ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES FOR EXPRESSWAY AUDIT DEVELOPING...
Transcript of ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES FOR EXPRESSWAY AUDIT DEVELOPING...
ISSUES AND PRINCIPLES FOR EXPRESSWAY AUDIT, DEVELOPING
CHECKLIST FOR AUDIT OF EXPRESSWAY International Course on Transportation Planning and Road
Safety’
05-12 Dec 2019
K. Ramachandra Rao MoUD Chair Professor
Department of Civil Engineering and Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme
(TRIPP) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India
Outline
• Expressway status India
• Road safety audit principles
• Expressway design principles and elements
• Geometric elements
• Best practices for safer highways
• Overview of Checklists
• Some field observations
– Yamuna Expressway
– Agra-Lucknow Expressway
• References
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Expressways – status in India
• Around 1,583 km of expressways
• Longest Agra-Lucknow: 302 km
• Target length by 2022: 18,637 km
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Expressway (indicative list; not
exhaustive
Length
Ahmedabad Vadodara Expressway 95 km
Delhi-Meerut Expressway 8.7 km
Ambala Chandigarh Expressway 35 km
Belghoria Expressway 8 km
Jaipur-Kishangarh Expressway 90 km
Yamuna Expressway 165 km
Delhi Faridabad Skyway 4.4 km
Mumbai-Pune Expressway 94.5 km
Hyderabad Outer Ring Road 158 km
Agra-Lucknow Expressway 302 km
Road safety audit principles
• Adaptation of road design and features to vehicle
dynamics and to pedestrian movements
• Error and conflict avoidance
• Facilitation of emergency manœuvres and of
recovery after loss of control
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IRC Code Description
IRC:SP:73-2015 Manual for Specifications and standards for two laning
of highways with paved shoulder
IRC:SP:84-2014 Manual for Specifications and standards for four laning
of highways with paved shoulder
IRC: SP: 87-2013 Manual of Specifications & Standards for Six-laning of
Highways Through Public Private Partnership
IRC: SP: 99-2013 Manual for Specifications and Standards for
Expressways
Geometric Design Standards of
Expressways
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Design Speed
• Design speed depends on terrain and
facility type
– Expressways – 120 km/h (Rolling - 100 km/h)
– Multi-lane highways – 100 km/h (Mountainous
- 60 km/h)
Table 4-1 Design Speed for Expressway
Nature of Terrain Cross Slope of the
Ground
Design Speed
(km/h)
Plain Less than 10
percent
120
Rolling Between 10 and 25
percent
100
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Lane width of Carriageway
The standard lane width of the Project Highway shall be 3.5 m.
But in case of expressway the standard lane width of the Project
Expressway shall be 3.75 m. Expressways shall have a minimum of
two lanes for each direction of travel.
Right-of-way:
A minimum Right of Way (ROW) of 60 m should be available for
development of a 4-lane highway
However in the case of Expressway, no service roads shall be
provided within the ROW of the Expressway
Table 4-3 Right of Way in Plain/Rolling Terrain for Expressway
Section Right of Way Width*
(ROW)
Rural Section 90 m - 120 m
Rural Sections passing through semi-
urban areas
120 m# 7
Median for expressway
• The median shall be depressed or flush. As a rule,
depressed median shall be provided except in situations
where the availability of ROW is a constraint
• An edge strip of 0.75 m width of depressed median adjacent
to carriageway in either direction shall be paved with same
specifications as of the adjoining carriageway
Table 4-4 Width of Median
Type of Median Recommended Median
Width (m)
Minimum Desirable
Depressed 12.0 15.0
Flush 4.5 4.5
Flush (to accommodate structure/pier
on median)
8.0 8.0
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Extra roadway width on curves
• On horizontal curves with radius upto 300 m, width of pavement and
roadway shall be increased.
• The reason for providing the extra width on a curved section of
highway is as follows:
(i)Additional width is required for a vehicle taking a horizontal curve,
(ii)Tendency of the drivers to ply away from the edge of the
carriageway as they drive on a curve.
• AASHTO (2011) specifies that for large curve radii (>2000m) with
design speeds above 70 km/h for roads with 2 lanes are more would
NOT require any extra roadway width for extra widening
Radius of Curve Extra Width
75-100 m 0.9 m
101-300 m 0.6 m
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Geometric design elements
• Superelevation
• Horizontal alignment
• Vertical alignment
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Best Practices for safer highways
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Clear Zone
• Clear zone:
“unobstructed traversable area
provided beyond the edge of the thro
ugh carriageway for the recovery of
errant vehicles.”
