ISSUE 2–VOLUME 54 · A comparative review of Curiosity: An Inside Look at the Mars Rover Mission...

1SPACE TIMES•Sep/Oct2014

THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICANASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETYISSUE 2–VOLUME 54

MARCH / APRIL 2015

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PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE 3

FEATURES Open Innovation in Space: Powering a New Era 4 This investigative report exploring modern concepts of open innovation for the space sector was produced by a team of 32 professionals and students from 21 nationalities during the 2014 International Space University’s Summer Space Program. byPhilippeCyr,NataliaLareaBrito,BenjaminKraetzig,andIanStotesbury NASA Still Exists? 11 Putting humans on Mars will take a combined international effort and the support of the general public, but if portions of the general public believe NASA no longer exists, how can we expect their support with future space ventures, let alone a manned mission to Mars? byAlexCase Goddard Symposium Encourages Continued Innovation and Exploration 14 The 53rd Robert H. Goddard Memorial Symposium provided insights, observations, and strategies by government and industry leaders for the coming years in science, aeronautics, technology, and human exploration. byMikeCalabrese

ASTRONAUTS AND ROBOTS 18

NOTES ON NEW BOOKS 22 A comparative review of Curiosity: An Inside Look at the Mars Rover Mission and the People Who Made It Happen by Rod Pyle and Mars Rover Curiosity: An Inside Account from Curiosity’s Chief Engineer by Rob Manning and William L. Simon ReviewedbyRickW.Sturdevant

AAS CORPORATE / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS 23

UPCOMING EVENTS 24

MARCH / APRIL 2015

ISSUE 2–VOLUME 54

T H E M A G A Z I N E O F T H E A M E R I C A N A S T R O N A U T I C A L S O C I E T Y

Dawn’s Blue GlowThisartist’sconceptshowsNASA’sDawnspacecraftarrivingatthedwarfplanetCeres.Dawntravelsthroughspaceusingatechnologycalledionpropulsion,inwhichionsareacceleratedoutofanengine,givingthespacecraftthrust.Thexenonionsglowwithbluelight.(Source: NASA/JPL-Caltech)

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AAS OFFICERSPRESIDENT LynD.Wigbels,RWI International Consulting ServicesEXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT J.WalterFaulconer,Strategic Space Solutions, LLCVICE PRESIDENT–TECHNICAL JimMcAdams,JHU/Applied Physics LaboratoryVICE PRESIDENT–PROGRAMS HarleyA.ThronsonVICE PRESIDENT–PUBLICATIONS DavidB.Spencer,The Pennsylvania State UniversityVICE PRESIDENT–STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH MadhuritaSengupta,Federal Aviation AdministrationVICE PRESIDENT–MEMBERSHIP TracyLamm,Lockheed MartinVICE PRESIDENT–EDUCATION LanceBush,Challenger Center for Space Science EducationVICE PRESIDENT–FINANCE PaulEckert,Federal Aviation AdministrationVICE PRESIDENT–INTERNATIONAL SusanJ.Irwin,Irwin Communications, Inc.VICE PRESIDENT–PUBLIC POLICY EdwardGoldstein,Aerospace Industries AssociationLEGAL COUNSEL FranceskaO.Schroeder,Fish & Richardson P.C.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR JamesR.Kirkpatrick,American Astronautical Society

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TERM EXPIRES 2016StephanieBednarekOrton,SpaceXRonaldJ.Birk,Northrop GrummanThomasF.Burns,National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPeggyFinarelli,George Mason University/CAPRRobFultonRebeccaL.Griffin,Rebecca Griffin SpaceHalE.Hagemeier,Eagle Ray Inc.MollyKennaMacauley,Resources for the FutureKathyJ.NadoJohnOlson,Sierra Nevada Corporation

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AAS–AdvancingAllSpace

LynD.Wigbels [email protected]

IwritethisontheheelsofaverysuccessfulGoddardSymposium,andIinviteyoutotakealookattheresultsoftheSymposiumwhicharewellcap-turedinthisissue.WealsojustheldasuccessfulGoogleHangoutonWomeninWeather,andanotherGoogleHangoutisscheduledforMay1withafocusonincreasingimpactsofheavyprecipitationintheUnitedStates.Wehavebeenverypleasedwith thesuccessof thesesmaller,morefocusedeventsandarelookingtosupportmoreeventslikeGoogleHangoutswhereexpertscandiscussusefulandtimelyinformationwithawideaudienceatnocharge.Inthelastissue,Italkedabout2015beinganexcitingyear,butIcould

haveaddedanotheradjective–busy.We’renowpreparingforourfirsteventinPasadenasince2008,andyou’llfindtheprograminthisissue.We’repleasedtobepartneringwiththePlanetarySocietyandhavethesupportoftheJetPropulsionLaboratory.I’mimpressedbyhowmuchtheplanningcommitteehaspackedintotwodays!InJune,theAASleadstheannualStudentCanSatCompetitioninAbilene,Texas,andeachyearbrings

morecollegeanduniversityteamsfromaroundtheworldtotheevent.Althoughsomeofthefocusisonthesaferetrievalofanegg(unbroken)fromthepayload,thecompetitionalsorequiresengineeringskillsinaerospacedesign,materials,electronics,softwareandtelemetrytransfer.JulytakesustoBostonforthe4thannualISSResearchandDevelopmentConference.Withthestrong

supportofCASISandNASA,thisyear’sthree-dayconferenceistrulyagatewaytoinnovation,break-throughsanddiscoveryonboardtheInternationalSpaceStation.Irecommendcheckingouttheprogramatwww.issconference.org.TheSpaceFlightMechanicsCommitteeisorganizingtheAAS/AIAAAstrodynamicsSpecialistCon-

ferenceinAugust,andtheyarecurrentlyputtingthefinishingtouchesontheprogramforthisyear’sVail,Colorado,venue.InOctober,we’llbebackinHuntsvillefortheWernhervonBraunMemorialSympo-sium,whichincludesastudentpostercontest.Ihopeyouwillbeabletoparticipateinsomeoftheseexcitingevents!Finally,pleaseencourageU.S.graduatestudentsandyoungprofessionalsinyournetworkstotakea

lookatandconsiderapplyingfortheFutureSpaceLeadersFoundation(FSLF)grantopportunitytoat-tendthe66thInternationalAstronauticalCongressinJerusalem,Israel,October12-16.AASpartnerswiththeFSLFandconductstheapplicationreviewprocess.Detailsonthegrantprogramincludingeligibilitycriteriacanbefoundatwww.futurespaceleaders.org.ApplicationsareduebyMay15,2015.


4

Open Innovation in Space: Powering a New ErabyPhilippeCyr,NataliaLarreaBrito,BenjaminKraetzig,andIanStotesbury


IntroductionTheterm‘innovation’canhavemanyproperties:open,closed,distributive,linear,collaborative,andradicaltolistafew.Orga-nizationsstrivetoinnovate,butmanyfinditdifficulttodosoconsistently.Innovationisbothacomplexandnecessaryprocess;historically,ithasbeenconsideredacraftratherthananindustrialactivity.Nevertheless,innovationisnotjustatechnologicalfeat:itcanrefertohoworganizationsmanagetheiroperations,engagewithoutsiders,ordelivertheirservices.

