ISSN 2244-6850€¦ · 284,933 in 2011. Only 47% of the region’s rice harvest area is irrigated...

ISSN 2244-6850

Copyright 2013©Philippine Rice Research Institute

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ISSN 2244-6850

P H I L I P P I N E R I C E I N D U S T R Y P R I M E R S E R I E S

R E G I O N V I I IE a s t e r n V i s a y a s

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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T SAbbreviations and Acronyms Used vForeword v i Regional Background 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 1990-2011 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 1990-2011 3Trends in Rice Yield, 1990-2011 4Growth in Rice Yield, 1990-2011 5Trends in Rice Production, 1990-2011 6Growth in Rice Production, 1990-2011 7Area and Yield Contribution to Production Growth, 2001-2011 8

Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 9Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 1 0Rice Harvest Area by Province, 2000-2011 1 1Rice Production by Province, 2000-2011 1 2Rice Yield by Province, 2000-2011 1 3Factors Affecting Yield: Share of Hybrid Seeds on Area and Production 1 4Factors Affecting Yield: Share of Certified Seeds on Area and Production 1 5Factors Affecting Yield: Average Yield of Hybrid and Certified Seeds 1 6Factors Affecting Yield: Fertilizer Use, 2009 1 7Factors Affecting Area: Service Area of Irrigation Facilities, 2010 1 8Cost of Paddy Rice Production, 2010 1 9Returns of Paddy Rice Production, 2010 2 0Average Monthly Farmgate Price of Paddy Rice, 2009-2011 2 1Trends in Prices of Paddy Rice and Regular Milled Rice, 2006-2011 2 2 Postharvest Facilities: Threshers, 2009 2 3Postharvest Facilities: Dryers, 2009 2 4Postharvest Facilities: Mills, 2009 2 5

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Postharvest Facilities: Storage, 2009 2 6Postharvest Facilities: NFA, 2010 2 7 Per Capita Rice Consumption, All Barangays 2 8Per Capita Rice Consumption by Barangay Type 2 9Ratio of Per Capita Rice Availability to Per Capita Consumption, 2008-2009 3 0

PROVINCIAL PROFILE: Leyte 3 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 3 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 3 3Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 3 4Trends in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 3 5Growth in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 3 6Trends in Rice Production, 2000-2011 3 7Growth in Rice Production, 2000-2011 3 8Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 3 9Decadal Monthly Rainfall (mm), Tacloban, Leyte PAGASA Station, 1961-2009 4 0

PROVINCIAL PROFILE: Samar 4 1Trends in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 4 2Growth in Rice Harvest Area, 2000-2011 4 3Rice Harvest Area by Semester, 2000-2011 4 4Trends in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 4 5Growth in Rice Yield, 2000-2011 4 6Trends in Rice Production, 2000-2011 4 7Growth in Rice Production, 2000-2011 4 8Rice Production by Semester, 2000-2011 4 9Decadal Monthly Rainfall (mm), Catbalogan, Samar PAGASA Station, 1961-2009 5 0

References 5 1Credits 5 5

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A B B R E V I AT I O N S A N D A C R O N Y M S U S E D

BAS Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsBSWM Bureau of Soils and Water ManagementCIS Communal Irrigation SystemDA Department of Agricultureha hectarekg kilogramLGU Local Government UnitLSU Louisiana State UniversityM millionmm millimeterMPDP Multi-Purpose Drying Pavementmt metric tonNIS National Irrigation SystemNFA National Food AuthorityNIA National Irrigation AdministrationNPK Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services AdministrationPhilMech Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and MechanizationPhilRice Philippine Rice Research InstitutePhP Philippine PesoRFO Regional Field OfficeSFR Small Farm Reservoir STW Shallow Tube WellSWIP/DD Small Water Impounding Project/Diversion Dam

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F O R E W O R D

Sufficient and affordable rice for the people is the key component of our nation’s goal toward food security. Since 1960s, self-sufficiency had been the predominant theme of the rice programs. However, achieving a more sustainable growth in rice production continues to be a major challenge.

For decades now, rice sufficiency programs emanated from the national government implementing broad interventions with little regard to variation in production and consumption conditions in different localities. On the other hand, policy makers in the local government are diffident to craft local rice programs. This is partly due to lack of better understanding of the local rice industry status, which in turn driven by scattered information that are often aggregated at the national level.

