Issue:1/ Jan Feb

��

��

��

� !!"�#$$"%!&'"(")))*+,--.*/ 0

1234567879:;4

<=>??@A8734BC7874B6C

D=>??@E

FGHIJKLMNOPQRRSPTRUGRVRWPXKWRYRWPXKLRSKZLGJKZNP[J\SKZN

22]̂ _212̀2a2bccde212f2a2ghi212jek212lmfn

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE

IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 i

eISSN – 2348 – 0173 : pISSN-2395-3985

Editor –in Chief Dr. Swati D. Bhingare

BAMS, MD (Ayu) Email : [email protected]

Executive Editor Dr. Dhanashri H. Mahajan

BAMS, MS (Ayu)

Associate Editors

Dr. Ranjeet S. Sawant Assistant Professor

Dept. of Rasashastra & B.K. KGMP Ayurved College, Charni

Rd., Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Dr. Manish S. Bhoyar Assistant Professor

Dept. of Rasashastra & B.K. Govt. Ayurved College, Nagpur (Maharashtra)

Dr. Sandeep V. Binorkar Assistant Professor Dept. of Agadatantra

Govt. Ayurved College, Nanded (Maharashtra)

ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Amitabh Kumar

Vice-President - Ayurveda Central Council of Indian Medicine

New Delhi, India

Dr. Mary Smitha Golden Kiwi Ayurveda Health Centre Member of New Zealand Ayurvedic Association and Natural Health Practitioners, Auckland, New Zealand

Prof. K. R. Kohli Director of AYUSH, Govt. of Maharashtra, Fort,

Mumbai – 431001 India

Dr. Neeta Mahesekar Professor, Head of the Department (Ob. & Gy.), Dange Ayurveda Medical College, Ashta, Maharashtra, India

Prof. Laxmikant Dwivedi Dept of Rasashastra & BK, GJAC & RC,

New V. V. Nagar, Anand, (Gujarat) – 388121

India

Dr. Anand B. Kulkarni Professor & Head, Dept. of Agad Tantra & Vyavahar Ayurved, B.S.D.T’s Ayurved Mahavidyalaya, Wagholi, Pune- 412207 India

Prof. Shrikrishna Sharma (Khandel) Europa University, Viadrina, Frankfurt Oder, Germany,

Naturafarm GmbH, Togo st, Berlin

Prof. A.P.G. Amarasinghe Professor, Institute of Indigenous Medicine (IIM) University of Colombo, Rajagiriya, Sri Lanka

Joerg Gruenwald Analyze & realize GmbH,

Waldseeweg 6, 13467 Berlin, Germany

Shanmugamurthy Lakshmanan Vice President for International Research & Distinguished Scientific Advisor, World Institute for Scientific Exploration, Baltimore, MD & Research Scientist, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Meical School, Boston, USA

Dr. Babasaheb Patil Professor & Principal I/c

B.S. Ayurveda College, Sawantwadi Maharashtra

Dr. A.B. Pant Senior Scientist & I/c In Vitro Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow-226001 (UP)

*****


IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 ii

eISSN – 2348 – 0173 : pISSN-2395-3985

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Dilip K. Jani Associate Professor & Head, Department of Dravyaguna,

G. J. Patel Ayurved College, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand-388121, Gujarat

Dr. Guruprasad Assistant Professor, Department of Swasthavritta Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Ayurveda College & Hospital Nazarathpet, Chennai, Tamilnadu - 600 123

Dr. Sanjeev Rastogi

Associate Professor and Head Dept of Pancha Karma, State Ayurvedic College &

Hospital, Tulsi Das Marg,Lucknow -226004

Dr. Pooja Kohli Ayurveda Expert Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM) Janakpuri, New Delhi, INDIA

Dr. Manojkumar Shamkuwar

Lecturer, Department of Panchakarma A & U Tibbia College & Hospital, Karol Bagh, New Delhi

Dr. Ajay Gopalani Ayurveda Consultant Shah Satnamji Speciality Hospitals Sirsa - 125055, Haryana

Dr. Ashvin Bagde

Asst. Professor, Sanskrit, Samhita Siddhant, Govt. Ayurved College,

Osmanabad (Maharashtra)

Dr. Pramod C. Baragi Reader, Dept. of Rasashastra & BK N. K. Jabshetty Ayurvedic Medical College Manhalli Road, Gumpa,Bidar-585401 (Karnataka)

Dr. Anuradha Patil Associate Professor,

Dept of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, L.R.P. Ayurvedic Medical College, Islampur,

Dist. Sangli

Dr. Kamini Kaushal Professor,Dravyaguna Department, Rishikul Govt. Ayurvedic PG college, Haridwar (UttaraKhand) INDIA

Dr. K. Ravindra Bhat

Assistant professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Karnataka Ayurveda Medical College, Ashoknagar,

Mangalore Karnataka

Dr. Umapati C. Baragi Associate Professor, Dept. of Basic Principles, S.D.M. College of Ayurveda, Udupi, Karnataka

Dr. Harish Kumar Singhal

Assistant Professor, Department of Kaumarbhritya Dr. S. R. Rajasthan Ayurved University,

Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Dr. Vijaykumar D. Nandvadekar Associate Professor Department of Kriya Sharir, Gomantak Ayurveda College, Vazem, Shiroda, Goa

Dr. Kiran Nimbalkar

Lecturer, Department of Agadatantra A & U Tibbia College & Hospital, Karol Bagh, New Delhi

Min-hui Li National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica China

Dr Yogita Shrivas

Professor, Department of Kaumarbhritya Government Ayurved College, Nagpur

Maharashtra

Dr. Yogesh S. Deole Assistant Professor & Consultant Dept. of Kayachikitsa, G. J. Patel Ayurved College, New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand-388121, Gujarat

*****


IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 iii

THE JOURNAL: International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine (IJAAM) is a peer reviewed scientific open access professional journal, publishing full-length original research papers and reviews on Ayurveda, Complementary & Alternative Medicine and allied health disciplines. The journal endow with an inter-disciplinary platform for linking contemporary & traditional knowledge with the most recent developments in scientific world. IJAAM will explore disciplines like Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Pharmacognosy, Botany, Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Taxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, Biology, Biotechnology, Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Clinical Research, Animal Experiments. All manuscripts contributed to IJAAM will be subjected to rigorous editorial & double blind expert peer review process considering that the same have not published previously and also are not under consideration for publication elsewhere. AIM & SCOPE: International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine (IJAAM) publishes original scientific research reports, case reports, short communications, letters to the editor and reviews which cover significant new findings in all areas of Ayurveda and Alternative health care sciences (including epidemiology, public and environmental health). Book reviews, scientific news and conference proceedings are published on special request. IJAAM follows stringent guidelines to select the manuscripts on the basis of its originality, importance, timeliness, accessibility, grace and astonishing conclusions. IJAAM is also popular for rapid publication of accepted manuscripts. Interested authors / contributors are requested to follow the guidelines for preparation and submission of manuscripts as detailed in the section "Author's Guidelines" on www.ijaam.org. Apt implementation of the guidelines will help to speed up the processing and review of manuscripts. ABOUT THE EDITORS: IJAAM management team is very particular in selecting its editorial board members. Editorial board members are selected on the basis of expertise, experience and their contribution in the field of Ayurveda & other Alternative Systems of Medicines. Editors are selected from different countries and every year editorial team is updated. All editorial decisions are made by a team of journal management professionals. ABSTRACTING AND INDEXING INFORMATION: IJAAM is indeed with abstracts on DRJI, Cite Factor, Global Impact Factor, Google Scholar, Indian Science, Research Bible, Scientific Indexing Services, Scientific Journal Impact Factor, International Impact Factor Services, Open Academic Journals Index, International Society for Research Activity, International Scientific Indexing (UAE) Polish Scholarly Bibliography & Index Copernicus (Under Evaluation) THE EDITORIAL PROCESS: The manuscript along with Copyright form should be submitted to IJAAM only which has not been published

earlier or which is not sent to other journal / magazine office for publication at the same time. Editor / Editorial Board members will be the first personnel to review all the submitted manuscripts. Editors have the right to reject those submissions which do not fulfil fundamental requirements and lacks in originality with technical or scientific deficiencies or do not carry a scientific message. Acknowledged submissions will be forwarded to 3 or more reviewers after depending on the topics. The identity of the author will be masked to ensure double blind review. After the reviewers’ comments on the manuscripts, the same shall be forwarded to the authors for the suggested rectifications. IJAAM is committed to the speedy processing o the articles targeted to completed within 3-5 weeks. Finally accepted articles are edited for the grammar, punctuations, print style & format. The Galley proofs of such edited manuscripts will be sent to the respective authors and they have to go through it thoroughly to make final corrections if required and return the same within a period of 2 days. Author can suggest the name of reviewers who he feels has experience in the fiend but are not from the same institute as the author. The final selection of the reviewer is done only by the Editor/Editorial board. TYPES OF MANUSCRIPT & LIMITS: Original Articles: The text limit in this category is 15 pages and does not include references. Abstract up to 250 words is a must. Under this category one can publish randomized controlled trials, intervention studies, studies of screening and diagnostic test, outcome studies, cost effective analyses, case controlled series and surveys with high response rate. Review Articles: The text limit in this category is 20 pages and does not include references. Abstract up to 250 words is a must. It is mandatory to include the method (literature search) in abstract as well as in the introduction section. Research Methodology: This section should include educative articles which will educate fellow contributors on the nuances of research. The limit of such articles is 15 pages and does not include references. Abstract up to 250 words is a must. Brief Communication: Though they are much like original articles they have certain limitations in the study. The limit of such articles is 5 pages and does not include references. Abstract up to 250 words is a must. Case Report: Interesting cases which are very significant will come under this category. The purpose of reporting the case should be mentioned in the introduction. The limit of such articles will be 5 pages and does not include references. Abstract up to 250 words is a must. Letter to the Editor: This section should be short and decisive observation and should not require any further


IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 iv

paper for validation. The limit of such articles will be 2 pages and does not include references. Symposia: Will include commissioned articles from the editorial board. AUTHORSHIP CRITERIA: A person can be author when he /she make an important and substantial contribution towards the making of the article in relation to the content, concept, data, its analysis and its interpretation. All authors should be in a position to take public responsibility for the contents of the article. The order of naming the authors should be based on the relative contribution of the authors towards the study and writing the manuscript. Number of contributors should not be more than six. No change in the order of names or inclusions as author will be done unless it is supported by the written consent of all the contributors. No change will be permitted after acceptance of the article. The contributors should keep the editorial office updated on the happenings regarding the subject post publication, like progress made in the field or even certain related major developments. They are requested to send an update on the same under “Letter to Editor” to the editorial office. INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS: Electronic submission of manuscripts is strongly encouraged, provided that the text, tables, and figures are included in a single Microsoft Word file. You may also submit manuscripts as e-mail attachment to the journal Office at: [email protected] A manuscript reference number will be mailed to the corresponding author within three working days. The cover letter should include the corresponding author's full address and telephone/fax numbers and should be sent to the Editor, with the file, whose name should begin with the first author's surname, as an attachment. Title: The Title should be as brief as possible describing the contents of the paper. The Title Page should include the authors' full names and affiliations, the name of the corresponding author along with phone, fax and E-mail information. Present addresses of authors should appear as a footnote. Abstract: The Abstract which should be included at the beginning of the manuscript should be informative and completely self-explanatory, briefly present the topic, state the scope of the experiments, indicate significant data, and point out major findings and conclusions. The Abstract should not be more than 250 words in length. Complete sentences, active verbs, and the third person should be used, and the abstract should be written in the past tense. Following the abstract, about 3 to 6 key words that will provide indexing references to should be listed.

Key Words: About 3 to 5 key words that will provide indexing references should be listed Abbreviation: Each abbreviation should be spelled out and introduced in parentheses the first time it is used in the text. Only recommended SI units should be used. Introduction: The Introduction should provide a clear statement of the problem, the relevant literature on the subject, and the proposed approach or solution. It should be understandable to colleagues from a broad range of scientific disciplines. Materials and methods: Materials and methods should be complete enough to allow experiments to be reproduced. Only truly new procedures should be described in detail; previously published procedures should be cited, and important modifications of published procedures should be mentioned briefly. Subheadings should be used. Methods in general use need not be described in detail. Results: Results should be presented with clarity and precision. The results should be written in the past tense when describing findings in the authors' experiments. Previously published findings should be written in the present tense. Results should be explained, but largely without referring to the literature. Discussion: Discussion, speculation and detailed interpretation of data should not be included in the Results. The Discussion should interpret the findings in view of the results obtained in this and in past studies on this topic. Conclusions: State the conclusions in a few sentences at the end of the paper. Acknowledgments: The Acknowledgments of people, grants, funds, etc should be briefed. Tables: Tables should be simple and kept to a minimum. Tables should be typed single-spaced throughout, including headings. Tables should be self-explanatory without reference to the text. Figure: Figures on a separate sheet. Graphics should be prepared using applications capable of generating high resolution JPEG or Powerpoint before pasting in the Microsoft Word manuscript file. Tables should be prepared in Microsoft Word. Use Arabic numerals to designate figures and upper case letters for their parts. References: References should be cited in the article continuously according to appearance in Arabic numerical superscript in square bracket. (Not in alphabetical order) Book reference: Sharma PV, Guru Prasad Sharma, editors. Dhanvantari Nighantu. 4th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 2005.p.78. Article reference: Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenan induced edema in hind paw of rat as an


IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 v

assay for anti inflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol 1962; (111):544. Website reference: http://www.weebly.com/weebly/instructionsforauthors.php [Accessed date 25.10.2013] Ethical Guidelines: Studies on human beings should indicate whether the procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional or regional) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 (http://www.wma.net/e/policy/17-c_e.html) A statement on ethics committee permission and ethical practices must be included in all research articles under the 'Materials and Methods' section. Evidence for approval by a local Ethics Committee (for both human as well as animal studies) must be supplied by the authors on demand. The ethical standards of experiments must be in accordance with the guidelines provided by the CPCSEA and World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Humans for studies involving experimental animals and human beings, respectively). The journal will not consider any paper which is ethically unacceptable. Processing Fee / Charge: There are no fee / charges for initial submission of manuscript and for its evaluation. Only on acceptance of the manuscript after peer review, corresponding author will have to pay nominal amount /charges for processing, handling, editing, indexing and web maintenance. The mode of payment will be informed by mail to the corresponding author. Merely a submission of manuscript does not guarantee the final publication until and unless the manuscript pass all the required criteria and peer review. ADVERTISING POLICIES IJAAM accepts and display classified advertisements from the pharmacies, hospitals and manufacturers of

medical equipments. Discounts on frequent publications and special positions are available on request. Further inquiries about advertising can be sent to [email protected] IJAAM reserves the right to accept or reject Copyright: The entire contents of International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine (IJAAM) are protected under Indian & international copyrights the journal however grants to all the users a free unalterable worldwide uninterrupted right to access to and a licence to copy, use, distribute and display the work widely in any digital medium for any reasonable non-commercial purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship and ownership of the rights. The IJAAM also grants the right to make small number of printed copies for their personal non commercial use. Disclaimer: The information and opinions published in the IJAAM reflects the views of the authors only and not of the journal or its editorial board or publisher. Publication does not constitute endorsement by the IJAAM. Neither the International Journal of Indian Medicine nor the publishers including the persons involved in creating, producing or delivering assumes any liability or responsibility for the precision, completeness or usefulness of any information provided in the journal. IJAAM shall not be responsible for any direct, indirect or consequential damages arising as a result of use of information published in IJAAM. Readers are hereby requested to confirm the information contained herein with the other relevant and reverent sources. Address for Communication: Editor-in-Chief International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine (IJAAM) # 401/8-A, 4th Floor, Shiv Shrishti Apt. Nardas Nagar, TP Rd., Bhandup (W), Mumbai – 400078 (Maharashtra) INDIA Email: [email protected]

*****


IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 vi

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (IJAAM) IS INDEXED / CITED IN

FOLLOWING DATABASE 1. National Library of Medicine (NLM) Division of

NCBI (PubMed) USA (NLM ID - 101637632) 2. AYUSH Portal - Evidence Based Research Data of

AYUSH System at Global Level 3. Index Copernicus International, Poland (IC Value

2013 – 5.37) 4. Thomson Reuters (In Process) 5. SCOPUS (In Process) 6. International Scientific Indexing (0.815) UAE 7. International Society for Research Activity (ISRA) -

JIF - 0.613 8. Directory of Research Journals Indexing 9. Cite Factor - Academic Scientific Journals 10. Global Impact Factor (GIF) - 0.301 (2014) 11. Directory of Science Central (Popularity Score

26.65) 12. Google Scholar 13. Indian Science 14. Research Bible 15. Eurasian Scientific Journal Index 16. Scientific Indexing Services 17. Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 3.636 (2012) 18. International Impact Factor Services 19. Open Academic Journals Index 20. Efita 21. Science Central 22. JIFACTOR 23. COSMOS Impact Factor 24. Gaudeamus 25. Budapest Open Access Initiative 26. Scholarsteer 27. Journal Index 28. Academic Keys 29. WILBERT 30. Virtual Library Eastern Europe 31. GetInfo 32. Social Science Open Access Repository

33. GIGA German Information Centre (Electronic Journals Library)

34. KVK – Zeitschriftendatenbank 35. Universitatsbibliothek Ilmenau 36. ERIH PLUS 37. Electronic Journals Library - University Library of

Leipzig 38. Electronic Journals Library - University of

Regensburg 39. Electronic Journals Library - Social Science

Research Centre Berlin 40. Open Access Journals Search Engine (OAJSE) 41. Green Pilot 42. Sonic Run 43. ISEDN 44. Exact Seek 45. Polish Scholarly Bibliography 46. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) - (In

Process) 47. Index Copernicus (Under Evaluation) 48. Advance Sciences Index 49. International Institute of Organized Research

(I2OR) 50. UCSF Library (Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA,

United States) 51. American Standards for Journals and Research

(ASJR) Texas, USA 52. The International Committee of Medical Journal

Editors (ICMJE) 53. JournalTOCs, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK 54. Publication Integrity & Ethics 55. Ourglocal - Academic Resources 56. Ayubhisak 57. ROAD - Directory of Open Access Scholarly

Resources 58. Portal on Central Eastern & Blkan Europe (PECOB) 59. International Journal Impact factor IJIF 60. Directory of abstract indexing for Journals


IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 vii

CONTENTS

Article

No. Title & Author Page No

REVIEW ARTICLES

1 AN AYURVEDIC UNDERSTANDING OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA 1 - 6 Santhosh Avangapur1*, Vasudev Chate2, Shreevathsa3

2 NEED OF INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN HERBAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT 7 - 10 Vandana Singh1*

3 SLEEP- A LITERARY REVIEW 11-16 Manisha G. Dunghav1*

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

4 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTY STUDIES ON NANOCRYSTALLINE LAUH (IRON) BHASMA-AN AYURVEDIC MEDICINE 17-23

Rakesh Kumar Singh1*, Sanjay Kumar2, Abhay Kumar Aman3, Shweta Kala4, Umesh Pradhan5, Malavi Shayan6, Manoranjan Kar7

5 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLICS AND FLAVONOIDS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF GLOBALLY ENDANGERED TREE SPECIES Adansonia digitata L. 24-29

Samatha Talari1, Rama Swamy Nanna2*

6 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF TAPYADI LAUHA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PANDU (ANAEMIA) 30-34

Swapnil S. Patil1, Deshmukhe Parag2*, Prashant Shirke3, Milind Kirte4

7 THE EFFICACY OF MUKHALEPA MENTIONED IN VARSHARUTU (RAINY SEASON) W.S.R. TO ASHTANG HRIDAY 35-39

Rajashri H. Bharati 1*

8 EFFECT OF DHANYAKA HIMA ON GRISHMA RITUJANYA PITTATMAKA VIKAR: A CLINICAL STUDY 40-48

Yogesh Bhagwanrao Shinde1*, Jagamohan B. Rathi2

9 STUDY THE EFFECT OF NIMBA PATRA (Azadiracta indica) CHURNA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SHEETPITTA VYADHI 49-57

Pallavi A. Moghe1*

FUTURE EVENTS

10 CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / SYMPOSIA 58

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

11 REVIEWERS OF IJAAM FOR Volume 3 (2015) 59

Entire ISSUE – IJAAM- Vol:4/ Issue:1/ Jan – Feb - 2016

*****


IJAAM Vol: 4 / Issue: 1 / Jan – Feb – 2016 viii

INTENTIONALLY

KEPT

BLANK

VOL 4

ISSUE 1 (2016) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE eISSN-2348-0173 pISSN-2395-3985

Santhosh Avangapur et.al., An Ayurvedic Understanding of Hyperlipidemia, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):1-6

Page

1 Pa

ge1

REVIEW ARTICLE Scientific Journal Impact Factor 5.733 (2015) by InnoSpace Sci. Res., Morocco

AN AYURVEDIC UNDERSTANDING OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA

Santhosh Avangapur1*, Vasudev Chate2, Shreevathsa3

1. PG Scholar, Dept. of PG studies in Ayurveda Samhitha and Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka state, India, Contact No.: +919945398199, Email - [email protected]

2. Lecturer, Dept. of PG studies in Ayurveda Samhitha and Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka state, India, Contact No.: +919448150212, Email- [email protected]

3. Professor (I/C) and HOD, Dept. of PG studies in Ayurveda Samhitha and Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka state, India, Contact No.: +919449772701, Email - [email protected]

Article Received on - 28th Jan 2016 Article Revised on - 27th Feb 2016 Article Accepted on - 29th Feb 2016

All articles published in IJAAM are peer-reviewed and can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for non commercial purpose (see copyright notice below).

(Full Text Available @ www.ijaam.org)

© 2013 IJAAM This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en_US), which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

VOL 4



Page

2 Pa

ge2

REVIEW ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Santhosh Avangapur PG Scholar, Dept. of PG studies in Ayurveda Samhitha and Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India, Contact No.: +919945398199, Email - [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-21217374

ABSTRACT: The term ‘Hyperlipidemia’ is used to denote raised serum levels of total cholesterol,

low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides or both total cholesterol and triglyceride. Hyperlipidemia does not bear a precise reference in Ayurvedic classics, though the study of Ayurvedic literature conveys through some implicit references, which might be due to the fact that it is a metabolic disorder. Liver plays an important role in metabolism of low density lipids (cholesterols) and also protein and fat metabolism. The study of Ayurvedic texts bears certain ambiguous concepts or references pertaining to an increase in the amount of rasaraktagata sneha (circulating body lipids), yet the literal meaning of Hyperlipidemia is not found to be distinctly stated anywhere. With the proper exploration of literary sources and applying the basic concepts of Ayurveda, one can establish the possible abnormal conditions mentioned in Ayurveda with the existing modern concepts. In this paper, an attempt is made to explore the nearest possible conditions of hyperlipidemia and its chikithsasiddhanta as per the Ayurvedic classics.

Key Words: Hyperlipidemia, Medo-roga, Liver, Medo-dhatu

INTRODUCTION: Acharya Charaka claims that; "A physician should never get ashamed or embarrassed if he is unable to name a given diseased condition, as each and every disease cannot be named".[1] This quotation is rightly quoted and best fit for today’s era where the arrays of newer diseases have come into present scenario. Evolution of many newer diseases due to modernization, sedentary lifestyle and other reasons, made man to tremble and physician to handle such condition cautiously in his clinical practice. This is mainly due to the dealings of various lifestyles, genetic and environmental factors which have altered over the years. Whatever in Ayurveda is found everywhere and whatever is not here is not found anywhere else [2] So, No disease is newer or unknown to the Ayurveda. With the proper exploration of literary sources, understanding and applying the basic concepts of Ayurveda, one can make the possible equivalence of Ayurvedic concepts with the existing modern concepts. Hyperlipidemia is one such condition where there is no exact narration in any of the Ayurvedic classical texts. The concept of Hyperlipidemia can be elaborated according to the Ayurvedic classics through indirect relevant references and concepts. Critical review of the Ayurvedic classics will reveal that the impairment of vitiated medo-dhatu vis-a-vis lipids might results in hyperlipidemia.