Economictheoriesandmanagerialmodelscreatedinthe20thcenturyrankedfirmsbytheamountofcapitaltheypossessedandthestrengthoftheirintellectualproperty(IP).Theprocessbywhichfirmsbringvaluableideastomarkethasbeenportrayedasatight,highlyguarded,closedsystem.Inthisclosedmodel,ideasandconceptsoriginatestrictlywithinacompany’sinternalresearchanddevelopment(R&D);however,manyoriginalideasmaynotmakeittomarketandendupshelvedordismissed.Onlyafewideassurvivetheentireinnovationcycle-fromR&Dthroughtomarketdelivery.WhiletheseclosedmodelsremainwidelyusedinR&Dintensivesectorsandforpublicpolicypurposestoday,theyhaveoftenfailedtodescribethecomplexseriesofinteractionsthatleadtoinnovation.

The“OpenInnovationinSpace:PoweringaNewEra”reportwasproducedbytheOpenInnovationteam,consistingof32pro-fessionalsandstudentsfrom21nationalities,duringtheSummerSpaceProgram2014oftheInternationalSpaceUniversity.Ourteaminvestigatedtheapplicationofopeninnovation(OI)techniquestothespacesectorbyidentifyingpromisingapplicationsandpotentiallimitations.Inthereportweconsideredasteroidminingasabusinesscaseforopeninnovationtoillustratepossibleapplications.ThisarticleprovidesasummaryofthekeyfindingsandconclusionsoftheOpenInnovationteamreport.

OurteamexploredthemodernconceptsofOI,particularlythosethathavegainedpopularityinthepastdecade.OIisatermusedtodescribethetrendtowardcollaborationintheideagenerationprocessandinthedevelopmentofnewproductsandservices.Incontrasttotheclosedmodel,OIpointstoashiftinanidealmodelforinnovationfromworkinginsidethefirm’sboundariestoreachingoutsideofthem.InternalideasthatwerepreviouslysidelinedcannowbestrategicallymadeaccessibletootherentitiesinaformofOIknownas‘inside-out.’Similarly,‘outside-in’allowsexternalresourcestobeappliedinternallytocreatevalue-addedproductsandservicesandpenetratenewmarkets.

BackgroundDefinitionsofOIinexistingliteratureoftenfocusonnewproductandtechnologydevelopmenttotheexclusionofotherapplica-tions.Duringthecourseoftheprojectourteamfoundthisdefinitiontobetoonarrowandadoptedthefollowingworkingdefini-tion:

“Open innovation is the process of strategically managing the sharing of ideas and resources among entities to co-create value.”

Co-creationtypicallyresultsinsmallerinvestmentsandhigherreturnsforanorganization.SomeexamplesofthemostcommonimplementationsofOIare:coupledcollaborativemethods,inside-outandoutside-incollaborations,crowdsourcing,andcrowd-funding.OI elements found in technologydevelopment include joint ventures,R&Dalliances, and explorationpartnerships.Nevertheless,whiletheformandintensityoftheinteractionsvaryamongcollaborationmodels,therationaleforopenprocessesremainsconstant:moreefficiency,lessrisk,newerideas,andimprovedsales.

SometerrestrialindustrieshavebeguntouseOI,yieldinganumberofexamplesthatwerereviewedandconsideredinthisprojecttoassesstheviabilityofOIforspaceprojects.ThespacesectorisaprimecandidateforOIbecausetheincreasingcomplexityanddecreasingbudgetsforspacemissionsandprojectsrequireglobalcollaboration.BasedonthetheoreticalanalysisofOIconcepts,fourkeyreasonswereidentifiedforapplyingOIinthespacesector:

• Cost-sharing• Risk-sharing• Decreasingtime-to-market• Introducingnewideasandresourcesintotheorganization

5SPACE TIMES•March-April2015

ThefurtherimplementationofOItechniquescanbringadvantagestothespacesector,notonlyforprivateindustries,butalsoforagenciesandthepublicsector.

For theprivatesector, thereareanumberof incentives tostrategicallyapplyOItechniques: to lowerdevelopmentcostsofaproject,e.g.,creatingnewtools;sharinggeneratedIPwithalargernumberofentities;toreduceprojecttimelinesbyachievingmoreefficient resourceallocation; and toprovide small andmedium-sizedenterprisesaccess to resourcesandknowledgeoflargerfirms.ExamplesofwhereOIhasbeenappliedbyprivatecompaniesinthespacesectorincludeNanoRacks,PlanetLabs,andNanoSatisfi.

Foragenciesandthepublicsector,OIcanbuildsustainablecollaborativeenvironmentscapableofcapturingthecontributionsfromseveralstakeholders.Ithelpsalleviatethetremendousinertiaofnationalagenciesinregardstosharingideasandresourceswithoutsideactors.OIalsoassistsindevelopingnewbusinessmodelsandbringinginculturalchangeacrosstheagencyitselfanditscustomers.

AmoredetaileddescriptiondemonstratingthebenefitsthatOIcanbringtothespaceandnon-spacesectorsisshowninthetablebelow(Table1.0):

Table1.0:BenefitsofOpenInnovationforDifferentSectors(Source: Open Innovation Team Report, p. 28)

6 SPACE TIMES•March-April2015

Nevertheless,theelementsthatmakeOIattractivecarryrisksinthespacesector.Theseriskswerecategorizedinthereport;withthemostrelevantbeing:

• Commercialization:lossincontroloverthemonetizationofaproduct• Management:devolutionofmanagementdecisionsandthepotentialintroductionofneworganisationalstructuresand

modelstothecompany• Strategic:OIrequiressomeinherenttrustinchosenpartnersandthispresentsitsownrisk• Intellectualproperty:Uponcreationofnewintellectualpropertytherewillneedtobeanagreementinplacebetweenthe

involvedentitiesastotheownershipandusageofanyapplicationsoftheIP.ThisisacomplicatedissueandimportanttoresolvepriortoOIactivitiesinmanycases.

ApproachAfteranextensiveliteraturereviewtoevaluateapplicationsofopeninnovationinterrestrialandspacesectors,ourteamchoseacasestudymethodtoillustratehowopeninnovationtechniquescouldbeappliedtoabusinesscase.

First,therewasaperiodofdown-selectingvarioussuggestedcasestudiesbytheteam.Thiswasdoneasasimpletrade-offanaly-sis,consideringanumberoffactorstodecidewhetheranideawasagoodcandidateforOI:interestingtobusinesses,interestingtogovernments,andinterestingtothegeneralpublic.Aftersummingtheweightedscoresofvariousproposals,asteroidminingwasselectedasourcasestudy.

Case StudyTheasteroidminingcasestudyinvolvedtheassessmentoftwoprominentcompanies:DeepSpaceIndustriesandPlanetaryRe-sources.BothcompaniesaimtoexploittheresourcesofNearEarthObjects(NEOs)forin-situuseorforreturntoEarth.Theproposedtimelineandroadmapofthetwofirmsdifferslightly,withtheprimarydifferenceatthispointbeingthemechanismforprospectingpotentiallylucrativeasteroids.

ByconsideringthemoredetailedroadmapdraftedbyPlanetaryResourcesthecasestudyreviewedknownmechanismsofapply-ingOIandconsideredtheirviabilityatdifferentstagesoftheroadmap.Inordertoperformamoredetailedanalysis,thescopeoftheroadmapunderconsiderationwaslimitedtotheminingofwater-richasteroids.Adetailedassessmentofmetal-richasteroidsandotherprospectingandsurveillancemissionswerebeyondthescopeofthereport.

Inmissiondesignanddevelopment,itiscommonpracticetoconsidertheprojectinaseriesofphases.Asthetypeofworkbeingperformedineachphasevariesquitedramatically,itisnotsurprisingthatthecasestudyfoundthatdifferentOItechniqueswereappropriatetoeachofthephases.

