.

7530-21 .-020-532

I .

- Commercial fishery of ocean perch was begun in 1958-1959 both by the Soviet

and Japanese fishing fleets, and from then on if was carried on actively during a period

of several years. It is the Japanese fishing fleet which is now engaged very actively in

ocean perch fishery. Their commercial operations are conducted without taking into

account special features of the biology of the perch. This has been reflected in the depletion

of the available stocks of perch.

The aim of the paper presented here is the study of some specific features of the

biology of the P.o.p. in the Bering Sea, as well as furnishing an evaluation of the present

state of its reserves.

The relevant material gathered by us in this region during the period 1957- 1969

forms the basis of this paper. We investigated the vast northern, shallow water part and the

continental slope of the Bering Sea up to a depth of 1,000 meters; the numerous data amassed

by us deal with the biology and distribution of P.o.p. and other fishes of the slope.

Our research vessels were entrusted with the task of conducting searches to find

those locations in which the fish congregated, and of-ascertaining the possibility of organizing

commercial trawling operations therein. The search was carried out by employing the con-

tinuous echo-sounding technique and checking the control trawls. In those locations where

trawling operations were conducted, we measured the temperature of the surface and benthic

layers of water.

All the trawl catches were thoroughly analyzed; we studied the size and age range

and 'the sex ratio of stocks of ocean perch; and ascertained the peculiar features of its nutrition

and fattening. The biological analysis included: 1. individual measurement of 100 - 200 fish

from each trawl catch, 2. their weighing, 3. determination of sex and the maturity of their

gonads, and 4. collection of fish scales io determine the age of the perch.

4

r1

• 1-

The degree of maturity of the gonads of perch was determined in accordance

with the scale worked out by V.P. Sorokin ( 1956) for the Atlantic S. mentella and S.

marinus. This scale comprises six stages of maturity for the testes and eight stages for

the ovaries. This maturity scale is also acceptable.for P.o.p., for its biology has many

similar features with that of the perch belonging to the Sebastes genus the habitat of which

is the Atlantic Ocean.

The degree of ratness was determined visually in accordance with a five point

scale elaborated by Yort. In addition, we made use of the data furnished by the chemical

analysis carried out by the technicians of TINRO .

The composition of food of the perch and the degree of fulness of their stomachs

was also determined visually.

The scales.were treated by making use of the generally accepted method for

studying the age and growth of fish (Chugunova, 1952). The rate of growth of P.o.p. was

calculated by making use of the method of reverse computation as furnished by the formula

of Lee.

During the entire period of our investigations, we carried out 6,000 trawling

operations, made hydrological determinaticins at 2,300 locations, performed 10,716 complete

biological analyses, made 9,434 measurements of the perch, determined the age in 3,000

specimens, the rate of growth in 1,932 fish, the degree of fatness - in 4, 159 perch, and

its fecundity - in 80 specimens.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

OBTAINING IN ITS HABiTAT ON THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE OF THE BERING SEA

The P.o.p ., S. alutus, belongs to the fam i ly Scorpaen idae and the genus Sebastodes.

This is an abundant species and is widely distributed along the Pacific coast of North America

•

? 1.0 178 • 174 ?,72 fro lud es' e‘:. /52'3diV G., • 178 ..iy 1^ 1 ----r

3 • 2 \ 1,5

3 ' 6

-1--3.7 400 -

_ 7 6

:r 3,5

— 3litia

' (_ oir,-

. 9 ---------:----------- __-„,_-_-, .---:--,,, _...„:„.e. , - !-.-73-f------- -----------z___----: 5 =—'-;—':..----e3,5 --....,,,Cis■,_

4— '08 0 e----------7 --; -- i '8 :.:.

a) 00 . ------1:-- 3 --, .........._____ › ' 300 4----------------------1-----"i" - -

: • - . r4- 1 ,.......:. 400 r— 3,7

,4' —_— .\-N-------1--- iï: ' ---------_3,6 zr—'..— t . . . . . . . .. .. . . ..

',• PliC..1. TemnepaTypa na pa3pe3e no 57°- c. ni. n pa3Antinble - -...-, .-. ce3onbt ro.D,a (0,a.unbie B. C. - Apcenbena, 1967) . .

fee /7S /TS 174 • • /7? 170 188 /55 154 /52 °3 Ô• —r r g g

■ "7"-----1 -

/fern° , dï7PfE

Winter

Summer

Fig . 1 Temperature. Section follows 57o n.1. during different seasons of the year

(V.S. Arsen'ev's data, 1967)

^i?,9 f60

;CO

zoo

300

400

rl. .

L 179 /SO ilB /75 f74 t72

^ ^.

> r00

'00

.i00

400

F'ttc. 2. Cozettocr6 (n °%) lia paspese no 57° c. uc. n pa3n1111-•}abie cesoxbI rn;ta (2axxbTe B. C. t?pcexben<, 1967)

Winter

Summer

Fig. 2 Salinity (percenfiage). Section follows 570 n.I. during different seasons of the year(V. S. Arsen'ev's data, 1967)

from California to Alaska, in the Bering Sea, in the vicinity of Aleutian and Kuril Islands

and eastern coast of Kamchatka (Gilbert; 1890; Jordan and Evermann, 1898: Gilbert and

Burke, 1912; Berg, 1918; Soldatov and Lindberg, 1930; Andriyashev, 1935, 1937, 1939,

1954; Schultz, 1936; Moiseyev, 1937; Taranets, 1937; Matsubara, 1943; Shmidt, 1948;

Alverson and Velander, 1952; Phillips, 1957; Sunde and Lindsey, 1958; Willimovsky,

1958; Alverson and Westrheim, 1959, 1961; Moiseyev and Paraketsov, 1961; Liubimova,

1961, 1962, 1963, 1964; Skalkin, 1964; Gritsenko, 1963; Paraketsov, 1963; Barsukov, 1964).

The continental slope of the I3ering Sea - extending from Cape Navarin to the

water(the • Krenitzin Islands and dividing this sea into two approximately equal bodies of A

deep south western one, and the shallow north eastern one) - is the northern part of the

habitat of the P.o.p. In this location P.o.p. is present everywhere, is very abundant

forming large aggregates at depths of 150 - 500 meters according to the season of the year.

This continental slope possesses, as has been shown by the investigations of T INRO and

VNIRO in 1957 - 1961 (Novikov, 1961; Gershanovich and Natarov, 1962; Natarov, 1963; and

others), a number of specific features such as many submerged rocks and canyons

with steeply inclined walls. The relief of the sea bottom in the region of Pribiloff Islands

is especially complex where its width reaches 20 - 40 miles and also in the vicinity of Cape

Navarin. In its upper horizons the relief of the sea bottom becomes simplified, and the

sides of the canyon are inclined at a lesser tilt.

The thermal regimen of the benthic layers of water is uniform throughout the

entire length of the continental slope of the Bering Sea; it virtually does not change through-

out the year (Fig. 1), the water temperature remaining at a constant 2-5° C., or more often -

at 3-4° C.

The hydrochemical conditions are also noted for their constancy.

In all areas of the continental slope of the Bering Sea the salinity of the water in benthic

layers remains practically unchanged throughout the year (Fig. 2).

cocTap TexooxeaticKoro ogyilLs Tp OUb jrnonax 0 mope,

46 • 8 F

TABLE 1

SIZE COMPOSITION OF PACIFIC PERCH IN TRAWL CATCHES IN THE BERING SEA IN PERCENTAGES

Body Length in Cm. Year 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 Numberof Average

Fish -N 1957 - - - - - 2.0 12.0 28.0 24.0 18.0 10.0 4.0 2.0 50 41.0

1958 0.7 2.2 2.3 1.6 2.2 5.2 10.7 17.4 19.9 19.8 13.5 3.6 0.9 - 723 38.1

1959 - 0.1 0.2 2.0 3.4 8.0 15.7 22.3 24.2 17.1 5.7 1.1 0.2 - 96] 38.1

1960 0.1 0.3 2.0 9.6 15.7 9.8 13.5 17.9 16.9 9.4 3.5 1.1 0.2 - 999 35.4

1961 - - - - 1.6 8.2 14.2 242 20.1 19.3 6.4 4.8 0.8 0.4 248 38.4

1962 - - - 0.6 1.7 3.9 7.8 19.6 22.5 24.3 13.0 5.4 1.2 - 774 39.3

1963 - 0.9 0.6 1.9 10.4 12.9 10.2 15.3 21.9 14.9 7.2 3.4 0.4 - 1,037 37.1

1964 - 0.5 4.3 6.8 9.3 23.0 19.8 18.0 13.6 3.4 1.0 - 0.3- - 439 34.6

1965 - 0.2 1.5 7.4 12.2 18.0 18.2 14.2 12.7 9.7 4.2 1.3 0.3 0.1 3,489 35.4 -

1966 - 0.5 0.9 4.3 12.3 15.8 13.6 16.0 16.9 12.1 5.4 1.7 0.5 - 918 36.2

1967 1.7 5.8 5.7 8.3 11.7 9.8 11.6 11.0 11.1 13.0 7.0 2.8 0.5 - 1,073 35.0

1968 1.4 4.6 7.5 7.3 14.2 19.5 12.5 10.6 8.4 7.1 4.5 1.9 0.5 - 1,536 34.0

1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 . 1963 1964 1965 1966

« 1967 •

1968

0,7 2,2

• 0,1 .0,3

0,9 0,5

0,2

5,8

, .

2,0 , 12,0 :28,0 24,0 . 18,0 10,0 4,0 ZO 2,3 1,6, 2,2 5,2 10,7 17,4 19,9 19,8 13,5 3,6 0,9

0,2 2,0 ,3,4 80 15,7 22,3 24,2 17,1•:.',, 5,7 '.1,1 0,2 2,0 9,6 15,7 , 9,8 13,5 17,9 16,9 9,4 3,5 ''.. ' 1,1 0,2

1,6 8,2 142 24,2 20,1 193 6,4; '4,8 :0,8 0,6 1,7 3,9 :,i7,8;.U. 19,6 22,5 24,3 13,0 5,4 ": 1,2

06 19 .10,4 129 10,2 15,3 219 14,9 7,2 , 3,4 0,4

4,3 6,8 9,3 1 23,0 198 13,6 3,74 1,0 — 0,3 1,5 7,4 12,2 18,0 18,2 1.14,2 : ' 12,7 9,7 4,2, 0,9 - 4,3 123 *'1 .i..15 8 13,0 16,0 16,9 - IZI 5,7-: 8,3 . 11,7 ;:9,8 11,6 ;11,0 11,1, •!