HYPERLIPIDEMIA Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder in which the levels of Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, Triglycerides or both are raised in plasma, wherein there is a deposition of lipids mainly in form of esterifies cholesterol in the wall of arteries. Lipids have been considered as “fats” in the bloodstream, which is commonly divided into cholesterol and triglycerides. However, the cholesterol circulates in the bloodstream which is involved in the structure and functions of cells, whereas, the triglycerides are either used immediately or stored in the fat cells. It causes narrowing and blockage of the arteries and produces mainly heart disease while other diseases include CVD (Cerebro-vascular Disease), Renal disease, Liver disease, Peripheral Vascular disease. Hyperlipidemia is not a single disease but a range of disorder with a variety of metabolic disorder, life style disorders and even environmental as well as genetic factors. It can be caused or influenced by a wide range of other disorders also. Its presence can affect many different organs and systems at the time. Hyperlipidemia is generally divided into2 subtypes as primary and secondary hyperlipidemia. Primary hyperlipidemia is usually due to genetic causes (such as a mutation in a receptor protein), while secondary hyperlipidemia arises due to other underlying cause, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, renal disorders, liver disorders, and Cushing’s syndrome, as well as obesity, alcohol consumption,

AN AYURVEDIC UNDERSTANDING OF HYPERLIPIDEMIA

VOL 4



Page

3 Pa

ge3

estrogen administration and other drug-associated changes in lipid metabolism.

Role of Liver in Hyperlipidemia: [3]

Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing the lipid metabolism

Few aspects of Lipid metabolism are unique to the liver. Liver is the major site for converting excess

carbohydrates and proteins into fatty acids and triglyceride which are then exported and stored in adipose tissue.

The liver is extremely active in oxidizing triglycerides to produce energy. The liver breaks down many more fatty acids that the hepatocytes need and exports into blood.

The liver synthesizes large quantities of lipoproteins, phospholipids, amino-acids and cholesterol.

Hepatocytes are responsible for synthesis of most of the plasma protein (albumin) and also clotting factors.

Hyperlipidemia is a known risk factor for fatty infiltration of the liver, a condition that can progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. Low LPL(lipoprotein lipase) activity further causes high synthesis of LDL cholesterol by the liver, ultimately leads to hyperlipidemia. The pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia involves the defect in lipid metabolism. Cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids are transported in the bloodstream as a complex of lipids and proteins known as lipoproteins. Due to the impaired lipid metabolism, lipoproteins circulating in the blood stream start adhering to the walls of blood vessels and thereby causing the deposition over the blood vessels. Gradually, the Elevated total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with the development of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).

Hyperlipidemia – An Ayurvedic Perspective In Ayurveda, Hyperlipidemia does not bear a precise reference in any Ayurvedic classical treatises, though the study of Ayurvedic literature bears some implicit references. Hyperlipidemia is characterized by an increased amount of lipids present in the bloodstream. The lipids which are elevatedcan be correlated to Sneha, Medo-dhatu, Saama-rasa, due to the similarity in their properties. Attempts were made by various scholars of Ayurveda to correlate clinically it to Rasagata Sneha Vriddhi, Raktagata Sneha Vriddhi, Rasaraktagata Sneha Vriddhi, Medoroga and Sthaulya. Hyperlipidemia can be included in Santarpanjanyavyadhi. Hyperlipidemia is also a Dhatu-pradoshajaVikara in which Medodhatu is being dominant, thus it can be correlated it with ‘Medodosha’ (Amaposhakamedo-dhatu Vruddhi) comes under the broad umbrella of Ama. Hence, the conditionof Hyperlipidemiacan be considered under the Medo-Dosha as well as SantarpanjanyaVyadhi. Nidana: Most of the Acharyas have stressed upon the role of an imbalanced diet with sedentary habits as an important cause, the etiological factors of medoroga or santarpanajanyavyadhi’s can be classified as follows: Aharaja-Dietary factors: it includes

atisampurana of ahara (overeating), Adhyashana (repeated eating), Madhura-guru-sheetadravya ahara (sweet, heavy and cold food items), shleshmadravyaahara, vishishtaahara, ati medaahara sevana (fatty food), ati-madya sevana (excess alcohol consumption), etc. [4] In short, santarpana, kaphakara and amakaraka

LIVER:Absorption of Lipids

from small intestine is converted into

Triglycerides which converts into Fatty acids and Glucose

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION:

Flow of Triglycerides and glucose into

ciculation

FAT DEPOSIT: Triglycerides

BODY TISSUE:Utilized by body

tissues

VOL 4



Page

4 Pa

ge4

ahara’s are the main etiological factors responsible for medo-dushti.

Viharaja-Behavioral factors: some of the behavioral factors held responsible for medoroga are: Divaswapna(day sleep), Avayayama(lack of exercise), Achintana (lack of thinking), Harshanityatva (exhilaration) and sedentary habits.[4]

Beejadosha- Genetic or Hereditary factors: in addition to the above etiology factors, genetic or hereditary factors will also play an important factor in the development of medoroga.[4] Primary hyperlipidemia is due to Genetic cause.

Anya nidanas - Other causes: Unintentional andinjudicious use of some of the therapeutic measures i.e. Santarpana etc. may give rise to medoroga (sthaulya).

In Prameha (Santarpanajanya vyadhi), similar causative factors will be contributing which leads to drastic metabolic changes in the body are as follows; According to Charaka, excess intake of meat of domestic, marshy and aquatic animals, vegetables,new rice, new fresh wine sesame oil, Paayasa (a type of milk preparation), gruel prepared out of Tila (Sesamuindicum), rice (Oryza sativa) and black gram (Vigna mungo), preparations of sugarcane, milk, unformed curd, avoidance of dry massage and physical exercise, indulgence in sleep, rest, sedentary habits, etc.[5]

According to Sushrutha,excess intake of cold, unctuous, sweet, fatty, liquid food habits, day-sleep, lack of physical exercise, etc. [6] So, the same etiological factors will be responsible for raised levels of lipids, cholesterol and for the deposition of circulating lipids over blood vessels due to altered lipid metabolism by liver. Poorvaroopa (Premonitory symptoms): The poorvaroopa’s are in alpa-vyakta state, which could be understood by the occurrence of the minimal features of hyperlipidemia. Samprapti (Pathogenesis): Hyperlipidemiacan be narrated as a dushya dominant disorder.Medo-vriddhi is a complex process. Regarding the samprapti of Medodusti, both Acharya Charaka and Susrutha have different views. Acharya Charaka has accepted Ahara as a most common pathogenic factor, whereas Susrutha has accepted as ama (rasa) as the main factor for medotpatti.[6]

Use of specific dietary factors like too much sweet, unctuous foods itemsand lifestyle factors like absence of physical exercise, day sleep, etc leads to diminished digestive capacity. This further leads to the formation of undigested food i.e. - Ama anna rasa and subsequent rasa dhatu. The Ama rasa dhatu leads to medodhatvagnimandya. The above equation due to their affinity for medo-dhatu causes direct increase in the asthayimedo-dhatu. Then medodhatvagnimandya results in the increase of amaasthayimedo-dhatu or amasthayimedo-dhatu(excessive adipose tissue) or both, which is known as “Hyperlipidemia”. Samprapti Ghataka:

Dosha -KledakaKapha; Pachaka Pitta; Samana and VyanaVata

Dushya - Rasa and MedoDhatu Agni–Parthiva and Aap Bhutagni’s; Rasa

and Medo-dhatvagni Srotas –Medovaha Srotas Srotodusti– Sanga and Margavarodha Adhisthana - Whole Body Udbhavasthana -Amashaya Prasarasthana–Rasayani Vyaktasthana - Sarvanga Ama - Jatharagni mandhyajanita ama;

Dhatvagnimandhyajanita ama Roga-marga -Bahya

Fig 2: Flow-chart showing the formation of ama-

medovruddhi:

Clinical Features: In Hyperlipidemia,the drastic changes in the levels of lipids, triglycerides and cholesterols were found due to hampered lipid metabolism by the liver.

VOL 4



Page

5 Pa

ge5

Chikitsa Siddhanta: Ayurveda with its own holistic approach in treating the different diseases adopts the various treatment modalities to treat at the disease’s root level. [7] So firstly the etiological factors responsible for the causation of diseases in terms of food and activities should be avoided. So, the use of specific diet and activities producing ama (indigestion of food) and vitiating the medo-dhatu should be avoided. Samanya Chikitsa: Vriddhaasthayi medo dhatu (increased circulating lipids) is a santarpanajanya condition as stated earlier. Hence the Samanya chikitsa comprises of apatarpanajanya upakrama. Apatarpana (making body lean) measures like ullekhana, raktamokshana (bloodletting), vyayama(physical exercise), upavasa (fasting), dhuma (medicated smoking), swedana (sudation), sakshaudraAhara (food mixed with honey), abhayaprasha (oral intake of amalakichoorna), rukshannasevana (dry food items), different types of choornas (powders) and pradehas.[8] Hyperlipidemia can also be treated with some drugs, habits and diet style which can reduce the vitiated body constituents as well as to control the obesity and its associated problems. Vishesha Chikitsa: Hyperlipidemia can be a santarpanajanya vyadhi where the medo-dhatuis the main factor vitiated in the pathogenesis of Hyperlipidemia. So, the wise physician should aim to reduce excessive Medo Dhatu, these can also be considered as the line of treatment for the vruddhaasthayi medodhatu. Shodhana (Purificatory therapies) should be done in order to remove the vitiated doshas and malas forcefully, which includes the Virechana, Rakta-Mokshana, Swedana, Udwarthana, etc.are said to be effective in any santarpanajanya vyadhis. All these therapies does the sroto-shodhana (clears the obstruction in the channels), removes the adherent, deep seated vitiated doshas, kapha-medovilayana (diminution of fat), etc. For Shamana(Palliative measures), use of the medicines performing the role of Rookshana (to reduce the snehamsha), lekhana and kapha-medohara action can be administered in the form of vati, kashaya, udhwarthana, basti, ahara,etc. Formulations like Kanchanara Guggulu, Triphala Guggulu, Arogyavardhini Vati, Mustadi Ghana Vati, Yavamalakadi Choorna, etc are proven to be very effective in Hyperlipidemia.

DISCUSSION: There is no direct reference of a single disease entity that can be directly correlated with the hyperlipidemia. Moreover different scholars have different opinions about the nearest possible disease for hyperlipidemia. Most of them have considered hyperlipidemia under the heading of medoroga or medodosha. Few of them have considered asrasagata-snehavriddhi, raktagata-snehavriddhi or rasa raktagata-snehavriddhi, and even some authors are considering hyperlipidemia under the broad umbrella of Ama. Hyperlipidemia involves abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. In body, there are many tissues which are rich in lipids such as medo-dhatu, vasa and majja-dhatu. Among the above lipids medo-dathu is very important, as it has significant role in developing many metabolic diseases. Agni is responsible for all metabolic activities of the body. The pathology of medo-dhatwagnimandhya leads to excess homologous poshakamedo-dhatu in circulation,which can be referred to the conditions such as hyperlipidemia. There are two types of medodhatu(lipids);Poshya and Poshakamedo-dhatu. The Poshakamedo-dhatuis mobile in nature, (gatiyukta) which is circulated all over the body along with the rasa-raktadhatu, to give nutrition to poshyamedo-dhatu. The vitiation of Agni has serious impact on health at various levels depending on type of Agni involved. When Agni is decreased, it will lead to various metabolic disorders at various levels and produces “ama”. If agnimandya is present at the level of dhatwagni (one or more), then the particular dhatus cannot assimilate nutrients present in the circulating ahara rasa or circulating poshakadhatu. So, such poshakadhatus will be accumulated in ahara rasa in abnormal quantities and they may further get accumulated at abnormal sites. This sort of process can be called leenatwa(deep seated) of ama in dhatus. Such leenatwa can cause a number of disorders. When medodhatwagni is diminisheddue to various etiological factors, then the homologous nutrients present in poshakamedodhatu will be excess in circulation, which leads to excess accumulation of abnormal quantities of poshakamedodathu in rasa.This condition can be referred as Hyperlipidemia. This is because the poshakamedodhatu cannot be assimilated into sthayimedodhatu by medodhatwagni, causing excess poshaka medodhatu in circulation. The consequence of such increase in poshaka medodhatu leads to disorders such as dhamanipratichaya, etc. The Etiological factors, signs and symptoms mentioned for

VOL 4



Page

6 Pa

ge6

medoroga or any santarpanottavyadhi’s are almost similar to hyperlipidemia. Thus the condition which is characterized by hyperlipidemia can be considered under the concept of medoroga or a santarpanajanya vyadhi. CONCLUSION: Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder in which the levels of Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, Triglycerides or both are raised in plasma, where there is a deposition of lipids (esterified cholesterol) in the wall of arteries. In Ayurveda, Hyperlipidemia does not bear a precise reference in any Ayurvedic classical treatises, though the study of Ayurvedic literature bears some implicit references. With the proper exploration of literary sources and applying the basic concepts of Ayurveda, one can make the possible equivalence of concept of medo-vruddhi with the hyperlipidemia. The pathology of medo-dhatwagnimandhya leading to excess homologous poshakamedo-dhatu in circulation can be referred to hyperlipidemia. The Etiological factors, signs

and symptoms mentioned for medoroga or any santarpanottavyadhi’s are almost similar to hyperlipidemia. Thus the condition which is characterized by hyperlipidemia in the body can be considered under the concept of medo-roga or santarpanajanya vyadhi. REFERENCES: 1. Yadavji Trikamji, Editor, Charaka Samhita. Varanasi,

Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2011.p.108 2. Yadavji Trikamji, Editor, Charaka Samhita. Varanasi,

Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2011.p.738 3. K Sembulingam, Prema Sembulingam, Editors. Essentials of

Medical Physiology, New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2006.p.270

4. Yadavji Trikamji, Editor, Charaka Samhita. Varanasi, Chaukhamba Orientalia; 2011.p.116





CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Santhosh Avangapur et.al., An Ayurvedic Understanding of Hyperlipidemia, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):1-6 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Vandana Singh, Need of Innovative Approach in Herbal Drug Development, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):7-10

Page

7 Pa

ge7


NEED OF INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN HERBAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT

Vandana Singh1*

1. Assistant professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Uttaranchal Ayurvdic College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand,

Contact- +919808462542, Email – [email protected]

Article Received on - 21st Jan 2016 Article Revised on - 29th Feb 2016 Article Accepted on - 29th Feb 2016




VOL 4



Page

8 Pa

ge8

REVIEW ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Vandana Singh Assistant professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Uttaranchal Ayurvdic College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Contact- +919808462542, Email – [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-93666652

ABSTRACT: Most modern drug discovery and development takes more fund but fewer new

drugs were generated and thus every drug designer is wondering where the hope for drug discovery is? The historical experiences and empirical observation with ayurveda drugs provide valuable clues for finding new entity drugs . Age old ayurveda have relatively organized database with detail pharmacological principles coded in dravyaguna vigyan and provide exhaustive description of botanical material their properties which could be verified in vitro and in vivo using modern scientific methods. It has necessitated a novel method of ayurvedic practices and research, development of standard technique for quality raw drugs, clinical trials and focus on reverse pharmacology approach for better and safer new drugs. This will become an area of ever increasing importance in the health-care system in the future. In this paper effort has been made to discuss the way for quality drugs and reverse pharmacology approach in field of research and development in ayurvedic medicines for new diseases with interdisciplinary approach in a systematic manner.

Key Words: Ayurvedic drugs, Reverse pharmacology, Drug development

INTRODUCTION India has a lot of opportunity to lead the global herbal market. For drug discovery historical experience is always significant. Black stated that the most fruitful basis for the discovery of new drug is to start with an old drug. [1] Now pharmaceutical industry turns to traditional and herbal experience again with an attempt to find novel drugs from traditional medicine [2]. The recent interest and resurgence of plant remedies result from several factors effective of plant medicines, side effects of most modern drugs, development of science and technology. In Current scenario allopathic medicines are helping to treat many pathological conditions but Besides relief they are associated with side effects, teratogenic effects, delayed reactions, drug resistance. Various medicines available in market are chemically derived directly or indirectly from plant species. New chemical entities based drug discovery are adding more expense, risk and years. A screening was done for selected bioassays of approximately 2000 plants for biological efficacy in Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India. However screening failed to yield any new drug.[3] It would be cheaper and perhaps more productive to re-examine plant remedies described in ancient and mediaeval texts [4] since Ayurvedic drug research has a basis of ayurvedic database and philosophy, it needs to be undertaken within those principles. This allows more degree of success. Mechanical treatment

normally followed in drug research may lead to misleading inferences. Failing compliance of complete Ayurvedic processes and adopting short-cuts can result into either compromised therapeutic gains or even dangerous poisonous side effects. Recent modern trend is selecting the path of prospective microanalysis of the drugs to develop isolated new chemical entities. But it is major drawback and will account for the extensive economic and time expense involved in whole task and probably the reason for the reduced success rate. In last few years have seen an alarming downturn in the industry as such and in particular, in the field of R & D. most of the big pharmaceutical manufacturers spend more on marketing than on research and development. Recent modern trend of Drug development is long, expensive and risk of post approval or marketing withdrawal cases. Consequently it shows drug development need some innovative approach. In this paper I want to highlight on some important point which is necessary for Successful Drug Development in Ayurveda.

1. Follow the procedure of reverse pharmacology.

2. Use of crude drug in place of isolated active ingredient.

3. Multidisciplinary approach. Follow the Procedure of Reverse Pharmacology This approach can provide new fundamental leads to reduce time, money, and toxicity Reverse

NEED OF INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN HERBAL DRUG DEVELOPMENT

VOL 4



Page

9 Pa

ge9

pharmacology procedure will help to know the probable mode of action of herbal drug by different technology involved in preclinical studies, therapeutic dose, dose fixation according to Prakriti and vikriti, and their frequencies. In this approach as the candidate travels a reveres path from clinics to laboratory rather than classical laboratory to clinics. Reverse pharmacology (RP) designed as an academic discipline to reduce 3 major bottlenecks of cost, time and toxicity. RP can be perceived to comprise of 3 phases. I. Phase experiential studies - That includes

robust documentation of clinical observation of the biodynamic effects of standardized drug by meticulous record keeping.

II. Phase exploratory studies- For tolerability, drug interactions, dose range finding in ambulant patients of defined subset of the diseases and preclinical studies in relevant in vitro and in vivo model to evaluate the target activity.

III. Phase-experimental studies- Basic and clinical at several levels of biological organization to identify, and validate the reverse pharmacological correlates of ayurvedic drug safety and efficacy.

To evaluate the efficacy of herbal and classical drugs as per Ayurvedic approach, the screening methods of modern Criteria are not sufficient in all cases. At this time we need to explore evaluation in its own theoretical framework.Efficacy issues are taken care by the traditional use data since these medicines are in practice from centuries. Pharmacological principle in Dravyaguna vigyan will help to explain dynamics and kinetics of various drugs with the rasapanchaka. It will assist to search new drugs for diseases. This innovative approaches based on ayurvedic medicine can reduce the major bottleneck and also reduce cost and development time. Use of Crude Drug in Place of Isolated Active Ingredient Second vital thing in herbal drug development is selection of Crude drugs. Crude drugs work more efficiently than the extract. Therapeutic activity of to 1 or few compound isolated from crude drug can be seen, but activity present in whole crude drug cannot be expected from isolated active ingredient compound. Isolated Compound needs toxicological studies to prove their safety. The typical strategies of drug research including activity directed fractionation do not necessarily work in case of Ayurvedic botanicals.[5]

Following examples will illustrate this point further an experimental study was conducted in animal model of Sarcoma and adenoma with

Bhallataka oil (Semicarpus anacardium) for antitumor activity at National chemical Laboratory, Institute of Science, Cancer Research Institute and Haffkine Institute under the program of Department of Science and Technology. Result was statistically significant; there was increase in life span of treatment group. Then scientist tried to isolate the active principle using preparative HPLC coupled with anticancer activity testing of pure fractions. But this study failed to identify any anticancer compound in pure form even after 4 years of intensive efforts. Thus just because we are not able to isolate pure anti compound from Semicarpus does not mean it has no anticancer activity Crude extract and nut shell oil showed anti cancer activity probably by synergistic activity of all plant constituents [5] Standardization of crude drug is very vital and needs a broader consideration. New procedures, method of ensuring, safety and efficacy features, developing new presentation forms and designing suitable packing method are all part of this whole endeavour. In all these efforts the essential concern will be to stick an appropriate balance between the ayurvedic principle and the evolving needs of changing times. Necessary studies are needed to substantiate the equivalent effect of these forms with that of classical form. Multidisciplinary Approach Drug development is multistep procedure so it need close collaboration of experts, scientist from different allied fields. The scientific disciplines involved in drug discovery other than the ayurveda expert were: chemistry, pharmacology/physiology, Botany, Biotechnology, microbiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, medical statician. they can contribute in following activity Discipline: Biochemistry ,

Activity: Development of drug, biochemical changes and related physiological alteration in the body. Pathology of any disease.

Discipline: Microbiology, Activity: Microbial load, Pharmacological action-Antimicrobial study, fermentation process Science

Discipline: Botany Activity: Drug identification macro and microscopic examination, Adulteration, Market sample analysis.

Discipline :Biotechnology Activity: Alcohol production, Role in Asavarishta kalpana , Market sample analysis.

Discipline: Chemistry , Activity: Market sample analysis, phytochemistry

Discipline molecular biology Activity: Mode of actions of drugs

VOL 4



Page

10

Page

10

Discipline Phytochemistry Activity ; Drug standardization

Medical statician Activity; Data analysis, specified with Specific processes test / formula.

DISCUSSION Ayurveda is a science by the use of which, one can throw the light on such hidden facts. Ayurvedic treatment principles should be first explained by ayurvedic pharmacological principles i.e. dravyaguna, it will show the science concealed in Sanskrit literature. The need of the research in Dravyaguna speciality implies the exploration of new drugs, supported with the possible experiments with ancient science. In ayurveda customized prescription is mentioned that is based on human constitution disease constitution, Drug constitution. To develop the efficacious line of treatment with herbal drug we need to take care of above 3 points. Therefore herbal drug development which includes reverse pharmacology, safety remains the most important starting point and the efficacy becomes a matter of validation. In ayurvedic drugs mode of action is mainly dependent of their rasa, guna, veerya, vipaka, prabhava. In modern science pharmacology uses another term like receptor theory, i.e. chemical structure and activity, receptor binding, affinity, and intrinsic activity. A single drug with different anupana, sanskara can be used for the treatment of various types of diseases. Importance of pathya and anupana etc are to be viewed scientifically in the development of new drugs entities from herbal medicine. Crude drug selection is very important step, the whole plant philosophy can begin to be better understood by considering that a single plant is greater than the sum of its parts. because any plant is literally made up of hundreds ,if not thousands , of different chemicals that interact in a highly complex manner , an herbal medication cannot be reduced to the simple isolation of a certain plants active

constituents or major ingredients. This phenomenon is known as synergism. Innovative approach in traditional medicine conducted with modern technique can help to enrich the sources of new drugs by absorbing new ideas and concept s from traditional plant medicine. While developing modern standards for herbal medicine an absolute match between the traditional standards and corresponding modern parameters cannot be expected. Ayurveda is a devine life science which is beginning less and is eternal. And finally it is the time tested life science based on philosophical and experiential principles and practices. No other Medical science could be, probably compared with Ayurveda in the world. This could be the precious point of pride, that we have a treasure of knowledge and wisdom regarding Health. CONCLUSION Dravyagunavijnanam is the backbone of Pharmacotherapeutics and Pharmaceutics but Rigorous quality research is needed to support the claim of herbal medicine for the benefit of mankind. Emerging diseases where no medicines are available have encouraged an interest in plants once again as a significant source of new medicines. REFERENCES

1. Jens –uwe peters ,editor, Polypharmacology in drug discovery, a John wiley and sons INC Publication , preface 2012

2. Si-Yuan Pan et. Al, New Perspectives on How to Discover Drugs from Herbal Medicines: CAM's Outstanding Contribution to Modern Therapeutics,Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2013 (2013),

3. Chandrakant Katiyar, Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach, Ayu. 2012 Jan-Mar; 33(1): 10–19.

4. Holland BKet.al, prospecting for drugs in ancient texts Nature. 1994 Jun 30;369(6483):702

5. Bhushan Patwardhan, The quest for evidence-based Ayurveda: lessons learned,Current science, vol. 102, no. 10, 25 may 2012

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Vandana Singh, Need of Innovative Approach in Herbal Drug Development, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):7-10 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Dunghav M.G, Sleep- A Literary Review, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):11-16

Page

11

Page

11


SLEEP- A LITERARY REVIEW

Manisha G. Dunghav1*

1. Associate Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita & Siddhanta, D. Y. Patil University, School of Ayurveda, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Contact Number - +919869516839, Email Id- [email protected]

Article Received on - 14th Jan 2016 Article Revised on - 28th March 2016 Article Accepted on - 29th March 2016




VOL 4



Page

12

Page

12

REVIEW ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Manisha G. Dunghav Associate Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit Samhita & Siddhanta, D. Y. Patil University, School of Ayurveda, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, Contact No. +919869516839, Email - [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-73684872

ABSTRACT: Sleep is a behavioural state that is a natural part of every individual’s life. Problem

sleepiness may be associated with difficulty concentrating, memory lapses, loss of energy, fatigue, lethargy, and emotional instability. Sleep-related problems affect millions of people in all walks of life. They have a major impact on society, yet we still don’t have a good understanding of exactly why we sleep or what causes sleep disorders. We do, however, know that sleep is vital to our well-being, and is closely linked with serious health and mood problems such as high blood pressure, obesity, and depression. The prevalence of problem sleepiness is high and has serious consequences, such as drowsy driving or workplace accidents and errors. Lifestyle factors and undiagnosed or untreated sleep disorders can cause problem sleepiness. Lifestyle factors include not getting enough sleep, having an irregular sleep schedule, and using alcohol or certain medications. In this study importance of sleep is explained along with status of Doshas, age, day time and night time demarcation and need of sleep according to age and dream pattern relates with the sleep as per Ayurveda.

