Issues that Challenged “Old Hickory”Issues that Challenged “Old Hickory”Issues that Challenged “Old Hickory”Issues that Challenged “Old Hickory”

The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”The “Corrupt Bargain”

The CandidatesThe Candidates

• Andrew Jackson- DemocratAndrew Jackson- Democrat

• John Quincy Adams- WhigJohn Quincy Adams- Whig

• Henry Clay- WhigHenry Clay- Whig

• William Crawford- DemocratWilliam Crawford- Democrat

The CandidatesThe Candidates

• Andrew Jackson- DemocratAndrew Jackson- Democrat

• John Quincy Adams- WhigJohn Quincy Adams- Whig

• Henry Clay- WhigHenry Clay- Whig

• William Crawford- DemocratWilliam Crawford- Democrat

Jackson won the popular Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won vote, but no candidate won

the electoral vote.the electoral vote.

Jackson won the popular Jackson won the popular vote, but no candidate won vote, but no candidate won

the electoral vote.the electoral vote.

The vote went to the House The vote went to the House of Representatives who of Representatives who

picked from the top three- picked from the top three- Jackson, Adams, and Jackson, Adams, and

Crawford.Crawford.

The vote went to the House The vote went to the House of Representatives who of Representatives who

picked from the top three- picked from the top three- Jackson, Adams, and Jackson, Adams, and

Crawford.Crawford.

Clay used his position as Clay used his position as Speaker of the House to Speaker of the House to

persuade representatives to persuade representatives to vote for Adams, who won.vote for Adams, who won.

Clay used his position as Clay used his position as Speaker of the House to Speaker of the House to

persuade representatives to persuade representatives to vote for Adams, who won.vote for Adams, who won.

Who will you vote for?

Adams!

Adams appointed Clay Secretary of State.Adams appointed Clay Secretary of State.Adams appointed Clay Secretary of State.Adams appointed Clay Secretary of State.

Jackson called the Jackson called the election a election a

“Corrupt Bargain.”“Corrupt Bargain.”

Jackson called the Jackson called the election a election a

“Corrupt Bargain.”“Corrupt Bargain.”

Why did he feel this Why did he feel this was a “Corrupt was a “Corrupt

Bargain”?Bargain”?

Why did he feel this Why did he feel this was a “Corrupt was a “Corrupt

Bargain”?Bargain”? Secretary of StateSecretary of State Henry ClayHenry Clay

Secretary of StateSecretary of State Henry ClayHenry Clay

To the victor belongs

the spoils!

John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson faced each other again in the 1828 election.faced each other again in the 1828 election.John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson

faced each other again in the 1828 election.faced each other again in the 1828 election.

Jackson won by a landslide.Jackson won by a landslide.Jackson won by a landslide.Jackson won by a landslide.

Spoils - benefits Spoils - benefits gained by the gained by the

winnerwinner

Spoils - benefits Spoils - benefits gained by the gained by the

winnerwinner

After taking office, Jackson After taking office, Jackson fires many Federalist fires many Federalist

officials.officials.

After taking office, Jackson After taking office, Jackson fires many Federalist fires many Federalist

officials.officials.

He gave their jobs to his He gave their jobs to his loyal supporters.loyal supporters.

He gave their jobs to his He gave their jobs to his loyal supporters.loyal supporters.

The Spoils System is The Spoils System is giving political jobs to giving political jobs to

loyal supporters.loyal supporters.

The Spoils System is The Spoils System is giving political jobs to giving political jobs to

loyal supporters.loyal supporters.

OUT!!!

The Kitchen Cabinet was The Kitchen Cabinet was Jackson’s unofficial Jackson’s unofficial

advisors consisting of the advisors consisting of the press, democratic leaders, press, democratic leaders,

loyal supporters and loyal supporters and friends.friends.

The Kitchen Cabinet was The Kitchen Cabinet was Jackson’s unofficial Jackson’s unofficial

advisors consisting of the advisors consisting of the press, democratic leaders, press, democratic leaders,

loyal supporters and loyal supporters and friends.friends.

They met informally in the They met informally in the White House kitchen to White House kitchen to

discuss politics and give discuss politics and give Jackson advice. Jackson advice.

They met informally in the They met informally in the White House kitchen to White House kitchen to

discuss politics and give discuss politics and give Jackson advice. Jackson advice.

They were known as a “rough” They were known as a “rough” group.group.

They were known as a “rough” They were known as a “rough” group.group.

Four Big Issues

A. There are four big issues that defined Jackson’s presidency:

1. Tariff of Abominations2. The Bank Crisis3. The Nullification Crisis4. Indian Removal

The Tariff of AbominationsA. One of the first challenges Jackson faced

as president was a growing regional conflict over tariffs.

B. Northern manufacturers wanted high tariffs to protect their new industries from foreign competition (particularly GB).

C. The South had little industry to protect. Their economy relied on agriculture. High tariffs would anger some of their trading partners, so they wanted a low tariff.

D. Westerners were divided.

Nullification CrisisA. A high tariff was passed in 1828.

Southerners called it the Tariff of Abominations (abomination= something hated).