3 112 19,5 I 2 5 ; 10,6 8,4. *.* '7,1 - • :

. 50 41,0

723 38,1 •

961 38,1

999 35,4

248 38,4

.Y774 39,3

1037 37,1 439

35,4

918 ' 36,2

1073. 1 35,0

1536- 34,0

TABLE 2

WEIGHT OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH IN TRAWL CATCHES IN THE BERING SEA IN PERCENTAGES

Weight in Grams Number M Average1,500 of F i s h We i g h tYe a r 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400

1957 - - - - 2.0 2.0 32.0 20.0 24.0 4.0 12.0 - 2.0 - 49 886.8

1958 - 0.3 0.8 2.2 8.7 20.6 19.9 20.1 14.4 6.9 4.6 0.6 0.6 - 622 794.4

1959 - 0.8 3.5 6.4 17.8 22.0 22.7 14.4 8.7 2.3 1.2 0.1 - - 571 698.0

1960 - 1.1 5.6 20.0 14.5 10.5 17.4 17.2 8.7 3.2 0.9 0.9 449 673.9

1961 - 0.4 - 8.5 22.6' 21.9 16.6 13.0 8.1 7.7 - 0.4 0.8 - 247 4i 710.8

1962 - 0.1 1.0 2.9 6.9 14.6 23..0 18..6 . ' 15.0 . 8.0 6.0 2.9 ' 0.9 0.1 682 824.6

1963 0.1 1.6 10.9 16.0 12.7 14.0 19.0 10.9 7.4 5.4 1.0 0.4 - 0.1 0.2 995 659.9

1964 0.5 11.4 21.3 23.0 18.4 15.7 6.6 1.4 0.5 - 0.8 0.2 0.2 - 439 492.4

1965 - 2.3 15.2 21.5 18.6 14.6 10.2 8.4 5.8 2.8 0.8 0.3 0.1 - 3,564 593.6

1966 1.8 11.3 22.5 20.0 15.1 9.4 10.8 5.1 3.2 0.8 - - - - 814 506.7

1967 4.1 11.6 16.6 14.2 15.5 12.4 11.9 7.6 3.7 1.4 0.7 0.2 - - 999 537.7

1968 - 5.1 15.8 25.0 22.3 11.3 9.5 4.3 3.4 1.3 1.3 0.5 0.2 - 390 545.7

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The uniformity of the thermal and hydrological properties of thé'region, including

the continental slope of the Bering Sea, is the result of the strong mixing of water directed

from the sea bottom upwards. This phenomenon is due to a constant (along the sea bottom)

inflow of warm waters of the Pacific Ocean.

The continental slope of the Bering Sea , the northernmost region of the Pacific

Ocean with fairly harsh environment, is the principal area forming the habitat of perch.in

this body of water.

LENGTH AND WE.IGHT

The early information concerning the range of size and age of P.o.p. in the

Bering Sea was published in 1961 (Moiseyev and Paraketsov, 1961), Later O.F. Gritsenko

(1963) gave a detailed analysis (prior to the inauguration of large scale fishery operations

in this area) of. the range of size and age, as wéll as the rate of growth, of this species.

The facts reported in the relevant literature, together with those data obtained

by us, give us grounds to suppose that P.o.p. occupies - in so far as its size is concerned -

an intermediary position among the perches belonging to.the genus Sebastodes. It.(the P.o.p.)

is larger than S. mystinus and S. polyspin.is - reaching the body length of 30 - 35 cm., and

weight of .4 - .5 kg. - but smaller than such species as S. introniqer and S. aleutianus which

reach the length of 90 - 100 cm. and a weight in excess of 10 kg.

During the period of our observations, the schools of P.o.p. in the Bering Sea

consisted of individuals with a body length of 20 - 50 cm. and weighing from 150 to 1,750

grams; yet most of the fish had the length of 30 - 40 cm . (Tables 1 and 2). The trend of the

changes affecting the range of size during 1957 - 1968 gives us grounds to suppose that the

average size of the perch underwent a decrease during that period. In the trawl catches

1,940 501 37.5

46 . 48 50

'Num-ber of fish

M ,• Ave -

age

15 16 27 61 83 132 163 165 75 24 4 I _ 768 34.2

_ - _ 1 2 19 34 17 151 214 233 162 56 10 2 - - 961 38.1

•••

TABLE 3

SIZE RANGE OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH IN DIFFERENT AP,EAS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN.1 1959-1965

Body Length in Cm.

14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

:.Aleution ridge - 5 6 7 3 65 95 184 248 394 438 281 157 49 8

3 33 95 155 125 71 14 5 -:Küril ridge

Eaztern coast of Kornchatka

Bering Sea .

Vancouver-Oregon i-À;ea (data of Y.A. ':SNYTKO) 12 54 77 51 50 51 134 265 387 824 1,003 1,l8 1,119 1,038 769 463 211 59 46 7,636 37-41

Alaska Gulf (data or T .G . Li ub imova) 13 18 109 259 526 1,168 2,291 2,324 1,231 878 953 569 344 33 22 • - - 10,738 28.:

M.» Mal •.•

Paiioit

A,icyicxaarps:Ta

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FicpmuroDO mope

II<<3isyr.epo•OpcroncKitispaiioti (aannaicB. A. CtiLi-nta)

3a:r, Aancxa (itami^ê ,T. 1:'. . Ii0611tfGDîf }

Pa3aaep:aa:E•1 cocrae xuxooaearicKoro oicyriR B pasnE:I;Jjvzx paYor,ax TF:xoro ot;eaua (1959-1965 rr.)

1^4 16 1 18 20 22

A IL 1! 11 a, c u,

94 ^ 21 28 1 30 1 32 1 34 ;16138 i; A 0• 1? 1,1

5 6 7 3 65 95 184 248 394 438 281 157 49 , 8 ---- - 1940 33,5

-3 33 95 155 ' 125. 71 14 5

Ta(^.q111Gi 3

501 37,5

2 15 `16 27 61 83 132 463 165 75 24 4 1--- - 768 3, 1,2

12 54 77 . 51 50

12 19 ,34 17 151 214 233 .162 56 10 2

134 265 387 ',"24. 1003 . 1128 1119 '1033 769' 403 211 59 4G 7636 37,4

13 IS 109 259 526 1168 2291 2324 1231 878 953 569 .344 33 2.`,2 ---- 10735 26,6

24-26

:28-30

30732

»32-34

:1 34-36

36-38

38-40

40-42

42-44

44-46

46-48

48-50

50-51

TABLE 4

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE BODY LENGTH AND WEIGHT OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH OF THE BERING SEA IN GRAMS 8: CM.

dy WEIGFiT Numlerof AA Lehgth 100-200 300-400 - 500-600 - 700-800 •• 900- - 1,100- - 1,300- - 1,500- Fish Average 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600

7 I

8 125

9 5 1

15 212.5

5 44 7

56 267.2

1 31 88 7 27 354.2

2 104 162 12 1 281 429.2 .

18 213 100 11 1 2 344 467.5

• 34 167 85 13 2 1 302 581.8

6 64 240 184 38 3 2 537 637.4

8 105 272 192 41 3 621 773.4

2 9 85 168 159 52 8 2 486 888.4

2 5 23 89 82 53 10 1 965 1,024.3

1 13 37 37 21 12 121 1,148.7

1 2 3 6 1 1 14 1,307.1

2 2 1,350

22 83 218 422 353 452 561 426 306 177 100 36 21 1 1 3,179

25 27.5 30.3 32.5 35.1 37.4 38.8 39.7 41.4 42.7 43.5 44.7 45.6 47 48

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^----

,lril+a,O l ^

IUY..- 300-200 400

24--26 7 1 .

26-28 9 5 i

28-30 5 44" 7

30-32 1 31 88 ^7.

32-34 2 104 162

.Jq_36 I8213

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38--40 6

40--42

42-44

44--4G

46-48

48-50

50-51

n

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22

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$3

B L• c, r •

5C;1- 700- c00 IlU;l.-.1000 1200G(10 1 I 800

12

100

167

64

8

2

1500-

1666

"fr^t,;nllt^ 4

A 1

8 125

15 212,5

56 267,2

127 . 354,2

281 -129,2

344 46

302 581,8

537 (387,4

621 773,4

486 888,4

265 10'24,;

121 1148,7

14 1307,1

2 1350

218 422 353 ^'452 561 426 306 177 100 36 21 I 1 3179

27530,3 325- 35,1.'' 37,4 38,8 39,7 .41,4 42,743,5 44,7 45,6 47 48

1300 1

1l+100 1

11 ' 1- .285. 13 2 1

240 184 38 3 2

105 ^272 • 192 41

85 168 . 159 ; 52 8. , 2

23 89 ,82 53 .10 1

1' 13 37 37 21 '12, 1 , 2 .,3 G 1

TABLE 5

AVERAGE BODY LE^^1GTi-E AND WEIGHT OF MALE AND FEMALE PERCH IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN

Gulf of Alaska (Lubimova, 1964) Coastal waters of the state.of Oregon Bering Sea (our data, 1965-1969)(Alverson and Westrhe im 1961)

Sex Body Length cm. Weight grams Body Length cm. We ig ht grams Body Length cm. We ight grams

Males 28.5 280 36.0 650 36.2 630.8.

Females 29.5 300 39.0 800 39.0 689.7

...;.. - --^^^ Taü:nrua 5

CpQgl;ua Anxsa H nec cabll[QII :S cabI0li OKYHfI II jlaanlrvnvlx pairartax .TFLKUr o OKea:73

3an. . A1ISICxa

(JÎtobltalor,a, 1961)

Ti,nrllra, Cu

tiepuxrol;o siope^lla[Ilkl ;GÎnlL;e, ;

1966--1969 rr.;

:uliita,

CM •

Cansubi 28,5 ' 280 36,0 .• . 650 36,2..' BÔ,S •

CanssH 29,5 300 39,0 800 39,0 .? G89,7

Boa,bi no6epexcLAIIIîaT013 Qpel'On

(AaLrtejJCOIift BeCrreiht, 1961)

^ Anllna, ^ ucc, r.nec, r CM

^ .a

the average length of fish decreased from 41 cm. in 1957 to 134 cm. in 1968. It was the

extent of Soviet and Japanese commercial fishery operations - which were conducted on a

particularly large scale during 1960 - 1962 - that was responsible for the change in the size

of perch.

In so far as its size is concerned, the Pacific perch is similar to that inhabiting

the Vancouver - Oregon region, the Kuril and the Aleutian Islands, and in the vicinity of the

coast of Kamchatka, but is different from perch of the Gulf of Alaska which is much smaller

(Table 3).

The P.o.p. of the Bering Sea shows a high positive correlation between the length

and weight of the body (Table 4). During the first years of life the perch grow rapidly in

length but gain very little weight. The fish with a body length of 20 - 24 cm. weigh only

120 - 125 grams, but on attaining the length of 28 - 30 cms. they begin to gain weight

rapidly. Thus, a perch with a body length of 46 - 48 cms. weighs 1,300 - 1,500 grams,

i.e. the twofold increase in body length is accompanied by the 10-11-fold increase in weight.