Key Words: Sleep, Nidra, Dream, stages of sleep, Sleep, Ayurveda, Swapna

INTRODUCTION New technologies and changing lifestyle are the root causes of increase in various diseases such as obesity, heart diseases, hyperacidity, impotency, skin diseases and psychological disorders. In today’s competitive era, one of the most neglected things is sleep. Not only youth but children and aged people have also become addicted to High-tech lifestyle i.e. cell phone, internet, computers etc. Everybody uses these technologies in excess at night to prove our superiority and earn money in short span. Mostly person chooses night time for the internet surfing, because of busy schedule and discount offers by various companies. So obviously sleep at night time gets disturbed. To maintain the health of healthy person is one of the aims of Ayurveda. Diet, Sleep and Celibacy are considered as sub-pillars of life. [1] Along with proper diet proper sleep is essential for maintenance of health. [2] This study is proposed to explain the importance of proper sleep which maintains the health. Aim and Objectives: To study the fundamental concepts of sleep. To spread awareness among people to

consider sleep as one of the important factors for health or ill health.

MATERIALS AND METHODS For this study Ayurveda text has been studied to evaluate the concepts. The texts from Brihattrayee i.e. Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hridaya along with their respective

commentaries in Sanskrit as well as in hindi which were available. Also text from Laghutrayee i.e Madhavnidana, Bhavprakasha and Sharangadhara Samhita has been studied. Various related websites have been studied. Conceptual study: Sleep is included in thirteen urges which are not to be held or suppressed. [3] Urge means natural feeling. The urge which is not to hold means it gives harm to the body if it held or suppressed. In twenty four hours of the day twelve hours is day and twelve hours is night. When the mind including sensory and motor organs are get exhausted and they dissociate themselves from their objects then the individual sleeps.[4] Acharya Charaka has explained the following seven types of sleep. [5]

1. Tamobhava-Predominance of tamoguna leads day sleep

2. Shleshmasaudbhava-Predominance of kapha guna leads excessive sleep

3. Manashramsambhava-Predominance of vataguna leads sleeplessness

4. Sharirashramasambhava- Predominance of vataguna leads sleeplessness

5. Agantuki-Sleep due to suffering from incurable disease.

6. Vyadhiavartani-Sleep is caused due to complications of an incurable disease.

7. Ratrisvabhavaprabhava-Sleep is caused by the nature of night

SLEEP- A LITERARY REVIEW

VOL 4



Page

13

Page

13

Happiness,misery,nourishment,emaciation,strength,weakness,virility,sterility,knowledge,ignorance, life and death all these occurs on the proper and improper sleep.[ 6] Indication of day sleep: In Charaka Samhita following people are advised to take sleep at day time. Sleeping during day time in all seasons is prescribed for those who are exhausted by singing, study, alcoholic drinks, sexual acts, elimination therapy, carrying heavy weight, walking long distance, wasting, thirst, diarrhoea, colicy pain, dysponea, hiccup, insanity, those who are too old, too young, weak and emaciated, those injured by fall and assault, those exhausted by journey by a vehicle, vigil, anger, grief and fear and those who are accustomed to day sleep. By this the equilibrium of dhatus and strength are maintain and the kapha nourishes the organs and ensures longevity. In summer season night becomes shorter and vata gets aggravated in the body due to absorption of fluid.Therefore, during this season, sleep during day time is prescribed for all. [7] Contra indication of day sleep: Sleeping during day time in the seasons other than summer is not advisable as it causes vitiation of kapha and pitta. Persons with shlaishmika constitution with excessive fat, those who suffering from diseases due to vitiation of kapha,those who are addicted to taking unctuous substance, should never sleep during day time. [8] If these persons sleeps during day time, he would subject himself Halimaka (serious type of jaundice), headache, timidness, heaviness of the body, malaise, loss of digestive power, oedema, anorexia, nausea, rhinitis, urticaria, eruption, abscess, pruritus, drowsiness, coughing, diseases of the throat, impairment of the memory and intelligence, obstruction of the circulatory channels of the body, fever, weakness of sensory and motor organs. So one should keep in view the merits and demerits of sleep in various seasons and situations in order that it may bring happiness.[ 9] Methods and measures to induce good sleep: One can sleep comfortably only at time when he is accustomed to sleep. If for some reason, one is subjected to sleeplessness, he can be instantly cured by massage, unction, bath, intake of soup of domestic marshy & aquatic animals, Sali rice with curd milk, unctuous substance and alcohol, psychic pleasure, smell of scents and hearing of sounds of one’s own tastes, rubbing the body by hand, application of soothing ointment to the eyes, head & face, comfortable bed and home and proper time. [10]

Improper sleep includes the night awakening, insomnia & day sleep. Night awakening causes roughness in the body. Insomnia leads the hyperacidity, skin disorders, psyche disorder and decreased memory power or intelligence. So in Ayurveda, sleep is described as the causative factor for happiness, misery, nourishment, emaciation, strength, weakness, virility, sterility, knowledge, ignorance, life and death all these depending on the proper or improper sleep. Like the night of destructions, untimely and excessive sleep and prolonged vigil take away both happiness and unhappiness. DISCUSSIONS: Proper sleep helps to maintain the health. Getting enough sleep at the right times can help to protect your mental health, physical health, quality of life and safety. During sleep many brain functions are controlled by tryptophon which is the amino acid in our body produces serotonin act as neurotransmitter. [11] Food items containing amino acid if consumed produce serotonin which influences many brain functions during sleep. The insufficient sleep can cause some chronic health problems. Sleep helps brain to work properly and prepares it for the next day. In children and teens, sleep helps to support growth & development. Knowledge and ignorance depend on sleep: A good sleep improves learning. It helps to enhance your learning and problem solving skills. Sleep helps to pay attention, to make decisions and to be creative. Happiness and misery depend on sleep: Sleep deficiency gives rise in trouble making decision, solving problems. Proper sleep helps in solving problems, controls emotions and behavior which ultimately make happy. Insufficient sleep linked to depression, suicide and risk taking behavior which gives you miserable life. Children and teens who take insufficient sleep may feel angry and impulsive; they have mood swings, feel sad or depressed or lack motivation. They also have problems paying attention and they may get lower grades and feel stressed which brings misery in their life. Strength and weakness depend on sleep: Sleep plays important role in physical health. Proper sleep helps to nourish all dhatus and by one in proper manner. It keeps agni in proper state. Proper sleep at night times makes dhatu samya (balance of the body constituents) and provides alertness good vision, good complexion, good strength and good digestive power.

VOL 4



Page

14

Page

14

Insufficient sleep leads risk of heart disease, kidney diseases, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes. Thus it makes body weak. Sleep helps to maintain balance of the Ghrelin harmone. Ghrelin, the harmone which make feel hungry. Improper sleep leads level of ghrelin goes up and leptin goes down which feel hungrier than well rested. So obesity increased .Improper sleep results in higher than blood sugar level which increases risk of diabetes.[ 12] Improper sleep affects immune system and so one can find trouble in fighting common infections. Thus proper sleep makes an individual strength and improper sleep makes an individual weak by some lifestyle disorder diseases like blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, heart diseases. Why day sleep is advisable in specific cases? The sleep caused by nature at night is considered as the normal sleep. When the mind and soul get exhausted, become inactive and the sensory and motor organs become inactive then the individual

gets sleep. Sleep is nothing but the location of the mind in place unconnected with the sensory and motor organs. In the event of the exhaustion of the mind, the individuals also get exhausted because action of individual is dependent on that of the mind. So when mind dissociates itself from its objects, individuals also dissociate themselves from their objects. The sensory and motor organs are not active because of the inaction of individuals. [13]

In Charaka Samhita specific cases advised sleep at daytime because in their cases they do not get proper or sufficient sleep and so they can suffer above mentioned result. So to keep their mind and body healthy they are advised to get day sleep. According to Ashtanga Hridaya day time is divided into parts like morning, afternoon and evening for predominance of Kapha, Pitta and Vata dosha respectively. [14] So sleep caused by the nature of night can be taken as per the age, stages of age, predominance of Doshas and needed sleep in hrs respectively.

Table: 1 - The status of doshas according to age

Stages of age Age in yrs Predominance of doshas Needed sleep

Childhood 0-16yrs

Kapha

New born 0-1 yr 16-18hrs

Children who are going to nursery 1yr-4 yrs 11-12hrs School going children 4yrs-12 yrs Minimum10hrs Adolescence Children 12 yrs-16yrs 9-10hrs

Youth 16 yrs- 45yrs Pitta 8-10 hrs Old 45 yrs- 75 yrs Vata 7-8hrs

Similarly night time can also divided into 3parts as per predominance of dosha with reference to the dream pattern. In relation to day time and night time, day time divided as per the predominance of Doshas by which we can correlate yama or prahara (ancient time measurement) and modern time measurement in hour, minutes and seconds pattern. Whole 24 hours divided in to early morning and morning, early afternoon and afternoon , early evening and evening, early night and night(Mid night) late night(early morning). As per Ashtanga Hridaya, relation of dosha and day time is very well described. According to it morning time is considered as predominance of kapha dosha,afternoon time is considered as predominance of pitta dosha and evening time is considered as predominance of vata dosha. [15] But in modern time we should know the exact time of predominance of respective Doshas so that physician can get exact guideline for the treatment of various diseases. Similarly night time also can be divided as per the predominance of doshas so that

relation of sleep and dreams can be revealed exact doshas predominance in different night time. Table No: 2 shows early night to early morning is the proper time for night sleep which is approximately 9 hrs. There are 8 yamas in a day. [17] Each yama consists of 3 hrs. Both day and night are constituted by 3 yamas each. Each of the rest two yamas constitutes 2 sandhyas, namely dusk and dawn respectively. According to Hemadri, Arundatta and Indu, it consists of fifteen muhurta begins at dawn.It is the penultimate muhurta of night. Thus the healthy individual may get up 2 muhurtas i.e.96 minutes (almost 1 ½hrs) before sunrise. This is applicable to only healthy people. [18]

According to this explanation, the time of brahma muhurta or the time of get up may be between 3.00a.m – 6.00 a.m. in early morning. If sunrise at 6.00 a.m. then brahma muhurta can be between 4.30 a.m. to 6.00 a.m. in early morning. But sunrise

VOL 4



Page

15

Page

15

is depending on the geographical condition. So approximately before sunrise1 ½ hr can be considered as brahma muhurta and sleeping time

may be reduced from 9 hrs to7 ½ hrs. In short at least we should take sleep approximately 7-8hrs.

Table: 2 Following table shows the status of doshas and modern time whole day (including day time & night time) along

with dreaming pattern and stages of sleep

Daytime General Status of doshas

Day Time Specific status of doshas

Ancient Measurement

of time

Modern measurements

of time

Dreaming pattern/stages of

sleep

Morning Kapha Early Morning Vata 3 yama 3.00a.m-6.00a.m

20-25% rapid eye movement, brain

waves speed up and dreaming occurs. Muscle relaxation

and heart rate increase.

Breathing is rapid and shallow.[16]

Late Morning Kapha 3 yama 6.00a.m-9.00a.m --

Afternoon Pitta

Early Afternoon Pitta 3yama 9.00a.m-

12.00p.m --

Late Afternoon Pitta 3yama 12.00p.m-

3.00p.m --

Evening Vata Early Evening Vata 3yama 3.00p.m-

6.00p.m --

Late Evening Vata 3yama 6.00p.m-9.00p.m --

Night

Kapha Early night Kapha 3yama 9.00p.m-12.00p.m

4-5% light sleep. Muscle activity slows

down. Occasional muscle twitching. 45-55%Breathing pattern and heart rate slows. Slight decrease in body temperature.[ 16]

Kapha Late night Pitta 3yama 12.00a.m-3.00a.m

4-6% deep sleep begins. Brain begins

to generate slow delta waves.

[ 16] 12-15 % very deep

sleep, rhythmic breath in. Limited

muscle activity. Brain produces delta

waves. [ 16] Relation of sleep and dream according to Ayurveda: According to Charaka Samhita, dreams are of 7 types which are related with seven factors in wakeful state. They are visual perception, auditory perception, experiences through other means, one’s own desire, imaginary, as premonitions and caused by the aggravation of Doshas. Among these first five are non significant and experienced during day time. The last two types of dreams are described as meaningful. The doshaja type is responsible for the causation of diseases as a result of the aggravation of same dosha. [19]

Modern view of stages of sleep and dreams: According to modern science sleep has five stages. When we sleep, we go through five sleep stages. The first stage is a very light sleep from which it is easy to wake up. The second stage moves into a slightly deeper sleep, and stages three and four represent our deepest sleep. Our brain activity throughout these stages is gradually slowing down so that by deep sleep, we experience nothing but delta brain waves -- the slowest brain waves. About 90 minutes after we go to sleep and after the fourth sleep stage, we begin REM (Rapid eye movement) sleep. REM sleep is primarily characterized by movements of the eyes and is the fifth stage of sleep. During REM sleep, several

VOL 4



Page

16

Page

16

physiological changes also take place. The heart rate and breathing quickens, the BP rises, we can't regulate our body temperature as well and our brain activity increases to the same level (alpha) as when we are awake, or even higher. The rest of the body, however, is essentially paralyzed until we leave REM sleep. This paralysis is caused by the release of glycine, an amino acid, from the brain stem onto the motorneurons (neurons that conduct impulses outward from the brain or spinal cord). Because REM sleep is the sleep stage at which most dreaming takes place, this paralysis could be nature's way of making sure we don't act out our dreams. [20] Relation of stages of sleep, dreams and dosha: First and second sleep shows light sleep which can considered as predominance of Pitta dosha. Third and fourth sleep is deep sleep so we considered this sleep as kapha predominance. Fifth stage of sleep shows rapid movement of eyes which has vata predominance. This study reveals that night time has also dosha status and individual sleep stages also seen the predominance of Kapha, Pitta and Vata dosha respectively. CONCLUSION Sleep is essential component which supports human existence. Health and ill health depend on sleep. In relation to age more sleep is needed in childhood, moderate in middle age and lesser duration of sleep in old age. Healthy individual

should get at least 7-8 hrs sleep compulsorily. Sleeping at night is proper time for sleep. Stages of sleep are related to the predominance of Doshas.

REFERENCES

1. R. K. Sharma and Bhagwan Dash, Charaka Samhita, Reprint,Choukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 2007 p.219

2. Ibid. p.384 3. Ibid. p.146 4. Ibid. p.381 5. Ibid. p.385 6. Ibid. p.381 7. Ibid. p.382 8. Ibid. p.383 9. Ibid. p.384 10. Ibid. p.382 11. Sah Mithiles Kumar, A Literary review on Sleep for

healthy life Review article in IAMJ, ISSN: 2320 5091 12. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-

topics/topics/sdd/why [Accessed on 07/10/2015] 13. R. K. Sharma and Bhagwan Dash, Charaka Samhita,

Reprint, Choukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi, 2007 p.381

14. T. Sreekumar, Ashtanga Hriday, Harisree Hospital, Kerala, 2011. p.30

15. Ibid.p.31 16. http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-

mind/humanbrain/dream2.htm [Accessed date 18/11/2015]

17. http://creative.sulekha.com/time-measurement-in-ancient-india_217765_blog [Accessed date 18/11/2015]

18. Ibid. p.65 19. Ibid. p. 551 20. http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-

mind/human-brain/dream2.htm [Accessed date18/11/2015]

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Dunghav M.G, Sleep- A Literary Review, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):11-16 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Rakesh Kumar Singh et.al., Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property Studies on Nanocrystalline Lauh (Iron) Bhasma-An Ayurvedic Medicine, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):17-23

Page

17

Page

17

RESEARCH ARTICLE Scientific Journal Impact Factor 5.733 (2015) by InnoSpace Sci. Res., Morocco

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTY STUDIES ON NANOCRYSTALLINE LAUH (IRON) BHASMA-AN AYURVEDIC

MEDICINE

Rakesh Kumar Singh1*, Sanjay Kumar2, Abhay Kumar Aman3, Shweta Kala4, Umesh Pradhan5, Malavi Shayan6, Manoranjan Kar7

1. Assistant Prof. cum Prof. cum In-charge, Establishment, Aryabhatta Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna, India, Contact +919304197595, Email:- [email protected]

2. Ph.D Scholar, Aryabhatta Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna, India, Contact No. +919430472128, Email –[email protected]

3. Ph.D Scholar, Aryabhatta Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna, India, Contact No. +917050030308, Email – [email protected].

4. Administrator, Sri Sri Ayurveda Trust, Kotdwar, The Art of Living Foundation, India, Contact No. +918650392647, Email - [email protected]

5. Managing Trustee, Sri Sri Ayurveda Trust, Kotdwar, The Art of Living Foundation, India, Contact

No. +919927800279, Email– [email protected]

6. Ayurveda Physician, Sri Sri Ayurveda Trust, Kotdwar, The Art of Living Foundation, India, Contact No. +917795400761 Email - [email protected]

7. Associate Prof. Dept. of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bihta, Patna - 801103, India,

Contact No. +91-9470836606, Email – [email protected]

Article Received on - 23rd Dec 2015 Article Revised on - 14th Jan 2016 Article Accepted on - 30th Jan 2016



© 2013 IJAAM

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en_US), which permits unrestricted non commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

VOL 4



Page

18

Page

18

RESEARCH ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Rakesh Kumar Singh Assistant Prof. & Prof. in charge Establishment, Aryabhatta Centre for Nano-science & Nanotechnology, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna, India, Contact +919304197595, Email:- [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-72168127

ABSTRACT: Ayurveda Bhasma an inorganic medicine has been used since ancient time and

claimed to be very useful medicine. However there is a dearth of scientific investigation of these products. We have synthesized Lauh Bhasma by the method mentioned in Ayurveda Sar-Sangrah. The Bhasma was characterized by the X-ray diffractomter (XRD), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), equipped with EDAX and Photoluminescence (PL) Spectrometer. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that this Bhasma is in nanocrystalline form and be considered as nanomedicine. Average particle size corresponding to prominent peak position is found to be 36nm using Scherrer’s equation. In terms of nanotechnology, nanocrystalline materials are solid powder having crystallites size less than 100nm in at least one dimension. Thus prepared material in this work is consider as nanomedicine. EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of the elements, Fe, O, Al, Ni, Sm, Na and K in which Fe is the major element with weight percentage of 45.6. Magnetization-Hysteresis loop study by the Vibrating sample magnetometer reveals the magnetic nature of the Bhasma, which is due to iron in large amount. The magnetization, coercivity and retentivity of these materials are found to be 23.15 emu/g, 311.71 Oe and 2.11 emu/g respectively. Luminescence in Lauh Bhasma was observed in visible-NIR region with 13 peaks upon excitation of 200eV Laser source. This investigation reveals that, the Lauh Bhasma not only can be used as a very good nanomedicine but also can be employed as magnetic materials for various technological applications due to both magnetic as well as luminescence properties. The advantage is that, the preparation is natural which will be ecofriendly and cost-effective.

Key Words: Ayurveda, Nanomedicine, Lauh Bhasma, Magnetism, Luminiscence

INTRODUCTION Since the down of civilization, man is aware that Health is Wealth. In spite of this awareness disease has always been a part & parcel of human life. Ayurveda is most ancient traditional scientific system of medicine, originated in Indian subcontinent. It has dream considerable attention by the researcher in the world due to preparation from natural resources which has bad side effects as well as environmental friendly. Although nano-science named in recent years, but the nano-size effects was utilized in Bhasma. The nano-particles of metal and minerals are being used as an effective medicine. The concept of preparation of Bhasma and widely recommended for variety of ailments in clinical use since 7th century AD. Bhasma are claimed to be biologically produced nanoparticle (NPs) as nanomedicine, prescribed with several other medicine of Ayurveda. Bhasma are nanocrystalline materials, consists of crystallite size between 1-100nm at least in one dimension. Various research groups found that, Bhasma prepared under different methods are in 1-100nm range [1-5]. Due to its large surface/volume ratio of nanocrystalline bhasma

behavior as a medicine, interact with our body at molecular level. Chemical evaluation of different Aurvedic synthesis of Iron has been done by Pandit et al [6]. Lauh Bhasma an iron oxide based herbo-metallic preparation, is an Ayurvedic effective medicine prescribed for the iron deficiency disease such as anemia, jaundice and few others [7, 8]. According to the Ayurveda science, any purified metal does not react adversely with the tissue of the body and therefore a herbo-metallic drug is supposed to be more effective compared to any other medicinal preparation. Literature review reveals that several herbo-mineral formulations available in the market, are beneficial in severe disease like anemia, diabetes, cancer, liver and skin disorder etc. [9-11]. Therefore nanomaterials synthesized from herbal sources showed better therapeutic potential, better biocompatibility and less toxicity which brings forward the concept of herbo-nanoceuticals [12, 13]. Here, the present study is undertaken on Lauh Bhasma describe in the Ayurveda to understand its different chemical and physical properties. The present study open a path

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTY STUDIES ON NANOCRYSTALLINE LAUH (IRON) BHASMA-AN AYURVEDIC MEDICINE

VOL 4



Page

19

Page

19

to understand the traditional Ayurvedic medicines used in the different countries, such as China, India, Japan etc. Even now a days it is used in almost all countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lauha Bhasma was prepared at Ayurveda pharmacy of Sri Sri Ayurveda Trust, The Art of Living foundation India. It was undergoes to different Samskaras(Process) like Shodhana and Marana to synthesize Bhasma. Shodhana is the purification processes by which, heat the metal up to the red hot and quenching in liquid media in the presence of Triphala [13]. This decoction of Triphala for the process was prepared by boiling Triphala with eight times water and reducing to one forth. Then after dried powder of Lauha material was mixed with 1/12th parts of purified cinnabar and was lavigated by aloe Vera gel continuously for approximate 7 hours. Such method was also used to prepare bhasma powder by other research groups.[3,13] After this it is subjected to muffle furnace for structural feature. This process repeated for eight times. In muffle furnace, temperature pattern required highest temperature and duration at highest temperature changed in each Puta to obtain suitable temperature pattern. We start from temperature 6500C and duration at highest temperature for 40 minute and gradually was increased in each Puta until obtaining of suitable temperature range. The detail of synthesis of Bhasma is mentioned in Ayurveda Sar Sangrah [13]. The flow chart is shown in the Figure 1. The synthesized Bhasma was characterized by the X-ray diffractomter, Vibrating sample magnetometer, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, equipped with EDAX and Photoluminescence Spectrometer RESULTS The crystallographic phase analysis of Bhasma sample was carried out using a Rigaku Miniflex – II X-Ray Diffracometer with CuKα radiation source (λ = 1.5418 Å) operating in the Bragg-Brentano geometry in a 2θ range of 100– 800 at a scan step of 0.020 with a scan rate of 2o/min. The XRD pattern is shown in figure 2. Measure peaks can be indexed to Fe3O4 [14]. Indexing of measure peaks are shown in figure 2. Hence, It confirms that, measure compound present in the Lauh Bhasma is Fe3O4. Some of the peaks are not indexed .They could be Al/Si or oxides of these of two metals which has been confirmed from the FE-SEM study and discussed in next section. Crystalline size of different constituent were calculated using Scherrer’s formula [15]

d=Kλ /β cos θ ---------------------------------- (1)

Where K is a constant that has value 0.9, β (FWHM) at 2θ and λ is the wavelength of Cu-Kα radiation (λ= 1.54056Å). The crystallite size for seven most intense intensity peaks found to be 43, 30, 34, 36, 34, 29 and 25nm. But average particle size corresponding to prominent peak position is 36nm. Crystallite sizes are below 50nm, hence the Scherrer’s formula is good enough for qualitative calculation. It revel that crystallite size of all constituents are in the order of nanometer size, which is also observed from FE-SEM analysis.