ThecasestudyshowedthatOItechniquescouldyieldbenefitswhenappliedtoasteroidmining.ThedirectfinancialassessmentsupportedtheuseofOIand,afterresearchanddiscussionwithindustryexperts,ourteamidentifiedabroadtrendinapplicabletechniquesbasedonphases(ormorebroadly,stages)ofmissiondesign.

Figure1:ApplicabilityofOIintheInnovationProcessofAsteroidMining(Source: Open Innovation Team Report, p. 58)


AseriesofSWOT(Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,andThreats)analysesforeachoftheproposedOItechniquesispre-sentedinthereportastheyrelatetosolvingaparticularchallengerelatedtoasteroidmining.TheseanalyseswereinformedbyexamplesdrawnfromexistingliteraturereviewofvariousOItechniquesbeingusedinsimilaroranalogousscenarios.Areviewofthebusinesscasedemonstrated,withconservativeestimates,thatOIhadthepotentialtoacceleratetheroadmapofanasteroidminingprogramaswellasreducecost.Itisrecognized,however,thattherearesignificantlegalandsocialissuestoovercome.Thereportdiscussestheseissuesindetailtheculminationofthesediscussionscanbefoundintherecommendationssectionofthisarticle.

AnimportantaspectoftheprojectwastocreateasurveyinvestigatingtheopinionofpublicandprivateorganizationsregardingtherelevanceofOItotheiractivities.Theresultsofthesurveygaveinsightintoadifferenceinopinionbetweenthetwosectors.AgenciesweremorewillingtoacceptanduseOIpractices,whileprivateenterpriseswerelessintent.ThismaybeexplainedbyconcernsofprivateenterpriseovertheprotectionofIP.

Figure2.1:SurveyResponsesfromAgencies-Questions1to4(Source: Open Innovation Team Project, p. 50)

Figure2.2:SurveyResponsesfromNon-Agencies-Questions1to4(Source: Open Innovation Team Project, p. 50)


RecommendationsOurreportportraysaspacesectorthatisbeingchangedbyanincreasingrolefornon-governmentactors;theresourcesofprivatecompaniesandnon-governmentorganizationscanbetappedtoenableinnovativesolutionstotraditionalchallengesforspaceprojects:schedule,cost,andquality.ThevalueofOIisinconnectingtheseactors-governments,privatecompanies,andNGOs-toformvalue-creatingcollaborationstoaddressthesechallenges.

ItisimportanttoconsiderthatrecommendationstoimplementOItechniquesdonotsuggestabandoningotherinnovationprac-tices.Rather,OIshouldbeseenascomplementarytoexistingbusinessmodelsanditsmethodsshouldbestrategicallyappliedwhereappropriate.

Ourteamproducedtworecommendations.First,aseriesofrecommendationswasdraftedtoprovideguidanceonthestrategicapplicationofOImethodstovariousactivitiesinthespacesector.Somerecommendationsaremoregeneralinnaturewhileothershavespecificrelevanceforpolicymakers,nationalspaceagencies,andprivatecompanies.

Table2.0:RecommendationstoOrganizations


Second,wemadethreeoverarchingrecommendationstoencouragetheproliferationofOImethodsinthespacesector:(i)openinnovationmaybeappliedacrossallTRLsandmissionphases;(ii)atoolkitofopeninnovationmethodsshouldbecreatedtooperationalizetheconceptofopeninnovationforspecificorganizationalneeds;and(iii)adaptexistinglegalframeworkstobetteraddressexportcontrolissues.

ConclusionThemainobjectiveofourteamwastoassesshowopeninnovationtechniquescouldbeappliedacrossspacesectoractivities.Ourfindingsshowthatopeninnovationtechniques,specificallycrowdfundingschemesandtheuseofprizestocrowdsourcesolutions,arebeingappliedinthespacesector.ItwasfoundthatthemajorityofthecasesconsideredaddresschallengesatearlyTRLsandmissionphases.Oursurveyresultsmayexplainwhythisistrue,suggestingthatcurrentbusinessandgovernmentleadersinthespacesectorhavealukewarmenthusiasmforthepotentialofOItodisrupttheiractivities.

IncontrasttothepositionthatOIismoreapplicabletochallengesatearlyTRLsandmissionphases,ourteamfoundnocompel-lingreasonsforwhyOItechniquescouldnotbeappliedacrossawiderrangeofactivities.ThispositionisillustratedthroughourcasestudyonasteroidminingwheretheteamidentifiedopportunitiestoapplyspecificOItechniquestoaddresschallengesacrossallTRLsandmissionphases.ToencourageadoptionofOItechniquesinotherspacesectoractivities,werecommendthecurrentlegalframeworkguidingouterspaceactivitiesbeadaptedtoremoveout-datedbarrierstoterrestrialtechnologytransferandtoad-dressissuesrelatingtointellectualpropertyrights.AtoolkitisenvisionedtoprovideguidancetoorganizationsinthespacesectoronidentifyingrelevantOImethodsforspecificmissionorprojectphases.

OnegoalofthereportwastoencouragediscussionabouttheapplicabilityandoperationalizationofOItechniquesinthespacesector.FutureworkrelatedtotheapplicabilityofOIacrossdifferentTRLsandmissionphases,currentlegalbarriers,andtheenvisionedtoolkitwouldinformandaddvaluetothesediscussions.

AcknowledgementsTheauthorswouldliketoacknowledgeallmembersoftheOpenInnovationteamfortheircontributiontothisteamproject:AnneWen,BenjaminKraetzig,DanCohen,DapengLiu,HaoLiu,HildaPalencia,HugoWagner,IanStotesbury,JaroslawJaworski,JensRaymaekers,JulienTallineau,KarimaLaib,Louis-EtienneDubois,MarkLander,MatthewClaude,MatthewShouppe,Mi-chaelGallagher,MitchenBrogan,NataliaLarreaBrito,PhilippeCyr,RoryEwing,SebastianDavisMarcu,SiljeBareksten,SumaMN,SreerekhaU,TanaySharma,TiantianLi,WeiYang,WenshengChen,WilliamRicard,WilliamvanMeerbeeck,YangCui,ZacTrolley,andZhigangZhao.

WealsorecognizetheinvaluablecontributionoftheOpenInnovationteamprojectchair,OzgurGurtuna,aswellastheexpertsandsponsorswhoseinsightswereinstrumentaltoourwork:AdamMizera,ChristianSallaberger,ClaireJolly,DavidGrandadam,DenisRemon,EricHall,GaryMartin,GreggMaryniak,IanFichtenbaum,JacquesArnould,JimBurke,JulioAprea,KenDavid-ian,LuiseWeber-Steinhaus,MarioCiaramicoli,MaryamNabavi,MattKillick,MichaelLabib,PatrickCohendet,ReneOoster-linckandSimon‘Pete’Worden.

WewouldliketoacknowledgethesponsorshipoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA)andtheinputfromChinaNationalSpaceAdministration(CNSA),EuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),IndianSpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO)andJapanAerospaceExplorationAgency(JAXA)inrespondingtothesurvey.

NoteTheInternationalSpaceUniversity’s2014SpaceStudiesProgramisanintense,multidisciplinarysummercourseforpostgraduatestudentsandprofessionalsheldinMontréal,Canada.Thecurriculumcoverstheprincipalspace-relatedfields,bothnon-technicalandtechnical,andrangesfrompolicyandlaw,businessandmanagement,andhumanitiestolifesciences,engineering,physicalsciencesandspaceapplications.