This regional rice industry profile, inked in collaboration between PhilRice and the regional field offices of DA across the country, and with support from BAS, NFA, PAGASA, and PhilMech, compiled important descriptions and discussions of the factors that affect the rice industry at the regional and provincial levels. The profile contain information and trends on rice area harvested, yield, input uses, seed technology adoption, agro-climatic conditions, availability of postharvest facilities, prices, and consumption patterns which aptly represents the conditions of the region’s rice production and consumption system.

This profile can be a handy reference for regional and provincial policy makers in planning for program interventions suited to their local circumstances. For example, the information on level of seed technology adoption can be used in prioritizing provinces in terms of increasing farmer’s access to seed. The information on inventory of existing postharvest facilities, be it threshers, mills, or warehouses can help in deciding whether a particular province still needs more capital investment. By understanding the trends in their local rice production and consumption, local policy and decision makers can make the first step in defining a course toward sustainable and sufficient regional rice industry.

We in government firmly believe that these regional industry profiles will help us plan more efficiently and effectively in future.

Given the thrust of the government to promote responsible rice consumption for better health, less rice wastage, and productive farming through the promotion of efficient rice technologies, we hope to inspire our farmers to do better by sifting through these profiles – their own – as we intensify our advocacy to achieve rice self-sufficiency beginning this 2013, which has been declared as National Year of Rice. Sapat na bigas, kaya ng Pinas!

Eufemio T. Rasco Jr, PhD Executive Director

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R E G I O N A L B A C K G R O U N D

Eastern Visayas is one of the three regions belonging to the Visayas group of islands covering islands of Biliran, Leyte and Samar (Geotayo Philippines, 2009). All these have relatively flat coastal areas, changing from gently rolling terrain to mountainous toward the interior. Some provinces though have salient features. A rough mountain range extends north to south at the center of Leyte, dividing its eastern and western plains. Samar has much lower highland system than the other provinces but has a broad plateau streaked with sharp valleys at its central upland core. Eastern Samar has narrow plains in most of its coastal areas and in the banks of its rivers and their tributaries. Northern Samar has a very rugged terrain with limited pocket plains and valleys (DA Region 8, 2012). Although the region ranked 4th in land area, it had only a population 4.1 million in 2010 making it the 6th least densely populated among the 16 rice-producing regions in the country (BAS, 2012). Tacloban is its regional center.

Two types of climate prevail in the region. Almost all Samar provinces and the eastern part of Southern Leyte belong to type 2 climate, with no dry season and very pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January. Biliran, Leyte, the western part of Southern Leyte, and the western mid-portion of Samar have type 4 climate, with rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout the year (PAGASA, 2012).

Eastern Visayas has an agriculture-based economy, contributing 21% to its gross domestic product and employing 45% of its workforce in 2011. Rice is one of its major agricultural commodities, providing the highest share of 22% to the total agricultural output of the region during the same period (BAS, 2012).

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Rice harvest area in Eastern Visayas rose by 42%, up from 200,110 ha in 1990 to 284,933 in 2011. Only 47% of the region’s rice harvest area is irrigated as of 2011. Eastern Visayas accounted for 6% of the nation’s harvest area, ranking 7th among the 16 rice-producing regions, during the same year.

Harvest area in Eastern Visayas from 1990 to 2006 was almost stagnant, except for a significant dip in 1998 due to El Niño. After a consistently marked climb in 2007 and 2008, harvest area remained stable in the succeeding two years. The region attained its record-high harvest area in 2011 since 1990.

Although harvest area in the irrigated ecosystem stayed consistently smaller than the non-irrigated ecosystems, it increased by 89% between 1990 and 2011. Harvest area in non-irrigated ecosystems increased by merely 17% during the same period.

T R E N D S I N R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1

Source of basic data: BAS, 2012Processed by: PhilRice

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Rice harvest area in Eastern Visayas grew by 6,589 ha annually in 2001-2011, significantly higher than the 445 ha annual increase in 1990-2000. The sluggish growth in harvest area during earlier period was driven by the huge contraction of non-irrigated harvest area at 1,758 ha per annum. Growth in harvest area in the region was more prominent during the first semester in the earlier period; the situation reversed in the latter period.