• Design speed of 110 to 120 km/h
a clear zone width of 9 to 11m
has been recommended.
• Crash barrier is to be provided in
case if it is not possible to provide
the suggested clear-zone distance
from the edge of carriageway.
Figure 5-1 Clear Zone
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Chevron Markings
Traffic Sings Manual, UK, Chapter 5:Road Markings,
Page no. 27
• Clause 4.61
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Chevron markings
IRC 35-2015
Length from physical
Spacing
Thickness
Direction Arrows
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Crash Cushion Specification as per IRC SP: 87-2013
• IRC SP: 87-2013: Manual of Specifications & Standards for Six-laning of
Highways Through Public Private Partnership
Fig 9.6 Space required to place Crash Attenuators
Traffic Impact Attenuator
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Crash Cushion Specification as per IRC SP: 87-2013
Table Minimum Space Required for Crash Attenuators i.e. Reserve
Area (in m)
Speed of Main
Highways
(kmph)
Minimum Space Preferred Space
Restricted Conditions Unrestricted
Conditions
N L F N L F N L F
50 2 2.5 0.5 2.5 3.5 1 3.5 5 1.5
80 2 5 0.5 2.5 7.5 1 3.5 10 1.5
100 2 8.5 0.5 2.5 13.5 1 3.5 17 1.5
120 2 11 0.5 2.5 17 1 3.5 21 1.5
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Crash cushions
Figure Example of TAU-IITM crash
cushion installed at site
Figure Example crash cushion at toll plaza
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Bar Markings
Figure 11-1 Typical layout of Bar Markings
Approach
Speed
Bar Marking (Number of TM 08) Distance from hazard
81 to 100 kmph 4 set D1=50m; d2=80m; d3 =120m; d4=
180 m
Clause 11.2.1 of IRC: 35-2015 says that the thermoplastic bar marking is a softer
treatment to reduce the speed.
Specifications for the installation of bar markings
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Median Design - Median/central verge
“ In general barrier curbs are not desirable for use on
freeways and other high speed roadways. An out od
control vehicle may over turn or become airborne as a
result of impacting the curb. Curbs are not adequate to
prevent a vehicle from leaving the roadway. Curbs are
not suitable use in front of traffic barriers because they
can result in unpredictable post-impact trajectories”
(AASHTO, 2011)
“Currently, median barrier is recommended on all
access-controlled, multilane highways with posted
speeds greater than 70 km/h if the median is less than
15 m wide”(Graham, et al., 2014)
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Type of Median on High Speed Roads
IRC SP 99-2013: Manual of Specifications and Standards for Expressways
Recommended Type of Median on Expressways as per IRC: SP 99-2013;
Clause 2.5, Page No. 11
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Kerb/Curb Height
• Height of Curb: 4 inches or less
Source: page no. 46; https://mdotcf.state.mi.us/public/design/files/englishroadmanual/erdm07.pdf 21
Crash barriers: Guardrails
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New Jersey Barriers
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Guardrail Specification
• Guardrail should not installed upon
structure: IRC SP: 87-2013: Manual of Specifications & Standards for Six-lane
of Highways Through Public Private Partnership
• As per Clause 9.7.1.1 “Types of safety barriers”
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W-beam Specifications
• IRC SP: 87-2013: Manual of Specifications
& Standards for Six Laning of Highways
Through Public Private Partnership
• Clause 9.7.2: Road Side Steel Barriers; Fig 9.7;
Page No.84
Height: 730±25 mm
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Thrie Beam
Clause 9.7.2: Road Side Steel
Barriers; Fig 9.8; Page No.84
• Height: 825±20 mm
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Typical Toll Plaza with Chevron Markings
The toll plaza should be equipped with proper chevron markings
and with proper advance signs
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Shoulder rumble strips
Shoulder Rumble Strips
Problem: Roadway departures account for more than half of all roadway
fatalities.
Roadway departure fatalities, which include run-off-the road (ROR) and head-on
fatalities, are a serious problem in the United States. In 2003, there were 25,562
roadway departure fatalities, accounting for 55 percent of all roadway fatalities in
the United States.
That same year, more than 16,700 people died in ROR crashes (39 percent of all
roadway fatalities). In 2008, 304 persons were killed in non-interstate roadway
departure crashes in New York State.