ThefullreportcanbedownloadedfromtheInternationalSpaceUniversityLibraryatthefollowinglink:https://isulibrary.isunet.edu/opac/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=9174


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NASA Still Exists?byAlexCase

Likeanyotheryear,myassociatesfromtheUniversityofIllinoisandmyselfarrivedinGreenbelt,MDforRobertH.God-dardMemorialSymposium.Wewereexcitedtomeetnewpeople,learnaboutthecurrenteventsoftheindustryinwhichweallhopetopartakeoneday,andenjoyafewdaysofffromschool.Foreveryoneelse,thiswasanordinaryconference.Forme,itwasanythingbutnormal.Iwasluckyenoughtobeaskedtositonastudentpanelatthesymposium.Thefocusofthisyear’sGoddardSymposiumwas“On the Cusp: What’s Next?”Withthistheme,itwasfittingthatthiswastheyeartohostastudentpanelattheSymposium.This“GenerationNext”panelwasanopportunityforfourstudentsfromfourdifferentuniversitieswithavarietyofdifferentmajorstodiscusswhytheychoosetobepartofthespaceindustry,whattheywanttodointheindustry,whattheywanttochangeintheindustry,andavarietyofothertopics.

The“GenerationNext”panel,AlexCase,PatrickDods,ClareSkelly,andRaphaelPerrino,withmoderatorBobRogers (Source: NASA/GSFC/Bill Hrybyk)

Standingupinfrontofacrowdofpeopleandsharingyourideaswiththemisanactivitymostpeopledread.I,however,amalwaysexcitedtositinfrontofaroomfullofindustryleadersanddiscussmyopinions.Thetotallengthofthepanelwasjustover1hour.DuringthattimethequestionswediscussedrangedfromwherewethoughtNASAneededtoimprovetowhatwehopedtobedoing20yearsfromnowtowhatourfirsttaskwouldbeifwewerenamedtheNASAadministrator.Ourvariedbackgroundsprovidedawiderangeofanswerstothequestionsasked.Outofallofourcollectiveanswers,Idrewoutonetheme:betterengagement.Whetherthatmeansengagingthegeneralpublicorengagingthemillennialgenerationworkforce,weneedtohavemorepeopleactivelyengagedandcaringaboutthespaceindustry.Firstoff,allfourofusrealizedaneedtobetterengagethegeneralpublicinthespaceprogram.WhenIwasaskedwhatI

thoughtNASAcoulddobetter,Ididnothesitatetosaypublicrelations.Yes,NASAdoesuseavarietyofmediumstoconnectwiththepublic,butmostofthem(likesocialmediapages)requireapersontohavetheknowledgethattheyexistinordertobenefitfromthem.Moreoftenthannot,amemberofthegeneralpublicwithnoconnectiontothespaceindustryhasnoideaNASAstillexists.Ihavecomeacrossthesepeopleinmyownresidencyhallatschool.LastsummerIhadtheprivilegeof

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interningattheNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCenterfortheSatelliteServicingCapabilitiesOfficeasanemployeeofASRCFederal.WhenImovedbacktotheUniversityofIllinoisattheendofthesummer,oneofmyfloormatesaskedmewhatIdidthispastsummer.ItoldhimIworkedatNASA,andhesimplystaredatmewithaconfusedlookonhisface.HehadthoughtNASAhadshutdownin2011.Iwasinshockuponhearingthat.IwascuriousastohowcommonofanoccurrencethiswassoIstartedadiscussionwithmyfellowcolleaguesinaerospaceengineeringatUofIanddiscoveredthatasimilarsituationhadhappenedtoalmostallofthem.Thiswasmyfirstrealawakeningtothefactthatthegeneralpublichadnoideawhatreallygoesoninthespaceindustry.IfweeverhopetoputhumansonMars,itisgoingtotakeacombinedinternationaleffortandthesupportofthegeneralpublic.IfthereareportionsofthegeneralpublicwhodonotevenknowNASAstillexists,howcanweexpectthemtosupportfuturespaceventures,letaloneamannedmissiontoMars?Weneedtoshowpeoplejusthowvitalspaceistotheirdailylives.Whenmostpeoplewakeupinthemorning,oneofthe

firstthingstheydoischecktheweather.Ifyouaskedthemwheretheforecastcomesfrom,theywillsayameteorologist.Ifyouaskthemwhereameteorologistgetshisdata,mostpeoplewouldsaytheydonotknow.Inreality,thedatacomesfromweatherandatmosphericsatellitesamongothersources.Thegeneralpublicdoesnotknowhowmuchthespaceindustryinfluencestheirdailylives.Besidesweather,cellphonesandGPSsystemsrelayveryheavilyonspacebasedassetsaswell.Peopletaketheseamazingpiecesoftechnologyforgrantedanddonotcarehowitworks.Ifpeopleunderstoodthatthesetechnologieswouldbeseverelylimitediftheywouldfunctionatallwithoutthespaceindustry,theymightcarealotmoreaboutspace.Besidesthesespacebasedtechnologies,therehavebeencountlesstechnologiesthathavecomeoutofspaceexplorationthatthegeneralpublichasnoideawheretheycamefrom.Handheldvacuums,artificiallimbs,waterfiltrationsystems,memoryfoam,insulinpumps,firefighterbreathingapparatuses,andbabyfoodarejustafewexamplesofthesetechnologies.Thegeneralpublicassumesthatsomebrilliantinventorjustcameupwiththeseideasoneday.Whilethisistrue,theyhavenoideathisinventorwasworkingonthespaceprogram.Ifpeopleknowthattheitemstheyusedailyhavecomefromthespaceindustry,theymaybemorewillingtosupportit.Improvedpublicrelationsisonlyonepartofbetterengagingthegeneralpublic.Theothernecessarycomponentisparticipat-

inginmissionsthatwillcatchthepublics’eye.SincethecancellationoftheSpaceShuttle,therehasbeennocentralcampaign,nomainsymbol.Therehavebeencountlessrocketlaunches,satellitesdeployed,andexperimentsundertakensincetheendofShuttle,butnoneofthesehavehadthemediaappealthatShuttlehad.TheaverageAmericandoesnotcareaboutanewsciencesatellitestudyingastronomyorweather.TheywanttoseeAmericansgoingintospace.Yes,thereareAmericansinspacerightnowonboardtheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS).Theygotthere,however,onboardaRussianrocketandcapsule.SincetheendofShuttle,therehasbeennowayforAmericanstotravelintospaceonAmericanbuiltspacecraft.Thisfactisoneoftheleadingcausesofthepublic’sdisinterestandlackofknowledgeofthespaceprogram.OnceAmericansarebeinglaunchedintospaceonAmericanbuiltspacecraftagain,weshouldseeashiftinthepublic’sandmedia’sperspectiveonspaceflight.Ifyouwentaroundaskingthegeneralpublicaboutwhattheyknewhadhappenedinspaceinthepastyear,theyarelikelytosayoneofthreeoccurrences:thefailedOrbitalresupplymission;thefailedVirginGalactictestflight;andSpaceX’s“failed”attempttolandthefirststageoftheirrocketonabarge.Mainstreammediaonlycoversourindustriesfailures.Weneedtofindawaytogetthespaceprogrambackintothemainstreammedia’snormalcoverageforoursuccessesnotourfailures.Withoutthat,wewillneverrecapturethepublic’ssupport.NASAdoeshaveseveralprogramsthatanswertheissuesIpreviouslydiscussed.NASA’sCommercialCrewProgramisan