Harvest area in the irrigated ecosystem expanded during both periods, with growth consistently more prominent during the first semester. In contrast, negative growth was observed in non-irrigated ecosystems during the earlier period, recovering during the latter period by posting positive growth in both semesters with the second semester contributing more than thrice the first semester.

G R O W T H I N R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Average yield in all ecosystems grew by 105%, up from 1.69 mt/ha in 1990 to 3.45 mt/ha in 2011, ranking Eastern Visayas 11th among the 16 rice-producing regions in the country. Yield rose progressively from 1990 to 2008, interrupted only by the sharp fall in 1998 due to El Niño. Rice yield declined in 2009 and stayed at comparative level until 2011. Rice yield in the region crossed the 3 mt/ha mark in 2004 and remained above this level in all succeeding years. The region attained its highest yield in 2008 at 3.73 mt/ha.

Yield in non-irrigated areas between 1990 and 2011 increased by 135% compared with only 62% in irrigated areas. Nevertheless, rice yield in the latter was higher than the former by an average of 1,655 kg/ha during the same period. Irrigated yield reached the 4 mt/ha mark in 2003 and remained above this level in the ensuing years. Non-irrigated yield crossed the 2 mt/ha mark during the same year, but remained below 3 mt/ha as of 2011. Highest yield was attained in 2007 at 4.84 mt/ha in irrigated areas, and at 2.76 mt/ha in non-irrigated areas in 2011.

T R E N D S I N R I C E Y I E L D, 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Yield in all ecosystems increased yearly by 100 kg/ha in 2001-2011, superior to the 62 kg/ha in 1990-2000. The irrigated ecosystem contributed more to the yield growth during the earlier period, while the non-irrigated areas in the latter period. Both semesters posted positive growth during the two periods, but more prominent during the first semester.

The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems obtained positive growth over the two periods in both semesters, with yield growth in irrigated areas more prominent during the second semester in the earlier period; the condition reversed in the latter period. Yield growth in non-irrigated areas was comparable between semesters in both periods.

G R O W T H I N R I C E Y I E L D, 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Paddy rice production in Eastern Visayas grew by 192%, up from 337,459 mt to 948,017 mt in 2011. The region accounted for 6% of national production as of 2011, ranking it 7th among the 16 rice-producing regions in the country. Production trended upward from 1990 to 2008, except for the huge decline in 1998 caused by reduced harvest area and yield. Production dropped in 2009, but recovered slowly in the succeeding two years. The increasing adoption of high quality seeds and improved access to irrigation facilities could have contributed to massive increase in production since the early 2000.

Rice production between 1990 and 2011 rose by 205% in irrigated and 175% in non-irrigated areas. Although the irrigated harvest area in the region was less than the non-irrigated areas, the former provided 60% of overall production owing to significantly higher yield.

T R E N D S I N R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


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G R O W T H I N R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 1


Production in all Eastern Visayas ecosystems grew in both periods, but was much faster in 2001-2011 than in 1990-2000. The remarkable increase in production during the latter period was due to a larger increase in production in irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems, which could be attributed to increasing adoption of high-quality seed and access to irrigation facility during this period. Production growth occurred in both semesters in the two periods, but slightly more prominent during the first semester.

Production in irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems reflected positive growth in both semesters during the two periods, with production growth more prominent during the first semester in irrigated areas. In contrast, production growth was larger during the second semester in non-irrigated areas.

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Production in all ecosystems in Eastern Visayas from 2001 to 2011 grew by 5.9% due mainly to improved yield. The contribution of area and yield to production, however, was reversed between irrigated and non-irrigated areas. Area expansion contributed 60% to the 5.4% production growth in irrigated areas, while improved yield contributed 69% to the growth in non-irrigated areas.

A R E A A N D Y I E L D C O N T R I B U T I O N T O P R O D U C T I O N G R O W T H , 2 0 0 1 - 2 0 1 1


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Rice harvest area in Eastern Visayas from 2000 to 2011 was slightly larger (55%) during the first semester. The prevailing climate in the region that provided abundant rainfall throughout the year allowed cultivation of rice in non-irrigated areas during both semesters. Typhoons that frequently passed over the region reduced harvest area during the second semester.