The size of P.o.p. in different areas of the Bering Sea is not uniform. To the north-

west of the Pribiloff Islands they are larger than those found in the south eastern part of the

same sea. At the coordinates of 57° 31' northern latitude (N.L.) and 174° 12' western longitude

(W.L.) at a depth of 250 meters the average length of perch is 30.1 cm.; and at coordinates

58° N.L. and 1740 31' W.L. at a depth of 250 meters it is 38.6 cm. Parallel with its move-

ment along the slope in the north westerly direction, we noted not only the increase in size

of perch but also a simultaneous decrease in its share of the total catches.

As is the case in other areas, vve observed, among the females and males of the

same age group of P.o.p. in the Bering Sea, differences in the length and weight of the

body (Table 5).

a.

Pile. 3. Ilemya ,TaxooNeartmoro (iKyluiEepitHropa mopst: .a— I3o3pacT, 17 .1eT; . . . . .

6— A oapaT 16 Jier . .-- 7., ,,, -..,:. -.. ' .; • ' :•. .* .. . . .... .. ..., .

Fig. 3 The scales of a Pacific Ocean perch of the Bering Sea: a - fish aged 17 years; b - fish aged 16 years.

.1964 É , n /ef' • 1958c

- I C

20

• • - ?965r • .0- 531

*

eo r r 12591

,

0

!e6,,

20

' 19821 n S8 •

.■ 47

.20 1950f

10

1966 r - n- 173

1967, - 361

■ --"bCp=c7=L__ . -

1968 e

-1 —

' 0 • 1.S8 : :: :

20

0

• 0

, 10 9- C'

(.)

,•„,20

. •-

, o.

-20

Th

/7 ' . ' 11. /' 11.1' .. 5 8.Ü •'? ,4 .15 '8 c12 • ,5 fi In Ic, 4 '5 1 20 12 •

• • ,--Pe:----›- 5,11ocrm •

PIR:. 4. Bo.yucritoii courzia Ticwoaealleauro OKy1151 Beptiaro- aa mupa. a Tpa .:0131.11X y.-:oaax (1958-1968 rr.)

. .

Ag e

Fig. 4 Age range of the Bering Sea Pacific perch in trawl catches during the 1958-1968 period.

In trawl catches in the Bering Sea, we found different groups of males 34 - 37 cm .

long, and females 36 - 41 cm . long. The ind iv idua I fish less than 30 cm . long represented

a very small percentage of the catches. It is quite characteristic that we.found - throughout

the entire course of our investigations on the continental slope of the Bering Sea - no fish

less than 20 cm . long . Apparently these perch -- as is the case in other reg ions - keep them-

se Ives apart from ad u lt schools, rema in ing at their own pe lag ia l level.

AGE AND THE RATE OF GROWTH

We determined the age of P.o.p. in the Bering Sea by studying its scales. Earlier

this method was used by O.F. Gritsenko (1963).

By studying Fig . 3 one may form a judgement regarding the pattern of distribution

of annual rings on the scales, the distinctiveness of the pattern, and the suitability of scales

for determ in ing the age of perch.

The P.o.p. is a slow growing fish species with a long span of life. A great number

of annual rings are formed on its scales. Often the rings become fused, so that in determining

the age an error of 1- 2 years is not unusual. The percentage of scales with a deformed

structure of their centre and indistinct annual rings is fairly high. Out of 3,000 samples of

scales examined by us, the precise age, without any doubt, was determined in 1,932 specimens;

the remainder of the scales had a deformed structure of their centre and indistinct annual rings.

During the period of our observations of trawl catches, the age of perch varied

from 6 to 23 years (Fig. 4). Most of the catches_.(72.3 per cent) consisted of individuals

aged 9 - 15 years, those over 15 years of age (9.7 per cent) and those less than 9 years of

age (18 per cent).

•

44_1 _

f4. ii4_,(1.12Z •n -

' 0 '

• • - - n 1. - ! i i .4

• . - .. -i ' ' 7 ! I r.1 • n . - ri :i. 1 1.r,

• .:(7 ;

• • :

...,..- --- - in-Liflulil,!kkil . . _ i D . . . na2 Li Li Li . Li

' 20

i ''" " n . _.

r:1 : .

-:

1..3 L,/ - 171 crt-rt

10

2-0

o

10 •

_

• ! - •-- • • . •• • • Tri I • , , • ! p , „ . L j .,1 •,c4 . n

•• r " '","" e' 22 22 ge3,0cri71

.• Plic. Bo3pacri1ort cocraB camueu •11 camoK ruxeeKeaucKero • el<yuB BcpnBrona ;‘ropu: — 1965 r • : Keauir: camuon 312:

caMoK —519; 5 -- 1956 r.: camuon — 109, camel< • 60; B 1967 r.: twang. - cm:miler,— 185, cameK —176; r 1968 r,:

• camuon 79 . CaMOIC 109

Age

Fig. 5 Age range of males and females of Pacific ocean perch of the Bering Sea:

A 1965, number of males - 312, females - 519; 1966, number of males - 109, females - 60; 1967, number of males - 185, females - 176;

D 1968, number of males - 79, females - 109.

The data, on age range. of P.o.p. similar to those obtained by us can be found in

investigations of I.A. Paraketsov (1963) and O.F. Gritsenko (1963). According to these

authors, trawl catches in the Bering Sea consisted of perch aged 7 - 21 years; most of the

fish (86 per cent) were represented by individuals aged 11 - 15 years; while the share of .

those older than 15 years was 6.3 per cent,. and that of those younger than 11 ÿears was

7.7 per cent.

Our observations on the age range of the Bering Sea perch extended over a fairly

long period ( 1957 - 1968) during which considerable changes have taken place. As a result

of large scale commercial f ishery operat ions (1960-1962), the number of perch of the older

age groups had perceptibly decreased . In 1962 there were 84.7 per cent of perch aged 9- 14

years, and 8. i per cent of those aged 7 - 8 years. In 1967 there were 68 per cent of perch

aged 9 - 14 years, and 18 per cent of those younger than 9 years. It must be noted here that

the ratio Or. males to f.^-.mal°S - in the specimens examined by us - was 1:1; or very close to that.

As has been shown by our investigations in the Bering Sea, the males were always

younger than were the females in trawl catches (Fig. 5); this phenomenon is obviously associated

with an earlier maturation of sex products in the males (at the age of 6 - 8 years) than is the

case with the females (at the age of 8 - 9 years). The predominance of one sex in catches

may be reflected in the age range of the perch.. For example, when 'the females predominate

in catches the share of individuals of older age groups becomes larger, and vice versa.

The depth at which-the catches are obtained also influences the changes in the

age range of perch, e.g ., at a greater depth the share of large perch of older age groups

increases (Fig. 6) .

Another point worthy of attention is the fairly substantial difference in the rate

of growth of the males and females. During the first 3 - 4 years of life, the fluctuations

:

D .

or

a..

• \

■ • J\

Y

pi 4 r., .

• ■ . " ce..)ocen, • e-, e..-,(_:- Age

5 ■

t-,‘ • ,, , ,_ , ,„ 1 ,,,1 . 1 , ■ , ■ 1 ---r , ,

a S Ill 1 , le' 13 14 15 15 17 ta le 20 - el • 22- 2.3' . -- - --- --

Plic. 6. Pachlw.:ien:ruic Tlixo0KealiCKOro °KS-Au- 110 rny6iniam .. .".: O 3aBliciimocr1l oè ilo3piicTa (iL.)67 r.): 1 — r.T.).- iiii.« ' •.: 150-250 m, . 2 77.-1..iyfigiia 250-350 m, 3— ray6inia

350-150 m . ,

Fig. 6 Distribution of the Pacific ocean perch at different depths according to the oge (in 1967): 1. Depth - 150 - 250 meters; 2. Depth - 250 - 350 meters; 3. Depth - 350 - 450 meters.

.: ?G'L.^

nll; ,..'!.

fema le

Age

Fig. 7 The linear growth of the Pacific ocean perch of the Bering Sea.

NMI 'Me

MI•

I••• 11.B. ROM

Aeea

TABLE 6 •

THE RATE OF GROWTH OF PERCH IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN' IN CM.

AGE IN YEARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 • 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

, Bering Sea 1960-1968

South-Eastern Coast of Kamchatka 1964

7.4 11.6 15.4 18.8 21.8 24.5 26.9 29.0 30.8 32.3 33.8 35.1 36.2 37.4 38.0 39.0 39.9 40.6 41.1 41.5 41.6 43.0 43.7

5.9 8.9 12.5 15.9 18.5 20.6 22.8 24.8 28.6 30.6 31.6 32.3 33.4 35.5 36.6 36.9 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.9 -

ulf of Alaska ; • data of T .G

Liubimova 1964 5.2 10.1 15.5 19.6 22.8 25.5 27.7 29.5 31.1 32.6 34.1 35.5 36.7 38.1

Vancouver-Oregon Region data of V.A. Snytko 1965-1966

-Northern Kuril Islands data of N.P. Novikov

-1969 8.7 12.0 15.3 17.8 20.3 22.5 24.4 26.9 29.3 31.1 32.4 34.4 35.5 36.0 36. 1

9.3 13.2 19.7 23.2 26.1 28.5 30.6 32.4 34.0 35.4 36.6 37.6 38.6 39.5 40.4 41.3 42.1 42.8 43.7 44.4 45.1 45.8 46.5

Aleutian Islands 1964-1968 6.5 10.5 14.0 17.1 20.0 22.7 24.1 27.0 28.5 29.1 30.0 -

23 19 18 I 1) 15 1 4 13 16 17 9 • 10 2 3 5 I 6 7 4 1 8

,

: Ta6mina 6

Temin pocra TuxoodieartcKoro oicyffa B pa3J1inilbtX paflotiax TeIxoro oReamt, CM

Paiuit "

Bo 3 pa c'T, e

B(.1)IIIIIT.,W)I Irope, 1960-4968 rr. 7,4 11,6 15,4 18,8 21,8 24,5 26,9 29,0 30,8 32,3 33,8 35,1 36,2 37,4 38,0 39,0 39,9 40,6 41,1 41,5 41,6 43,0 43,7

10:0-Loc. i (“lifee , tr.( Aepe•Arbe • K:, '.1U:i 11,H, 19 1 • 4 r. 5,9 8.9 12,5 15,9 18,5 20,6 22,8 24,8 28,6 30,6 31,6 32,3 33.4 35,5 36,6 36,1; . 37,0 :37,5 38,0 38,9 - - -7.-- --

...._ . ;.,:l. A.is:t. Ka . .. ,

' . GLIIII:ILICI T. r. . . , .1,()6.,,,,,,ii. 19,4 r) 5,2 10,1 15,5 19,6 22,8 25,5 27,7 29,5 31,1 32,6 34,1 35,5 36,7 38,1 - - - - - -

1-;;IiJo..ii•,..»..i- . (pi iiiii.1-al ii . , . .