Morphological study of the prepared Lauh Bhasma has been carried out by the FE-SEM technique. Hitachi make S-4800 cold field emission electron source equipment was used for obtaining the FE-SEM micrograph. FE-SEM micrographs of different magnifications of 5000, 45,000 and 1,20,000 are shown in Figures 3(a), (b) and (c) respectively. The FE-SEM micrograph shows the agglomeration of nano size crystallites as shown in the figure 3(a), where the agglomerated sizes are almost close to 3µm. However the Lauh Bhasma as shown in the Figures 3(b) and 3(c) confirms the nanocristallites of basically the particles are not separated each other. The nanosize particles are cylindrical rather circular as observed from higher magnification FE-SEM micrograph and depicted in the Figure 3(c). Elemental analysis was carried out by EDAX attached with S-4800 FE-SEM. The weight percentage are enlisted in Table-1. Al, Si, K, Fe, Ni, Sm and O are found to be present in the Lauh Bhasma (figure 4). However, highest percentage of weight are found to be Fe and O. Mostly Fe elements are present as Fe3O4 which is consisted with the XRD analysis, where maximum number of measure peaks are indexed to Fe3O4. As the XRD results confirms the formation of Lauh Bhasma as a nanocrystalline Fe3O4 materials. Therefore Magnetic parameters values were measured using the Vibrating sample magnetometer (7304, Lakeshore, USA) at room temperature. The M-H hysteresis loop is shown in the figure-5. The magnetization, coercivety and retentivity of this materials are found to be 23.15 emu/g, 311.71 Oe and 2.11 emu/g respectively. In a Physical characteristic of Bhasma, a specific color is mentioned for each Bhasma. Bhasma are generally white, pale or red. The color depends on the parent materials and the particle size of Bhasma. The PL study of this iron Bhasma was examined using 200 eV nm radiation source. The emission of light comes from a material, when it is stimulated by the input of energy from a source of suitable radiation, is called luminescence. The

VOL 4



Page

20

Page

20

photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Lauh Bhasma nanoparticles were measured using the fluroscence spectrometer (LS – 55, Perkin Elmer, U.K,). Figure 6 shows the room temperature PL spectra that were taken in the wavelength range of 200-900nm and excited by a photon of wavelength of 200nm. A characteristic luminescence spectrum is exhibited with 13 peaks with different intensity in visible-NIR region as shown in the Figure 6. DISCUSSION In the present work, crystalline size of the bhasma is observed 36nm. Tridib Kr. Bhowmick et al. reported the crystalline size of the Jasada Bhasma powder with 52.7nm [16]. From EDAX and XRD analysis, it is concluded that in addition to Fe3O4 other compounds are present in the Lauh Bhasma. Some of the compounds were not traced from the XRD pattern which is the limitation of the XRD technique. Detail analysis is required by other techniques to confirm the exact composition with percentage. However, the present preliminary studies open a new window for the Ayurveda medicine. Also, it is our future research problems to establish Lauh Bhasama as an Ayurveda medicine as a natural substitute for disease remedies with identifying and purifying the toxic elements. The XRD results reveal that crystallite size of all constituents is in the order of nanometer size, which is also observed from FE-SEM analysis. The magnetic parameters values show the sample Lauh Bhasam is a super paramagnetic particle. These values are comparable with the reported monocrystalline super paramagnetic nanoparticles. [17-19] This investigation reveals that, the Lauh Bhasam not only can be used as a very good medicine but also can be employed as magnetic materials for technological applications. The advantage is that, the preparation is natural which will be environment friendly. The luminescence observed in our materials is closely linked to crystal structure, types of elements in the material, band gap, impurities, composition and crystal defects.[20-22] The synthesis of nano-materials with luminescence properties are a key focus in material science and technology for the rational designing of multifunctional nano-particles and could have profound impact on several research areas ranging from basic science to luminescence (PL) devices, catalysis, biological detections, and imaging etc. Their unique optical, magnetic, and structural properties have

addressed a broad spectrum of uses in several areas science, engineering & technology. Such luminescence may be ascribed to the transition of excited optical centers present in the inside electronic levels of the present nano size Lauh Bhasma. The oxygen vacancies are known to be most common defects which may acts as radiative centers in luminescence processes. The maximum peak intensity corresponds to the maximum transition probability. If the wavelength of the radiation is λ and ΔE is the gap between the electronic energy states, the transition probability is significant only when hν = ΔE in accordance with the Fermi golden rule of Quantum mechanics [23]. Therefore the observed emission spectrum was widely varied depending upon the individual vibrational energy levels of the ground and excited states and exchange interaction in iron oxide nanoparticles. CONCLUSION The present study reveals that the measure constituent of these bhasma is iron oxide (Fe3O4). Hence it is used in any kind of iron deficiency of disease. EDAX analysis predicts the presence of Al, Si, K, Fe, Ni, Sm and O elements. However analysis of XRD and EDAX confirms that the mesure consitutent is Fe3O4 in the Lauh Bhasma, however other elements or compounds are very less compare to Iron Oxide. VSM measurement has been explored its magnetic nature. PL also confirms the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles. In a nutshell the present study opens a window to understand the Lauh Bhasma an Ayurvedic medicine in terms of modern science. The present study will help to use the Lauh bhasma in proper dose and other side effect can be avoided. The present study also prompted to understand the effectiveness of medicine with different crystallite sizes of Lauh Bhsma which will be reported in future articles. Also one can study the clinical application of the Lauh Bhasma nanomedicine. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors are thankful to Department of Education, Govt. of Bihar, which has been very supportive in establishment and functioning of the Aryabhatta Center for nanoscience and nanotechnology, Aryabhatta Knowledge University and Dr. R. K. Kotnala, Chief scientist, National Physical Laboratory (NPL), CSIR, Delhi for magnetic measurement facility.

Table 1- Weight percentage and Atomic percentage of different elements present in the Lauh Bhasma

Element O Al Si K Fe Ni Sm Weight% 29.73 6.57 7.41 9.38 45.61 0.15 1.16 Atomic% 54.14 7.09 7.69 6.99 23.79 0.07 0.23

VOL 4



Page

21

Page

21

Figure 1: Flow chart of Ayurveda process for preparing Lauh Bhasma

Figure 2: XRD Pattern of Lauh Bhasma. Measure peaks are indexed to Fe3O4

Figure 3: FE-SEM micrographs of Lauh Bhasma at different magnifications (a) 5000 (b) 45,000and (c) 1,20,000

(a) (b) (c)

VOL 4



Page

22

Page

22

Figure 4: EDAX spectrum of Lauh Bhasma. Peaks are indexed to the different elements present in the Lauh Bhasma

Figure 5: M-H magnetic hysteresis loop of Lauh Bhasma

Figure 6: Photo Luminescence spectra of Lauh Bhasma powder REFERENCES: 1. Suryanarayana C & Froes F H, The structure and mechanical

properties of metallic nanocrystalls, Met. Trans, 1992; 23:1071-1081.

2. Raisuddin S. Ayurvedic bhasma Mishra LC, Scientific basis for Ayurvedic Therapies,2004 London, CRC Press,2004:83-100.

3. Pavani T, Rao K.V, Chakra CS, Prabhu Y.T, Ayurvedic synthesis of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles and its Characterization Int. J. of Current Engineering and Technology 2015;5:2347 – 5161.

4. Bhatia B, Purushottam, Kale G, Int. J.Pharm.Sci.Rev.Res.2013; 23:17-23.

5. Choudhary A, Ayurveda Bhasma, nanomedicine of ancient India-Its global contemporary perspective, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol.2011; 7:68-69.

6. Pandit S, Biswas T.K, Debnath P.K, Saha AV, Choudhary U, Shaw B.P, Sen S, Mukharjee B, Chemical and pharmacological evalution of different ayurvedic preparation of Iron, J. Enthopharcol 1999;65:149-156.

7. Pal D, Sahu CK, Haldar A, Bhasma: The ancient Indian nanomedicine,J. Adv Pharm Technol Res.2014;1:4-12

-25

-15

-55

1525

-5000

-4000

-3000

-2000

-1000

0 1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

VOL 4



Page

23

Page

23

8. Das S, Das M.C.D, Paul R, Swarn Bhasma in Cancer: A prospective clinical study, AYS 2012; 33:365-370.

9. Prakash Prasanta Kumar Sarkar,K. Choudhary, P. K. Prajapati, Evaluation of Lauha Bhasma on classical analytical parameters –A pilot study ,Ancient Science of life 2008 No. XVII (3).

10. Singh N, Reddy KRC. Pharmaceutical study of Lauha Bhasma 2010; 31:387-90.

11. Pal S K, The Ayurvedic bhasma: The ancient science of nanomedicine, Recent patents on Nanomedicine 2015; 5:12-18.

12. Narayanan S, Sathy B.N, Mony U, Koyakutty M, Nair S.V, Biocompatable magnetite/gold nanoparticles contrast agent via green chemistry for MRI and CT bioimaging, ACS Appl. Mater Interfaces 2012;4: 251-260.

13. Ayurveda- Sarsangrah, Sri Badhynatha Ltd. Kolkatta, 2015 p.95-223

14. Ghanduor H.E,Zidan H. M, Mostata M.H, Kalil and Isrrail M.I.M, Synthesis and some physical properties and magnetic (Fe3O4) nanomaterials, Int. J. Electrochem, Science 2012;7:5734-5745.

15. Cullity B.D, Element of X-Ray diffraction, Addison-Wesley publishing company, Inc, Philippines 1978;101-102.

16. Bhowmick TK,Suresh AK, Kane SG, Joshi AC, Bellare JR, Physicochemical characterization of Indian traditional medicine, Jasada Bhasma: detection of nanoparticles containing non-stoichiometric Zinc oxide, J.Nanopart Res 2009;11:655-664.

17. Singh RK, Yadav A ,Narayan A, Prasad K, Structural and Magnetic Studies of Ni0.5M0.5Fe2O4 (M = Cu and Co) Nanoparticles on annealing temperature, Int. J. Eng. Sciand Tech. (I-JEST), Special issue Nano iron oxides and composites – recent advances in Scientific and technological aspects 2010; 8:73-79.

18. Kumar L , Kar M, Effect of La3+ substitution on the structural and magnetocrystalline anisotropy of nanocrystalline Cobalt ferrite, Ceramic International 2012;36:4771-4782.

19. Corr SA, Gunko YK, Rakovich YP, Multifunctional Magnetic flurescent nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications, Nanoscale Res Lett 2008;3:87-104.

20. Mishra DK, Qi X Energy levels and photoluminescence properties of nickel-doped bismuth ferrite. J Alloys Compd 2010; 504:27–31.

21. Singh RK. ,Narayan A, Prasad K, Yadav RS, Pandey AC, Singh AK, Verma L, Verma RK. Verma, Thermal, structural, magnetic and photoluminescence studies on cobalt ferrite nanoparticles obtained by citrate precursor method, JTAC-Springer, 2012DOI 10.1007/s10973-012-2728-1

22. Singh RK, Narayan A,Ansari SB, Hg Fe2O4 and Cd Fe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles synthesized by annealing temperature at 450oC : Structural, Magnetic and Photoluminiscent properties, Millenium series, Mendel, Int. 2010; 27(3-4): 89-92

23. Ghatak AK, Loknathan S. Quantum Mechanics, Theory and Applications, Macmillan India Ltd, India, 1984: 503.

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Rakesh Kumar Singh et.al., Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property Studies on Nanocrystalline Lauh (Iron) Bhasma-An Ayurvedic Medicine, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):17-23 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Samatha Talari et.al., Determination of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids in Different Parts of Globally Endangered Tree Species Adansonia digitata L. Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):24-29

Page

24

Page

24


DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLICS AND FLAVONOIDS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF GLOBALLY ENDANGERED TREE SPECIES

Adansonia digitata L.

Samatha Talari1, Rama Swamy Nanna2*

1. UGC- Women Post doctoral Fellow, Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Dept. of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal-506 009 (TS), India, Contact +91-9849848705, Email- [email protected]

2. Professor of Biotechnology, Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Dept. of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal-506 009 (TS), India, Contact +918702567137 (R), 2461455(O), +91-9390101665, Fax: +91-0870-2438800, [email protected]

Article Received on - 7th Jan 2016 Article Revised on - 23rd Feb 2016 Article Accepted on - 25th Feb 2016




VOL 4



Page

25

Page

25

RESEARCH ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Rama Swamy Nanna Professor of Biotechnology, Plant Biotechnology Research Group, Dept. of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Warangal-506 009 (TS), India, Contact +918702567137 (R), 2461455(O), +91-9390101665, Fax: +91-0870-2438800, [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-81853942

ABSTRACT: Crude extracts of different parts such as leaves, flower, fruit wall, seeds, stem bark

and coir of Adansonia digitata L. were used to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The amount of total phenolics and flavonoids were isolated with various organic solvents (methanol, chloroform, benzene and petroleum ether) in A. digitata using Folin-Ciocalteau assay and Aluminium chloride colorimetric assay respectively. The results revealed that the total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) varied among the different parts and as well as solvents used. Methanolic extract of seeds showed highest amount of TPC (98.8 mg GAE/100g) and least amount of TPC (3.91mg GAE/100 g) was found in benzene extract of coir. Whereas TFC was found to be highest in methanolic extract of seed (98.33mg CE/100 g) and least amount of TFC was recorded in petroleum ether extract of fruit wall (1.25 mg CE/100 g). The results presented here not only show the TPC and TFC but also their ratio and distribution in different parts of the tree that could be used in the treatment of various ailments.

Key Words: Adansonia digitata, Folin-Ciocalteau assay, Aluminium chloride calorimetric assay, phenolics and flavonoids

INTRODUCTION Phytomedicines were used and being continuously used for curing various illnesses from the ancient time to present days to avoid the high cost and side effects caused by allopathic medicine especially by people from rural areas. [1] Old conventional remedies have set the mile stone for contemporary treatments. The products obtained from different parts of plants are considered to be safe since they are natural. The medicinal principle of these natural products lies in the quality and quantity of the phytochemical components such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds with definite physiological action. The medicinal properties of plants are attributed to metabolites especially secondary compounds or bioactive molecules produced by plant species. These are of different kinds including nitrogenous metabolites such as non protein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolics. These days the term “Alternative Medicine” became very common in western culture, it focuses on the idea of using the plants for medicinal purpose. [2]Medicinal plants have a promising value because there are about half a million plants around the world, and most of them are not investigated yet, and their medicinal activities could be decisive in the treatment of present or future studies. In view of the importance of natural products, we have made an attempt to investigate the

phytochemicals present in globally endangered forest tree species Adansonia digitata L. [3, 4] The species A. digitata (Bombacaceae) commonly known as Kalpavriksha is a deciduous tree growing up to 25 mts in height, 28 mts in girth and can survive for several hundreds of years even in arid climatic conditions. It is known to be a multipurpose tree due to its enormous usage for domestic as well as for medicinal purposes. [5]The various parts of the tree such as leaf, flower, seed, fruitwall, stem bark and coir are medicinally important due to the possession of number of biologically active substances. It contains wide range of medicinal properties such as [6] hyposensitive, antihistamine, diaphoretic, antidote, [7] anti-inflammatory, [8] antioxidant, [9, 10]

antimalarial, [11] analgesic, [12] antiviral, [13] antisickling activity and also used in the treatment of rickets in children. In the present study we have undertaken the quantification of total phenols and flavonoids isolated with various solvents from different parts of A. digitata an endangered medicinally important tree. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material The leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, stem bark and coir were collected from Dodlapaka Kousalyamma Women’s College, Nellore, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India. The collected plant materials were washed with running tap water to remove surface

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PHENOLICS AND FLAVONOIDS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF GLOBALLY ENDANGERED TREE SPECIES Adansonia digitata L.

VOL 4



Page

26

Page

26

contaminants and finally air dried, then ground into fine powder using an electric blender and was stored in air tight containers until use.

Extraction of samples Powdered plant materials (100g each) i.e., leaves, flowers, fruit wall, seeds, stem bark and coir were soaked in different solvents such as methanol, chloroform, benzene, petroleum ether individually for a week. The extracts were then filtered through Whatman No.1. filter paper and the solvent was evaporated using rotatory evaporator. These crude extracts were stored in sealed containers at room temperature until use. Chemicals and Reagents Aluminium tri chloride, anhydrous sodium carbonate, benzene, chloroform, deionised water, Folin-Ciocalteau phenol reagent, gallic acid, methanol, petroleum ether, sodium nitrite, sodium hydroxide. Preparation of sample The crude extracts of each sample of 100 mg was weighed and total phenolic and flavonoid components were extracted with 5.0 ml of different solvents such as chloroform, methanol, benzene and petroleum ether individually.

Determination of total phenolic content The total phenolic content (TPC) of the crude extracts of leaves, flowers, fruit wall, seeds, bark of stem and coir were determined using the method[14] with slight modifications. To 0.5 ml of test sample, 1.5 ml (1:10 v/v diluted with distilled water) Folin- Ciocalteau reagent was added and allowed to stand for 5 min at 22ºC. After 5 min, 2.0ml of 7.5% sodium carbonate was added. These mixtures were incubated for 90 min in the dark with intermittent shaking. After incubation development of blue colour was observed. Finally absorbance of blue colour in different samples was measured at 725nm using colorimeter. The phenolic content was calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g on the basis of standard curve of gallic acid. The results were expressed as Gallic acid equivalents (mgGAE)/g of the plant material. All the determinations were carried out six times.

Determination of total flavonoid content The total flavonoid content (TFC) of different parts such as leaves, flowers, fruit wall, seeds, bark of stem and coir of A. digitata was determined using the Aluminium Chloride Assay through colorimetry. An aliquot (0.5 ml) of extracts were taken in different test tubes. 2ml of distilled water was added followed by the addition of 0.15 ml of sodium nitrite (5% NaNO2, w/v) and allowed to

stand for 6 min. Later 0.15 ml of Aluminium trichloride (10% AlCl3) was added and incubated for 6 min, followed by the addition of 2.0 ml of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 4% w/v) and volume was made up to the 5.0 ml with distilled water. After 15 min of incubation the mixture turns into pink whose absorbance was measured at 510 nm using a colorimeter. Distilled water was used as blank. The TFC was expressed in mg of Catechin equivalents (CE) per gram of extract. All the determinations were carried out six times.

Statistical analysis The results were recorded after repeating the experiments six times. The experimental results were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) of 6n measurements. The statistical analysis of the data were carried out using student’s t-test and the results were considered significant when p<0.05 and with‘t’ value 1.94 (Tables 1&2).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The present investigation has been carried out to determine the TPC and TFC present in various solvent extracts of leaf, flower stem bark, seed, fruitwall and coir of A. digitata (Tables 1&2). The quantitative analysis of TPC and TFC of various crude extracts of different parts of A. digitata revealed that the methanolic exract of seed, flower and fruitwall showed highest amount of TPC of 98.8, 96.0 and 95.8 mgGAE/g respectively followed by leaf, stem bark and coir. Whereas chloroform extracts of seed and fruit wall have shown 94.1 and 83.5 mgGAE/g of TPC. While moderate amount of TPC was recorded in petroleum ether extract of seed (83.5mgGAE/g) followed by fruit wall (75.33mgGAE/g). The least amount of TPC was found in all the other parts of the plant. Benzene extract of stem bark contained TPC of 48.7mgGAE/g, followed by flower, fruit wall, seed, leaf and coir. TPC isolated from all the parts with benzene found least amount in comparison to other solvent extracts of A. digitata (Fig. 1). The TFC was found highest in methanolic extracts of seed (98.33mgCE/g) and stem bark. Chloroform extract of fruitwall showed a maximum of 47.4CE/g while all other extracts showed moderate amounts of TFC ranging from 33.0-5.58CE/g. Whereas petroleum ether extracts of different parts showed a very minute quantities of TFC ranging from 11.83-1.25CE/g. The TFC was found maximum in fruit wall with benzene extracts (82.3 CE/g.) (Fig. 2). Phenolic and flavonoid compounds are important secondary metabolites with wide range of medicinal properties mainly in relieving the oxidative stress. [15] Natural antioxidants either in

VOL 4



Page

27

Page

27

the form of raw extracts or their chemical constituents are very effective to prevent the destructive processes caused by oxidative stress.[16,17,18] Phytochemical components present in medicinal plants are found to be antioxidant, antibacterial and also possess other various activities which are found to be commercially important.[19] According to WHO (1992), evaluation of herbal remedies is required on the modern scientific basis for their appropriate uses, safety, quality, efficacy and toxicological effects. [19] Thus on this context it becomes an important in quantifying the secondary metabolites for their proper and efficient usage in treating various ailments in appropriate amounts.

CONCLUSION The result of the present investigation reports the quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids present in different parts of A. digitata. However further investigations are required to isolate and characterize the active constituents from this plant to evaluate their therapeutic role.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT We thank the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for providing financial assistance under UGC-PDF for women [No.F.15-1/2013-14/PDFWM-2013-14-SC-AND-13885 (SA-II)].

Table -1: Quantification of total phenolics in different parts of A. digitata

Solvent used Plant parts used for quantification (mg/GAE) of Phenolic compounds Leaf flower Fruit wall Seed Stem Bark Coir

Methanol 79.83±1.25 (3.07)

96±1.03 (2.38)

95.8±1.19 (2.92)

98.33±1.55 (3.80)

74.9±0.379 (0.98)

63.1±0.45 (1.24)

Chloroform 30.33±0.167 (0.25)

45.5±0.0224 (0.516)

83.5±0.04 (1.10)

94.1±0.441 (1.08)

29.2±0.43 (1.37)

13.2±0.33 (0.82)

Benzene 8.91±0.417 (1.02)

29.5±0.403 (0.98)

13.9±0.41 (1.02)

11±0.36 (0.89)

48.7±0.44 (1.08)

3.91±0.30 (0.70)

Pet. Ether 45.5±0.024 (0.54)

19.6±0.21 (0.51)

75.33±0.21 (0.51)

83.5±0.44 (1.10)

22.3±0.42 (1.03)

9.67±0.21 (0.51)

Values are expressed as mean ± SE (S.D) mg of Gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg GAE/gm) of the extract (n=6; p< 0.05; ‘t’ value 1.94).