R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A B Y S E M E S T E R , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Production in Eastern Visayas was likewise higher during the first semester (54%) owing to larger harvest area. The smaller share in production than area in the first semester, however, implies that its land productivity was lower than the second semester.

R I C E P R O D U C T I O N B Y S E M E S T E R , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Leyte provided 46% of the harvest area in Eastern Visayas from 2000 to 2011. Samar shared 17% of harvest area, closely followed by Northern Samar with 16%. Each remaining provinces contributed less than 10% of the total harvest area of the region.

R I C E H A R V E S T A R E A B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Leyte contributed more than half (57%) of total production in Eastern Visayas from 2000 to 2011. The higher share of production than area in Leyte means that it had higher land productivity than the entire region. Samar and Biliran likewise had higher land productivity than the regional average. All Samar provinces posted low productivity.

R I C E P R O D U C T I O N B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Rice yield in Eastern Visayas was slightly higher during the second semester than the first semester, a consistent trend in all provinces, except in Leyte and Biliran. Rice yield in Leyte was slightly higher during the first semester, while it remained the same in Biliran in both seasons.

Samar provinces attained relatively lower yield in both seasons compared with the other provinces in the region due to less favorable climate in almost all parts of the island. The highest yielders were Biliran during the first semester and Southern Leyte during the second semester. Although Leyte had the widest rice area in the region, it attained slightly lower yield than Biliran and Southern Leyte which implies that many of its rice areas had poor land productivity.

R I C E Y I E L D B Y P R O V I N C E , 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 1 1


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Use of hybrid seeds in Eastern Visayas slightly decreased between 2008 and 2009 due to the withdrawal of seed subsidies by the government. This trend was observed in all six provinces in the region, excluding an increased use in Leyte and a sustained utility level in Northern Samar. Southern Leyte was the highest user in 2008, then Leyte in 2009. The consistently higher share in production than harvest area of hybrid seeds in all provinces during the two survey periods indicates higher land productivity of hybrid than the combined productivity of all varieties used. This could explain the higher yield levels obtained by Leyte and Southern Leyte, the top two hybrid rice users in the region.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : S H A R E O F H Y B R I D S E E D S T O A R E A A N D P R O D U C T I O N


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Use of certified seeds in Eastern Visayas slightly decreased between 2008 and 2009 due to the withdrawal of seed subsidies by the government, a trend observed in all provinces in the region, excluding Biliran and Northern Samar. More than 40% of the rice areas in Samar and Eastern Samar were planted to certified seeds in 2008. Although the level of usage decreased the following year in both provinces, they remained the top two certified seed users in the region.

The consistently higher share of production than harvest area of certified seeds in all provinces during the two survey periods indicates its higher land productivity than the average productivity of all varieties used. This was very apparent in Eastern and Northern Samar, two of the lowest yielders in the region. It implies that yield levels can be further improved with increased use of certified seeds.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : S H A R E O F C E R T I F I E D S E E D S T O A R E A A N D P R O D U C T I O N


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Southern Leyte posted the highest yield from hybrid varieties of not less than 6 mt/ha in the 2008 and 2009 surveys. Hybrid likewise performed well in Leyte and Biliran. Hybrid yield in the three Samar provinces, however, was below 5 mt/ha. A similar trend was observed in the performance of certified seeds in all provinces. Although Samar was a high user of certified seeds, it failed to boost its production because of the less than 3 mt/ha yield from this seed source. Yield from hybrid rice was consistently higher than certified inbred rice in all provinces for both survey periods.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : A V E R A G E Y I E L D O F H Y B R I D A N D C E R T I F I E D S E E D S


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The PalayCheck System generally recommends application of 75-30-40 and 108-41-62 NPK (nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium) in irrigated areas for wet and dry seasons, respectively, with two topdress application of nitrogen (PhilRice, 2007).