, • • ii a nu 1.11 mime . . . . • • . , 1.',. A. Cliburxo, 19f)-196G rr.) 9,3 13,2 19,7 23,2 26,1 28,5 30,6 ,32,4 34,0 • 35,4 36,6 37,6, 138,6 39,5 40,4, 41,3 42,1 42,8 . 43,7, 44,4 45,1 45,8 46,5

Ci•iy...piii.ii.: li::.,•.1u.:11,1, , (,.viifiime 11. 11. . ,• ,

II( litilv.m.I.u, . .. _ . „ .

19(14 r.) .8,7 12,0 15,3 17,8 20,3 22,5 24,4 26,9 • 29,3,:, 31,1 32,4, 34,4 35.,5 . .36,0 , 36,1 .'•• - ' -; -.--, ,, -- -- - -

..`‘..rir, ii.i.•.:ie ti•II:.I, .

1 r.Si/1 i 96-'3 IT. 6.5 10,5 14,0 17,1 20,0 22,7 24,1 . .27,0 28,5 • 29,1 . 30,0 ..---:- : - ' -- : - •

• • . . ., . :-. . - -

in the rate of growth (annual': ]are very small and are within the limits of .2 -.5 cm. There-

after, the rate of growth in the females accelerates, and they become longer than the males

by 1.5 ° 3.0 cm. by the time they reach the age of 8 - 15 years. The effect of these same

factors also remains operative in subsequent,years (Fig. 7).

The P.o.p. in the Bering Sea grow rapidly during the first 6 - 7 years of their life,

but, thereafter, the rate of growth is markedly slowed down. Thus, before the perch reach

the age of 6- 7 years, the annual gain in length is equal to 3 - 5.3 cm.; at the àge of 8-

15 years this annual gain becomes 1- 2.5 cm., and in those individuals older than 15 years -

.3 - .8 cm . The linear growth of the perch proceeds uniformly, decreasing with the advance

in age. No leaps in the rate of growth have been noted in P.o.p., in contrast to that of

the Gulf of Alaska in which, according to T.G. Liubimova (1964), a"sudden leap in the yearly

gain had been observed between the second and fihir& year of its life as a result of feeding on

the type of food Hch in calories.

The rate of growth of perch in different areas of the Pacific Ocean is not uniform

(Table 6). Essential differences in their rate of growth have been observed in. the Gulf of

Alaska and in south eustern areas of the coast of Kamchatka, and particularly so during the

first years of their life. It is"worthy of note that the Bering Sea perch, in comparison with

that of the Gulf of Alaska, grows more rapidly during the first years of life, and thereafter

their growth proceeds at the same rate only with slight modifications.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GONADS OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH

No special investigations devoted to the study of reproduction of P.o.p. in the

Bering Sea were undertaken either by the Soviet or foreign investigators. In the relevant

literature there are some data relating to the time of arrival of sexual maturity, the

fecundity and the periods of spawning of the perch inhabiting the waters of California,

Canada and Gulf of Alaska (Moiseyev and Paraketsov, 1961; Alverson and Westrheim, 1961;

Paraketsov, 1963; Lisovenko, 1964). L.A. Lisovenko (1964) had carried out the most

detailed investigations dealing with the reproduction of the P.o.p. in the Gulf of Alaska.

In his work the author devoted special attention to gametogenesis, embryogenesis and

distribution of the larvae of that perch species.

The data which follow represent the first attempt to describe the reproduction

of the P.o.p. in the Bering Sea.

The sexual cycle of the P.o.p. has the following most important phases:develop-

ment and growth of the ovaries and the testes, mating (of the males and females), internal

fertilization, development of the embryos, discharge of (fully) formed live young (larvae).

The Bering Sea perch reach sexual maturity when their body length is 26-31 cm.

at the age of 6 - 9 years, the males attaining maturity at the age of 6 - 7 yea's, and the

fema les - at the age of 8 - 9 years. The ratio of sexually mature and immature males in

catches is 73: 27, and in the females - 78:22. In most of the individual perch aged 5 - 7

years with their body length equal to 20 - 22 cm. it is possible, without any error, to

distinguish the sexes. In perch of older age groups the sex can always be well discerned.

Since P.o.p. has characteristically a long span of life (according to the data

furnished by I .A. Paraketsov, 1963), it may live to reach the age of thirty years; and

according to the data of Alverson and Westrheim (1959), it may live beyond thirty years

of age. The process of develdpment and maturation of their gonads - prior to the arrival

of sexual maturity - may take place over a long period of time.

The ovaries of perch in the first stage of maturity appear as elongated transparent

triangular formations; and the testes have the appearance of transparent slender strands. The

first developmental stage of both the ovaries and the testes quickly passes on to the second stage.

.....,•_..y:^^..^.:^,.^

TABLE 7

CHANGES IN THE RATIO OF STAGES OF SEXUAL MATURITY OF THE OVARIES OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH OF THE

BERIN G SEA IN PERCENTAGES

Month

J une

July

August

Seci-ember

O ctober

November

December

,;anuary

February

Ma rc h

April

May

Stages of Sexual Maturity4I III IV V VI VII V[El VIII-1I

52.2 47.8

47 53

40 51.9 8.1

67 31.5 1.5

35.2 31.2 33.6

5.8 93 1.2

32 66 2

4.9 54 41.1

1.7 27.3 71

0.3 4.2 6.3 48.3 49.9

14.5 9.6

i.... • .i:3:IC?:CIIfIC. t00ili0fJ8Fi!iR CT3Jlili% r^OJiOLJa 37C70CTH fiN.°.Fl;iKJS

7i.:00KCakICKü1'O OXti'HA SCQFiiirOSa 1VI0PR,

30.6 17.3 28.1

9.5 24 66.5

il I I I IV ^V 4 `' I

52,2 -t7,853.00 4,'

40 51,9 . 8,1.

t.; 3I,5 1 5

'3,i,2 31,2 33,6

fi,8 93 1,2

32 66 2

4,9 54 11,1

1,7 227,3 71

1,3 •1•2 6.3 48,3 49,9

_ ._ - 14,5 9,6

(,Ta"1:19 31TCJI0CTi1

Number of Fishn

183

297

1,082

1,793

607

160

47

151

325

284

170

aû:iilila'7: 280

Vil i V Ili V111-11

183,

297

1082

171,43

607

160

-I7

151

325

284

30,6 ' 17,3 28,1 170

?,a 21 6(i,5 2S0

T86.1inta 8 . -

113menenue COOTFOn1e}n1 CT1ThI1 noaouoii 3peaocsti cemelimixon • nixooxealicKoro oxymi Bepunrona mopyr, %

• Cra;titil 3peitocni

• • ' 11 • • III

• CHANGES IN THE RATIO OF STAGES OF SEXUAL MATURITY OF THE TESTES OF PACIFIC OCEAN

PERCH OF THE BERING SEA IN PERCENTAGES

Stages of Sexual Maturity 11 111 IV VI

. Month Number of Fish n

437

561

539

321

95

165

303

1,041

2,097

654

150

53

January 49 51

February 88.1 11.9

March 49.3 50.7

April 68 32

May 19.7 78 2.3

June 9.4 86 4.6

July 38.8 54.2 7

August 6.7 71 17.2 5.1

September 0.9 22.4 15.1 5.1 56.5

October 2.4 28.6 44.3 24.7

November 90 10

December 69.9 30.1

• iliniapb ' 49 51 - 437 cDeBpaas 88,1 11,9 , , 561 •

. • « • 49,3 50,7 • - 539 Anpeab 68 32 " _ • - • : • 321

19,7 78 2,3 , - - 95 , 111olib • 9,4 86 • • 4,6 • 165 .

1I10 ,1b • 38,8 54,2 7 • 303 - •

Aarycr . • 6,7 71 17,2 , 5,1 1041•

CeilTH6pb • 0,9: 22,4 15,1 _ 5,1 . f 56,5 . 2097

OK•rsi6pb • - ' 2,4 28,6 - 44,3 24,7 , *-f- 054

Hon ~ph •. ' 90 10 ,*- 150 ' ••

;:»Ka6p1 69,9 30,1 ' _ 53

The periodicity of stages of the spawning cycle in the males and females of

the viviparous perch is altogether different and has its speci,fic features. =

V.P. Sorokin (1956) established that maturation of the gonads in the females and males

of Sebastes marinus and S. mente lla does not occur at the some time. As a result of our

observations on S. alutus of the Bering Sea, extending over a period of many years, the

same body of facts was revealed. During the mating period (September - October) most

of the sexually. mature fema_les have ova which attained the II and III stage of maturation,

only a féw of thern having the ova in stage IV (Table 7). Prior to mating, the testes under-

go cônsiderable changes associated with the intensified'process of spermatogenesis occurring

at that time (III and IV stages of maturation). During the Ill stage of maturation the testes

become somewhat enlarged; they acquire brownish tint and are resilient to the touch.reach. i.heir maximuni size.; they

'During the IV stage the gonads^become..ligliter in colour with a brownish tint and assume5

a rounded form . At the moment the mating is to occur the testes of sexually mature males

reach the V stage of maturation, thus completing the process of spermatogenesis. The gonad

is then full of liquid sperm., and,the males become capable of copulation. At this time the

testes reach their maximal size.

As a result of our investigations, we found that the peak of the mating period

occurs in September - O ctober (Table 8).

At the period of mating the males and females have a different degree of rriaturity

of their gonads: the females reach the 1 1 - I I I and the males - the V stage.

After the females have been inseminated, the rema in ing sperm in the testes

undergoes phagocytosis. Thereafter, a new process of spermatogenesis begins again, the

male gonads reach the 11 stage of maturation, and the sexual cycle is repeated aga in in the

course of 8 - 10 months. In the ovaries the process of maturation of the ova, lasting 5 - 6

months, occurs, starting with the II, III up to V, and VI stages of maturity. At the listage

a granular structure may become discernible in some of the ovaries, and some very small

ovocytes (.25 - .3 mm.) can be observed. A subsequent increase in the size of the ovocytes

furnishes a criterion that they have now reached the Ill stage of maturity.

The ovary in the IV stage of maturation undergoes a considerable increase in

size, the individual ovocytes reaching 1 mm. The latter are yellow in colour, while a

great number are already mature but have not as yet become separated from the wall of the

ovary.

Towards the V stage of maturation, the ovocytes become transparent and float

freely in the ovarian fluid. The process of maturation is then complete and is followed by

ovulation of the ovocytes. According to the data furnished by V.P. Sorokin (1956), the and ovulation

maturationiçof the ovocytes is accompanied by the change in the pH of the ovarian fluid

from 6.5 to 7 value. As a result of change of pH of the environment in which sperm cells

are deposited - from the moment of internal fertilization - they become activated and the

fertilization then takes place; this is followed by the period of embryonic development

which is also accompanied by the increase in the size of the ovocytes and the ovary.