Table - 2: Quantification of total flavonoids in different parts of A. digitata Values are expressed as mean ± SE (S.D) mg of Catechin equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg CE/gm) of the extract (n=6; p< 0.05;‘t’ value 1.94).

Solvent used Plant parts used for quantification (CE/g) of flavonoid compounds

Leaf Flower Fruit wall Seed Stem Bark Coir

Methanol 47.575±0.22 (0.54)

75±0.365 (0.75)

50.5±0.31 (0.77)

98.33±0.52 (1.29)

97.5±0.50 (1.22)

21.08±0.08 (0.24)

Chloroform 33±0.45 (1.10)

20.5±0.224 (0.58)

47.41±0.21 (0.49)

25.5±0.22 (0.5)

10.4±0.21 (0.49)

5.58±0.27 (0.66)

Benzene 40.5±0.22 (0.54)

26±0.258 (0.63)

82.3 ±0.45 (1.10)

27.7±0.21 (0.51)

12.5±0.11 (0.27)

32.08±0.23 (0.58)

Pet. Ether 4.08±0.083 (0.20)

4.5±0.224 (0.54)

1.25±0.112 (0.27)

11.83±0.30 (0.75)

6±0.36 (0.89)

2.58±0.27 (0.66)

VOL 4



Page

28

Page

28

Fig. 1: Quantification of total phenolics isolated with different solvents from various Parts of A. digitata

Fig.2: Quantification of total flavonoids isolated with different solvents from various parts of A. digitata

REFERENCES

1. Gregory J. Herbal medicine, modern pharmacology with clinical applications. 6thEd, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 2004; 787-796.

2. Rasool Hassan BA, Medicinal Plants (Importance and Uses). Pharmaceut Anal Acta 3 2012. e139. doi:10.4172/2153-2435.1000e139

3. FAO 1988. Traditional food plants. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, 24: 63-67.

4. Singh S, Parasharami V, Rai Shashi. Medicinal Uses of Adansonia digitata: An Endangered Tree Species. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation 2013; 2(3):14-16.

5. Samatha T, Ramaswamy N. In vitro preliminary screening of bioactive compounds of different parts of Adansonia digitata L. a globally endangered tree, International journal of Phytomedicine 2015; 7 (4) : 402-410

6. Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya.2009

7. Milza P. Una pianta per il futuro: il Baobab. Erboristeria domani Nr. 2002: 10: 40-51.

8. Lamien-Meda A, Lamien CE, Compaoré MMY, Meda RNT, Kiendrebeogo M, Zeba B, Millogo JF. Polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of fourteen wild edible fruits from Burkina Faso. Molecules, 2008; 13: 581-594

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Leaf flower Fruit wall

Seed Stem Bark

Coir

Qua

ntifi

catio

n of

tota

l phe

nolic

s (m

g G

AE/g

)

Plant parts

Quantification of Total Phenolics

Methanol

Chloroform

Benzene

Pet. Ether

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Leaf Flower Fruit wall

Seed Stem bark

Coir

Qua

ntifi

catio

n of

Fla

vono

ids (

CE/g

)

Plant parts

Quantification of Total Flavonoids

Methonol

Chloroform

Benzene

Pet. Ether

VOL 4



Page

29

Page

29

9. Wickens GE, The baobab: Africa's upside-down tree Kew Bull, 37 (1982), pp. 173–209

10. Shukla YN, Dubey S, Jain SP, Kumar S. Chemistry, biology and uses of Adansonia digitata - a review. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 2001; 23, 429-434.

11. Anani K, Hudson JB, de Souza C, Akpagana K, Towers GHN, Arnason JT, Gbeassor M. Investigation of Medicinal Plants of Togo for Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities. Pharm. Biol. 2000; 38: 40-45.

12. Hudson JB, Anani K, Lee MK, De Souza C, Arnason JT, Gbeassor M. Further Investigations on the Antiviral Properties of Medicinal Plants of Togo. Pharm. Biol. 2000; 38: 46-50.

13. Adesanya SA, Idowu TB, Elujoba AA. Antisickling activity of Adansonia digitata Planta Med, 1988; 54: p. 374.

14. Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventos RM. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol, 1999; 299: 152-179.

15. Branien AL. Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene, J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1975: 52(2):59-63.

16. Samatha T, Sampath A, Raju N, Rama Swamy N, Sujatha K, Venkaiah Y. Effect of bark extract of Oroxylum indicum on electrophoretic patterns of esterase activity of silk worm Bombyx mori (L.) .Int. journal of Advanced life sciences, 2013; 6 (5):452-458 IJ

17. Chary RSS, Samatha Talari, Srinivas Penchala, Rajinikanth Marka and Rama Swamy Nanna. Phytochemical analysis of Trichosanthescucumerina. Indo-American Journal of Pharmaceutical research 2013:3(4):3359-3372.November - 2013.ALS, Volume (6) Issue (5) No

18. Srinivas P, Samatha T, Valya G, Ragan A and Rama Swamy N. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of leaf extract of Wrightiatomentosa. Int. Res. J. Biological Sci; 2013; 2 (3):23-27.

19. Quality Control Methods for Medicinal Plant Materials. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1992, Unpublished document WHO/PHARM-92.559/rev.1; available on request from division Drug management and policies, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland.

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Samatha Talari et.al., Determination of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids in Different Parts of Globally Endangered Tree Species Adansonia digitata L. Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):24-29 Source of Support – Financial Assistance - UGC-PDF for women [No.F.15-1/2013-14/PDFWM-2013-14-SC-AND-13885 (SA-II)]

Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Patil S.S. et.al., Clinical Assessment of Tapyadi Lauha in the Management of Pandu (Anaemia), Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med.,2016;4(1):30-34

Page

30

Page

30


CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF TAPYADI LAUHA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PANDU (ANAEMIA)

Swapnil S. Patil1, Deshmukhe Parag2*, Prashant Shirke3, Milind Kirte4

1. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rognidan Avum Vikrutividnyan, Hon. Shri. Annasaheb Dange

Ayurvedic medical college, & Research center, Ashta Tal- Walawa, Dist- Sangli, Contact No. - +91 8600117799, Email - [email protected]

2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Kayachikista, Hon. Shri. Annasaheb Dange Ayurvedic medical college, & Research Center, Ashta Tal- Walawa, Dist- Sangli, Contact No. - +91 9423033159, Email - [email protected]

3. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Samhita Siddhanta, Hon. Shri. Annasaheb Dange Ayurvedic medical

college, & Research Center, Ashta Tal- Walawa, Dist- Sangli, Contact No. - +91 9970708635, Email - [email protected]

4. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Kriyasharir, Govt. Ayurved College, Nanded, Contact No. - +91

9325013874, Email – [email protected]

Article Received on - 30th Jan 2016 Article Revised on - 24th Feb 2016 Article Accepted on - 29th Feb 2016




VOL 4



Page

31

Page

31

RESEARCH ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Deshmukhe Parag Associate Professor, Dept. of Kayachikista, Hon. Shri. Annasaheb Dange Ayurvedic medical college, & Research Center, Ashta Tal- Walawa, Dist- Sangli, Contact No. - +91 9423033159, Email - [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-76673422

ABSTRACT: Anemia is defined as a decreased count of Red Blood Cells in blood. It is also

defined as a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen. In Ayurveda anemia is known as Pandu Roga. It is very common dietary deficiency diseases. In Sanskrit Pandu word means pale or Swet Peet varna. Globally, anaemia affects 1.62 billion people. Pandu and low hemoglobin level are very common condition in India. Objective of study is to find out to evaluate the efficacy of ‘Tapyadi Lauha’ in Pandu (Anemia). In present study 30 patients were selected randomly for clinical study and given ‘Tapyadi Lauha’ in form of powder 500 mg dose with honey in two divided doses. Patients were assessed 60 days with 15 days fallow up. During each fallow up patients were assessed according to subjective criteria as well as objective criteria. Observation were noted, statistical un-paired ‘t’ test was applied. Results were drowning. So it was found that, No side effect of ‘Tapyadi Lauha’ and clinically effective drug on pandu (Anemia).

Key Words: Pandu, hemoglobin, Tapyadi Lauha

INTRODUCTION Anemia is defined as a decreased count of Red Blood Cells in blood. In Ayurveda, it can be compared with Pandu Roga by their similar sign and symptoms.[1] It is very common dietary deficiency diseases. In Sanskrit Pandu word means pale Shwet Peet varna (means pale). So the disease in which, Rakta alpta (low hemoglobin) where whole body become pale called as Pandu roga. Detailed description concerning the etiology, pathogenesis classification and management of Pandu is available in classical literatures of Ayurveda. Accordind to WHO prevalence and data , Globally, anaemia affects 1.62 billion people (95% CI: 1.50–1.74 billion), which corresponds to 24.8% of the population (95% CI: 22.9–26.7%). [2] The highest prevalence is in preschool-age children (47.4%, 95% CI: 45.7–49.1), and the lowest prevalence is in men (12.7%, 95% CI: 8.6–16.9%). However, the population group with the greatest number of individuals affected is non-pregnant women (468.4 million, 95% CI: 446.2–490.6). [2] Iron deficiency can arise either due to inadequate intake or poor bioavailability of dietary iron or due to excessive loss of iron from the body. The poor bioavailability is considered to be major reason for widespread iron deficiency. Women losses a considerable amount of iron in menstruation. Some other factors leading to anemia are intestinal parasites (Hookworm etc.). In conventional medicine various forms of iron viz. Ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumerate etc. are commonly prescribed,

but these therapies have their noted adverse effects e.g. nausea, vomiting abdominal pain, diarrhea/ constipation. In Ayurveda many Herbal or Herbo-mineral preparation are stated. One of them was ‘Tapyadi Lauha. Aim The aim of study was to clinically assess Anemia and to evaluate the efficacy of ‘Tapyadi Lauha ’ in its management. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was clinical study carried out on 30 patients which were randomly selected from OPD Department of Kayachikitsa, Annasaheb Dange Ayurvedic Medical College, Ashta in the year 2013. The study was cleared by Institutional Ethics committee, approval no 56/2013 on dated 12/3/2013 Inclusion Criteria

1. For the study the patients having the clinical features of Pandu roga were selected.

2. Patients having Hb% 8-11 gm /dl 3. Age- 15-45 years.

Exclusion criteria 1. Hb % less than 8gm/dl 2. Patients suffering from AIDS, Cancer,

Tuberculosis, Diabetes Mellitus and other disorders.

3. Pregnancy 4. Age below 15 years and more than 45 years.

CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF TAPYADI LAUHA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PANDU (ANAEMIA)

VOL 4



Page

32

Page

32

5. Any other type of anemia except IDA Subjective Parameter

A symptom of Pandu from Charak samhitas taken were as Subjective parameters.

1. Panduta (Paleness) In - Tvaka, Nakha, Netravartma, Jihva, Hastapadatala

2. Daurbalyta (Weakness) 3. Hridspandanam (Palpitation) 4. Shunakshikuta Shotha (Oedema around Eyes) 5. Pindikodveshtanam (Leg Cramps)

Objective parameter Hb %, RBC Blood Indices: Mean Carpuscular Hemoglobin, Mean Carpuscular volume, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin concentration Selection of drug Tapyadi Lauha is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation quoted in Ashtanga Hridaya [3] for the treatment of Pandu roga. Tapyadi Lauha powder was taken as trial drug for the present research study. Procurement of the drug The trial drug was prepared in the attached Pharmacy of the institute. The trial drug was prepared in the form of powder.

Table no. 1 - Contents of Tapyadi Lauha

Chitrak (Plumbago zelenica) 1part

Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) 1part

Bhibitaki (Terminalia belerica) 1part

Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) 1part

Sunth (Zinziber officinale) 1part

Marich (Piper nigrum) 1part

Pimpali (Piper longum) 1part

Vidang (Emblica ribes) 1part

Shilajit (Asphaltum panjabinum) 2 part

Makshik (Copper pyrite) 2 part

Raupya (Argentinum ) 2 part

Mandur (Iron oxide) 2 part

Sharkara (sugar) 8 part

Analytical study of trial drug The trial drug sample was subjected to various physiochemical analytical tests to evaluate the standards of drug. Analytical test reports of the trial drug Tapyadi Lauha are as follows- Nature of preparation-Powder Color- Brownish red Taste-Sweet Microbial contamination tests, heavy metal residues, and pesticide residues were within the normal limits. The sample exhibited positive test for iron.

Table no.2: Methodology

Name of drug Tapyadi Lauha Form of drug Powder Dose 500 mg bd Route of administration Oral Sevan Kal Vyan and Udan Kal (After

lunch and Dinner) Anupam Madhu( Honey) Duration 60 Days Fallow up 15 days

Table No. 3 Gradation of symptoms of Anemia:

symptoms Grade 0 Grade 1 Grade 2

Panduta No paleness Paleness in 1or 2 parts - Tvaka, Nakha, Netravartma, Jihva, Hastapadatala

Paleness more than 2 parts - Tvaka, Nakha, Netravartma, Jihva,

Hastapadatala Daurbalya No Weakness Weakness on mild excretion Weakness on moderate excretion

Hridspandanam No palpation Palpation on mild excretion Palpation on moderate excretion

Pindikodveshtanam Leg Cramps Leg Cramps on mild excretion Leg Cramps on moderate excretion

Shunakshikuta Shotha

No Oedema around Eyes

Oedema around Eyes Less than 3mm

Oedema around Eyes More than 3mm

Grading of blood hemoglobin level

Mild Anemia -Hemoglobin level > 11g/dL Moderate Anemia -Hemoglobin level 9.5

g/dL to <11g/dL Severe Anemia -Hemoglobin level 7.5 g/dL

to <9.5g/dL Very severe Anemia - Hemoglobin level 6

g/dL to <7.5g/dL

Overall assessment of result The results were assessed on the basis of observations of clinical features and laboratory findings before, during and after treatment. Very Good-Improvement 75% and above Good-Improvement 50% and above but <75% Fair-Improvement 25% and above but <50%

VOL 4



Page

33

Page

33

Poor-No improvement or marginal improvement <25% OBSERVATION

Table no.4 Age wise distribution of anemia patients:

Sr. No. Age group No. of patients Percentage

1 15-25 18 60 2 26-35 09 20 3 36-45 03 10

Out of 30 patient’s 18 patient’s i.e. 60% patient were from age group 15-25, 09 patient’s i.e. 20% patient were from age group 26-35, patients i.e. 10 %, 04 patients were from age group 36-45.

Table no.5 Sex wise distribution of patients of anemia:

Sr. No.

Sex No. of patients %

1 Male 13 43.33 2 Female 17 56.67

Out of 30 patient’s 13 patient’s i.e. 43.33% patient were male, 17 patient’s i.e. 20% patient were female.

Table no.6 Prakriti wisedistribution of patients

Sr. No. Prakruti No. of patients % 1 Vata-pitta 17 56.67 2 Vata- kapha 08 25 3 Kapha-pitta 05 18.33 Total 30 100

Out of 30 patient’s 17 patient’s i.e. 56.67% patient were Vata-pitta prakruti, 08 patient’s i.e. 25% patient were from Vata- kapha prakruti, patients i.e. 18.33 %, 05 patients were from Kapha-pitta .

Table no.7 Total effect of Tapyadi Lauha before & after treatment:

Table no.8: Objective Parameter

Hb% 9.023 10.367 14.88 0.463 0.084 15.89 <0.001 RBC 4.246 4.843 14.08 0.252 0.046 13.00 <0.001 MCV 68.00 74.29 9.25 3.56 0.650 9.67 <0.001

MCHC 29.71 32.35 8.89 1.27 0.233 11.33 <0.001 DISCUSSION Panduta( Paleness) in a most important sign in pandu vyadhi where luster of skin was lost. Panduta was seen easily in Tvak (skin), Nakha (Nail), Netravartma (Conjutiva), Jihva (tounge), Hastapadatala (palm of hand and foot). Anemia is easily accessed by clinically as well as laboratory investigation. Anemia was very communally seen in adolescent age group. For study there was no doubt that preventive measures in the form of dietary management and taking measures to correct losses or malabsorbtion are the preferred methods of treatment. Tapyadi loha is easy to prepare and easy to administration. Mode of action of tapyadi loha [4] can be understood by knowing the pathophysiology of the diseases considered for the study. As pandu is disease due to raktalpata (low haemoglobin concentration), drug selected here is mainly acts on rakta dhatu. It also acts as raktadhatwagni wardhak. (Improving metabolism in blood) & balya (providing energy to body tissues). It accelerates

circulation of blood giving nutrition to blood components. So pallor or panduta becomes less. As contents of drug are triphala (Terminalia chebula, Embica officinalis, Terminalia belerica) it acts as rejuvenation. Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus) is best drug for rasa & rakta dhatu. All drug included in this combination are liver tonics, digestive, appetizers. Also it helps in perfusion of tissues so there is nourishment of rakta & mamsa dhatu. Therefore symptoms like hratspandana (palpitations), shunakshikut shoth (oedema over eyebrows), pindikodweshtana, (pain in calf muscles of both legs) were very well alleviated showing relief to the patients. Makshik (Copper pyrite), Rajat (Argentinum) & Shilajit (Asphaltum panjabinum) are best rejuvenators for rasa & rakta dhatu also for hridaya balya. Hence hritspanadana symptom is cured. Overall performance of tapyadi loha is blood rejuvenator, nutritious to blood components, by increasing RBC as well as Hb% in blood in patients of Pandu. After detail survey, data collected from 30 patients. In that 56.67 % having Vata-Pitta prakruti, 25% having Vata-Kapha

Sign and Symptoms

Mean % of relief SD SE t p BT AT Panduta 2.15 1 56.73 0.55 0.15 7.5 <0.001

Daurbalya 1.56 0.30 80.85 0.45 0.082 15.42 <0.001 Hridspandanam 1.67 0.50 70 0.379 0.069 16.85 <0.001

Pindikodveshtanam 2.06 0.0 100 0.365 0.066 31.00 <0.001 Shunakshikuta Shotha 0.23 0.033 85.83 0.407 0.074 2.69 <0.001

VOL 4



Page

34

Page

34

prakruti, 18.33 % having Kapha-Pitta parkuti. Most important symptom was observed i.e. Panduta , and dourbalya. Average increase of Hb 1gm%. In case of pallor relief in 25 patients In subjective parameters According to statistics the mean score of panduta before treatment is 2.15 & after treatment is1.The % of relief in panduta is 56.73%. As per statistics the mean score of daurbalya is before treatment 1.56 & after treatment 0.30 so % of relief is 80.85 %.As per statistics the mean score of Hridspandanam is before treatment 1.67 & after treatment 0.50 so % of relief is 70 %.As per statistics the mean score of pindikodveshtanam is before treatment 2.06 & after treatment 0.00 so % of relief is 100 %.As per statistics the mean score of Shunakshikuta Shotha is before treatment 0.23 & after treatment 0.033 so % of relief is 85.83 % In objective parameters: According to statistics Hb % of patient before treatment was 9.03 and after treatment it raised to 10.36. The % of relief was 14.88%. According to statistics, RBC % of patient before treatment was 4.246 and after treatment it was observed as

4.843. The % of relief was 14.08%. According to statistics MCV % of patient before treatment was 68.00 and after treatment 74.29, indicating % of relief is 9.25%. Also MCHC % of patient before treatment was 29.71 and after treatment 32.35 showing 8.89% of relief. CONCLUSION In the presents study it is found that Vata-pitta prakruti persons are more susceptible to pandu roga. The drug Tapyadi loha has shown a significant improvement in the selected parameters. The management of pandu roga can be effectively achieved with Tapyadi loha. REFERENCES

1. Brahamanand Tripathi, Charaksamhita Part 2, Panduchikitsaadhyaya Chapter no.16, Choukhamba Surbharti Prakashana, Varanasi, ed. 2007, p.591

2. http://www.who.int/vmnis/anaemia/prevalence/summary/anaemia_data_status (accessed date 12/10/2013)

3. Kaviraj Atridev Gupt, Ashtang Hridaya, Panduchikitsa Chapter no.16, , Choukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana Varanasi, Ed.14/ 2003., p.396-397

4. Gangadharshastri Gune, Tapyadi lauha, Chapter No. 46, Ayurvediya Aushadhigunadharmashastra, part 3, Ganesh Printers, Pune, Ed 2001, p.35

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Patil S.S. et.al., Clinical Assessment of Tapyadi Lauha in the Management of Pandu (Anaemia), Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):30-34 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Bharati R.H. The efficacy of Mukhalepa Mentioned in Varsharutu(Rainy Season) w.s.r. to Ashtang Hriday, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):35-39

Page

35

Page

35


THE EFFICACY OF MUKHALEPA MENTIONED IN VARSHARUTU (RAINY SEASON) W.S.R. TO ASHTANG HRIDAY

Rajashri H. Bharati 1*

1. Associate professor, Dept. of Samhita Siddhant, Annasaheb Dange Ayurved Medical College, Ashta, Maharashtra, Contact No. +91 9422050193, Email - [email protected]

Article Received on - 1st Feb 2016 Article Revised on - 29th March 2016 Article Accepted on - 30th March 2016




VOL 4



Page

36

Page

36

RESEARCH ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Rajashri H. Bharati Associate professor, Annasaheb Dange Ayurved Medical College, Ashta, Maharashtra, Contact No. +91 9422050193, Email - [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-87449738

ABSTRACT: Change in environment directly affects your facial skin. Now a days pimples, dark

circles, black head are common among youngsters. To fight all skin woes healthy lifestyle should be followed. Ayurveda is not just a medicine but a healthy lifestyle. To maintain beautiful face, six seasonal mukhlepas (face packs) have been described in Ashtang Hriday. The best thing about mukhalepa is that they can be used on any type of skin. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of mukhalepa mention in Varsharutu. The chief contains of mukhalepa are Tila (sesamum indicum), Ushir (Vetiveria zizanoidis), Jatamansi (Nordostachys Jatamansi), Tagar (Valeriana wallichii), Padmak (Prunus erasoids) & distilled water. Thirty healthy human volunteers were enrolled in study and each of the volunteer was provided with mukhlepa in varsharutu after all ethical clearance, informs written consent, and skin patch test. Complexion, dryness and pH of facial skin were tested with appropriate test methods. There was significant improvement in the complexion and dryness of facial skin. pH of facial skin remained slightly acidic in between four to five, may provide good protection against skin diseases.

Key Words: Mukhlepa,Varsharutu, Efficacy, Varnya, Skin pH

INTRODUCTION “Beauty is a greater recommendation than any letter of introduction” Our face reflex beauty. Maintaining beauty is a tough challenge. To fight all the skin woes simple but effective skin care regimes should be followed that will keep facial skin fresh and glowing. In Ashtang Hriday six seasonal varnya mukhlepas were described. [1] These lepas prevent ageing of skin, avoid wrinkles and gives a good skin tone and also avoid pigmentation of facial skin. [2] Mukha means face and lepana means application of paste. There are three types of mukhlepas – doshaghna (Anti Doshic effect), vishghna (Anti poisonous effect), varnya (Improve complexion). Varnya mukhlepas should be applied cold (sheet) and removed before it should get dry. [3] Varsharutu brings with it an increase in humidity, grime and pollution. Because of cold humid air, amlavipaki, muddy unclean water and viciation of Vatadi dosha our skin is prone to damage. [4] In present study varsharutu mukhlepa [5] was made with the mixer of herbes and distil water. Herbal ingredients were: Tila [black] [Sesamum indicum], Ushir [Vetiveria zizanoidis] Jatamansi [Nordostachys Jatamansi], Tagar [Valeriana wallichii], Padmak [Prunus erasoids] was given to apply in varsharutu aimed to improve complexion and control dryness.