Farmers in Eastern Visayas applied significantly lower rates of nitrogen for their irrigated rice than the general recommendation during dry and wet seasons. The amount of nitrogen applied in rainfed areas during both seasons was likewise very minimal. Nevertheless, slightly more nitrogen was applied by farmers for their wet season rice in both rainfed and irrigated areas. The amount of phosphorus and potassium used in all ecosystems was also very minimal. Urea and triple 14 were the common fertilizer grades used in region.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G Y I E L D : F E R T I L I Z E R U S E , 2 0 0 9


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Communal irrigation systems (CIS) were present in all Eastern Visayas provinces, servicing more than 30,000 ha based on the 2010 inventory of NIA. Only Leyte and Southern Leyte had national irrigation systems (NIS) which covered roughly 19,000 ha service area.

The Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) , through its Small-Scale Irrigation Project (SSIP), has been developing irrigation facilities during the past few years. As of 2011, its small water impounding systems and diversion dams (SWIP/DD) had a total service area of almost 4,000 ha. BSWM installed and rehabilitated shallow tube wells (STW) covering 3,282 ha and 9 ha, respectively. Likewise, the small farm reservoirs (SFR) serviced 1,081 ha throughout the region.

FA C T O R S A F F E C T I N G A R E A : S E R V I C E A R E A O F I R R I G AT I O N FA C I L I T I E S , 2 0 1 0

Sources of basic data: NIA and BSWM, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

Irrigation System Type (ha)CISNIS

Other Types (Regional Level)SWIP/DD - 3,831 haSFR - 1,081 haSTW - 3,291 ha

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Eastern Visayas spent PhP 24,865 per ha in 2010 to produce rice in irrigated areas and PhP 17,211 in non-irrigated areas. Labor required 61% of the production cost, with very minimal share of other expense types. The huge share of labor on total production cost can be reduced by improving the efficiency in implementing activities from land preparation to harvesting.

C O S T O F PA D D Y R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 2 0 1 0


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R E T U R N S T O PA D D Y R I C E P R O D U C T I O N , 2 0 1 0

Eastern Visayas farmers with an average yield of 4.35 mt/ha and a gross income of PhP 60,724 from irrigated areas spent PhP 5.71 to produce a kg of paddy rice. It cost farmers a little bit more (PhP 6.28) to produce a kg of rice from non-irrigated areas. Overall, farmers in the region spent PhP 5.95 to produce a kg of paddy rice in 2010. At an average price of PhP 16.26 in 2010, farmers in the region earned PhP 9.28 for every kg of paddy rice they produced.

Although the cost of producing rice in Eastern Visayas was relatively lower than in other regions, technology interventions may be needed to boost yield such as fertilizer management.

Note: * returns above variable cost including returns to own labor and family labor


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The average farmgate price of paddy rice in Eastern Visayas from 2009 to 2011 was highest in January. A marked decrease in price was observed the following month, staying at a relatively stable level until May. Farmgate price rose back in June then consistently dropped in the succeeding months, reaching its lowest in September during wet season peak harvesting. It crept back in October and stayed relatively stable for three months until it returned to its peak in January. The gap between the highest and the lowest monthly farmgate prices was PhP 3.12.

A V E R A G E M O N T H LY FA R M G AT E P R I C E O F PA D D Y R I C E , 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 1


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T R E N D S I N P R I C E S O F PA D D Y R I C E A N D R E G U L A R M I L L E D R I C E , 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 1 1

Farmgate price of paddy rice and wholesale and retail prices of milled rice in Eastern Visayas were generally stable from January 2006 until the early part of 2008 when they sharply peaked because of the world market crisis. Prices receded toward the end of 2008 then rose back in early 2009, remaining higher than the pre-crisis levels. However, monthly farmgate prices thereafter became more erratic between months as the gap between farmgate price and wholesale and retail prices widened. In contrast, the gap between wholesale and retail prices remained relatively the same over the years, except during the crisis when prices in both markets were almost the same.


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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : T H R E S H E R S , 2 0 0 9

Eastern Visayan provinces as of 2009 had surplus threshing capacity relative to their respective annual paddy rice production level, except for Northern Samar and Biliran. Single-purpose rice threshers could be found in all provinces, with Leyte having the most number and the highest threshing capacity. Multi-purpose threshers existed only in Leyte. The threshing facilities of both deficient provinces could accommodate just above half of their production. The other provinces had surplus capacity ranging from 12% (Leyte) to 45% (Southern Leyte).