avenueinwhichprivatecompaniesarecreatingandoperatingthevehiclesthatwilltakeastronautstotheISS.WhileCommercialCrewwillprovidetheavenueforAmericanstogointospaceonAmericanspacecraft,therearetwootherNASAprogramsthatareexceedinglymorelikelytobecomethesymbolsknownbythegeneralpublic.TheSpaceLaunchSystem(SLS)andtheOrionSpaceVehiclearethefutureofhumandeepspaceexploration.OncehumansareflyinginOrionontheSLSbacktotheMoonorpasttheMoon,therewillbeanuptakeintheamountthegeneralpubliccaresaboutthespaceindustry.JustaswithApollo,thepublicwillhopefullybecaptivatedbymankind’sendeavorstogowherewehavenevergonebefore.Itisthesetypesofmis-sionsthathavethechanceofpushingthespaceprogrambackintomainstreammediacoverageforreasonsotherthanfailures.Consistentfundingandsupportofspaceprogramsisabsolutelynecessarytomaintainthepublic’sinterestinspace.WhatI

meanisthatoncealargescalespaceprogram(SLS,Orion,Constellation,etc.)isbegun,itneedstobeseenthroughtofruition.Spaceprogramsneedtobebiggerthantheadministrationthatstartsthem.Sincetheyaremulti-decadalprojects,theyrequiresupport,funding,andencouragementfromboththeadministrationthatbegantheprogramandtheadministrationthatinheritstheprogram.ThereisnowayOrionandSLSwilltakehumanstoMarswithoutconsistentfunding.Wewillnevergarnerpublicopinionwithoutconsistentprograms.ThepolicymakersanddecisionmakersinDCneedtorealizethatexploringspaceismoreimportantthanflauntingtheirparty’sagendaforspace.Spaceexplorationisanissuethatallpeopleshouldbeabletoget


Alex Case is a junior studying aerospace engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign with a minor in electrical engineering. Additionally, he is an undergraduate researcher for the Advanced Research for the Exploration of Space (ARES) research group under Prof. Coverstone and Dr. Ghosh. Outside of class, he enjoys partaking in a num-ber of extracurricular activities including being the Assistant Director of the Illinois Space Society and the Executive Director of the Satellite Development Organization, and co-authoring systems engineering papers for the RASC-AL and the SEDS Satellites around Mars competitions. His favorite hobby is golf of which he plays a considerable amount, maintaining a handicap of 5. He spent this past summer interning at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in the Satellite Servicing Capabilities office, and this summer he will be interning at Ball Aerospace in Boulder, Colorado. His future goals are to earn a master’s in systems engineering at some point in his career, to work in both the civilian and military space industries, and to start a family of his own.

behindandthusshouldhaveconsistentprogramsacrossadministrationchanges.Increasedawarenessandsupportofthespaceprograminthegeneralpublicwouldmakeitlesspoliticallytabootofundspaceexploration,andthusthenecessaryfundsneededtolaunchamannedmissiontoMarsmayfinallybeavailable.Equallyimportantistheengagementofthemillennialgeneration,mygeneration.IfwearegoingtomakeittoMarsinthe

nexthalfcentury,itwillbethisgeneration’stasktoaccomplish.Thismakesengagingmygenerationoneofthemostimportantstepsforwardforspaceexploration.ItwillbebothourhardworkandourtaxesthatwillfundthemissiontoMars.Thisgen-erationhasgrownupisthismoderncomputingage.Explainingtoushowthespaceindustryisintegraltothetechnologyweuseeverydayshouldcomeeasierinthesensewealreadywillinglyacceptmodernmarvelsoftoday’stechnology.Weembraceprogressandthingswedonotknow.Thismakesmygenerationuniquelygiftedtotakeupthemantleofspaceexploration.Nowallweneedisarallyingcry.Forbetterorforworse,mygenerationisveryself-centered.Socialmediaisaprimeexampleofthis.FromselfiesonInsta-

gramtoparagraph-longstatusupdatesonFacebook,thisgenerationisobsessedwithmakingsureeveryoneknowseverythingaboutthemandthatwearethecenterofattention.Inordertogetthemonboardwithspaceexploration,weneedtoshowthemhowtheyhavedirectlybenefitedfromspaceexplorationandhowtheywillbenefitfromfutureexploration.Imentionedabovewhatweneedtodotoshowpeoplehowtheirlivesalreadybenefitfrompreviousspaceexploration.Toshowpeoplehowfuturespaceexplorationwillaidtheirlives,allthatisrequiredisshowingthemhowMars’environmentisextremelyhostiletohumanlife.Ifwecanfigureouthowtohavehumanslivingonotherplanetsonanearlypermanentbasis,wewillhavedevelopedthetechnologyneededtohelpsaveourownworldfrompollution.Themillennialgenerationisoneofdreamers.ItseemslikeeveryweekIhearstoriesofsuccessful,youngentrepreneurswho

followedtheirdreamsandmadeitbig.Wewanttodothethingsnoonehasdonebefore.Allthatisleftistofocusthisdreamer’sattitudeonspaceexploration.Todothat,weneedtocaptivatemygeneration.Todothat,weneedourownApollomoment.Goingbacktothemooncouldserveasmygeneration’sdefiningmoment.Foryearsnowwehavelackedtheabilitytoreturn

humanstotheMoon.Finally,withSLSwewillagainhavetheabilitytosendhumanstothemoonandbeyond.Withthisabilitycomingtofruitionwithinthenextfewyears,inmyopinion,thespaceprogramshouldbefocusedonreturningtothemoon.Thismissionwouldnotsimplybetogothereandcomeback,buttogothereandlivethere.WiththepossibledecommissioningoftheISSin2024,weneedtobeginplanningforhumanity’snextoffworldbase.Whatbetterlocationthenourclosestneighbor:theMoon.GoingtoliveonthemoonbeforewegotoanasteroidorMarsmakesperfectsense.ThemoonwouldallowustotestthetechnologiesthatwouldbeneededtosurviveonMarsbutbecloseenoughtoEarthsoifsomethingweretogowrong,astronautscouldmakeitbacktoearthindays,notmonths.Itwouldmakeanexcellentsteppingstoneinourspaceprogram’slongtermgoalofputtinghumansonMars.Thismissionwouldenablethehumanracetobeamulti-celestialbodyspecies,thenextlogicalstepinspaceexploration.Itrulybelieve,atheart,thatthehumanraceisaraceofexplorersandlearners.Wewanttosolvethegreatmysteriesofour

universe.Todothat,however,wemustgofurtherthanweeverhavebefore.Wemustrecognizeasawholethatspaceisthefuture.Togofurther,itwillrequirethecommitmentofthegeneralpublic.Withoutthem,thespaceprogramhasnofoundationonwhichtostand.ItwillrequiretheircommitmenttogobacktotheMoon.Livingforextendedperiodsoftimeonthemoonisthenextlogicalstepinexploration.ItwouldserveasagreatsteppingstonetowardsMarsandasymbolofthespaceprogramforgenerationstocome.


Goddard Symposium Encourages ContinuedInnovation and ExplorationbyMikeCalabrese

The53rdRobertH.GoddardMemorialSymposiumwasheldfromMarch11-12attheGreenbeltMarriottinGreenbelt,Mary-land.Thisyear’sthemewas“OntheCusp:What’sNext?”TheannualsymposiumissponsoredbytheAmericanAstronauticalSocietyandsupportedbyNASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.

“Participantsat thesymposiumwereonceagain treated toinsights, observations and strategies for the comingyears inscience,aeronautics,technologyandhumanexplorationbygov-ernmentandindustryleaders,”saidHarleyThronson,programplanningcommitteechair.

BobRogers, founder and chairman of design firmBRCImaginationArts,providedopeningremarksanddiscussedpublicengagementwithinNASA.“I’mastoryteller,”saidRogers,asherelatedthehistoryofseverallargecompaniesinthecontextofdaretakers,orthosewhotakerisks;caretakers,orthosewhomanageandadministerprojects;andundertakers,orthosewhopresideoveracceleratingdecline.HeurgedNASAto“refreshthedaretakerspirit”whenitfindsitselfincaretakermode.