The VI stage - that of embryonic development - can be recognized by the

presence of characteristic ovocytes with dark spots, i.e. the eyes of the developing embryos.

The VII stage - that of expulsion - is accompanied by the extrusion of the larvae

which have ultimately be.come freed from the embryonic envelope.

Immediately after their birth, the larvae (5-8 mm. long) swim freely and still

have attached to their body the unabsorbed yolk sac. The pigmentation in the larvae is

TABLE 9

Area

Bering Seadata of P.A.Moiseyev andI.A. Paraketsov1961

AN AVERAGE FECUNDITY OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH IN 1,000s

Body Length of Females in cm.28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50

27 41 60 82 106 137 180

Bering Seaour data - - 29 34 68 80 101 103 - - -

Gulf of Alaskadata of L.A.L i sov s ky 1965 10 15 21 29 39 52 68 - -

Coast of Oregondata of Alversonand Westrheim1961 - - 33 53 75 108 147 201 270

Vancouver-Oregondata of V.A.Snytko 1970 - 40 74 84 117 138 193 237 '248 286

. Tat.i.una 9

camox, cm 50 18 16 11

P 4) sr 34 :12 • 28 . I . 39 38 40

- — . 27 ; 41 60 82 106 137 180

- — 29 34 Ci8 80 101 103

Id 1.5 21 29 39 . 52 68

CpeAusla .noorocm i 11xooKeanclzoro cresusit, T:AC. rn

Bops:arms° m,ope (zansilise II. A. Mo ce-

eri n H. A. rIapagoeumsa, 1961)

liermsdrono M ope (sanal 21,assubse)

3 a . A.151 ■0E. a (,1.ans lit e JJ A.. JIneencnoro, 1965)

1706epe'inbe Operon Carainue A.lbeepeona n BecTpeilma, 1961)

B in(yBcpu-Operoltcmili (..ininsme B. A. Cubmo,,,,1970)

33 " • 53 75 108 147 :201 . 270 --

40 74 81 117 133 193 237 2.fli

discernible as a group of melanophores along the ventral part of the body. The subseque.nt

development of the larvae occurs outside the maternal body.

The average fecundity of the P.o.p. in the Bering Sea fluctuates between 27

and 180 thousand larvae, depending on body length of the females (Table 9). The fecundity

of this species is higher than that of the ocean perch of the Gulf of Mexico and - is about

équal to the fecundity of perch inhabiting the waters in the vicinity of the USA

and Canada.

After the birth of the larvae, the ovaries of perch decrease in size, the ovarian

envelope contracts and becomes flaccid. The post-spawning stage (VIII) is rapidly trans-

formed into siage I l of the development of the ovary, thus beginning again an entirely new

cycle of the ovogenesis.

NUTRITION

Up to the present tirne nutrition of the Bering Sea perch has been studied inadequately.

It is only one article (Skalkin, 1964) that furnished a most detailed description of the quali-

tative and quantitative food componenis of the P.o.p. According to V.A. Skalkin, the

species which foim the basic food of perch consist of the Crustaceans among which occur

the forms leading the planktonic and nectobenihic type of existence. In so far as their weight

and the frequency with which they occur in the contents of the stomach are concerned, the

commonest food animals are Calculus cristatus, C. plumchrus, C. glacialis, Thysonoessa

longipes, T. raschii, T. inermis, mysids and squids. All the plankton organisms

enumerated above occur in very large numbers only in the benthic layers of water.

The sexually immature and mature Bering Sea perch are planktonophagous, in

contrast with the Atlantic sea perch of the genus Sebastes, feeding mainly on fish (Boldovsky,

1944; Veshchezerov, 1944; Travin, 1960; and others). The peculiar features of the structure

of its pharynx indicate that the P.o.p. is a planktonophagous species (Barsukov, 1963).

Fpynna -AmaoTIP.Ax . _ :3.1 I 36 42 38 40 3 , :30 .

•••••■•

100,0

TABLE 10

A RATIO OF DIFFERENT GROUPS OF ANIMALS FOUND IN THE STOMACHS OF PERCH (DATA OF V.A. SKOLKIN, 1964)

Group of Animals Body Length of Perch in cm.

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

Calapidae 97.7 86.2 80.6 53.8 49.4 33.3 35.8 17.4

Euphasiidae 1.0 13.8 19.4 46.2 50.6 66.7 63.1 82.6 100.0

Number of stomachs . 3 12 26 16 2 5 9 8 1

lannua • Cool-inhume pauntnn« rpynn ennorutec i wesaygicax ,

(gannbse B. A. Cna.amna, 1964)

Pa3mep 6Kynn, CM

- 97,7 86,2 80,6 53,8 49,4 33,3 35,8 17,4

1,0 13,8 . 19,4 46,2 59,6 . 66,7 63,1 82,6

Ke,11111. à . 12 26 16 2 " • • • 5 • 9 8 • •

TABLE 11

THE DEGREE OF FULNESS OF THE STOMACHS OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH OF THE BERING SEA

DURING EACH SEASON OF THE YEAR IN PERCENTAGES

Season of the Year

Summer

Autumn

Winter

Spring

0

79.0

99.0

75.9

83.3

Degree of Fulness of the stomachs1 2 3 4

11.2 6.1 l.8 1.9

1.0 - - -

16.1 0.6 0.3 0.1

9.9 3.9 2.9 -

Hanoarteitt+e x:enyl>;xos Tuxoot;eaHcxoro oitynsi6epxwoua h1017f1 no ce3oHa8t, %

1-lanornEtetific ^tienti nt.t^o

i .C.H.>it l'U,1F1o I :2

: lun. 79,0 g;l'

Gceir, . 99,0

: tt\Itl . . : 75,9 . ...15,1

= I3èctts 83,3 9,9 .. 3

TABLE 12

THE DEGREE OF FULNESS OF THE STOMACHS OF PACIFiC OCEAN PERCH DURING DIFFERENT

HOURS OF A PERIOD OF 24 HOURS (DATA OF V.A. SKALKIN, 1964)

Time - hours of each Average mark assessingperiod of 24 hours the fulness of stomach

06-14 1.9

14-17 0•4

18-22 0.8

22- 6 1.8

: .: Tà6n•lnta •12

CTeHeHb HanoHèl:HSr }:;èlVJ^ISOi2 TnX00Ke11HCKCîo oeryllrlit rr13al:vHoe üPcarR CyTQx (92111Ih1e B. A. l:IC;1R1iIINa, 1964)

Number offish examined

280

100

200

200

lihl`1IH Cy"i'CrE.I

. c1^0:UIilft SII:I:I I Iion4i9eeTr30 npoltnarlHtn-Hi1110.9HeHiISI ifieal';jliOR pOG8IIH61X 1)bI5

280

100

200

200

Adult perch feed mainly on crustaceans, the Euphausiidae, which occur in the

plankton of deeper waters. In Table 10 are given the data illustrating changes occurring

in the composition of food, ingested by perch, as related to the size of individual fish.

Further study of the dynamics of nutrition of the Bering Sea perch showed that

this species feed most intensively during the spring-summer period (April - September) and

that during the remainder of the year their food intake decreases (Table Il).

In the above Table the "everted" stomachs were not taken into account, although

such stomachs represent 25 - 30 per cent of empty stomachs in the fall, and up to 50 per cent

in the spring. During fattening period, when perch feed voraciously, more stomachs become

"everted". At that time the walls of the stomach become greatly distended. During the

winter the stomachs of perch are much smaller and resemble a muscular organ, for which

reason the "eversion" of the stomùch cari very Se do re. be observed.

During each period of 24 hours (the diurnum) P.o.p. do not feed uniformly. In

the morning and evening hours perch feed voraciously, whereas the frequency of feeding

ai night time decreases (Table 12).

During mating period the sexually mature perch cease feeding; at that time 99

per cent of fish have empty stomachs (Table 12). During the fall and winter perçh mainly

feed on "chernog la zka " . *

As a result of our investigations, it was found that the Bering Sea perch feed

at a great rate ( period of fattening) during the spring-summer months. At that time we

*Translator's note: The literary meaning of "chernoglazka" is "black-eyed". It must be a local name for some kind of marine planktonic crustacean. hevisoris note. This term is used in the Murmansk area to denote a euphausid.

i,

, -- -

i . ^ . -. ^.

^ ^^.

2J0 _ !^

^..a-

. 'a l pU6ar Ôda4

o'

° f70°

Pilat. B. Oc:iositihe uecra cnea77e:iitri 7ttsoas.evF^:nôro n^rHrBepx:sraâ îop•x n ^tae--r.axrsrÜpe

Prybylov Islands

Fig. 8 Principal locations in which schools of Pacific ocean perch of the Bering Sea arefound during the period May - September. -

observed an abundance of food plankton. In wintertime, when perch inhabit very deep

waters, and also at the moment the ovaries reach maturity, the rate of feeding decreases.

At that time the perch lead a sort of "sedentary" life, moving but little.

PRINCIPAL STAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH IN THE BERING SEA

The P.o.p. inhabit the Bering Sea within the confines of ifs continental slope.

The schools of perch concentrate mainly at a depth of 130 - 450 meters. Single individuals

may be found at g reater depths. The principal aggregates of P.o.p. are fornied at a temp-

erature of 3.5 - 4° C. The temperature range of the northern part of the Pacific Ocean

inhabited by the perch fluctuates between .8 - 9.8° C. All the other important factors

of the biology of perch - such as the horizontal and vertical distribution of their schools

during specific periods of their life cycle, the paths and dates of their migrations, their

nutrition and reproduction - are determined by the existence of warm ocean current.

FATTEN ING

The fattening of the P.o.p. in the Bering Sea takes place during the summer-

autumn period (May - September). The schools of perch at the fattening locations are

distributed along the continental slope. The principal concentrations of fattening perch

were found to be in the central part of the Bering Sea (570 and 58° N.L.) and partially

in the region of Unimak (Fig. 8). In the central part of the continental slope the catches

brought in by the vessels of the SRTM and RT types (Soviet nomenclature) were found to

reach 80 - 120 centners - and in some single instances - 200 centners - per one hour of

trawling operations.

In the summer it was noted - in the central part of the Bering Sea - that super-

ficial layers of water become heated up (Arsen'yev, 1967). In this connexion a massive

development of plankton can be observed, its biomass increasing greatly in the layer of

water at a depth 0 - 100 meters, and particularly so in the central part of the continental

.aevisor"s note. Lleaiin refrigerator trawler 0 nevisor's note. Fishing trawler.

-6 efe- - 17 et?-174Lee,- ".1 •

tY 9

2 'r0 t •• - .

0 1.0 CS)

3 /1\,,,,I!•'

• i.