The existence of these threshing facilities in each province, however, does not mean that they were actually available and accessible to potential users at the time that they were needed. Harvesting of rice is seasonal, hence, addressing the demand and easing the mobility of these facilities post problems.

rice thresherpedal threshermulti-purpose (thresher/sheller)Values inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

Type

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit threshing capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total threshing capacity (mt/yr)

Source of basic data: PhilMech, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : D R Y E R S , 2 0 0 9

As of 2009, all Eastern Visayas provinces had inadequate drying capacity vis-à-vis their volume of production. Although Leyte, the major rice producer in the region, had the highest drying capacity, its facilities could accommodate merely 45% of its production. The provinces were deficient by 28% to 72%. Each province had five similar types of drying facilities, except Biliran which did not have mobile flash dryers. Although multi-purpose drying pavements (MPDP) were the most common type, each province had at least 10 units of flatbed dryers, 85% of which was furnished by the Department of Agriculture.

Again, the existence of these drying facilities in each province does not mean that they were actually available and accessible to users at the time and place they were needed.


flatbedrecirculating/columnarmobile flash in storeLSUNFAMPDP Values inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

Type

Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit drying capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total drying capacity (mt/yr)

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Eastern Visayas provinces, except Southern Leyte and Biliran, had surplus milling capacity as of 2009, indicating that the existing rice mills could process the respective paddy rice produced by each province. Biliran was deficient by 12% and Southern Leyte by 10%. Leyte, the major producer of rice in the region, had the highest milling capacity and the most number of single pass rice mills. Though this type of mill has low milling recovery, it is most commonly available in all provinces. Several units of the more efficient multi-pass rice mills could be found in all provinces, except in Southern Leyte.

Similarly, the existence of these milling facilities in each province does not mean that they were actually available and accessible to clients.

P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : M I L L S , 2 0 0 9


Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit milling capacity; green font has surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total milling capacity (mt/yr)

rice mill (single-pass)rice mill (multi-pass)micromillValues inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

Type

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : S T O R A G E , 2 0 0 9

As of 2009, all Eastern Visayas provinces had inadequate rice storage facilities. Although Leyte, the major rice producer in the region, had the highest storage capacity, its facilities could accommodate merely 42% of its production. The other provinces were deficient by 45% to 89%. Regular warehouses, the most common type of storage facility, existed in all provinces with Leyte having the most number of units. National Food Authority (NFA) warehouses were the only other type of storage facility found in all provinces.

The presence of these storage facilities, however, does not mean that farmers had free access to them. Large warehouses are privately owned and could only be used for a fee. Likewise, NFA accommodates only its own procurement.


Note:

• The name of province is in red font if it has deficit storage capacity; green font if surplus capacity

• Values below the name of the province is its total storage capacity (mt/yr)

warehouseoutdoor storagebulk siloNFAValues inside the colored boxes are no. of available units

Type

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P O S T H A R V E S T FA C I L I T I E S : N FA , 2 0 1 0

The NFA as of 2010 had at least one warehouse in every province in Eastern Visayas. Leyte had the most number of warehouses strategically located in five municipalities. Only one warehouse in the region, however, was equipped with a mill.

Source of basic data: NFA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

Facility Typewarehouse warehouse/ millhousewarehouse/dryerwarehouse/millhouse/dryer

Capacity (50-kg sacks)

50,000 & below50,001 - 100,000100,001 - 200,000200,001 - 300,000300,001 - 400,000400,001 - 500,000

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P E R C A P I TA R I C E C O N S U M P T I O N , A L L B A R A N G A Y S

Per capita rice consumption in Eastern Visayas increased by 12.51% between the 1999-2000 and 2008-2009 survey periods. Consumption increased in all provinces, with Biliran posting the highest at 36.25%. Per capita consumption in all provinces in the 1999-2000 survey was below 120 kg, except in Samar. In the 2008-2009 survey, however, consumption in all provinces exceeded the government’s target of 119 kg per capita per year (Department of Agriculture, 2012), except in Leyte.