Aim: To study the efficacy of varsharutu mukhlepa in healthy human volunteers. Objective: To evaluate effect of Mukhalepa in improving

complexion. To control dryness. To see whether Mukhlepa is maintaining

normal skin pH or not. Inclusion criteria: Healthy human volunteers irrespective of sex, religion economic and marital status aged between twenty to fifty years giving their consent, willing to participate in study without using any other cosmetic product during the study period were included. Exclusion criteria: Those who were having history of skin diseases, allergic skin reactions and those who were contraindicated according to Ashtang Hriday were excluded. [6]

MATERIALS AND METHOD All literary reviews were collected. Varsharutu was considerd as shravan and bhadrapad month as per directions of Ashtang Hriday. After taking baseline history, thirty healthy human volunteers were enrolled in study. Written inform consent was taken, skin patch testing was done. All the

THE EFFICACY OF MUKHALEPA MENTIONED IN VARSHARUTU (RAINY SEASON) W.S.R. TO ASHTANG HRIDAY

VOL 4



Page

37

Page

37

volunteers were provided with mukhlepa and were advised to apply once in a week for two months. All volunteers were followed up for two months. Monthly follow up was done and at the end of two months improvement evaluation was done by: Fitzpatrick complexion scale: [7]

White - 1 Medium white - 2 Moderate brown- 3 Dark brown - 4 Black - 5 Kligman’s criteria for dry skin: [8]

G1-Healthy skin with healthy sheen and glow, no visible signs of dry skin.

G2-Small flakes of dry skin, whitening of dermatoglyphic triangle.

G3-Small dry flakes that cause light powdery appearance. Corners of derma triangles start to lift.

G4-Roughness and redness are readily apparent.

Skin pH pencil test: [9] Acidic - 0-6 Neutral - 7 Alkaline - 8-13 Normal skin pH- 4-6.2

This study was conducted with approval from Independent Ethics Committee and after ethical clearance.

Statistics: Hypothesis was tested for each parameter and result is interpreted accordingly. The level of significance is kept at 0.05. Considering ordinal nature of the gradation used for data, we have used “Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test” for intra group comparison of data. i.e. to test variation in values of parameter before treatment and after treatment. Wilcoxon signed rank test is a non parametric test used to check whether the median difference in scores is significantly high. Complexion (fitzpatrick complexion scale) One tailed wilcoxon signed rank test, to test hypothesis- H0: Median reduction in Complexion score after treatment is zero. H1: Median reduction in Complexion score after treatment is significant. The median difference between complexion score before treatment and after treatment (Mdn = 2) is significant (P-value < 0.001) at 5% level of significance. Thus, we can say that treatment had significantly reduced complexion score. Dryness ( Kligman’s criteria for dry skin) One tailed wilcoxon signed rank test, to test the hypothesis- H0: Median reduction in Dryness score after treatment is zero. H1: Median reduction in Dryness score after treatment is significant. The median difference between dryness score before treatment and after treatment (Mdn = 1) is significant (P-value < 0.001) at 5% level of significance. Thus, we can say that treatment had significantly reduced dryness.

Table 1: Effects of varsharutu mukhalepa on complexion and dryness

Parameter Median score Sample size Wilcoxon sign rank test (T+)

P - Value Bef Aft (Bef – Aft)

Complexion 4 2 2 30 465 < 0.001 Dryness 2 1 1 30 406 < 0.001

pH: The mean pH of skin after treatment was observed to be 4.100 + 0.036 (Mean + S.E.) The pH suggested that skin was slightly acidic.

Graph 1: Change in Complexion

64

177

7

12

7

0

10

20

30

40

Before treatment After treatment

No.

of p

atie

nts

5

4

3

2

1

VOL 4



Page

38

Page

38

Graph 2: Reduction in dryness

Graph 3: PH of Skin

DISCUSSION Change in environment directly affects your facial skin and give rise to skin diseases. Pollution, dirt, grime and harmful UV rays of sun are the main reasons why our skin is prone to damage during the rainy season. According to ayurveda complexion is depends on brajaka pitta functioning normally reflex through the skin [10]. In varsha rutu vatadi dosha get aggravated. Vitiated vata and kapha dosha affects the function of brajaka pitta. Herbs that improve complexion is called varnya. Varnya dravya usher (Vetiveria zizanoidis) [11] Jatamansi (Nordostachys jatamansi) [12], padmak (Prunus erasoids) [13] are having Madhur, Tikta, Kashay ras and sheet virya’- pittashamak effect. Jatamansi is having snigdhaguna, tikta, kashay, madhur rasa -tridoshahar effect and tagar [14] having ushna virya- kaphavatshamak effect. By virtue of these properties these drugs are helpful to mitigate vitiated vat and kapha dosha and improve the function of brajak pitta and useful in improving complexion. As a known pigmentation of skin is under the control of some hormones like ACTH and MSH from anterior pituitary .Some enzymes in the skin responsible for the metabolism of certain drugs applied topically also can be considered under brajaka pitta along with hormones controlling pigmentation. [15]

Jatamansi, tagar and tila are having snigdhaguna. Tila is best snehan drug contains oil – 43 to 56 % is effective in controlling dryness of skin. [16] Normal skin pH range between 4 to 6.2. Varsharutu mukhlepa maintains facial skin pH between 4 to 5.Which is slightly acidic may provide good protection against harmful environmental factors CONCLUSION The study observed significant improvement in the facial skin complexion in almost all volunteers. Facial skin tanned in summer season reverse back to normal skin complexion. Mukhlepa was effective in controlling dryness and maintained acidic pH in between 4 to 5 .Effects of mukhlepa are generally temporary and for beauty and health of facial skin season wise lepas should be used regularly. REFERENCES

1. Hari Sadashiv Shastri Paradkar, editor, Ashtang Hriday with Sarvangsundara Commentory by Arundatta and Ayurved Rasayan Commentory by Hemadri, reprint 2014, Varanasi, Chaukhamba Surbharti Prakashan India,,p.301

2. Yadunandan Upadhyaya, editor, Ashtang Hriday withVidyotini Hindi Commentory by Kaviraja Atridev Gupta, reprint 2006, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, ,p.133

3. Yadunandan Upadhyaya, editor, Ashtang Hriday withVidyotini Hindi Commentory by Kaviraja Atridev Gupta, reprint 2006, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, p.133

2

3018

10

05

101520253035

Before treatment After treatment

No.

of p

atie

nts

4

3

2

1

4.1

3.954

4.054.1

4.154.2

Mean ± S.E.

No.

of p

atie

nts

Mean ± S.E.

VOL 4



Page

39

Page

39

4. Yadunandan Upadhyaya, editor, Ashtang Hriday with Vidyotini Hindi Commentory by Kaviraja Atridev Gupta,reprint 2006, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, p.32

5. Yadunandan Upadhyaya, editor, Ashtang Hriday withVidyotini Hindi Commentory by Kaviraja Atridev Gupta, reprint 2006, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, p.134

6. Yadunandan Upadhyaya, editor, Ashtang Hriday withVidyotini Hindi Commentory by Kaviraja Atridev Gupta,reprint 2006, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, p.133

7. http://realtalkplasticsurgery.com/2014/06/14/laser-technology/# [Accessed on 23/07/2014]

8. www.bellavitaserum.com/studies/Pentavitin/PENAVITIN%20Dermscan%20Study%20report%200112s.pdf [Accessed on 22/07/2014]

9. http://www.amazon.com/Micro-Essential-Hydrion-Insta-chek-Mechanical /dp/ B00570JPJK [Accessed on 22/07/2014]

10. Yadunandan Upadhyaya, editor, Ashtang Hriday withVidyotini Hindi sCommentory by Kaviraja Atridev

Gupta, reprint 2006, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, p.91

11. Priyavrat Sharma,editor, Dravyaguna Vidnyan,Volume-2, reprint 2003, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, India, p.114,115

12. Priyavrat Sharma, editor, Dravyaguna Vidnyan, reprint 2003, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, India, p.31-33

13. Priyavrat Sharma, editor, Dravyaguna vidnyan, reprint 2003, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, India, p. 43-45.

14. Priyavrat Sharma, editor, Dravyaguna Vidnyan, reprint 2003, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, India, p. 64-66

15. Kishor Patwardhan, Concepts of Human Physiology in Ayurveda, in ‘Sowarigpa and Ayurveda’, published by Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, Sarnath,Varanasi, Samyak Vak Series -14, Editor, Pabitra Kumar Roy (2008),Page No,53to73,ISBN;978-81-87127-76-5 [Accessed on 22/07/2014]

16. Priyavrat Sharma, editor, Dravyaguna Vidnyan, reprint 2003, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, India, p.120-122.

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Bharati R.H. The efficacy of Mukhalepa Mentioned in Varsharutu(Rainy Season) w.s.r. to Ashtang Hriday, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):35-39 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Shinde Y.B. et.al., Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar: A Clinical Study, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1): 40-48

Page

40

Page

40


EFFECT OF DHANYAKA HIMA ON GRISHMA RITUJANYA PITTATMAKA VIKAR: A CLINICAL STUDY

Yogesh Bhagwanrao Shinde1*, Jagamohan B. Rathi2

1. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Swasthavritta & Yoga, C.S.M.S.S. Ayurveda College, Kanchanwadi,

Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Contact- (+91240)2380772, +919049241200/9028383505, Email - [email protected]

2. Associate Professor & Head, Dept. of Swasthavritta & Yoga & Ex. Vice Principal - Shri Ayurveda College, Hanuman Nagar, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Contact +919422107455, Email - [email protected]

Article Received on - 17th Nov 2015 Article Revised on - 17th Jan 2016 Article Accepted on - 31st Jan 2016




VOL 4



Page

41

Page

41

RESEARCH ARTICLE *Corresponding Author Yogesh B. Shinde Assistant Professor, Dept. of Swasthavritta & Yoga, C.S.M.S.S. Ayurveda College, Kanchanwadi, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, Contact:- (+91240)2380772, +919049241200/9028383505, Email - [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-89743717

ABSTRACT: A Placebo controlled open labelled, randomized comparative clinical efficacy

trial was conducted to study the effects of Dhanyaka Hima (Cold Infusion of Coriander Seeds) on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat disorders due to Summer Season) and to provide a cost effective remedy in this context. The study was conducted in 60 patients with the daily administration of 100 ml. of Dhanyaka Hima per day in Trial group and 1 Starch filled capsule each of 250 mg per day in Control group early in the morning daily for 30 days. The Upashaya Anupashayatmaka Effect (Efficacy) of Dhanyaka Hima was studied by the presence or absence of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmak Vikar from baseline and at consecutive follow ups on 10th, 20th and 30th Day. The symptoms considered were Daha (Generalised burning sensation in the body), Osha (Severe generalised burning sensation in the body with sweating and anxiety), Plosha (Localized burning sensation without sweating), Dava [Burning sensation in Mukha (Oral cavity) / Oshtha (Lips) / Talu (Palate)], Davathu i.e. Netradaha (Burning sensation in the eyes), Vidaha i.e. Hastapadatala Daha (Burning sensation in the Hands / Feet), Antardaha (Internal burning sensation), Dhumaka i.e. Shira / Griva / Kantha / Talu Dhumayanam (Feeling of hot fumes in the Head / Neck / Throat / Palate), Amlaka (Acidic Eructations), Atisweda (Excess Sweating) and Trishnadhikya (Excess Thirst). Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar were found predominantly in the Males or Students or in the individuals who are Mishrahari (Eating both Veg and Nonveg foods) or with Teekshnagni (High Appetite and Digestion Rate) or Mrudukoshtha (Easy Soft Digestive System) or Pittapradhana Prakruti (Pitta Dominant Constitution) or in the Madhayavastha of Ayu (Middle Age Span of Life). With statistical analysis by paired and unpaired t - tests, the changes in pathological investigations were insignificant. With statistical analysis of the clinical parameters by chi - square test, only Trishnadhikya symptom was relieved on 10th day while Davathu and Antardaha symptoms were relieved on 20th day. However, on 30th Day Dava, Vidaha and Dhumaka symptoms were relieved completely along with Trishnadhikya, Davathu and Antardaha symptoms. This clinical study concluded that Dhanyaka Hima is an easy, clinically effective, and economic remedy in the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat disorders due to Summer Season). The conclusion about regular administration of Dhanyaka Hima over a longer duration confirmed the importance of following Grishma Ritucharya (Summer Seasonal Regime) as well.

Key Words: Swasthavritta, Dhanyaka Hima, Grishma Ritu, Pitta Vikar, Ritucharya

INTRODUCTION: The part of Ayurveda, which encompasses all the aspects of health (Swasthya), is called as Swasthavritta. Swasthavritta includes unique modalities in Ayurveda such as Dincharya (Daily Regime) and Ritucharya (Seasonal Regime) for the maintenance and promotion of the health status. The one who regularly follows Daily Regime, Nocturnal Regime and Seasonal Regime as advised in Ayurveda remains always healthy. [1] Ritucharya i.e. Seasonal Regime includes season specific diet, behaviour and Therapy for the maintenance of Dosha (Humours) equilibrium of the body, which in turn maintains our health status. Presently

increasing temperature in the environment is a matter of global concern. The general limit of high temperature tolerance in a healthy individual is about 400C. In the summer of 2010, temperature of some of the cities in India was recorded around 490C. An increase of about 3oc would take place in the average global surface temperature by the year 2050. [2] The ‘Urban Heat Island Phenomenon’ that makes cities warmer than the surrounding rural areas will lead to longer and more severe heat waves than we are accustomed to now. [3] During the Chicago heat wave of 1995, more than 700 people died in their homes from heat exposure. [4]

According to Ayurveda during the Grishma Ritu

EFFECT OF DHANYAKA HIMA ON GRISHMA RITUJANYA PITTATMAKA VIKAR: A CLINICAL STUDY

VOL 4



Page

42

Page

42

(Summer Season), everyone experiences Pittatmaka Vikar (Disorders of Pitta) such as Trishnadhikya (Excessive Thirst), Daha (Heat), Swedadhikya (Excessive Sweat) etc. This is because, of the Pittadosha (Pitta), which spontaneously and abnormally aggravates in the Grishma Ritu (Summer Season). [5] It is very necessary to adopt certain changes in the food habits as well as in the mode of living to protect the body against the harmful effects of changing environment. [6] In most of the scriptures of Ayurveda, sweet, cold and liquid regimen is recommended in Grishma Ritu (Summer Season). Panaka (Syrups), Mantha (Thin Gruels) prepared with corn-flour and sugar, which are cold, very sweet in taste are the ideal drinks in the Grishma Ritu (Summer Season). [7] Dhanyaka Hima (Cold infusion of coriander seeds) is indicated early in the morning along with raw sugar against Trishna (Thirst) and Antardaha (Internal burning) in Sharandhar Samhita. [8] One should quickly drink cold water to prevent ill effects of Trishna (Thirst) over the body. [9] In addition, researches in the modern science conclude that morning hydrotherapy is extremely beneficial during the Summer Season. [10] Dhanyaka Hima can be a cost effective and home based remedy for Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat disorders due to Summer Season) and hence selected for the study. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the effect of Dhanyaka Hima (Cold

Infusion of Coriander Seeds) on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. (Pitta - Heat disorders due to Summer Season)

2. To provide a cost effective and home based remedy for Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. (Pitta - Heat disorders due to Summer Season)

MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1. Material :

a. Freshly prepared powder of dried Dhanyaka. (Coriander seeds)

b. Freshly prepared powder of Sita. (Raw sugar)

c. A fresh Mruttika Patra (Mud pot) d. A measuring flask of 100 ml e. Strainer with a fine net f. Stainless steel spoon g. Starch filled capsules

2. Analysis of Study Drugs : Pharmacopeial Identification of Dhanyaka (Coriander seeds) was studied. Analysis of the study drugs was done in a FDA (M.S.) and AGMARK approved and an ISO 9001-2008 Certified laboratory.

3. Determination of Grishma Ritu : Grishma Ritu was considered as per Bhartiya Kala Nirdesh Patraka i.e. Panchanga. (Indian Calender). Accordingly, the duration of 2 months from 20 April to 20 June was considered as Grishma Ritu. In these 2 months, due to extensive heat of sun, Pittatmaka Vikar is generally found in Maharashtra State of India. Hence, these 2 months were considered for the study and patients were examined in this period only.

4. Selection of 11 Pittatmaka Vikar : 11 Pittatmaka vikar, commonly occurring in the Grishma ritu, was selected from Nanatmaja Pittavikar stated in various Ayurvedic texts. [11]

5. Symptomatology of Pittatmaka Vikar : Symptomatology of Pittatmaka Vikar was considered according to Ashtanga Sangraha.[12]

6. Preparation of Study Drugs : Group - A: Preparation of Dhanyaka Hima Patients were educated to prepare the Dhanyaka Hima on home basis as per the reference of Sharandhar Samhita. [13]

Group - B: Preparation of Placebo Drug Starch field capsules each of 250 mg. were used in the control Group.

7. Conduction Of Clinical Trial : 1) Study Design: Placebo controlled open

labelled, randomized comparative clinical efficacy trial.

Sr. No. Character Group - A

Experimental Group Group – B

Control Group 1. No. of Patients 30 30

2. Drug for study Dhanyaka Hima Starch filled capsules considered as placebo.

3. Matra (Dose) 100 ml. (250 mg) 1 capsule

4. Anupana (Adjuvant) Since drug was in liquid form, no Anupana was required. Water

5. Aushadhi Sevan Kala (Drug Administration Timings) Early Morning - Once a day Early Morning- Once a day

6. Total duration of the treatment 30 Days 30 Days 7. Follow up On 10th, 20th, 30th Day On 10th, 20th, 30th Day

VOL 4



Page

43

Page

43

2) Indication: Grishmaritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

3) Inclusion Criteria : 1. Patients facing Grishma Ritujanya

Pittatmaka Vikar 2. Patients between 20 - 50 years of age

group 3. Patients of either sex 4. Patients living in the similar

environment 4) Exclusion Criteria :

1. Patients with any other vikar than the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar

2. Infants, young children and older people 3. Females in ANC and PNC period 4. Workers in hot environments or A/C 5. Athletes and frequent exercisers 6. Patients exposed to heat stress

5) Methods Of Observations : a. From the OPD of Swasthyarakshana Vibhaga

(Health Promotion OPD) 60 patients having Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar were selected randomly from the age group of 20 - 50 years irrespective of their Sex, Caste, Religion, Educational Status and Socio-Economical status.

b. 11 Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar were considered to evaluate each patient.

c. Informed consent from each patient was procured prior the study.

d. Detailed Clinical examination of each patient was done according to the case record form.

e. Patients having minimum 3 of the 11 Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar were selected for the study.

f. For Group - A i.e. Experimental Group 100 ml of Dhanyaka Hima was given early in the morning before 7 am, daily for 1 month.

g. For Group - B i.e. Control Group a placebo capsule of 250 mg was given with water early in the morning up to 7 am, daily for 1 month.

h. Study specific do’s and don’ts were instructed to each patient of the study.

i. The patients were followed up on 10th, 20th, 30th Day of study in the Grishma Ritu.

j. Comparative study was done between the Group - A i.e. Experimental Group and Group - B i.e. Control Group.

k. Observations were recorded based on the Clinical Parameters before the treatment, at the first follow up i.e. on the 10th day (AT1 ), at the second follow up i.e. on the 20th day (AT2 ), and at the last follow up i.e. on the 30th day (AT3 ) of the study in both the groups

l. Pathological evaluation (Hb %, TLC, Platelet Count, RBC Count, ESR, RBS, Urine Routine and Urine Microscopic examination) of each patient was done before and after the treatment to rule out systemic diseases.

m. The Upashaya Anupashayatmaka effect (Efficacy) of study drugs was recorded based on presence or absence of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmak Vikar at consecutive follow ups in each group.

n. Data was collected, documented and analyzed according to statistical methods.

Criteria of Assessment: Clinical Parameters: The Upashaya Anupashayatmaka effect (Efficacy) of study drugs was recorded as per the Ayurved, based on the presence or absence of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmak Vikar i.e. Daha, Osha, Dava, Davathu, Vidaha, Antardaha, Dhumaka, Amlaka, Atisweda, Trishnadhikya at consecutive follow up in each group. Pathological Investigations: A. Blood sample of each patient was taken for following pathological investigations.

1. Haemoglobin% (Hb %) 2. Total leucocyte count (TLC) 3. Platelet Count 4. RBC Count 5. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and 6. Random blood sugar (RBS).

B. Urine Routine and Microscopic Examination. OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS :

A. Demographical Observations :

Table No. 1. Distribution of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar in 60 Patients

Sr. No

Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar

Group A (30)

Group B (30)

Total (60) %

% % 1. Daha 5 16.66 5 16.66 10 16.66 2. Osha 1 3.33 2 6.66 3 5 3. Plosha 5 16.66 1 3.33 6 10 4. Dava 14 46.66 11 36.66 25 41.66 5. Davathu 25 83.33 21 70 46 76.66 6. Vidaha 12 40 15 50 27 45 7. Antaradaha 25 83.33 20 66.66 45 75 8. Dhumuka 6 20 11 36.66 17 28.33 9. Amlaka 4 13.33 5 16.66 9 15 10. Atisweda 11 36.66 15 50 26 43.33 11. Trushanadhikya 30 100 30 100 60 100

VOL 4



Page

44

Page

44

In the present study Trushanadhikya symptom was found in all the patients showing 100% incidence in the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. Davathu symptom was present in 76.66 % patients and Antardaha symptom was present in 75% of the patients. Vidaha symptom was present in 45% of patients and Atisweda symptom was present in

43.33% of patients while Dava symptom was present in 41.66% of patients. Daha symptom was present in 16.66% of patients and Amlaka symptom was present in 15% of the patients. Plosha symptom was present in 10% of patients and Osha was present only in 5% of the patients.

Graph 1: Distribution of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar

B. Statistical Analysis : a) Clinical Parameters :

The effect of Dhanyaka Hima on each symptom within the two groups was compared on three consecutive follow ups from the base line by applying Chi – square Test. Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on each symptom between the two groups was compared on three consecutive follow ups by applying Chi – square Test.

b) Pathological Investigations : Pathological Investigations were compared before and after the treatment within the individual groups by Paired t - test. Mean change in these investigations between the two groups was compared by unpaired t - test. Data was analyzed by statistical software STATA Version 10.

DISCUSSION: A. Demographical Observations : 1. Age : The distribution of patients according to

age revealed the predominance of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar in the age group of

20-30 years followed by 31-40 years of age group i.e. madhayavastha of ayu (Middle Age Span of Life) which is a Pittapradhana Kala of Ayu (Life period of Pitta Dominance) as per Ayurveda.

2. Sex: The distribution of patients according to sex reveals that males were suffered more from the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. In the present study out of total 17 Females 5 were homemakers while rest were belonging to student’s class and none was a working woman.

3. Occupation: The distribution of patients according to Occupation reveals that students suffered mostly from the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. Students, which constitute an actively working group, were more prone to Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

4. Ahara: (Diet) The distribution of patients according to Ahara reveals that the Mishrahar individuals (People eating both Veg and Nonveg foods) suffered more from the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. Non-vegetarian Diet is Ushnavirya (hot) and aggravates the Pittadosha. Hence, the incidence was more in Mishrahari individuals.

16.66%

3.33%

16.66%

46.66%

83.33%

40%

83.33%

20%13.33%

36.66%

100%

16.66%6.66%

3.33%

36.66%

70%

50%

66.66%

36.66%

16.66%

50%

100%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Per

cen

tag

e o

f P

atie

nts

Distribution of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar in 60 Patients

Group A

Group B

VOL 4



Page

45

Page

45

5. AGNI : (Digestive Fire) The distribution of patients according to Agni reveals that Teekshnagni (High Appetite and Digestion Rate) individuals suffered more from the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar followed by Vishmagni (Odd Appetite and Digestion rate) individuals. According to Ayurveda, Pittadosha is Agneya (Fire Element Dominanat). Teekshnagni contributes to the aggravation of Pittadosha. Hence, the incidence seems to be more in Teekshnagni individuals.

6. Koshtha: (Digestive System) The distribution of patients according to Koshtha reveals that Mrudukoshtha (Easy and Soft Digestive System) individuals suffered more from the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar followed by Madhyakoshtha (Medium Digestive System) individuals. According to Ayurveda, the individuals with Mrudukoshtha have abundance of Pittadosha. Hence, the incidence seems to be more in Mrudukoshtha individuals.