Z3 o C 0,, ^,., 10 1 4

CI_

"

• - 52<

Ai- j7. 9 fl - /3 r5

54 Y. ? • 4e%

At

•5-07`; - 50"; 01 • 35,3

- 2044 -

LC:1

4,

PItc. 9. Pa3meputAii c)c1:a ll. coot - 1101LICTIIIC C.IMU,017, C;17+1();:.

TI1X001 ■ 0.1:;CK01 -. 0. 130Plilll'O3II • •

mops! 1-3 m.'“?.41!;:rge■ pe• —

— to b., 3 — -1 ----

5 -- eel:T.516r b-oK 111::")pl:

20

10 -I

o 20

Male Fema le

lIoupg mber

Fig. 9 Size range and relative numbers of males, females and young of Pacific ocean perch of the

Bering Sea during the period May - October:

1. May; 2. June; 3. July; 4. August; 5. September-October.

TABLE 13

AVERAGE CATCHES OF PERCH IN THE BERING SEA DURING DIFFERENT HOURS OF A

PER IO D O F 24 HO UR S (1967 DATA)

T ime -hour of aperiod of 24 hours

0-22-4

4-6

6-88-10

10 - 12

Catch for one hourof trawling in centners

15.7

17.3

18.8

33.5

39.2

33.1

Time-hour of aperiod of 24 hours

Catch for one hourof trawling incentners

12-14

14 - 16

'16-18

18 - 2020-22

22-24

T36AIJqa 13 .f1mUaae yaonta ouyusf r,- GrgssuronoM rsopr It haznuc rpenul CYTOK (p•81111USZ 38 1907 r.)

:Ia,c•- cYrr ^tnc Tp t.tetnnt, u Rpc^ut c1'ror J'a 'n .1.1 qac

0 .-.2 j - - --15,7 12-14 25,6'2 •;' 17,;3 14-16 30,4{-(i 18,8 16-18 19,1S-•-S 33,3 18--20 18,9l t? 3P,2 20-22 15,6

tt)-12 33,1 22-24 . 12,7

25.6

30.4

19.1

18.9

15.6

12.7

slope, i.e., a location to which the perch migrate when fattening time comes around.

At that time the perch feed voraciously, the Euphausiidae and Calanidae constituting

the bulk of their diet.

Perch schools are located at the continental shelf and at the part of the conti-

nental slope adjacent to the shelf, at depths of 130 - 350 meters. The largest aggregates

of sexually mature perch were observed at depths of 150 - 250 meters. The (sexually)

immature perch remain at depths of 100 - 150 meters, later joining the main stock. That

this is so may be proved by the changes affecting the size range of the stock at the period

of fattening (Fig. 9).

During that period perch undertake considerable - for the benthic fish - vertical

migrations during every diurnal period (24 hours). During the day perch keep close to the

sea bottom, and at night they rise up\Atard by 30 - 50 rind more meters from the sea bottom

as proved by recordings of the hydro-acoustic devices. This has also been confirmed by

noting the difference in the size of catches depending on the time of the diurnal period

(Table 13).

The catches brought in during the day are by 40 - 50 per cent higher than those

obtained at night. The explanation is that at night the perch move away from the area

reached by sea bottom trawls by rising to the upper layers of water. The phenomenon of fattening Bering Sea

diurnal vertical migration ofXperch had been noted earlier by P.A. Moiseyev and I.A.

Paraketsov (1961). These diurnal vertical migrations become more pronounced during

fattening period; this is due to the specific feeding habits of the perch consuming mainly

the Euphausiidae, and to the variable degree of illumination (of deep water) during different

hours of the diurnum. This phenomenon was also stressed in the paper by V.A. Skalkin

(1964). The rate at which the perch feed during the diurnum at the fattening locations is

FATNESS OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH OF THE BERING SEA

Mônths

January

February

Apri I

May

August

September

October

November

December

Mark assessing fatnessof perch

0.3

0.2

0.4

1.1

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.5

0.9

ÎiCtiPFlOl'Tf, Tli:io010. aficuoro cixytfsf 6epwtfrona ntopn - -

._.^tacs+.•^ . I l(^tlOIifCTG^ Ô;11:I1I I . , fl ^

0,3 ^^ . . . . . . 900,2 I .: 6710 •1 .1001,1 100

- I 8 l l611,8 23371,6 321.1,5 2500,9 100

Ta:tfttla in

Number of fishn

90

671

400

100

1,161

2,337

321

250

100

CIi:,Ii Ii

11 • f 111 1V f n

59,9 47,8 183 47 53 ' — . 297 40 51,9 8,1 1082 67 31,5 1,5 :1793

TABLE 15

CHANGE IN THE RATIO OF MATURATION OF THE GONADS OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH DURING FATTENING

PERIOD IN PERCENTAGES

Month Males Number of fish Fema les Number of fish Il III IV V VI n II III IV n

June 9.4 86 4.6 - - 165 52.2 47.8 - 183

July 38.8 54.2 7 - - 300 47 53 - 297

August 6.7 71 17.2 5.1 - 1,041 40 51.9 8.1 1,082

September 0.9 22.4 15.1 5.1 56.5 2,097 67 31.5 1.5 1,793

. . . Ta6.-uma 15 . ••. . . . . .

M34enenne COOT110111CMISI 3pCOOCTI{ roling -rn.xooKeancialro OKyliA B nepnoe, naryoa, % : .

li I i. , hi I - I ,Mv,silt I

• In 1 iv 1 •• ■ , i vi i n

' 1-Itoill,, 0,1 • . • 86 4.6 — 165 .'illo:n, • • 3,',.F; . 1,2 300

AP,ryc -r 6.7 71 17.2 :4,1 -- 1041 Cenrsifipi, 0.0 .. 22,4 '15,1 5,1 56,5 2097

- - -- - -........,. . - ... • •• " -

nat uniform: the greatest rate occurs in the morning and evening hours. In other seasons

of the year, the diurnal vertical migrations are not very pronounced and are obv.iously due

in the main to the amount of light penetrating different layers of water during each diurnal

period.

During its fattening period the P.o.p. accumulate fat in their muscles, livers

and entrails. The principal fat storage depots in the perch are the liver and the entrails.

According to the resu-its of chemical analysis obtained by the Béring Sea'éxpedition (Kizevetter,

Kleie et al., 1965), the fat content of these organs - expressed in percentages - is, two to

three times higher than it is in other organs of perch body.

The highest degree of fatness was seen at the end of the fattening period, in'

August - September. In wintertime fatness of the perch decreases perceptibly, and the fish,

though having no fat in their entrafls, reach ç1 fairly large size (Table 14).

During the fattening period we found that the gonads of males--and females are

at different stages of maturity. In the females after spawning, we observed -- virtually

throughout the entire period of fattening - that their ovaries were predominantly in the ll

and Ili stages of maturation (Table 15). In the sexuàlly mature females of the Bering Sea

perch, the period of fattening coincides with the beginning of the second (repeated)

maturation cycle of their gonads.

In the male perch we observed a different picture. In the beg inn ing of the

fattening period the testes were in the II and III stages of maturation, the Ill stage pre-

dominating. During the summer the gonads rapidly attain the state of complete maturity;

toward the middle of the fattening period the testes attain the IV stage, and in August -

September - the V and VI stages of sexual maturity (See Table 15). At that time there appear,

in that particular stock of perch, individual fish with running (liquid) sperm.

.0 M ,

0 1,

r

/..

, ..3 - 2 „›.

c ).:...1 «, a) • .., // u •

•

,, . n _ .../

Ct. e''...\ . .,,a in .?..- i.

t \ .e kt 417 42 4. 4.s 41 5• err

Pac: 10. Paame',Inbiii coran T ■ IXOOKOail- . crïçcro Ogy11:1 Bc- 11;1iroBa. !maim B nopBoa criapina-wig (1968 I. .): 1 -- ca_mttlil: M —35 in); ii --- 143 cm; 2 —cammi: M-37,4 cm; n — 1443; coomotuemie 1:1

. . . • . . • .

Fig. 10 Size range in schools of Pacific Ocean perch of the Bering Sea during mating (spawning)

in 1968:

1. males M - 35 cm. n = 1,430; 2.females - M -37.4 cm., n = 1,443; ratio of sexes 1:1

Revisor's note. Appeared in original text as 143 cm.

I

) a- e $ 22 24 26 )6 Yie y.

PITC. 11. Pa3N1C1.11-1111ii COCTaB oxyayi Bplturona Mo•pn B couriGne-wo- itibe 196b F., I 7-- ccirrepb: M -- 36,5 cm, 11-- 1443; 2—(w -1'5161)h: • M--- 32,8 cm,

n --- 539 . .

Fig. 11 Size range of the Bering Sea perch in September - October 1968:

1. September, M = 36.5 cm., n 1,4A-3; 2. October, M 32.8 cm., n = 539

Thus, toward the end of the fattening period the process of maturation of the

testes is completed, and male perch become capable of inseminating the females.

MATING AND MIGRATIONS OF PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH

The period of fattening is immediately followed by that of mating which takes

place in September - October at the locations where the fish fatten up. By that time

most of the sexually mature males are in the V stage of maturity, and among the females

the I 1 stage predom inates .

At the time of mating the sexually mature perch sink to great depths (250 - 370

meters), keeping apart from the sexually immature individuals. The average body length

of perch in these stocks is 35 cm. for the males and 37.4 cm. for the females (Fig. 10).

The process of sinking to great depths is accompanied in the perch by diminution

in the rate of feeding. The number of individual fish with empty stomachs, in the sexually

mature part of the stock, reaches 95 - 99 per cent. At that time the diurnal vertical migrations

become less pronounced, which fact furnishes an additional proof that such migrations are

due to search for food, i.e. the migration of the crustaceans on which perch feed.

Those females that were inseminated abandon the fattening locations, migrating

mainly south eastwards along the continental slope where the process of maturation of their

gonads is continued. The adult males and the young remain at fattening locations. The

size range of those perch constituting that part of the stock is quite different; there are

among them many individuals with a body length of 25 - 30 cm. (Fig. 11).

The migration of perch into south eastern part of the Bering Sea is further con-

firmed by a sharp decline (by 60 - 70 per cent) in the weight of catches in the regions in

which fattening and mating occur, and also by a decrease in the extent of the area occupied

by perch aggregates at fattening locations. In our opinion the sexually mature females

Male

Fema leA

B

22 2c 2E es 70-P- 74 16 iR cf: cJ c cA ca sn

P;PC. 12. P21'3\t8P:ibP[ CCfCT:P?S [I COOTitOlI10dI:IC Ca^t1fOC,' C"\'Oh

3II\i[iltll I7Cp1i0:(: ^^°Sltlllkl_j?b; ^L--3J ÿ 01,li \I(),701TI OIC}'lIfl B

n--•90; 6- cjlcl;pa.;ih: cm; n ---- 787; . 8.- aiapr:cal, n--151; I'-anpc,IS: }1--39,4 n-200;

^- alaü: M--37,9 caT, n-1128

C

D

E

Fig. 12 Size range and relative numbers of males, females and young of the perch during thewinter.