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P E R C A P I TA R I C E C O N S U M P T I O N , B Y B A R A N G A Y T Y P E

Disaggregation showed that residents from urban barangays in Eastern Visayas consumed more than their rural counterparts in the 1999-2000 survey, except Northern Samar. The scenario changed, however, in the 2008-2009 survey. Rural residents in Biliran and Samar consumed much more than those in urban areas.

Per capita consumption increased in all provinces for both rural and urban barangays, except in Samar urban areas. Urban areas in Northern Samar posted the highest increase, and by rural areas in Biliran. Only urban residents in Samar and rural residents in Leyte ate below the national target of 119 kg annual per capita consumption during the 2008-2009 survey. Per capita consumption was highest in Northern Samar for urban areas and in Biliran for rural areas.

The sizeable increase in per capita consumption indicates either a shift in preference of residents back to rice as their staple food, or improved capacity of residents to buy food such as rice.


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R AT I O O F P E R C A P I TA R I C E A V A I L A B I L I T Y T O P E R C A P I TA C O N S U M P T I O N , 2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9

The per capita availability-to-consumption ratio for rice in the entire region was 1.17 during the 2008-2009 food consumption survey, classifying Eastern Visayas as a marginally surplus region. Biliran, Leyte and Southern Leyte attained a ratio of more than 1, but were still classified as marginally sufficient. The less than 1 ratio in other provinces means that they were not able to produce their rice requirement and had to rely on the production of other provinces and regions, and foreign imports.


Notes:• Average per capita paddy rice available was computed as the sum of 2008 and 2009 production

divided by the sum of 2008 and 2009 projected population.• Average per capita rice availability was computed as the average per capita paddy rice availability

multiplied by 0.65 (assumed milling recovery rate).• Rice availability to consumption ratio is NOT EQUIVALENT to self-sufficiency ratio of each province.

It is an OVERESTIMATE of the self-sufficiency ratio since it only considers the food use and ignores other uses such as seeds, processing, and wastes. A ratio of 1 or below indicates deficit status though a ratio of greater than 1 does not necessarily entail a surplus status.

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P R O V I N C I A L P R O F I L E :L E Y T E

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Leyte had the largest rice harvest area among the six Eastern Visayas provinces. Harvest area from all ecosystems rose by 39%, up from 96,494 ha in 2000 to 134,003 ha in 2011. Harvest area stayed relatively stable until 2006, increased sharply in 2007, and remained steady until 2011, except for a slight peaking in 2008.

Harvest area increased by 46% in the irrigated ecosystem and by 28% in non-irrigated ecosystems between 2000 and 2011. The significant increase in harvest area in 2007 reflected the provision of irrigation facilities to existing rainfed areas and the simultaneous expansion to new non-irrigated areas. The irrigated ecosystem contributed 65% of the harvest area in Leyte as of 2011.


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Rice harvest area from all ecosystems in Leyte grew by 3,916 ha annually from 2000 to 2011, with the irrigated ecosystem contributing more than twice the non-irrigated ecosystems. This positive growth was more prominent in the first semester than in the second semester by roughly 800 ha annually. The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems posted positive growth in both semesters. While the annual growth in harvest area in the irrigated ecosystem was 724 ha more in the first than the second semester, it was shared almost equally between the semesters in non-irrigated ecosystems.


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Harvest area in Leyte from 2000 to 2011 was slightly larger during the first semester. The year-round abundance of rainfall in the province allowed growing non-irrigated rice in both semesters. Favorable climate during the first semester provided more harvestable areas.


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Paddy rice yield in all ecosystems in Leyte increased by 34%, up from 2.92 mt/ha in 2000 to 3.93 mt/ha in 2011. Yield levels showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2006, and remained relatively stable until 2008. Yield levels, however, progressively dropped in the ensuing years. Yield in the region crossed the 4 mt/ha mark in 2004 and remained so until 2009.

Yield from irrigated and non-irrigated areas showed a similar trend as that of the overall yield levels in the province. The irrigated ecosystem remained above 4 mt/ha since 2003, peaking at 5.06 mt/ha in 2006. The non-irrigated ecosystems crossed the 3 mt/ha mark in 2004, and stayed above this level in the ensuing years, attaining its highest at 3.70 mt/ha also in 2006.