B. Vice President Calhoun led the opposition of the tariff. He wrote a statement in favor of states’ rights. His statement said that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, any federal law they considered unconstitutional.

C. This dispute became known as the Nullification Crisis. Calhoun continued to argue that states had the right to rebel if they felt their rights had been violated. Daniel Webster disagreed saying, “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

D. South Carolina (Calhoun’s home state) tested the nullification theory when a new tariff was passed in 1832. The state legislature declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void.

E. Jackson was strongly against nullification. Because of their difference, Calhoun resigned as VP.

F. Jackson said he would send U.S. troops to South Carolina to enforce federal laws. South Carolina officials said they would withdraw from the Union if this happened.

G. Henry Clay stepped in and proposed a compromise:1. Congress will lower the tariff over time.

2. The President has the right to use force to enforce a federal law.

H. Both sides agreed to the compromise, but neither side trusted the other.

The Bank CrisisA. Jackson was opposed to the Second

Bank of the U.S. which Congress had founded in 1816.

B. Many states also opposed the Bank and had taken action against it.

C. Maryland had passed laws that taxed branches of the national bank. James McCulloch, a cashier of the Bank in Maryland, refused to pay this tax.

D. The state took him to court and the resulting case, McCulloch vs. Maryland, went all the way to the Supreme Court.

E. The Court made two important rulings in this case-1. They supported the Bank’s constitutionality. The elastic clause of the Constitution allowed Congress to establish the Bank.2. The Court also decided that federal law was superior to state law-an idea that challenged the idea of states’ rights. Therefore, Maryland could not tax or interfere with the Bank.

F. Nicholas Biddle, the Bank’s director, decided to make the Bank a presidential issue in 1832.

G. The Bank’s charter was up in 1836, but Biddle decided to push it up to 1832.

H. Jackson campaigned against the renewal of the Bank’s charter. He promised he would “kill” any legislation that crossed his desk that would renew the Bank.

I. Congress passed the Bank’s charter and Jackson lived up to his promise by vetoing the bill.

J. Jackson also weakened the Bank’s power by depositing federal funds in state banks (pet banks) instead of the Bank.

K. These pet banks used the federal funds to offer credit to people wanting to buy land. While this policy promoted expansion, it also led to inflation.

L. Jackson tried to combat the inflation by ordering Americans to use only gold and silver to buy land, not paper money. This didn’t help the inflation, but it did lower the national debt.

Jackson believed he did Jackson believed he did not have the power as not have the power as president to interfere president to interfere

with Georgia’s rights and with Georgia’s rights and stop the removal.stop the removal.

Jackson believed he did Jackson believed he did not have the power as not have the power as president to interfere president to interfere

with Georgia’s rights and with Georgia’s rights and stop the removal.stop the removal.

In a desire to attract In a desire to attract more white settlers, more white settlers,

Georgia began moving Georgia began moving Native Americans west.Native Americans west.

In a desire to attract In a desire to attract more white settlers, more white settlers,

Georgia began moving Georgia began moving Native Americans west.Native Americans west.

One Way

Jackson pushed the “Indian Removal Act” Jackson pushed the “Indian Removal Act” through Congress which gave the president through Congress which gave the president power to move Native Americans west of the power to move Native Americans west of the

Mississippi.Mississippi.

Jackson pushed the “Indian Removal Act” Jackson pushed the “Indian Removal Act” through Congress which gave the president through Congress which gave the president power to move Native Americans west of the power to move Native Americans west of the

Mississippi.Mississippi.

But the Cherokee nation But the Cherokee nation refused to move and took refused to move and took their case to the Supreme their case to the Supreme

Court. In Court. In Worcester v. Worcester v. GeorgiaGeorgia, the Court ruled in , the Court ruled in

favor of the Cherokees.favor of the Cherokees.

But the Cherokee nation But the Cherokee nation refused to move and took refused to move and took their case to the Supreme their case to the Supreme

Court. In Court. In Worcester v. Worcester v. GeorgiaGeorgia, the Court ruled in , the Court ruled in

favor of the Cherokees.favor of the Cherokees.

However, President However, President Jackson refused to Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s enforce the Court’s

ruling.ruling.

However, President However, President Jackson refused to Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s enforce the Court’s

ruling.ruling.

Many Native Americans, Many Native Americans, mostly Cherokee, were mostly Cherokee, were

forced to move.forced to move.

Many Native Americans, Many Native Americans, mostly Cherokee, were mostly Cherokee, were

forced to move.forced to move.

Besides losing their Besides losing their homeland, many Native homeland, many Native

Americans died along the Americans died along the way.way.

Besides losing their Besides losing their homeland, many Native homeland, many Native

Americans died along the Americans died along the way.way.

This forced removal and This forced removal and journey west became journey west became know as the “Trail of know as the “Trail of

Tears”.Tears”.

This forced removal and This forced removal and journey west became journey west became know as the “Trail of know as the “Trail of

Tears”.Tears”.

Some groups, such as the Some groups, such as the SeminolesSeminoles of Florida, of Florida,

resisted.resisted.

Some groups, such as the Some groups, such as the SeminolesSeminoles of Florida, of Florida,

resisted.resisted.