A- January, M = 33.2 cm., n = 90;B - February, M= 34 cm., n 787;C- March, M= 35.6 cm., n 151;D April, M = 39.4 cm., n = 200;E May, M = 37.9 cm., n= 1,128

undertake'migrations because of a decrease of the water temperature in the autumn -

winter period at fattening locations which are situated more to the north. At that time

a rapid maturation of sex products occurs in the female perch, because an acceleration

of the process of maturation is brought about by a higher (optimal for this species) water

temperature. At low temperatures this process is slowed down, thus leading to the retard-

at ion or even suppresion of the growth of sex cells; this, in its turn, leads to the impairment

of the reproductive capability of the perch.

Since the maturatiOn and embryonic development of the larvae occur during

the winter (November - April), the tendency of perch to migrate to warmer waters becomes

understandable (Lukin, 1947). For this reason, the perch inhabiting the central part of

Bering Sea undertake migrations in a south easterly direction into the region of Pribiloff

Islands. Here,as a result of the influence exerted by the Transverse Current, more favourable

conditions exist for the development of sex produr.ts. The P.o.p. in the Rering Seo are

encountered at water temperatures of .8 - 60 C., and their schools are formed at 3 - 4 • 50 C.

Both the adult males and the young perch also undertake migrations in the autumn, but they

leave the fattening locations somewhat later; this is indicated by the data obtained by us

in subsequent months (January - May) after mating. : (Fig.- 12) . At that time the males

predominate (67 - 83 per cent) in trawl catches.

In view of the fact that the males and females form separate aggregates in the

autumn - winter period, the schools of perch cover a small area and are scattered over

great distances along the continental slope at depths of 350 - 420 meters; as a result, the

catches of perch become lower than they were in the summer.

The beginning of the autumn migration of the males is not associated with the

development of their testes, for their principal function in the process of reproduction -

the insemination of the females - has already been completed at that time. Obviously, the

i-j

0)- 'In

a)

f •

fa l.2 e/fY4t2e/----

S .

/ .

. ' ------- . c) „ , , . , e "- :. , .7.'2

j'4 2e 1,-: )0 32 34 35 38 40 42 4- 5 48 e.'1

Pue. 13. Pa3meanlini eocraa TuxooaeaueKoro cumin fiepnu- roaa mops! a nepuo,l, 311MOEMI: I -- ClIAIKII—J2%, M — •

32,7 cm, n-- 270; 2 —camum--68%, M —3-1,6 cm, n --o70

1. female 2. male

Fig. 13 Size range of the Pacific Ocean perch of the Bering Sea during winter:

1 - females - 32 per cent, M = 32.7 cm., n = 270; 2 - males - 68 per cent, M = 34.6 cm., n = 570

migration of adult males and the young perch is due to the decrease of water temperature

at the benthic layers of the sea bottom at the fattening locations. These autumn and wintei-

migrations stiould apparently be regarded as a translocation to wintering areas.

In the spring (February - April) the return migration is observed, in a northerly

direction along the continental slope toward the fattening locations. The first to appear

are large migrating mciles and the young perch - if one is to judge by the ratio of sexes in

the catches.- and, then, the adult females; thereafter, the catches gradually increase and

later become stab i I ized .

THE WINTERING OF MALES AND FEMALES

The wintering of perch is observed when the water temperature at the locations

they inhabit decreases. As a result of the drop in temperature, the perch cease to feed and

sink to deeper layers of water. Usually, the perch select a specific sea bottom relief (depres-

sions and lia les). According to our observations the perch form the aggregatPs in locations

with a complex relief of the sea bottom and quieter water dynamics.

The wintering of perch in the Bering Sea is observed during December - February.

At that time the schools of perch are at depths of 350 - 450 meters. Judging by the results

of trawl catches, the schools consist of adult males and the young; adult females occur in

catches in small numbers (Fig. 13). The males of perch migrate from the fattening and

mating locations and become formed into small but fairly dense aggregates in submarine

valleys and canyons. A great number of such valleys are situated in a region between 56 -

57° N. L. along the continental slope of the Bering Sea .

As has been noted by T.G . Liubimova (1964), the recordings of hydro-acoustic

devices in the Gulf of Alaska, obtained during 1963 winter in the region of Midleton Island,

•

Pic. 14: Pnenpei.ie.qoune :unnutox TuxooKe- ancxoro 5cpiturona ,topst n MF.E:

• 1968 r.. (exema Tenennii no .3.:111111,1:m

Apeenbena, 19 (3 7).

------...-\, •

\-.

Ia. to 10 specimens

\ \ to 20 Specimens \,.. : ■ 3 „3 "...\\,. \ ,, \IT _ \ --.- over 20 v . ,..,41 ., • \ . •,• ..• . 1 current - - ) ;. j , I-I -- '''-'---.-.- • ' :' ' 1-*- :

,/ / / ! r.- ,- ,.,..---...-,--,,,, • . ,

N 1/2L\ •

' ----.,,c"-es"..--...'

Fig. 14 Distribution of larvae of the Pacific Ocean perch of the Bering Sea in May, 1968. The scheme of currents according io the data of V.S. Arsenev, 1967.

indicated the possibility of distribution of the female perch in the layer of water over

depths of 800 - 1,200 meters. Yet this phenomenon must be thoroughly verified before

being accepted as fact.

No such phenomenon was observed by us in the Bering Sea.

BIRTH OF THE LARVAE

After wintering, a rapid maturation of the ovaries proceeds at a fast rate; and

by the time the larvae are due to be discharged the ovaries reach the VII stage of maturity,

i.e. the stage during which the embryonic development of the larvae is finally completed,

and the larvae begin to emerge from the embryonic envelope. The females of P.o.p. in

the Bering Sea expel the free-swimming larvae (from 27 to 180 thousand) the subsequent

development of which proceeds outside the maternal body.

The expulsion of larvae begins on a large scale during April - May at fattening

locations and at depths of 350 - 370 meters. The perch spawn, as we were able to ascertain,

along the entire length of the continental slope of the Bering Sea, from the Unimak Strait

(Pass) to 580 38' N.L. This conclusion of ours has been confirmed by the data furnished

by the ichthyo-planktonic survey carried out in the Bering Sea during 1968 (Fig. 14).

As a result of this survey, we found that spawning of the P.o.p. begins, at the

earliest date, in the south eastern part of the continental slope and terminates, at the latest

date (at the end of May), at its areas located further north.

The information so obtained enabled us to form a judgement as to the distribution

of perch larvae. They were found in greatest number at the fattening locations where the

females were present in large and dense aggregates. The larvae were found in upper layers

of water at depths of 30 - 50 and up to 150 meters, i.e. they floated up from great depths

(250 - 380 meters) where they were born. The free-swimming larvae are scattered by the

current toward the shelf and its shallow water, as well as toward the -greater depths. We

found the larvae both at depths of 800 - 3,000 and 70 - 80 meters.

A more detailed study was carried out by L.A. Lisovenko (1964) in the Gulf

of Alaska. This author notes that expulsion of the larvae by perch females begins, in the

Gulf, in April and lasts 1- 2 months to a maximum of 3 months. The period of expulsion

of the larvae by the perch inhabiting waters of Canada and California (Alverson and

Westrheim, 1961) lasts longer, being continuous from October to February.

We have no data pertaining to the locations in the Bering Sea inhabited by the

pe lag ic young of the perch or to the environmental conditions of their habitat. Accord ingfor two to three years

to the available data.in the relevant literature, the young of perch4lead a pelagic type of

existence may ue riî^üid far ^ Or t hc û distance up ^ to 300 nexistence e an d rar from t^^: S^i^.S Jf t(i.'.. sea , ^..,+

(Aron, 1958, and others).

So for the distribution of the perch young in the Bering Sea has been inadequately

studied by us, but we may suppose that the young inhabit the southern part of the sea along

the islands of the Aleutian ridge. The indirect confirmation of this may be furnished by the

fact that in that reg ion one encounters the young perch 10 - 15 cm . long.

After expulsion of the larvae, the female perch begin their migration towards- the

region where the feeding and fattening areas are located. In the beginning of the fattening

period the females are very exhausted. They migrate, after the males; to the central part

of the Bering Sea in which the food is more abundant.

SPRING MIGRATION TO THE FEEDING LOCATIONS is undertaken by the

P.o.p. in the Bering Sea from March to June. Parallel with warming up of the water in

•

MO° 170

1-37.m. 15. 0c110;slibie. :\lecT a C ■ onsrolniii TH. xoovealt-C ,K01'

y•Ita Bepiturooa maspn B ine -piTea

Fig. 15 Principal locations of schools of Pacific Ocean perch of the Bering Sea during the summer period.

the northern part of the sea and the consequent retreat of ice to the north, the perch

begin to move into locations where fattening and spawning take place. According to

the data furnished by trawl catches, the males and the sexually immature part of the

stock are the first to migrate; the females follow later.

During March - May period the adult males and sexually immature perch pre-

dominate in trawl catches. The maturation of sex products begins in the ma'les at that

time; in most perch the gonads attain the III stage of maturity by the beginning of the

fattening period. In female perch the larvae begin to be expe I led in Apri I- May, and

toward the end of May the females with their gonads at the VIII - ll stages of maturity

predominate; thereafter, the females join the general stock and begin to feed voraciously.

This becomes clearly evident in June when the sex ratio between the males and females

approaches 1:1 value in trawl catches.

The principal. areas in which the perch congregate for feeding and fattening are

those in the centra I and south eastern parts of the Bering Sea (Fig. 15). At that time the

aggregates reach the greatest perch population density.

According to he data furnished by acoustic installations during the period of

spring migration, the perch translocate from the greater (400 - 420 meters) to lesser depths

(250 - 300 meters) at which level they form schools. The period of spring feeding migration

terminates the annual life cycle of the perch inhabiting the continental slope of the Bering

Sea. From that time on the perch are getting ready for mating, and the cycle is repeated

again: mating, autumnal migration, wintering and expulsion (birth) of the larvae.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONDUCTING COMMERCIAL FISHERY OPERATIONS OF THE

PACIFIC OCEAN PERCH IN THE BERING SEA

The P.o.p. is an important object of commercial trawling operations in the

northern part of the Pac if ic O cean . In a number of reg ions this species is very numerous

and forms schools with a large number of fish. As a result of our investigations during

1957 - 1968, it became possible for us to make some practical conclusions regarding the

organization and development of commercial trawling operations to obtain perch in the

Bering Sea.

It is during the summer (May - October) that perch form large schools. At that

time perch concentrations are fairly stable and are seen in locations readily accessible for

trawling operations in comparatively lesser depths (See Fig. 15). Conducting commercial

trawling operations at that period yields the best results. Besides, the perch caught during

fattening period has superior taste. The organizers of commercial fishery must take into

account the fact that perch undertake migrations during each diurnal period (24 hours) and

that perch catches are different during different hours of the diurnum. The highest catches

•are taken during daylight hours when perch keep close to sea bottom in dense aggregates.

