Issue 3 – Scottish Economy

Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing

Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration

Land issue in Highlands and Island

Scotland’s economy is built upon:

DURING WWI DEMAND

INCREASES

ECONOMY OVERVIEW

1900-1914Staple industries facing

___________ __________

unemployment

1914-18Wartime boost to

agriculture/industryNo _____________

Pre-war ________ forgotten

1918-28Post-war decline________ ordersLoss of _______

Map of Scotlandduring WWI

• Mark on your map: – Aberdeen– Dundee – Edinburgh – Glasgow – Gretna – Eyemouth

GRETNA

EYEMOUTH

Using chapter 4 – p81-86• Use the following key to map the locations of Scotland’s

main industries

• FISHING • MUNITIONS

• SHIP BUILDING

• JUTE

FARMING

COAL

IRON AND STEEL

Scottish economy BEFORE

WWIDURING

WWIAFTER WWI

FISHING

SHIPBUIILDING

JUTE

FARMING

COAL/IRON & STEEL (p5-6)

• Read the following extract from Clive Lee, Professor of Economic History at Aberdeen University

“Modern war involves the harnessing of economic power to sustain military effort. The first involves the production of the means of waging war such as armaments, munitions, warships, tanks, and even uniforms. The second involves the support of the main war effort, especially through transport networks and the provision of essential supplies of food. This need extends… to the domestic population…..whose labour provides the equipment essential for that effort. Thus Scotland played a major role in the productive underpinning of the British effort in the Great War.” C..H.Lee

Farming and food - where did Scotland’s food come from before WWI?

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy

Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing

Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration

Land issue in Highlands and Island

Rationing (p87)1. Why was the voluntary rationing campaign by the government not

very successful?2. To what extent does the comment from Lloyd George quoted on

page 87 disagree with the message given in Source 4.7 on page 87?3. Why and when was rationing introduced in Britain? (p88)4. What were the 3 aims of rationing?

Farming

Wages

Sheep/wool

Oats

Prices

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy

Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing

Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration

Land issue in Highlands and Island

Overview • Changing industrial world- Heavy industry out,

light industry in – can Scotland keep up?• War production diluted to maximise efficiency

results in job losses and liquidation• Trade Unions organised strikes – January 1919

over working hours and job security

CAUSE EFFECT

Between 1921 and 1923 the tonnage of shipping built on the Clyde went down from 510,000 to 170,000.

Shipyard jobs losses. Strike action in 1919.

Nationalised coal mines given back to owners

Lack of investment in mines , overseas coal orders decline

Admiralty end their cost-plus system Ship orders decline

Job losses in Yarrow’s and Beardmore shipyards

Demands to reduce the working-week: the Amalgamated Society of Engineers wanted a 47-hour week. In Scotland, a 40-hour week demanded to help unemployment

Initial orders in immediate post-war period to replace destroyed passenger and merchant vessels

False economy created

Trade restrictions in textiles to countries overseas ended

Calcutta overtook Dundee’s hold on the Jute market

Less people working in farming Cheap foreign imports of food – canned fruit from NZ, beef from Argentina reduce the demand for Scottish farming

Strikes in shipbuilding yards Effects reputation of Clydeside as orders are late

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy

Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing

Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration

Land issue in Highlands and Island

Scottish emigration

• It’s often said that Scotland’s greatest export has been her people.

• ‘The Scots are a notoriously migratory people’ G. Bisset-Smith

• 1921-30, 550,000 Scots left which was 1/5 of the population

• In one week in April, 1923 - 600 Hebrideans embarked on two Canadian Pacific liners at Lochboisdale and Stornoway!

• POPULATION:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yy9GmieAEaQ

1921 1931

4.88million 4.84million

"Letter From America"

When you go will you send backA letter from America?Take a look up the railtrackFrom Miami to CanadaBroke off from my work the other dayI spent the evening thinking aboutAll the blood that flowed awayAcross the ocean to the second chanceI wonder how it got on when it reached the promised land?

When you go will you send backA letter from America?Take a look up the railtrackFrom Miami to Canada

I've looked at the oceanTried hard to imagine

The way you felt the day you sailedFrom Wester Ross to Nova ScotiaWe should have held youWe should have told youBut you know our sense of timingWe always wait too long

When you go will you send backA letter from America?Take a look up the railtrackFrom Miami to Canada

Lochaber no moreSutherland no moreLewis no moreSkye no more[3x]

I wonder my bloodWill you ever returnTo help us kick the life back

To a dying mutual friendDo we not love her?I think we all claim we love herDo we have to roam the worldTo prove how much it hurts?

When you go will you send backA letter from America?Take a look up the railtrackFrom Miami to Canada

Bathgate no moreLinwood no moreMethil no moreIrvine no more.[3x]

Bathgate no moreLinwood no moreMethil no moreLochaber no more.

Why do you think women were in such high demand?

Empire Settlement Act 1922• The Empire had been weakened by WWI

therefore emigration was viewed as a way to strengthen it. The government gave £3million to assist emigration schemes around the country for 15 years.

• They worked in coalition with the governments of the dominions

Come to Canada!1921, the Overseas Settlement Committee was established to help people emigrate. Ex-servicemen and women were guaranteed free passage until 1923. 80,000 emigrated via this scheme, of which many were Scottish.After the quota acts of the 1920’s in America, Scots were increasingly turning to Canada for land and employment.

Emigration schemes

• 3,000 Families Scheme - Canada aimed to attract 3,000 families from Britain with assisted passage and the promise of land and a loan of up to £300 for farming equipment/livestock.

• 1924 British Colombia ran a fisheries scheme to specifically attract Highland fishermen in the Hebrides.

• Canadian Pacific Railway Company and the Hudson Bay Company also led recruitment drives for emigration.

Emigration agents • Canadian government

emigration offices were present in Aberdeen, Inverness and Glasgow.

• Australian and New Zealand government had labour exchanges in Aberdeen and Edinburgh.

• Hundreds of professional and government agents were paid to recruit Scots into free or assisted passage schemes. Many agents were former emigrants.

Lecture tours were common, such as this one

Charitable emigration schemes

• Salvation Army – helped 250,000 single women, unemployed men and juveniles with assisted passages and employment advice by 1939.

• Quarrier’s Orphan Homes of Scotland – controversially, sent 7,000 orphaned children to Ontario between 1870 and 1932.

Reasons for Emigration

• Using p93-95, make a list of reasons why Scots left Scotland.

• Now decide, which ones are push factors and which are pull factors?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hP_Wj5CxDfQ – Why leave?

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q1Ol6AJ3epw

Issue 3 – Scottish Economy

Wartime effects on industry, agriculture and fishing Price rises and rationing

Post-war economic change and difficulties Post-war emigration

Land issue in Highlands and Island

Land Issue in the Highlands

• What were land raids?• What caused them?• In what ways were the government to blame?• How was it resolved?

“In 1919, Scotland was a vulnerable economy with many inherent weaknesses, as evidenced by widespread poverty, outdated technology and a limited capability to succeed in international competition.”

Clive H. Lee