NASAAdministrator Charles Bolden picked up on thedaretakerchallengeduringhiskeynoteaddress.“Ourjourneyofdiscoveryhasonlyjustbegun,”hesaid.Henotedtheroletechnologywill play inNASA’s journey toMars, followingwhathecallsa“steppingstoneapproach”thatbeginswiththeexplorationof asteroids.Hehighlighted the successfulOriontestflight,thegrowthofcommercialventuresintheresupplyof

theInternationalSpaceStationandrecentsciencemissionsuc-cesses.“Iknowwhatwecando,butwecan’tdoitifwedon’tpulltogether,”Boldenadded.

AdditionalperspectivesfromNASAHeadquartersinWash-ingtonwereprovidedbytheagency’smissiondirectoratesonapanelmoderatedbyChristylJohnson,Goddarddeputydirectorfortechnologyandresearchinvestments.JohnGrunsfeld,asso-ciateadministratorforscience,describedNASA’sapproachtoinnovate,explore,discoverandinspire,andreferencedcurrentandfuturelaunchesandevents,includingtheMagnetosphericMultiscalemissionandthe25thlaunchanniversaryoftheHubbleSpaceTelescopeinApril.“Wearenotincaretakermode,”hesaid. “We are on the cuspof discoveries everywhere.”GregWilliams,deputyassociateadministratorforhumanexplorationandoperations,discussedplanningforaMarsjourneythroughcislunarspace.RobertPearce,directorforstrategy,architectureandanalysis,spokeaboutglobalmobilitywiththeNextGen-erationAirTransportationSystem. Steve Jurczyk, associateadministratorforspacetechnology,describedatechnologypathtoreach,exploreandliveonMars.Hespecificallymentionedahelicopterconceptthattriplestherangeofrovers.

On the“EarthScienceandHeliophysics”panel,LisaCal-lahan,associatedirectorformissionplanningandtechnologydevelopment inGoddard’sEarthsciencesdivision,comparedthedestructionoftheozonelayeradecadeagototheclimate

NASA Administrator Charles Bolden delivers the keynote address to sym-posium attendees.

Bob Rogers, chairman of BRC Imagination Arts, asks questions to stu-dents on the “Generation Next” panel.


Reprinted with permission of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. Photos provided by Bill Hrybyk, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

Mike Calabrese is retired from the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and has been a member of the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Symposium Planning Team since 2000.

changesituationtoday.ThereseJorgensen,programdirectorforspaceweatherattheNationalScienceFoundation,discussedtheimpactsandrisksrelatedtospaceweather.

During the awards luncheon,AAS recognizedNormanR.Augustine,TheresaSchwerin,MichaelGass,R.StevenNerem,LynnF.H.Cline, FrankCepollina andHollyHenry for theircontributionstospaceflightandspaceexploration.JohnLogsdonwasalsorecognizedforhisAASfellowship.

FranceCórdova,directorfortheNationalScienceFounda-tion, delivered the keynote on the secondday anddiscussedjointactivitiesbetweenNASAandNSFinareassuchasplanethuntingwithexoplanettelescopes.

KathyLaurini,NASAsenioradvisorforexplorationandspaceoperations,moderatedapanelfocusedontheGlobalExplorationRoadmapanditseffortstoobtainsustainedgovernmentcom-mitmentbasedonpartnershipswith12agenciesandChina.Thenextupdateisduein2016.FortheEuropeanSpaceAgency,themoonisnextontheroadmap.ForNASA,cislunarspaceisnextwithMarsasthehorizongoal.

The “DestinationMarsSpotlights” session featuredBruceJakosky,principalinvestigatorforNASA’sMarsAtmosphereandVolatileEvolutionmission,andJoeCassady,executivedirectorforspaceforAerojetRocketdyne.JakoskyexplainedMAVEN’sobjectives to explore the importanceof the historical loss ofwaterandcarbondioxideonMars,whileCassadyindicatedthatweareonthecuspofbreakingthe20-yearbarrierforahumanmissiontotheplanet.

KathyFlanagan, interimdirector for theSpaceTelescopeScienceInstitute,opened“TheNextGoldenAgeofAstronomy”panelwithanoverviewofhownewmissionsbuilduponearlierones.JohnMatherandMarkClampin,Goddardprojectscien-tistsfortheJamesWebbSpaceTelescope,describedthesearchforhabitablezonesofstars in thegalaxyand theexplorationofplanetsnotobservablefromthegroundbutvisiblethrough

powerfultelescopes,respectively.AlexeyVikhlinin,deputyas-sociatedirectorforthehighenergyastrophysicsdivisionattheHarvard-SmithsonianCenterforAstrophysics,citedtheneedformulti-wavelengthdatatobuildontheChandraX-rayObserva-toryanddefineapathtoitssuccessor.

Eric Stallmer, president of theCommercial SpaceflightFederation,moderatedapanelonemergingcommercialspaceventures.RichardDalBello,vicepresidentforVirginGalactic,providedanupdateof thecompany’scommercial spaceflightventures.BarryMatsumori,seniorvicepresidentforSpaceX,discussed cargomissions to the space station andNASA’sCommercialCrewProgram.PeterMarquez,vicepresidentforPlanetaryResources,talkedaboutminingasteroidsforplatinumandprecursortechnologyefforts.

ThesymposiumclosedwithremarksfromFrankMorringandMarciaSmith,editorsforAviation Week & Space TechnologyandSpacePolicyOnline,respectively.Morringreintroducedthedaretaker approach suggestedbyRogers,makingnoteof theexciting science and innovation currently takingplace in theaerospaceindustry.

“Eachyear,Isaythissymposium’sprogramisthebestyet,”saidJimKirkpatrick,AASexecutivedirector.“Butthisyear’sprogramreallyhititoutoftheballpark.”

John Grunsfeld, Christyl Johnson, Greg Williams, Robert Pearce, and Steve Jurczyk share NASA Headquarters perspectives

John Mather, Goddard astrophysicist, visits a model of SpaceX’s partially reusable Dragon spacecraft.


Pamela Melroy

Snapshots of the 53rd Goddard Memorial SymposiumPhotos courtesy of Bill Hrybyk, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Administrator Bolden meets with student attendees

Steve Volz

France Córdova Students in audience

Attendees network during break


Norm Augustine Steve Nerem

Susan Irwin and Lynn F.H. Cline Wanda Sigur and Jim Kirkpatrick

Theresa Schwerin

Frank Cepollina and Lyn Wigbels Holly Henry John Logsdon

Harley Thronson, Planning Committee Chair

Join usMarch 8-10, 2016, at theGreenbeltMarriottinMarylandforthe54thAnnualRobertH.Goddard

MemorialSymposium!Wehopetoseeyounextyear!