14% reduction in all ROR crashes after
the installation of shoulder rumble strips
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Audible markers for shoulder
marking Reduction in run-off-the road crashes, demarcation of shoulders (FHWA,
2011)
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Raised Edgeline Markings Raised profile edge line markings
Traffic Signs Manual, Chapter 5: Road Markings, Page
no. 21
Clause 4.39 to 4.48
Clause 4.39
Clause 4.40
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Distance Markers at exit
Countdown markers at exit from expressway: Each bar
represents a distance of 100 m
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Interventions for Highway Passing through Village or Settlement (IRC 99-2018)
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Accident location SH 87 (Staggered
Junction)
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Checklists
• 3 Types of Checklists
1.Checklist for Entry, Exit Ramps and Interchanges
2.Checklist for linear sections
3.Checklist for toll plazas
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Checklist for Entry/Exit, and Interchanges
• Section 1: General Items
• Section 2: Check for Signs
• Section 3: Traffic Calming Measures
• Section 4: Check for Guardrail
• Section 5: Lighting Condition
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Checklist Exit and Entry Ramp, Interchanges
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Contd…
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Checklist for Linear Section
• Checklist was divided into 10 sections
– Section 1: Check of Pavement Markings as per RIC
35-2015
– Section 2: Check for Road Signs IRC 67-2012
– Section 3: Check of Median Type and Design
– Section 4: Check for Road Side Barrier/Crash Barriers
– Section 5: Check on Shoulder Type and Design
– Section 6: Check on Lighting Conditions
– Section 7: Plantations (on median side)
– Section 8: Truck Lay Byes
– Section 9: Roadside Environment (Outside the crash
barrier or below the embankment)
– Section 10: Overall Observation of the Audited
Location or Section
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Checklist for Linear Section
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Contd…
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Contd…
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Contd…
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Contd…
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Contd…
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Check List for Toll Plaza
• Checklist was divided into 5 sections
– Section 1: Traffic Sings
– Section 2: Markings
– Section 3: Speed reduction measures
– Section 4: Measures to curb last minute changes
– Section 5: Lighting
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Check List for Toll Plaza
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Contd…
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YE Field visits – December 2018
Yamuna Expressway – sample
observations
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Audit Findings of Exit Ramp Chainage 35 Km; Exit
Ramp No. 3; LHS
• Chevron marking is
missing.
• Adequate crash cushion is
missing.
• Non-functional flashing
beacon is present.
• Inappropriate hazard marker
in gore area.
• Passengers are waiting for
bus . 49
Exit Ramp
• Deceleration lane is not marked.
• Direction markings on main
carriageway is missing.
• Road studs are missing on
deceleration lane.
• Guardrail is in damaged (deformed)
condition.
• Retro-reflective marking on it is
missing.
• Measured guardrail height is 70 cm.
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Inadequate Entry and Exit of Road Side
Facility (RSF)
Entry to facility
Absence of speed control,
markings, signage
Exit from facility
Absence of speed control,
markings, signage.
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Agra-Lucknow Expressway – toll plaza 21 km
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• Inadequate crash cushion
• Inadequate markings on
approach side to curb the
speed and last minute lane
change,
Crash Location at 139 km on Agra
Lucknow Expressway
• Inappropriate installation of
guardrail.
• Damaged guardrail after the crahs
• Measured curb height is 200mm.
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References
• AASHTO. (2011). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. 6th Edition, AASHTO.
• Michigan Design Manual Road Design, Chapter 7 Appurtenances
• Fwa, T. F. (2005). The handbook of highway engineering. CRC Press.
• Graham, J. L., Harwood, D. W., Richard, K. R., O'Laughlin, M. K., Donnell, E. T., & Brennan, S. N. (2014). Median Cross-Section Design for Rural Divided Highways (No. Project 22-21A).
• IRC: 73-1980. (1980). Geometric Standards for rural (non urban) highways
• IRC- SP: 73-2015. (2015). Manual of specifications and standards for two laning of highways with paved shoulder.
• IRC: SP: 84-2014. (2014). Manual of specifications and standards for four laning of highways through public private partnership
• IRC: SP: 87-2013. (2013). Manual of specifications and standards for six laning of highways through public private partnership
• IRC: 119-2015. (2015). Guidelines for Traffic Safety Barriers.
• IRC: SP: 99-2013. (2013). Manual of Specifications and Standards for Expressways.
• Traffic Sings Manual, UK, Chapter 5:Road Markings
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THANK YOU
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