During the winter adult males and perch young form aggregates at depths of 350 -

380 meters and remain in locations with no turbulence in the water. The perch spend winter

in submarine valleys and canyons. The females winter in the same locations but keep to

deep water (at a depth of 450 Meters and at a temperature of 3.5° C.) where the sea bottom

relief is complex.

During winter it is advisable to organize commercial fishery at great depths

(500 - 800 meters), switching over to other types of fish such as halibut, coalfish, etc.,

for at that time the availability of perch for commercial operations decreases sharply.

We carried out several trawl surveys of the continental slope and its shelf from

Cape Navarin to the Unimak Pass; as a result, we are now able briefly to characterize the

relief of the sea bottom. We have found the areas - in the vicinity of the exterior border

of the shelf in the upper part of the continental slope, at depths of 150 - 500 meters -

which were both suitable and unsuitable for the purpose of trawling operations. The

latter are feasible, without any damage occurring to the trawling gear, throughout

practically the whole length of the shelf in the Bering Sea, up to depths of 100 - 150

meters. In the upper part of the continental slope such operations can be conducted in

the south eastern and central part of the slope. Trawling operations in other areas are

complicated by the presence of platform-like (plateau-like) portions of the sea bottom

covered with a deposit of rough shingle and gravel-like sediments resting on

bedrock. At some of the banks - situated north west from the Pribiloff Islands

we observed exposed rocky sea bottom covered with boulders and rock debris enCrusted

with sponges, corals., etc.; these often snag the trawls and damage them. Trawling

'operations are also complicated by the broken nature - with transverse and longitudinal

cracks of the sea bottom and the sharp-drop of the angle of the slope. As a result of these

conditions, the trawling gear often gets damaaed; this is occasioned by the trawling net

being dropped at different depths and dragging along the uneven surface of the sea bottom

with a consequent loss of fishing efficiency.

Taking into account the complex structure of the continental slope of the

Bering Sea, it is necessary io pilot the ship with precision while trawling and making full

use of echo-sounding equipment; this particularly applies to the areas with broken relief

of the sea bottom and those areas where the slope drops sharply.

During the period 1959 - 1965 successful perch fishery operations were conducted

in the Bering Sea. In recent years the reserves of this species have become greatly depleted,

mainly as a result of Japanese fishery operations. Since the P.o.p. belong to the species

with a long life span, reaching maturity rather late in their life, the renewal of perch

population proceeds very slowly. For this reason it is necessary to watch closely the state

of reserves of this species.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The Pacific ocean perchis the most numerous among other species of

perch in the Bering Sea. This species inhabits the length of the continental slope, mainly

at depths of 150 - 450 meters.

All fundamental biological features of this species are bound with its environ-

mental conditions and are influenced by the fluctuations of water temperature at the sea

bottom which decreases during the winter in the northern part of this sea. As the sex

products of the females reach maturity during the winter, the perch migrate at that time to

the warmer part of the sea where they spend the winter. The average temperature at which

the perch form schools is 3 - 4°C.

2. The female perch give birth according to their size to 27 - 180 thousand free-

swimming larvae. In the males and females can be observed a dissimilar periodicity of the

spawning cycle, i.e. , the maturation of the ovaries and the testes does not coincide in

time. T he femaies reach sexual maturity at the age of 8 - 9 years, and the mules - sornewhai

earlier.

3. In its feeding habits the perch are planktonophagous. The planktonic crus-

taceans predominate in their stomachs, but mysids, amphipods and shrimps are

also found in their stomach contents; but other fish species are rarely found in their stomachs.

4. The perch of the Bering Sea stock is a fish species with a body length of 20 -

50 cm. and weight of 200 - 1,750 grams. The age of perch with that length varies from 5 -

25 years. Most of the perch in the stock they form are individuals with a body length of

32 - 38 cm. at the age of 11 - 15 years.

The rate of growth of the Bering Sea perch is fast during the first 4 - 5 years of

their life during which period the average lineal gain of length reaches 3 - 7.4 cm. In

later years, the annual linear gain decreases and is measurable, at about 20 years of age,

in 'tenths of a centimeter.

5. The fattening of perch in the Bering Sea takes place during spring - summer

period (May - September).

The densest and most stable concentrations of perch are formed at the feeding

locations. Most of such schools are found at depths of 150 - 350 meters.

6. The fattening period (September - October) is terminated by the mating

period involving the sexually mature males and females, after which the inseminated females

undertake migration to wintering locations in warmer parts of the sea.

In December - January, as a result of decreasing water temperature in the

northern part of the continental slope of the Bering Sea, the adult males and the young pereh

undertake migration to wintering locations in the same direction as did the adult females.

7. During the wintering period the sexually mature males and females inhabit

different levels of water: the females remain at depths of 400 - 450 meters, and the males

and the young perch - at depths of 350 - 400 meters. At that time the perch keep together

in fairly small dense schools. During the winter, one observes in the males a retardation in

the rate of maturation of their testes; and, in the females - the beginning of the rapid process

of maturation of their ovaries af-ter insemination. These -process- es are enhancted

by - a higher water temper-ature in the south eastern part of the Bering Sea.

8. The large scale extrusion of the larvae of the Bering Sea perch is observed

in the middle of April - May in the south eastern and central part of the continental slope,

where the fish find the most favourable environmental conditions.

LITERATURE

-

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4. Andriyashev, A.P. 1954. The fishes of northern seas df the USSR. Publ. Ac. .S

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5. Arsen lev, V.S. 1937. Currents and waters of the Bering Sea. Publ. "Nauka" Moscow.

6. Berg, L.S. 1918. On the causes of similarity of the fauna of northern parts of the

Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. lzv. Russian Ac. Sc. Vol. 6, No. 16.

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.. . .. .. . . ... . ..... ... . . . . A I v e r $ o n D. L. a n d A.' el a n d e r A. D. 1952. Notes on the Scoru.ieuid

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H F t P A •T Y P A

u j U U u t t A. t t.Ht. rearpa(innierKrie oaropocTpaill'Hift` .31opchn

'fffiffi • i 1i C t' . tAUttUtt mopes)

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tvi't II Ut t: ti A. II. 1957. intin mor»siii

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ti r R R. C. 197. Teneutic u 1301fif4C 3.1acum bepttttcu i 10031. 4c1- 1aVka3,

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tU Ili:: P., Ail. r. 16. •

. f . 7. •\rt-i a p c y t: 0 it B. B. 1964. Ottpe:resin re.- 11, phi() • eem. Seorpaenidae. Tp. B111 1P0,

T. 53 - 143u. TIIIIPO. .1-. 52, !Mel. 3. .

8. VB o :La o 13 C K 11 it I'. B. 1944. Hittatine ...u.itleKoro cavaii Hermon opa mopa. -- ' Tp. - TIIIIPO, nun. 8. ,

9. \TB e iu e 3 e p o ti 13. 13. 1944. Millft.`plin.lbi 110 (1110.10riiii fi fipof,11,3c.sp,• mo powro (.g.; ‘,:p ,„ ;

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10. tir e 1) III a 11 0 u u 'I .U. E., l'I a -1' a 1) 0 n B. B. 1962. Depourono mope. -.t:MoKt«n: eflopintE», ?,:2 8. . ... .

11.. VT' p 11 11 e U K 0 0. (1), 1963_ BO3PZICT 11 -remit pocrei Tux001,:eaueRoro mopexoro ots:5 - tist Bepi.initona rop.it. Tp. BIIIIPO, T. 48 -113n. T141 -1P0, T. 50, (mu. I.

12. t".1( it 3 e 1.1 e T r e p I:I. B., l< .1 e ii c E. (1)., K II p p a st o n a A. A., M e .41, a it is: o n it 0. 11., M a e 0 e2.1 o 13 a B. .M. it .3 p .r e .41, ;I. SI. 1965_ Temiumorlincei(an ma paiçrelnic-'

.., „,,, TIIND 6epintronomopuloix 151,16. Tp. B411 1P0, T. -18 -- I -13n. THIIPO, T. 53. NMI, 1.

-Le.), • V .1 II t: 0 13 e fi N fi .1. .-1. 1965. 0 11:1(3:1.outirl)i -T11 Tii \O1)KeilIICE01'0 mopei,..61-0 o ;,,. \:GH . • S. alutus, A.litcsra. T.p. B111 -1 P0. T. 413 -- 113n. '1111-11)0, T. 53, 13140. 4. 14 e. V ,1 y N it ii .A. B. 1947. 0 po,-tit TVMFICparvpitoro cliawropa II opottecee ninienoc.0(.tetitia

pa3. mpioweitou put6 K ve:tottiotm cp(utit. .,TIAII CCCP, Howls( cepna,' :r. 1.1'111, limn. 4.«

15,, v,1 to 6 ii :r 0 a a T. 1". 1961. 0 1111:1 1)CNO:3i oKytte_ 33:1. ..1..lilelia. «P1 -.3.i1100 NO3fliirT- .

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1+a 1:1 00 DKcrietininit na Ilk cAmer,:er.: , n 19(30--1961 rt..). «OKeatto.loritsr», T. 1 1, pun. 3.. I - re, -- ,,,, h • ( I V 10 1-) 11 *.,1 0 it a T. I'. 1963 . Hem( ritpbte. 3111:0110:\10111103.3T11 paertile:ies-tunrit ri.toiicirot 0 •

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BHI -IP0, nmil. 6. . . . 18. V,71 [0611M 0 a a T. F. 1963. Oenoistibie neprt,1 (numorint pa copeae-lcunii mopetzot -0 • -

oi,von (Sehaslodes alottis G.) n 3;1.1, A.-tacia. Tp. BIIIIPO, T. 48-- II3a. THIIPO, T. 50,

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mope,;:ii CCCP. Cal, «11(3.:1e;lonainte mopeft CC:CP .», nun. 23. . . . . 22. 11M0Hceen il. A. 1954. ()corienitourn pacope/telentru ,u01 .1111 ,1x ii 111511,1011115ix ii(46 u .„., la:tte!caoc -rnirttlitm mortax. C.130111)0C14 11X1110:10r1111». T. I. .

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I t I

GLOSSARY

VNIRO

TIM°.

IZVESTIYA

DAN AN USSR

ALL UNION RESEARCH- INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES AND • OCEONOGRAPHY

PACIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES AND OCEANOGRAPHY

BULLETINS

DOKLADY ( PAPERS ) OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR

VOPROSY PROBLEMS ( QUESTIONS )

It ^ . Ap'C AN-f5dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/124427.pdf · its fecundity - in 80 specimens. DISTRIBUTION...

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Transcript of It ^ . Ap'C AN-f5dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/124427.pdf · its fecundity - in 80 specimens. DISTRIBUTION...