Honors and Awards Luncheon


ASTRONAUTS AND ROBOTS

Tuesday, May 127:15 AAS Corporate Members Breakfast (Invitation Only)7:30 Registration Opens / Networking / Continental Breakfast8:30 Welcome and Announcements WaltFaulconer,AASExecutiveVicePresident8:45 JPL Welcome and Update CharlesElachi,Director9:15 Keynote JimBell,Professor,SchoolofEarthandSpaceExploration,ArizonaStateUniversity;President,Boardof Directors,ThePlanetarySociety9:45 Break10:00 NASA’s Science Program Update JimGreen,PlanetaryScienceDivisionDirector,ScienceMissionDirectorate,NASAHQ10:45 NASA’s Human Exploration and Operations Program Update JasonCrusan,Director,AdvancedExplorationSystemsDivision,HumanExplorationandOperations MissionDirectorate,NASAHQ11:30 Awards Lunch – plus Conversation with the JPL Mars Program Team withFukLi,DirectorforMarsExploration;AshwinVasavada,MSL/CuriosityProjectScientist; MattWallace,Mars2020DeputyProjectManager;andJimWatzin,Director,MarsExplorationProgram, NASAHQ 11:30 to 12:00–getfoodandreturntoseats 12:00 to 1:00–AwardpresentationsandconversationwithMarsTeam1:00 Integration of Robotic and Human Exploration Moderator:ScottHubbard,DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,StanfordUniversity Panelists: -RepresentingtheperspectiveofafieldgeologistwithdirectexperiencewithaMarsrover: AshwinVasavada,MSL/CuriosityProjectScientist,JPL -Representingtheperspectiveofaspecialistinrobots,AIandrelatedtechnologies:TBD -Representingtheperspectiveofafieldastrobiologist:DavidDesMarais,PrincipalInvestigator, AstrobiologyInstitute,NASAAmes -RepresentingtheperspectiveofanengineerwhodrivesMarsrovers:JenniferTrosper,CuriosityDeputy ProjectManager,JPL3:00 Break3:15 Destination Mars: Pathways

Moderator:JohnBaker,SystemsEngineer,JPLPanelists:

-JohnGuidi,DeputyDirector,DirectorateIntegrationOffice,HumanExplorationandOperationsMission Directorate,NASAHQ -MikeGernhardt,Manager,EnvironmentalPhysiologyLaboratory,NASAJSC -LouFriedman,ExecutiveDirectorEmeritus,ThePlanetarySociety -JoeParrish,DeputyManager,MarsProgramFormulation,JPL 5:15 Networking Reception with Movies TheodorevonKármánAuditorium

Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Science and ExplorationTheodore von Kármán Auditorium ♦ Jet Propulsion Laboratory ♦ Pasadena, CaliforniaTuesday, May 12 - Wednesday, May 13, 2015


Wednesday, May 137:30 Registration Opens / Networking / Continental Breakfast8:30 Opening Remarks: TBD8:45 Environment for Pragmatic Realities: Politics, Money and Technology

Moderator:CharlesElachi,Director,JPLPanelists:

-JeffBingham,SpaceStudiesBoardandformerSeniorAdvisortotheU.S.Senateinvited -MichaelPotter,SeniorFellow,InternationalInstituteofSpaceCommerce -BillAdkins,WashingtonConsultantforThePlanetarySociety;formerSeniorStaff,HouseScience Sub-Committee -JoelParriott,DeputyExecutiveOfficer&DirectorofPublicPolicy,AmericanAstronomicalSociety10:15 Break10:30 Roles and Perspectives of the Aerospace Industry Moderator:LarryJames,DeputyDirector,JPL Panelists: -JimCrocker,VicePresidentandGeneralManager,SSCInternational,LockheedMartinSpaceSystems Company -JohnShannon,ProgramManager,InternationalSpaceStation,Boeing -GwynneShotwell,PresidentandCEO,SpaceX -FrankCulbertson,ExecutiveVicePresidentandPresident,SpaceSystemsGroup,OrbitalATK -JeffGrant,SectorVicePresidentandGeneralManager,SpaceSystems,NorthropGrumman12:15 Lunch – Conversation with JPL’s Dawn Team CarolRaymond,DawnMissionDeputyPI;BobMase,DawnProjectManager;MarcRayman,Dawn MissionDirectorandChiefEngineer;andJulieCastillo-Rogez,ResearchScientist

12:15to12:45–getfood,returntoseats12:45to1:45–ConversationwithDawnTeam

1:45 NASA’s Robotic Space Science Program Today: Current status and selected highlights of late-breaking science discoveries Moderator:DanMcCleese,JPLChiefScientist Panelists: -Astrophysics–JonasZmuidzinas,Caltech -PlanetaryScience–KevinHand,JPL -EarthScience–RandallFriedl,JPL -Heliophysics–MarcoVelli,UCLA -Exoplanets–ScottGaudi,OhioState3:15 Break3:30 Future Missions – Confirmed or Nearing Confirmation Moderator:JakobvanZyl,AssociateDirectorforProgramFormulation,JPL Panelists: -WFIRST/AFTA–NeilGehrels,NASAGSFC -SolarProbe–SteveArnold,APL -EuropaMission–BobPappalardo,JPL -PACEMission–TBD,NASAGSFC -SWOTMission–TamlinPavelsky,JPL -ExoplanetTechnologyDemoMissions–GaryBlackwood,JPLandNASAHQ5:00 Wrap-up WaltFaulconer,AASExecutiveVicePresident Closing Reception with Optional Tour of JPL TheodorevonKármánAuditorium


The 2015 ISS Research & Development (R&D) Conference (July 7-9 in Boston) is your connection to the latest innovations, breakthroughs and discoveries on-board the International Space Station. Located at the Marriott Copley Place in the center of Boston, the 2015 ISS R&D Conference brings together the leading minds in scientific research from the commercial and academic communities. This 4th annual conference focuses on new discoveries in microgravity research, life sciences, mate-rials development and remote sensing.

Join us in Boston to gain insight and perspectives on the new era of research and technology devel-opment. Register now at www.issconference.org.

MARK YOUR CALENDAR

NOMINATIONSare being accepted for the

ORDWAY AWARDfor Sustained Excellence in Spaceflight History

ThisawardisnamedinmemoryofFrederickI.OrdwayIII(1927-2014),humanspaceflightadvocateandchroniclerofthehistoryofrocketryandspacetravel.TheawardispresentedonanoccasionalbasisbytheAmericanAstronauticalSocietyandrecognizesexceptional,sustainedeffortstoinformandeducateonAstronauticalhistorythroughoneormoremedia,suchas(1)writing,editing,orpublicationofabook series(asopposedtoasingletitle),(2)preparationandpresentationofexhibits,or(3)productionfordistributionthroughfilm,television,art,orother non-print media.Theawardprocessismanagedby

theAASHistoryCommittee.

Nominationformsareavailableatwww.astronautical.org/awards/ordway

creo


NOTES ON NEW BOOKS

Curiosity: An Inside Look at the Mars Rover Mission and the People Who Made It Happen and Mars Rover Curiosity: An Inside Account from Curiosity’s Chief EngineerReviewedbyRickW.Sturdevant

Dr. Rick W. Sturdevant is an AAS Fellow and deputy director of history for Air Force Space Command at Peterson AFB in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Curiosity: An Inside Look at the Mars Rover Mission and the People Who Made It Happenby Rod Pyle. Amherst, NY: PrometheusBooks, 2014. 300 pages. ISBN 1616149338.US $19.95 (paperback, images, figures,bibliography,index).

Mars Rover Curiosity: An Inside Account from Curiosity’s Chief Engineer by RobManningand William L. Simon. Washington, DC:Smithsonian Books, 2014. 240 pages. ISBN1588344731. US $29.95 (paperback, figures,appendix).

At least half a dozen books about theCuriosityroverhavebeenpublishedsincetheMars Science Laboratory (MSL) launchedon 26 November 2011. Rod Pyle, a writer,producer of documentary films, and lecturerwithNASA’sJohnsonSpaceCenter,hasaddedoneofthemostrecentvolumes.RobManning,MSLchiefengineeratNASA’sJetPropulsionLaboratory,andWilliamSimon,abest-sellingauthor of thirty books, have teamed to addanotherone.TheliteraryeffortsofthesethreeindividualsamplyservetoinformexpertsandgeneralreadersalikeabouttheMSLproject’sbirth, the tortuous challenges associatedwithdesigning the spacecraft, preparations for itslaunch,andengineeringCuriosity’ssuccessfullandingontheMartiansurface.