7. Prakruti: (Constitution): The distribution of patients according to Prakruti reveals that Pittapradhanavata Prakruti (Pitta and Vata Dominant Constitution) individuals suffered more from the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar followed by Pittapradhanakapha Prakruti (Pitta and Kapha Dominant Constitution) individuals. This shows that Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar is found mostly in the Pittapradhan Prakruti (Pitta Dominant Constitution) individuals.

B. Clinical Parameters : 1. Daha: Generalised burning sensation in the

body (Sarvangadaha). As no statistical test could be applied to the Daha symptom, no results could be obtained.

2. Osha: Severe generalised burning sensation in the body with sweating and anxiety. As no statistical test could be applied to the Osha symptom, no results could be obtained.

3. Plosha: Localized burning sensation without sweating. As no statistical test could be applied to the Plosha symptom, no results could be obtained.

4. Dava: Burning sensation in Mukha (Oral cavity), Oshtha (Lips) and Talu (Palate). No change was observed after the treatment in Dava symptom at the first two follow ups. But at the last follow up i.e. on 30th Day Dava was relieved completely (100%) in the Experimental Group as compared to the control group (9.1 %) only (P = 0.0018 S)(Chi-square Test). This reveals the effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Dava symptom on 30th Day.

5. Davathu : Netradaha (Burning sensation in the eyes) No change was observed in the Davathu symptom at the first follow up but at second follow up Davathu was relieved completely in 96 % of the patients in the Experimental Group as compared to 0 % in the control group after the treatment by (P = 0.0000 HS) (Chi-square Test). The same result was found at the last follow up i.e. on 30th Day. This reveals the effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Davathu symptom i.e. on 20th and 30th Day. This result can be contributed to the Chakashushya (Eye Health Promoting) property of Dhanyaka as stated in Dhanvantari Nighantu. [14]

6. Vidaha: Burning sensation in the Hands and Feet (Hastapadatala Daha). No significant change was observed in the Vidaha symptom at the first and second follow ups. But on 30th Day Vidaha symtom was relieved completely in 100 % of the patients in the Experimental Group as compared to no change in the control group. (P = 0.0000 HS) (Chi-square Test). This indicates the effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Vidaha symptom on 30th Day.

7. Antardaha : Internal burning sensation. No change was observed in the Antardaha symptom at the first follow up but at the second follow up, 23 (92 %) patients were cured as compared to none in the control group. At the last follow up Vidaha, symtom was relieved completely in 100 % of patients in the Experimental Group as compared to only 10 % patients in the control group. (P = 0.0000 HS) (Chi-square Test). This indicates the effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Antardaha symptom on 20th Day and 30th day. This also confirms the effect of Dhanyaka Hima primarily on Antardaha as quoted in Sharandhar Samhita. [15]

8. Dhumaka : Feeling of hot fumes in the Head, Neck, Throat or Palate. (Shira / Griva / Kantha / Talu Dhumayanam) No change was observed in the Dhumaka symptom at the first and Second follow ups but on 30th Day Dhumaka was relieved completely in the 100 % of patients in the Experimental Group as compared to no change in the control group. (P = 0.0000 HS)(Chi-square Test). This indicates the effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Dhumaka symptom on 30th Day.

9. Amlaka: (Acidic Eructation) In experimental group, one (25%) patient of Amlaka symptom was cured while no patient in control group was cured on 30th day. Chi-square Test showed non-significant difference. (P = 0.236, NS).

10. Atisweda: (Excess Sweating) since none of these patients with Atisweda symptom was cured in both the groups, Chi-square test could not be applied.

VOL 4



Page

46

Page

46

11. Trishnadhikya: (Excess Thirst) Trishnadhikya symptom was relieved completely in 93.3% of the patients in the Experimental Group on 10th Day and in 100 % of the patients on 20th Day and 30th Day. (P = 0.0000 HS) (Chi-square Test). This indicates the effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Trishnadhikya on 10th, 20th and 30th Day. The highly significant effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Trishnadhikya symptom on 10th Day confirms Trishnanigrahana karma i.e. Thirst Quenching Effect of Dhanyaka stated in Charak Samhita [16]

and Trishnaprashamana effect of Dhanyaka Hima stated in Sharanadhar Samhita. [17]

C. Pathological Investigations: Pathological Investigations did not altered significantly in Group - A and in Group - B after the treatment. This shows that Dhanyaka Hima does not have any effect on these Pathological Investigations. However, for all the individuals pathological values were in their respective normal ranges throughout the treatment.

D. Comparison of the effect of Dhanyaka Hima

on each Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar with Percentage Upashaya and the Day of result in both groups.

Graph 2: Comparative effect of Dhanyaka Hima

E. Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar

Table No. 2. Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar

Sr. No. Symptom Result of the Therapy

AT1 AT2 AT3 1. Trushanadhikya 10th Day 20th Day 30th Day 2. Davathu -- 20th Day 30th Day 3. Antardha -- 20th Day 30th Day 4. Dava -- -- 30th Day 5. Vidaha -- -- 30th Day 6. Dhumaka -- -- 30th Day

Graph 3: The Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar

93.3 100 100 100 100 100

09.5 10 9

0 010

20 2030 30 30

020406080

100120

Per

cen

tag

e U

pas

hay

a

Comparitive effect of Dhanyaka Hima wrt Symptoms,% Upashaya and Day of result in both groups.

Group A

Group B

Day of result

10

20 20 20

30 30 30 30 30 30

05

101520253035

Day

of

Up

ash

aya

Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

AT1

AT2

AT3

VOL 4



Page

47

Page

47

Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar : Only Trishnadhikya symptom was relieved on 10th Day while Davathu and Antardaha symptoms were relieved on 20th day. However, on 30th Day Dava, Vidaha and Dhumaka symptoms were relieved completely along with Trishnadhikya, Davathu and Antardaha symptoms. This implies that Dhanyaka Hima should be used over a longer duration. This indicates that the use of Dhanyaka Hima throughout the Grishma Ritu i.e. for 2 months is more beneficial to conquer the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. Hence, Ritucharya i.e. Seasonal Regime if followed through out and regularly cures the diseases. In addition, the studies on Coriander suggest, “The medicinal properties and health benefits of coriander can be fully used by making them as part of the routine diet. This will help to prevent various diseases and keep the person healthy.” [18]

F. Dhanyaka HIMA as a Home based and Cost

Effective Remedy on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka vikar:

1) Summer Drinks or Cold drinks, which may be hazardous to our health due to plenty of preservatives, are not always available in fresh form.

2) Many people cannot afford the rising costs of summer health drinks.

3) Coriander seeds i.e. Dhanyaka and raw sugar i.e. Sita are locally available all over India at a cheaper cost and are available in every kitchen throughout the year.

4) People can grow coriander in the kitchen garden or in a small household pot also.

5) In the present study, the cost of small mud pot was Rs. 5 only while simple transparent plastic glasses with appropriate markings were available for Rs. 10 only.

6) The cost of 1 pouch of coriander and raw sugar each was approximately Rs.1 only. Hence, the remedy was cost effective.

7) In addition, the method of preparation of Dhanyaka Hima was very simple and required least technical skills.

8) Hence, Dhanyaka Hima can be prepared easily and regularly on home basis during the whole summer season.

9) As Dhanyaka Hima is to be prepared regularly, it will be always available and administered in fresh form.

10) Thus, Dhanyaka Hima is an easy and economical remedy for Grishma Ritujaya Pittatmaka Vikar.

RESULTS:

1. The critical study of Ayurvedic literature shows that available description in Ayurvedic

Classics about the study topic is applied and scientific.

2. In Grishma Ritu, the Pittatmaka Vikar was observed as Pitta dosha is vitiated directly without its accumulation and it is Naimittika (Occasional / Casual).

3. Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar were found predominantly in the Males or Students or in the individuals who are Mishrahari (Eating both Veg and Non-veg foods) or with Teekshnagni (High Appetite and Digestion Rate) or Mrudukoshtha (Easy Soft Digestive System) or Pittapradhana Prakruti (Pitta Dominant Constitution) or in the Madhayavastha of Ayu (Middle Age Span of Life).

4. The incidence of Trishnadhikya symptom was 100% amongst Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. Trishnadhikya is a cardinal symptom (Pratiniyata Lakshana) amongst Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

5. Davathu and Antardaha were prominant symptoms amongst Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

6. Vidhaha, Atisweda and Dava symptoms showed marked incidence amongst Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

7. Dhumaka, Daha and Amlaka symptoms showed considerable incidence amongst the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

8. The incidence of Plosha and Osha symptom was least amongst the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar.

9. The changes in Hb %, TLC, Platelet Count, RBC Count, ESR and RBS were insignificant.

10. On 10th day 93.3% Upashaya (Relief) and on 20th day 100% Upashaya was found on Trishnadhika symptom i.e. excessive thirst, with regular oral administration of Dhanyaka Hima early in the morning. This confirms the Trishnanigrahana Karma i.e. Thirst Quenching effect of Dhanyaka as stated in Charak Samhita and Trishnaprashamana effect of Dhanyaka Hima as stated in Sharanadhar Samhita.

11. On 20th day 96% Upashaya and on 30th day 100% Upashaya was found on Davathu symptom i.e. burning sensation in the eyes (Netradaha), with regular oral administration of Dhanyaka Hima early in the morning. This result can be contributed to the Chakshushya property of Dhanyaka as stated in Dhanvantari Nighantu.

12. On 20th day 92% Upashaya and on 30th day 100% Upashaya was found on Antardaha symptom i.e. internal burning sensation, with regular oral administration of Dhanyaka Hima early in the morning. This confirms the action

VOL 4



Page

48

Page

48

of Dhanyaka Hima primarily on Antardaha as stated in Sharandhar Samhita.

13. 100 % Upashaya was found on Dava symptom i.e. burning sensation in Mukha (oral cavity) and / Oshtha (lips) and / Talu (palate), Vidaha symptom (Hastapadatala Daha) i.e. burning sensation in the hands and / feet and Dhumaka symptom i.e. feeling of hot fumes in the head and / neck and / throat and / palate (Shira and / Griva and / Kantha and / Taludhumayanam) with 30 days of regular oral administration of Dhanyaka Hima early in the morning.

CONCLUSION: This clinical study clearly concludes that Dhanyaka Hima (Cold Infusion of Coriander Seeds) is a remedy for Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat disorders due to Summer Season). The significant effect of Dhanyaka Hima on most of the symptoms on 30th Day indicates the necessity of regular administration of Dhanyaka Hima over a longer duration to cure more intense symptoms. This confirms the importance of following Grishma Ritucharya (Summer Seasonal Regime) as well. To reach a more concrete conclusion the study should be carried in larger number of patients and the duration of treatment should be more up to 2 months i.e. the complete Grishma Ritu (Summer Season). Dhanyaka Hima is a home based and cost effective remedy for Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar. Thus, such an easy, home based, cost effective and potent remedy for should be utilized by everyone during Grishma Ritu (Summer Season) and its efficacy should be popularized in the community. In addition, the society should be aware about the necessity and importance of following Ritucharya (Seasonal Regimen as per Ayurveda) as well, in the view of Swasthavritta and Preventive and Social Medicine. REFERENCES:

1. Misra Bramhashankar, editor, Bhavprakash Samhita, 2nded, Hindi, Poorvakhanda - Part 1-5/13,Choukhambha Sanskrit Bhavan, Varanasi 2012, p. 108.

2. http://www.irinnews.org/climate-change-a-three-degree-warmer-world-by-2050/Mar 27, 2012. (Assessed date 5/11/2015 at 2.45 pm)

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island. (Assessed date 5/11/2015 at 2.46 pm)

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Chicago_heat_wave.(Assessed date 5/11/2015 at 2.51 pm)

5. Vaidya Athavale P.G., editor, Ashtanga Sangraham, Marathi, Sutrasthana 12/94, Godavari Publishers, Nagpur, 2001, Maharashtra, p.130.

6. Kaviraj Gupta Atridev, editor, Ashtanga Hridaya, Sutrasthana 11/45, 2004-Edi, Chaukhambha Prakashan, Varanasi, p. 89.

7. Vaidya Athavale P.G., editor, Ashtanga Sangraham, 1sted., Marathi, Sutrasthana 4/31-32, Godavari Publishers 2001, Nagpur, Maharashtra, p. 32.

8. Dr. Tripathi Bramhanand, editor, Sharandhara Sanhita, 2ndedi, Madhyam Khanda, 4/7, Chaukhambha Surabharti Prakashan, p. 166.

9. Dr. Tripathi Bramhanand, editor, Charak Samhita, 2ndedi, Chikitsa Sthana, 22/60-61, Chaukhambha Surabharti Prakashan, 2011, p. 745.

10. http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/health-care-in-the-summer-grishma-season. (Assessed date 5/11/2015 at 3.07 pm).

11. Dr.TripathiBramhanand, editor, Charak Samhita, 2ndedi, Sutra Sthana, 20/14, Chaukhambha Surabharti Prakashan2011,p. 393.

12. Vaidya Athavale P.G., editor, Ashtanga Sangraham, 1sted., Marathi, Sutrasthana 20/13, Godavari Publishers 2001, Nagpur, Maharashtra, p. 171.


14. Dhanvantari Nighantu, Edition - 1998, Priyavat Sharma, Shatapushpadi Varga, 2/65, Choukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Page No. 81.


16. Charak Samhita, Sutra Sthana 4/29, Bramhanand Tripathi, Edition 2011, Chaukhambha Surabharti Prakashan, Page No. 88.


18. http://www.saching.com/Article/All-about-Coriander-and-their-health-benefits-Green-Cilantro-leaves/3210. (Assed Date 6/11/2015 1pm)

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Shinde Y.B. et.al., Effect of Dhanyaka Hima on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar: A Clinical Study, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):40-48 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


Moghe P.A., Study the Effect of Nimba Patra (Azadiracta indica) Churna in the Management of Sheetpitta Vyadhi, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2015; 4(1):49-57

Page

49

Page

49


STUDY THE EFFECT OF NIMBA PATRA (Azadiracta indica) CHURNA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SHEETPITTA VYADHI

Pallavi A. Moghe1*

1. Lecturer, Dept. of Agadtantra, B.S.D.T.s Ayurved College Wagholi, Pune, Contact - +918446850171 and 9850886071, E-mail- [email protected]

Article Received on - 20th Dec 2015 Article Revised on - 8th March 2016 Article Accepted on - 25th March 2016




VOL 4



Page

50

Page

50

RESEARCH ARTICLE

*Corresponding Author Pallavi A. Moghe Lecturer, Dept. of Agadtantra, B.S.D.Ts Ayurved College Wagholi, Pune, Contact - +918446850171 / +91 9850886071, E-mail- [email protected]

QR Code IJAAM

www.ijaam.org

DIDS: 04.2016-22959436

ABSTRACT: In this modern era of changing lifestyle people are not able to follow the rules of

Swasthavritta, having constant contact with pollutants and irregular food habits which are the triggering factors to cause the disease like Sheetpitta. Though this is not a life threatening disease but it frustrates the patient due to its appearance i.e. severe itching which disturbs their routine. In modern science this miserable condition is comparable with Urticaria. In this clinical trial total 60 patients having Sheetpitta were selected by simple random sampling method irrespective of sex, religion, occupation. These patients were divided into group A and group B having 30 patients in each. Group A was treated with Nimbapatra Yoga (Nimba Patra Churna with ghruta) and Group B was treated with placebo. Both groups were received the dose of 1.5 gm at vyanodan kala. Clinical trials were conducted in OPD / IPD of C.A.R.C. Hospital. Every 7 days follow-up was maintained for 1 month. The results were assessed in terms of clinical recovery, symptomatic relief and on subjective and objective parameter. A significant improvement in subjective parameters, control on urticaria was observed. In Group A 57 % patients were Cured, 7 % were Markedly- improved and 36 % was improved which is a significant improvement than Group B. This study reveals that Nimba patra churna can be used as an effective drug in Sheetpitta

Key Words: Sheetpitta, Nimba patra churna, Urticaria

INTRODUCTION Nowadays in modern lifestyle people are not able to follow Dinacharya and Rutucharya. This factor leads to several pathogenesis and ultimately produces different disorders. Sheetpitta is one of such diseases, which is mainly caused by Asatmya Ahar - Vihar sevana. [1] Sheetpitta can be correlated with Urticaria as they are having similar symptamatology i.e. Varatidanshtasansthanavata Shotha means Nettle rash, Kandu means Pruritus, Toda means Pricking pain. Urticaria affects almost 10 - 25 % of world's population at some point in their lives. [2] Modern medicine can provide treatment for urticaria like Antihistamines and NSAIDS etc. which gives symptomatic relief but it’s not cure it permanently so patients have to take medicines for long time. Long term use of such drugs is found to cause serious side effects like dizziness, drowsiness, G.I. discomfort. Therefore search for the safer management is of great importance. [3] Ayurveda can provide better and permanent management for Sheetpitta. Nimba (Azadirachta indica) is traditionally known as Village pharmacy. [4] It is also called as bestowed of good health. In Vedas Neem is called Sarva-roga Nivarani. [4] In Mythology it is stated that after great effect when Amruta was being carried by Garuda to heaven a few drops fell on Neem - tree and healing medicinal values were gifted to the

tree as it acts as provider of Good Health. [4] Taking all these points, the present clinical trial was planned with an aim to evaluate the effect of Nimba patra churna in the management of Sheetpitta Vyadhi. [5], [6]

MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of Patients: Total 60 patients between the age group of 16 - 60 years having Sheetpitta Vyadhi were selected by simple random sampling method irrespective of sex, religion, occupation. Place of study: All the patients presenting clinical symptoms of Sheetpitta were selected from the OPD and IPD of Kayachikitsa of C.A.R.C. Akurdi Hospital. Permission of Institutional ethical committee had taken for this clinical trial. IEC No 02/2008-09 dated-18/12/2008 Design of study: Random study with Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta and Placebo with Anupana Ghruta was done in patients having Sheetpitta. The detailed clinical examination including general and systemic was done to rule out any existing disease. All the data was maintained in Case Record Form including professional, educational and nutritional status of patients record of age, sex, weight and

STUDY THE EFFECT OF NIMBA PATRA (Azadiracta indica) CHURNA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SHEETPITTA VYADHI

VOL 4



Page

51

Page

51

address was also maintained in Case Record Form. Every 7 days follow up was maintained for 1 month in the Case Record Form. Clinical study was conducted between two groups.

Group A: 30 patients receiving Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta Group B: 30 patients receiving Placebo (Bajra flour) with Anupana Ghruta

Table 1: Dose & route of Administration

Group – A Group – B Drug Nimba Patra Churna Placebo Route of administration Oral Oral Dose 1.5 gm Churna 1.5 gm Churna

Kala Vyan – Udan (2 time after meal)

Vyan – Udan (2 time after meal)

Anupana Ghruta Ghruta Duration 1 Month 1 Month Follow up Every 7th day Every 7th day

Criteria of Inclusion: Patients between the age group of 16 - 60

years of age. Patients having Granthokta Lakshanas of

Sheetpitta [7] i.e. Varatidashtasansthanavata Shotha Kandu Toda Vidaha Jwara Chhardi were included in study.

Criteria of Exclusion: Patients having any major associated

systemic illness. Hypersensitivity reactions. Patients below 16 years and above 60 years

were excluded. Informed Consent: The subject undergoing this study was informed about the same and consent of each patient was taken.

Preparation of Drug: Nimba Patra i.e. fresh leaves of Azadirachta indica were taken. Authentication of the same was done from IDRL Pune. Churna of the Nimba Patra prepared as per rules laid in the Madhyam khanda of Sharangadhara Samhita. Authentication of that churna was done. Authenticated Go-Ghruta manufactured by Govind (Agmark certified) was used as Anupana. Its authentication was done from State public health laboratory, Govt. of Maharashtra, Pune Criteria of Assessment: The improvement in the patient was assessed mainly on the basis of the relief in the signs and symptoms and gradation of which is done on the basis of severity. Mild- interference in activities requires high concentration. Moderate -interference in activities away from home Severe - interference in domestic activities Statistical Analysis:-Paired t test was applied to evaluate the effect of therapy.

Table 2: Title Criteria of assessment

Sr. No. SYMPTOMS

1

Number of Wheals ( of size ≥5 mm in diameter )

0. No wheals 1. 1 to 24 2. 25 to 49 3. More than 50

2

Kandu 0. No symptoms 1. Mild 2. Moderate 3. Severe

VOL 4



Page

52

Page

52

3

Toda 0. No symptoms 1. Mild 2. Moderate 3. Severe

4

Vidaha 0. No symptoms 1. Mild 2. Moderate 3. Severe

5 Frequency of No. of Attacks Per Week

Result were drawn according to the following score chart

0 (Nil) No result

1(Improved) Grade III to Grade II Grade II to Grade I

2 (Markedly improved) Grade III to Grade I 3 (Cured) Patient Asymptomatic

Grade I :- 0 to 4; Grade II:- 4 to 8; Grade III:- 8 to 12. Total symptom score: - Addition of gradation of total symptoms of Sheetpitta. OBSERVATIONS Out of total 60 patients 48.33 % of patients were in age group of 16 years to 30 years. The Data showed that majority of patients were Female (58.33 %) comparison to Male (41.66 %) selected for the trial and Urticaria is the disease which is found more in Females. The data showed that the majority of patients were from Mix group i.e. Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian. Comprising 33 in number of patients (55 %) and remaining 27 (45 %) were pure Vegetarian.26 patients were having Vata-Pittaj Prakruti, 5 patients were having Vata-kaphaj prakruti, 10 patients were having Kapha -Vataj Prakruti, 6 patients having Kapha - Pittaj Prakruti, 8 Patients were having Pitta - Kaphaj Prakruti, 5 Patients had Pitta - Vataj Prakruti. As mentioned by Madhavnidana Sheetvayu sevana is the main hetu in the Samprapti of Sheetpitta and in this study it was observed that out of 60 patients in 46 patients sheet vayu sevanan like sitting in A/C room, excessive travelling in cold wind, working in cold environment existed.

Viruddhashana is one of the hetu of Sheetpitta which occurred in 21 patients. Vishamashana like excessive intake of Lavana, Amla, Katu rasa sevana, excessive Dadhi (curd) sevana, excessive intake of Vidahi anna, and fermented food. These all were hetus in forming Samprapti of Sheetpitta which were found in 42 patients. Maximum no. of patients i.e. 45 patients (75%) were from Sadharan Desha which could be possible because the study was done in Sadharan desha itself., 11 patients were from Anup Desha and remaining 4 patients were from Jangal Desha. Out of 60 patients in only 7 patients the symptom Jwara and in 9 patients Chhardi was observed. These are the associated symptom of Sheetpitta. Jwara and Chhardi which are the lakshanas of Sheetpitta were generally not found in patients. Due to its less predominance these two lakshanas were not included in the Criteria of Assessment for this study. RESULTS Improvement wise Distribution in Group A In Group A in 30 patients according to Criteria of Assessment, results were drawn in the form of score chart in Case Record form. These results were drawn in the form of improvement score as follows.

Table 3: Improvement assessment in group A

Sr. No. Improvement No. of patients in group A Percentage %

1 Cured 17 56 2 Markedly Improved 2 7 3 Improved 11 37 Total 30 100

To evaluate the effect of Nimba Patra Churna in Sheetpitta, the subjective assessment of the patient was done and the observations were recorded in

Case Record Form on 0th day and every 7th day up to 30th day follow up.

VOL 4



Page

53

Page

53

Effect on no. of Wheals – In Group A : t value of No. of Wheals on 7th day was 5.03. The symptom improved significantly and t value was 8.30 on 14th day. The improvement further continued on 21st day where t value was 12.53 and at the end of the study on 30th day t value was 13.57 (p < 0.001). These all t values are highly significant.

In Group B : t value of No. of Wheals on 7th day was 0.37 which is not significant. On 14th day symptom was slightly improved where t value was 1.30, but which is also not significant. On 21st day t value was 0.29 and at the end of the study on 30th day t value was 0.52 (p > 0.05) which is also not significant.

Table 4 : Comparison of effect on no. of wheals between Group A and B

Symptoms Day Group Mean S.D t p Value

No. of Wheals

7 A 1.16 0.74 0.0 P > 0.05 B 1.16 0.53

14 A 0.76 0.72 1.42 P > 0.05 B 1.03 0.71

21 A 0.53 0.57 4.01 P < 0.001 B 1.16 0.64

30 A 0.43 0.50 5.33 P < 0.001 B 1.26 0.69

From this statistical data it can be stated that Group A drug is most effective than Group B drug in decreasing the Number of Wheals in Sheetpitta Vyadhi. Effect on Kandu symptom - In Group A: t value of Kandu on 7th day was 5.03. The symptom improved to 11.36 on 14th day. The improvement further continued on the 21st day t value was 13.57 and at the end of the study on 30th

day t value was 13.32 (p < 0.001).These all t values are highly significant. In Group B : t value of Kandu on 7th day was 0.90 which is not significant. On 14th day t value was 0.77 which is also not significant. There was slight improvement in symptom on 21st day where t value was 1.07 but this is also not significant and at the end of the study on 30th day t value was 0.20 (p > 0.05) which is not significant.

Table-5: Comparison of effect on Kandu between Group A and B

Symptoms Day Group Mean S.D T P Value

Kandu

7 A 1.23 0.72

1.23 P > 0.05 B 1.46 0.73

14 A 0.76 0.72

2.87 P < 0.01 B 1.43 1.04

21 A 0.50 0.57

4.80 P < 0.001 B 1.43 0.89

30 A 0.43 0.50

5.34 P < 0.001 B 1.53 1.00

From this statistical data it can be stated that group A drug is most effective than group B drug on Kandu lakshana in Sheetpitta Vyadhi

Effect on Toda symptom- In Group A: t value of Toda on 7th day was 5.03 significant. On 14th day t value was 4.87. The symptom improved significantly to 8.46 on 21st

day and at the end of the study on 30th day t value was 8.44 (p < 0.001).These all t values are highly significant. In Group B : t value of Toda on 7th day was 0.52 which is not significant. On 14th day t value was 0.64. On 21st day t value was 0.94 and at the end of study on 30th day t value was 0.25 (p > 0.05) which is not significant.

VOL 4



Page

54

Page

54

Table-6 : Comparison of effect on Toda between Group A and B


Toda

7 A 0.76 0.67

1.85 P > 0.05 B 1.10 0.71

14 A 0.63 0.66 2.23 P < 0.05 B 1.06 0.82

21 A 0.20 0.40

5.52 P < 0.001 B 1.03 0.71

30 A 0.16 0.37 6.63 P < 0.001 B 1.20 0.80

From this statistical data it can be stated that Group A drug is most effective than Group B drug on Toda lakshana in Sheetpitta Vyadhi. Effect on Vidaha symptom- In Group A : t value of Vidaha on 7th day was 5.03. The symptom improved to 8.22 on 14th day. The improvement further continued on 21st day where t value was 8.51 and at the end of the study on 30th

day t value was 9.14 (p < 0.001). These all t values are highly significant. In Group B : t value of Vidaha on 7th day was 1.16 which is not significant. On 14th day it was 0.77. On 21st day t value was 1.07 and at the end of the study on 30th day t value was 0.23 (P > 0.05) which is not significant.

Table-7: Comparison of effect on Vidaha between Group A and B


Vidaha

7 A 0.83 0.69 2.21 P < 0.05 B 1.30 0.91

14 A 0.60 0.62

2.99 P < 0.01 B 1.30 1.11

21 A 0.30 0.46 5.16 P < 0.001 B 1.30 0.95

30 A 0.13 0.34

6.65 P < 0.001 B 1.46 1.04

From this statistical data it can be stated that Group A drug is most effective than Group B drug on Vidaha lakshana in Sheetpitta Vyadhi. Effect on Total symptoms of Sheetpitta- In Group A: t value of Total symptoms on 7th day was 11.88. The symptoms improved to 12.19 on 14th day. The improvement further continued on 21st day where t value was 14.91 and at the end of study on 30th day t value was 15.37 (p <

0.001).these all t values are highly significant highly significant. In Group B: t value of Total symptoms on 7th day was 0.71 which is not significant. On 14th day symptoms were slightly improved where t value was 1.12 but on 21st day t value was 0.89 which is not significant and at the end of the study on 30th day t value was 0.21 (p > 0.05) which is also not significant.

Table-8: Comparison of effect on total symptoms between Group A and B

Symptoms Day Group Mean S.D t p Value

Total Symptom Score

7 A 3.96 2.51

1.76 P > 0.05 B 5.13 2.62

14 A 2.70 2.49

2.72 P < 0.01 B 4.80 3.39

21 A 1.53 1.75

5.76 P < 0.001 B 5.03 2.82

30 A 1.03 1.27

6.82 P < 0.001 B 5.50 3.35

VOL 4



Page

55

Page

55

From this all statistical data this is concluded that Group A drug (Nimba Patra Churna) is effective than Group B (Placebo) drug in reducing total symptoms of Sheetpitta Vyadhi Effect on Frequency of no. of attacks- In Group A: t value of Frequency of no. of attacks on 7th day was 9.92. On 14th day it improved to 10.46. On 21st day t value was 11.00 and the improvement further continued at the end of the

study on 30th day t value was 10.98 {P<0.001}.These all t values are highly significant. In Group B: t value of Frequency of no. of attacks on 7th day was 1.72 which was statistically not significant value. On 14th day t value was 0.82. On 21st day t value was 2.19 which is significant value and at the end of the study on 30th day t value was 0.84 which is not significant.

Table-9: Comparison of effect on frequency of no. of attacks between Group A and B


Frequency of No. of Attacks

7 A 2.70 2.00

2.11 P < 0.05 B 3.73 1.77

14 A 1.90 1.88

3.53 P < 0.01 B 3.83 2.33

21 A 1.23 1.38

5.48 P < 0.001 B 3.50 1.79

30 A 0.73 0.90 8.03 P < 0.001

B 4.23 2.20

From above results it was concluded that along with total symptoms of Sheetpitta, Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta (Group A) is also effective in decreasing Frequency of number of attacks of Sheetpitta and there is no significant results in Placebo (Group B) Comparison between Group A and Group B : After evaluating the results of Group A and Group B separately when statistically compared effects of Group A with group B, there is significant difference between effect of Group A and effect of Group B in each laksnana of Sheetpitta. t value showed significant increase in values which indicates marked increase in difference between effects of Nimba Patra Churna (Group A) and Placebo (Group B) in Sheetpitta. So that the conclusion is Group A drug (Nimba Patra Churna) is highly effective than Group B drug (Placebo). After completion of one month clinical trial, out of 30 patients taking Nimba Patra Churna 13 patients i.e. 43 % were cured. In these patients no symptoms of Sheetpitta reoccurred till one month. In 12 patients i.e. in 40 % patients results were sustained i.e. there was no any increase in symptoms of Sheetpitta. In 5 patients of Group A i.e. in 17 % patients there was relapse in symptoms of Sheetpitta.

DISCUSSION In this research project to study the effect of Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta in the management of Sheetpitta Vyadhi, 60 patients in 2 groups, each containing 30 patients was formed. Group- A was treated with Nimba Patra Churna. Group- B was treated with Placebo (Bajra flour) The dermatological potentialities of Ayurveda have indigenous drugs with their Ayurvedic compounds which are of special interest for research and Nimba Patra is a well known remedy for dermatological problems. Keeping this idea in mind the Ayurvedic formulation of Nimba Patra Yog i.e. Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta mentioned in Yogaratnakara, for the treatment of Sheetpitta has been chosen for the clinical trial in which it was found that Nimba Patra Churna is effective in Sheetpitta. Jwara and Chhardi which are the lakshanas of Sheetpitta were generally not found in patients. Due to its less predominance these two lakshanas were not included in the Criteria of Assessment for this study. Out of 60 patients Jwara was observed in only 11 % patients and Chhardi in 15 % patients. SEX: The occurrence of Sheetpitta was found more in Females i.e. 58.33 % than Males i.e. 41.66 % .Most of the females from this category were Housewives who were having consumption of stale food, fermented food, nipping (Divaswap), consumption of frozen food, working in cold water and cold wind which are responsible for stagnation

VOL 4



Page

56

Page

56

of Pitta and also vitiation of Vata and Kapha in the body. AGE: The occurrence of the disease was high in age group 16-30 i.e. 48.33 %.Most of patients in this group were Students who show high consumption of causative factors like hotelling, fast food, irregular dietary timings, irregular bowel habits, travelling in cold wind. According to Ayurveda this is Asatmya Ahar - Vihar sevana. There were 21.66 % of patients in age group of 31-45 and 30 % of patients were in 45-60 age group. PRAKRUTI: Observations of patients showed that maximum number of patients i.e. 43.33 % were belonging to Vata-Pittaja type of sharir prakruti followed by Kapha-Vataja and Pitta-Kaphaja in 16.66 % and 13.33 % of patients respectively. Patients having Vata -Kaphaja prakruti were 8.33 % and those having Kapha-Pittaja prakruti were 10 % and 8.33 % patients were having Pitta-Vataja prakruti. DIET: While following the dietary habits maximum number of the patients i.e. 55 % patients followed mixed diet (veg and non-veg) were observed to have suffer from Sheetpitta. Patients having Vegetarian diet were 45%. HETU: Hetu wise it was observed that almost in 77 % patients suffering from Sheetpitta were having Sheetvayu sevana i.e. excessive travelling in cold wind, sitting in A/C rooms and working in cold environment. This Sheetvayu sevana is the chief etiological factor in the Samprapti of Sheetpitta. This Hetu causes vitiation of Vata along with vitiation of Kapha dosha. These doshas then mix with Pitta and causes Tridoshaprakopa and these doshas spreads into Shonitadi dhatu which leads to Dhatudushti and also cause Twakdushti which ultimately results in Sheetpitta. Viruddhashana was found in 35 % patients and Vishamashana was found in 70 % of patients out of 60. In this study Vishamashana comprises of excessive intake of Lavana, Amla rasa sevana, excessive Dadhi sevana, excessive intake of Vidahi anna, Fermented food, anupamansa sevana like various types of fishes, sea food etc. Lavana, Amla rasa sevana leads to Pitta and Kapha prakopa and also Rakta Dushti. Which are the factors of forming Samprapti of Sheetpitta. Viruddhahar and Dadhi sevana leads to mandagni resulted into Ama production which are Tridoshaprakopaka as well as Raktadushtikara and also responsible for Twak-Vaigunya. Vidahi anna, fermented food ,these all hetus leads to Pitta and Vata prakopa and also Raktadushti which generates Samprapti of

Sheetpitta.[7] For best comprehension of the Samprapti Bhanga of Sheetpitta by Nimba Patra hurna with Anupana Ghruta, the descriptive details the components needs to be highlighted. Sheetmarutsansparsha lead to vitiation of Vata and Kapha which get mixed with prakupit Pitta. These Tridosha when spread Bahyata cause Twakdushti which leads to formation of lakshanas like Varatidashtasansthanvata Shotha, Kandu, Toda, Vidaha. These vitiated Tridosha internally spreads and causes Shonitadi Dhatu dushti which causes lakshanas like Jwara and Chhardi. These all collectively forms Samprapti of Sheetpitta Vyadhi.

Nimba Patra has Laghu and Ruksha Gunas, Tikta & Kashay Rasas and Katu Vipaka due to which it checks Kapha dosha.[8]. Due to Sheetvirya it has Pittashamana effect and by all properties it also increases Vata dosha. For having Vatashamana effect Gogruta has given with Nimba Patra churna. Goghruta is Snigdha Gunatmaka and Madhur Vipaki which is useful in Vatashamana. Also Ghruta has Sanskaranuvartan property by virtue of which it increases the potency of Nimba Patra Churna. These are responsible for penetration in minute body channels and removing dosha from srotasa which leads to rapid dissolution of doshas at the site of wheals resulting in subsiding of lakshanas of Sheetpitta in little span. Goghruta also as Twakprasadana. Therefore useful in Sheetpitta. Symptom wise Sampraptibhanga of Sheetpitta by Nimbapatra as follows.

1. Kandu: Being Ruksha and Laghu, it absorbs Kleda and Kapha. Being Tikta and Sheeta it purifies blood which it turn eliminates Kleda from skin. By these properties it reduces the lakshana Kandu.

2. Vidaha: Nimba is Dahashamaka due to its Tikta and Sheet Gunas. It absorbs Rasagata Pitta and thereby it reduces lakshana Vidaha.

3. Jwara: Nimba acts as Amapachana and is used for detoxification of Ama and reduces lakshana Jwara.

4. Chhardi : Since Nimba absorbs excess fluid contained in the digestive juice by it Ruksha guna and Kashaya rasa. It causes digestion of ama. It absorbs Kapha due to its Tikta, kashaya Rasa and Ruksha guna. By this process it is useful in Chhardi.

5. Varatidashta Sansthanvata Shotha : Nimba patra is of Tikta rasa which is Shreshtha Aampachak dravya. Charakacharya in Ch. Chi. 12/17 describes common treatment of Shoth as Aamdoshhara and Pachana [9]. Nimba patra

VOL 4



Page

57

Page

57

has both these properties so it reduces Shotha efficiently.

Krumi is one of the main causes of Sheetpitta [9]. Therefore Krumighna Chikitsa is to be done for Sheetpitta and main lakshana of this Vyadhi is Kandu. So in order to eradicate Sheetpitta Krumighna and Dadrughna Chikitsa is to be given to the patient and Nimba possesses Shreshtha Krumighna [10] and Dadrughna properties. Nimba is also included in Kandughna Mahakashaya by Charakacharya. According to Ayurveda Ama is Vishadravya which decreases immunity of the body and that body is more prone to allergic disorders like Sheetpitta. Nimba is Tikta Rasatmaka which is

best among all Rasas in treatment of Ama and this Tikta Rasa does the Amapachana karya. Ashrayasthana of Sheetpitta is Twak and Nimba is Shreshtha dravya for Twak Roga.[10] According to Yogaratnakara Kushthahara Chikitsa is done for Sheetpitta and Kushthaghna effects of Nimba are well known. While treating patients of Sheetpitta with Nimba Patra Yog i.e. Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta and Placebo with Anupana Ghruta following results were achieved in individual Lakshanas specific for Sheetpitta and in frequency of number of attacks of this Vyadhi. These lakshanas have got Upashaya as follows:

Result of Nimba Patra Churna Group A Group B Kandu 74 % 2.12% No. of Wheals 73 % - 5.55% Toda 86 % - 2.85% Vidaha 89 % - 2.32% Frequency of no. of Attacks 81 % - 4.95%

As per the results drawn from total symptom score of Sheetpitta, it is concluded that in Group A {Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta} have got Total 82 % Upashaya in Sheetpitta Vyadhi and Group B {placebo} have got Total - 1.85% Upashaya which was not significant value i.e. no upashaya was achieved in patients of Group B. And along with lakshanas there was marked decrease in frequency of attacks of Sheetpitta i.e. 81 % by using Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta while in Group B i.e. in placebo control group frequency of attacks were increased in which improvement results were -1.85% i.e no any improvement observed in results of Frequency of attacks of Sheetpitta in Group B. From above results it is cleared that Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta has significantly reduced all the symptoms and frequency of no. of attacks of Sheetpitta Vyadhi when compared with Placebo. During the study two patients were dropped out, so that not included in the total of 60. CONCLUSION After evaluating the results, it is proved that Nimba Patra Churna with Anupana Ghruta is very effective in Sheetpitta Vyadhi. It is easily available and also cost effective.

REFERENCE 1. V.B. Athawale, Kamlesh V. Athawale, editors. Diseases of

skin and cosmetics- ayurvedic and modern aspect. 1st ed. Goa: Sanatan Sanstha; 2002. p.86.

2. N Franklin Adkinson Jr, Bruce s Bochner, Wesley Burks, William w. Busse, Stephen T Holgate, Robert F lemanske Jr, Rbyn E O’Hehir,editors. Principles and practice of allergy. 8th ed. Philadeiphia:Elsevier Saunders; p.575.

3. Louis S. Goodman, Alfred Gilman, editors, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 2nd ed. Newyork: The Mc millon company; 1958.p.662

4. http://www.natureneem.com/index_fichiers/Neem_history_Neem_and_India.htm [Accessed date 22.3.2016]

5. Laxmipati Shastri, Bhishagratna Brahmashankar Shastri, editors. Yogratnakar with vidyotini commentary, Sheetpittodardkotha nidanam. 7th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba prakashana; 2012. p. 234, 236

6. Mahamanopadhyay, editor. Chakradatta, chikitsa sangraha grantha. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba orientalia; 1993. p.562

7. Narendranath Shastri, editor.Madhavnidan, Sheetpittodardkotha nidanam. 6thed. Varanasi: Motilal banarsidas; 2009. p.638, 639

8. Vishwanath Dwivedi Shastri, editor. Bhavprakash Nighantu.4th ed. Varanasi: Motilal banarsidas; 1998. p.l80,181.

9. Bramhanand Tripathi, editor. Charaksamhita uttarardha, Chikitsasthana, kushtha chikitsa, 6th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba surabharti prakashana; 2014.p.327.

10. Bapalal Vaidya, editor. Nighantu aadarsh, purvardha, Nimbadi varga. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharti academy; 1968. p.271, 272, 273.

CITE THIS ARTICLE AS – Moghe P.A., Study the Effect of Nimba Patra (Azadiracta indica) Churna in the Management of Sheetpitta Vyadhi, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2015; 4(1):49-57 Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared

VOL 4


CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / SYMPOSIA

Page

58

Page

58

CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / SYMPOSIA Scientific Journal Impact Factor 5.733 (2015) by InnoSpace Sci. Res., Morocco

International Conference on Alternative Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine for Diabetes, Venue: Beijing, China. Date: 5th – 7th September, 2016 Conference Highlights Diabetes Physiology Clinical Practices in Diabetes Trends in Diabetes Complication Diabetes Medications & Pharmacotherapy Alternative Therapies for Diabetes Diabetes Market and Business Analysis Diabetes Nutrition Recent Technologies for Diabetes care and

Management For Details- Conference Secretariat, 2360 Corporate Circle, Suite 400 Henderson, NV 89074-7722, USA, Tel: +1-888-843-8169, Fax: +1-650-618-1417, Ph: +1-650-268-9744, Toll free: +1-800-216-6499, Email:[email protected], http://ayurvedic-herbaldiabetes.conferenceseries.com/

Orientation Training Program On Yoga For Ayush/Allopathic Doctors Organizer- Department of Human Consciousness & Yogic Science GuruKula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar Date: 30th May to 4th June, 2016 For Details- http://www.ravdelhi.nic.in/index2.asp?slid=1504&sublinkid=213&langid=1

National Conference on Amalgamation of Recent Pharmaceutical Developments in Ayurveda, Venue: Shanti Devi Mittal Auditorium, Lovely Professional University, Punjab (India) Date: 22nd and 23rd April, 2016 For Details- Dr. Surajpal + 91 9878464676, Mr. Dileep Singh Baghel + 91 9256193169, Email - [email protected], http://www.lpu.in/conference/lpunasyacon/

*****

VOL 4


Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2016; 4(1):59

Page

59

Page

59

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REVIEWERS OF IJAAM FOR Volume 3 (2015) International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine (IJAAM) gratefully acknowledge the services of experts from various faculties of Ayurveda who spent their valuable time in reviewing the manuscripts received during the year 2015

Dr. Jasmine Gujarahti, Associate Professor, Dept of Prasuti tantr and Stri roga, G. J, Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research, New Vallabh Vidyangar, Anand, Gujarat

Dr. Umapati C. Baragi, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Basic Principles, S.D.M. College of Ayurveda, Udupi, Karnataka

Dr. Yogesh Shinde, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Swasthavritta, C.S.M.S.S. Ayurved College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Dr Dhirajsingh Rajput, Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. of RS & BK, IPGT & RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat Vd. Ganesh Barahate, Assistance professor, Dept. of Panchakarma, C.S.M.S.S. Ayurved College, Aurangabad,

Maharashtra Dr Aparna P. Deshpande, Reader & Head, Dept. of Basic Principles, G. J. Patel Ayurveda college and

Research Centre, New V.V. Nagar, Anand, Gujarat Dr. Pranav Prabhakar Bhagwat, Professor & Head, Dept. of Shalakya Tantra, Gomantaka Ayurveda

Mahavidyalaya, Shiroda, Goa Dr. Ashwin Bagde, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Sanskrit, Samhita, Siddhant, Govt. Ayurved College,

Osmanabad, Maharashtra Dr. Dudhamal T. S., Assistant Professor, Dept. of Shalya Tantra, Institute for Post Graduate Teaching and

Research in Ayurveda (IPGT&RA), Gujarat Dr Padavi Dnyaneshwar Mitharam, Professor in Kayachikitsa, Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Ayurved &

Research Institute, Sector-7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra Dr. Kad Vilas Shivaji, Professor & HOD, Dept. Rog Nidan & V.V., SVNHT's Ayurved College, Rahuri,

Maharashtra Dr. Gajanan R. Parlikar, Ayurveda Extension Officer, Sangli, Maharashtra Dr. Vijay Nandwadekar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Gomantak Ayurveda College & Research

Centre, Shiroda, Goa Dr. Rashtrapal Ukey, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Agadatantra, Govt. Ayurveda College, Nanded,

Maharashtra Dr. Guruprasad K. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Swasthavritta, Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Ayurveda College &

Hospital, Nazarathpet, Chennai, Tamilnadu Dr. K. Ravindra Bhat, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Kayachikitsa, Karnataka Ayurveda Medical College,

Ashoknagar, Mangalore, Karnataka Dr. Kiran Nimbalkar, Lecturer, Dept. of Agadatantra, A. & U. Tibbia College & Hospital

Karol Bagh, New Delhi Dr. Mayur Deshmukh, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rognidan, Government Ayurved College, Osmanabad,

Maharashtra Dr. Rahul Shahapurkar, Shripad Clinic, Khokadpura, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

*****

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (IJAAM)

Dr. Swati Bhingare (Editor-in-Chief) # 401/8-A, 4th Floor, Shiv Shrishti Apt.

Nardas Nagar, TP Rd., Bhandup (W), Mumbai – 400078 Email: [email protected]

IJAAM Subscription & Advt. Details

Subscription / Advertisement Details

International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine (IJAAM) is a peer reviewed, open access (http://www.ijaam.org), internationally indexed bi-monthly journal concerned with Ayurveda and other complementary and alternative systems of medicine. Subscriptions of IJAAM are available for the individuals, researchers, pharmacies, advertisers and institutional libraries. The subscription charges for the year 2016-17 are as follows –

Subscription Type Indian Readers

Foreign Readers

Individuals Institutional Libraries / Pharmacies

Bi-Annual (12 issues) INR 3200 /- INR 4000 /- USD 500 Annual (6 issues) INR 1600 /- INR 2100/- USD 300 Half Yearly (3 Issues) INR 800 /- INR 1100 /- USD 200 Single Copy INR 300 /- INR 400 /- USD 100 IJAAM also invite all Indian pharmacies, medical firms and other advertisers to use this as a platform for their advertisement. The charges with specifications are as follows –

Advt. Page Colour Black & White Inside front cover INR 15000 /- -- Inside Back Cover INR 10000 /- -- Back Cover INR 12000 /- -- Full Page (inside issue) INR 8000 /- INR 7000 /- Half Page (inside issue) INR 5000 /- INR 3000 /- Quarter Page (inside issue) INR 3000 /- INR 2000 /-

*****


#401/8-A, 4th Floor, Shiv Shrishti Apt.

Nardas Nagar, TP Rd., Bhandup (W), Mumbai – 400078

E:[email protected], Web- www.ijaam.org

Issue:1/ Jan Feb

Documents

Transcript of Issue:1/ Jan Feb