Pyle’sbook,writtenbyaninformed,well-connected outsider, furnishes a succinct butsubstantial history of Martian explorationbeginning with Chistiaan Huygens’sspeculationin1698aboutlifeontheredplanet.FromSchiaparelli’smapof1877andLowell’sspeculationtwodecadeslateraboutcanals–totheMariner4flybyin1965,theVikinglanderin1976, and theSojourner,Opportunity, andSpirit rovers in more recent times – Pylesets the context for Curiosity’s mission. Byfocusing on geologist JohnGrotzinger’s rolein the latter project, Pyle drawshis audienceintothequestforMartianhabitability,pastorpresent. From his account of witnessing theScarecrow(Curiosity’searthlytestversion)inactionnearDeathValley–toGrotzinger’srole

inchoosingGaleCraterasthelandingsite–totheso-called“SevenMinutesofTerror”priortolandingonMars–andtoinitialdiscoveriesand preparations for driving into MountSharp’s rugged foothills, Pyle’s narrativewhetsareader’sappetiteforthenextunwrittenchapterinthisextraordinaryrover’sexploits.

Manning’s book provides one high-levelinsider’sperspectiveontheMSLproject.He,most likely with Simon’s stylistic narrativepolish, acquaints readerswith howhe joinedJPLand rose through the ranks in the “MarsAdventure” tobecomeMSL’schiefengineer.Theimportanceoflearningfrompriorprojectsbecomes apparent; by borrowing frompreviously developed hardware or software,then adding risky innovations, such as the“sky crane” concept, JPL engineers recordedanothersuccessfullandingonMars.Manningalsorevealshowpersonalrelationshipsandthestrengthofadministrativesupportfromwithinvarious levels of the NASA bureaucracycontributedtoMSL’ssurvivalandCuriosity’sultimate success.Lastbut certainlynot least,the Manning-Simon narrative highlightsthe importance of teamwork, especiallyDara Sabahi’s prescription for rejuvenatingteamwork when poor communication ledto frustration and frayed collaboration. Theauthorsremindusthatinanyproject,theworkisallabouttheenergy,drive,andpersistenceofthepeopleinvolved.Furthermore,whenthingsgo awry, laughter remains the bestmedicineforeasingtension.

Readers will find the Pyle andManning-Simonbooksquitedifferentstylistically.Somemight judge Pyle’s tone a bit too chatty orcrassly familiar, such aswhen hewrites that“sometimesitsuckstobetoofaraheadofyourtime”(p.31).Othersmightbecomeannoyedbytheabundanceofhisparentheticalexpressions,especiallyinthefirstfewchapters.Conversely,theManning-Simontextflowssmoothlyfromsentencetosentence,pagetopage,andchapterto chapter. Simon probably tempered mostof Manning’s engineering jargon, therebyenabling non-engineers to understand thecomplexity of theMSL/Curiosity design and

itsoperationalperformance.Despite their stylistic differences, these

two books areworthy of concurrent reading.While the essential story remains the sameineach tome,variousdetailsand interpretivepoints enrich readers’ understanding of theMSL/Curiosity project. For example, Pylediscusses the imaging of the descent stage,heat shield, and even tungsten weights onthe Martian surface, as well as watchmakerGaro Anserlian’s design of special Marstimepieces for Curiosity’s driving team atJPL,butManning-Simonmakenomentionofeithersubject.Evenwhentheauthorsdiscussthesamesubjects,suchas“last-minutefixes”prior to launchor training sessions for entry,descent, and landing (EDL), comparison oftheirdescriptionsrevealsdifferences.

Since these books went to press,Curiosity has traveled to the base of MountSharpandmademorefascinatingdiscoveries.In early November 2014, NASA reportedCuriosity had confirmed from the Martiansurfacethepresenceofamineralmappedfromorbit.Justonemonthlater,NASAannouncedCuriosity had measured a tenfold spike inmethane, an organic chemical, in the nearbyatmosphere, and it haddetected thepresenceof carbon-based organicmolecules in a rocksample.Consequently,thisreviewersuggestsreadersleaveplentyofopenspacenexttothePyle and Manning-Simon volumes on theirbookshelves.


AAS CORPORATE / INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS

a.i. solutions, Inc. Aerojet Rocketdyne The Aerospace Corporation Aerospace Industries Association Analytical Graphics, Inc. Applied Defense Solutions, Inc. Arianespace Auburn University Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. The Boeing Company CASIS Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR) Dynetics, Inc. Edge Space Systems, Inc. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Honeywell Technology Solutions, Inc. International Space University Jet Propulsion Laboratory JHU / Applied Physics Laboratory KinetX, Inc. Leverage Dynamics LLC Lockheed Martin Corporation Marquette University

AAS Corporate / Institutional Members Northrop Grumman Orbital ATK The Pennsylvania State University Phillips & Company Qwaltec RWI International Consulting Services SAIC SGT, Inc. Sierra Nevada Corporation Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC Space Dynamics Lab / Utah State University SpaceX The Tauri Group Texas A&M University United Launch Alliance Univelt, Inc. University of Alabama in Huntsville University of Florida University of South Florida University of Texas at Austin Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority /

Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport Women in Aerospace

Thank you for your continued support!

A popular way of donating to an organization is through a gift by means of a will (i.e., to make a bequest). You may decide to consider either a general bequest to the AAS or a bequest targeted to an existing or new AAS scholarship or an award fund. These bequests are deductible against estate and inheritance taxes.

There are also tax advantages when making charitable donations to the AAS while you are living. Such gifts could contribute to the memory of someone who has passed away or be made in the honor of a person who is still alive. In addition, special occasions offer opportunities for gifts to be directed to the Society.

As a final note, although the AAS is able to provide suggestions for charitable giving, your financial or legal advisor should be consulted about such actions.

Charitable Giving and the AAS

24 SPACE TIMES•Sep/Oct2014SPACE TIMES•July/August2013

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2015 Schedule of EventsApril13-16Space SymposiumTheBroadmoorHotelColoradoSprings,Coloradowww.spacefoundation.org

May1Extreme Precipitation: a Google+ Hangoutwww.northropgrumman.com

May5-7Humans 2 Mars (H2M) SummitTheGeorgeWashingtonUniversityWashington,D.C.https://h2m.rostrum-cms.com/registration

May12-13Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Science and ExplorationTheodorevonKármánAuditoriumJetPropulsionLaboratoryPasadena,Californiawww.astronautical.org

May12-13Space Situational Awareness 2015Baltimore,Marylandwww.ssa2015.com

June8-10Workshop on Satellite Constellations and Formation FlyingDelft,TheNetherlandswww.iwscff2015.com

June12-14Student CanSat CompetitionAbileneandBurkett,Texaswww.cansatcompetition.com

July7-9Annual International Space Station (ISS) Research and Development ConferenceBostonMarriottCopleyPlaceBoston,Massachusettswww.issconference.org

August10-13AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist ConferenceVail,Coloradowww.space-flight.comABSTRACT DEADLINE: April 12October12-16International Astronautical Congress (IAC)Jerusalem,Israelwww.iac2015.org

October28-29Wernher von Braun Memorial SymposiumTheUniversityofAlabamainHuntsvilleChanAuditorium,BusinessAdministrationBuildingHuntsville,Alabamawww.astronautical.org

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