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Rice yield from all ecosystems in Leyte increased by 0.10 mt/ha annually from 2000 to 2011, with the non-irrigated ecosystems contributing slightly more than the irrigated ecosystem. This growth was more prominent in the first semester. The irrigated and non-irrigated areas posted positive yield growth in both semesters, with the first semester posting slightly higher than the second semester. Annual yield growth during the first semester was 0.05 mt/ha and 0.03 mt/ha higher than the second semester in irrigated and non-irrigated areas, respectively.


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Paddy rice production in Leyte increased by 87%, up from 282,160 mt in 2000 to 526,762 mt in 2011. Production posted an increasing trend until 2008 then significantly dropped in 2009 due to low yield, and remained on same level until 2011. Production in irrigated areas in the province reflected a similar trend as total production, increased by 83% in the same period. Although the non-irrigated areas remained minimal over the years, production increased significantly at 95% between 2000 and 2011. As of 2011, the irrigated ecosystem provided 71% of total rice production in Leyte.


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The irrigated ecosystem mostly contributed the 26,337 mt annual rice production growth in Leyte in all ecosystems from 2000 to 2011, more than twice the non-irrigated ecosystems. This growth was more prominent during the first semester, roughly 60% higher than the second semester. The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems showed positive growth in both semesters, but more prominent during the first semester. The first semester provided 5,626 mt and 786 mt higher annual growth than the second semester in irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystem, respectively.


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Leyte from 2000 to 2011 produced more paddy rice during the first semester. The equal share of production and harvest area between semesters means that rice had the same land productivity in the first and second semesters.


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D E C A D A L M O N T H LY R A I N FA L L ( M M ) , TA C L O B A N , L E Y T E PA G A S A S TAT I O N ( 1 9 6 1 - 2 0 0 9 )

The rainfall data from PAGASA Tacloban station is relevant to the entire province of Leyte. Variations were observed in the rainfall pattern in the area from 1961 to 2009 in terms of volume and distribution.

Rainfall was more evenly distributed between months in the first and second decades, showing December and January as the wettest. Precipitation in these months though, including February and June, was much higher in the last decade. April and August were consistently drier in all decades.

Source of basic data: PAGASA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

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P R O V I N C I A L P R O F I L E :S A M A R

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Samar had the second largest rice harvest area among the six Eastern Visayas provinces. Harvest area from all ecosystems rose by 36%, up from 39,962 ha in 2000 to 54,336 ha in 2011. Harvest area stayed relatively stable from 2000 to 2006. It started to increase steadily in 2007 until its peak in 2011.

Harvest area between 2000 and 2011 increased by 25% in the irrigated ecosystem and 37% in non-irrigated ecosystems. The irrigated ecosystem, however, hardly contributed to the overall increase since 90% of the harvest area in the province was non-irrigated. The progressive increase in harvest area in non-irrigated ecosystems implies expansion to new areas since 2007.


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Rice harvest area from all ecosystems in Samar from 2000 to 2011 grew by 1,178 ha annually, contributed almost solely by the non-irrigated ecosystems. This positive growth was more prominent in the second semester than during the first semester. The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems posted positive growth in both semesters. Annual growth in harvest area was more prominent during the second semester, with the irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems posting 55 ha and 116 ha higher, respectively.


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Harvest area in Samar from 2000 to 2011 was larger during the second semester. Although the favorable climate in the province allowed growing non-irrigated rice in both semesters, the lower amount of rainfall during the first semester could not sustain all the rice areas planted during the wetter second semester. Likewise, less irrigated areas were planted with rice in the first semester.


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Paddy rice yield in all ecosystems in Samar increased by 83%, up from 1.39 mt/ha in 2000 to 2.55 mt/ha in 2011. Yield levels slowly increased over the years, attaining its peak in 2011. Yield reached the 2 mt/ha mark in 2007 and remained above this level in the ensuing years.

Yield from non-irrigated areas showed a similar trend as that in all ecosystems since most of the rice areas in the province was non-irrigated. Non-irrigated yield exceeded 2 mt/ha in 2008, attaining its highest in 2011 at 2.46 mt/ha. Yield levels from the irrigated ecosystem were relatively low compared with the national average, remaining below 4 mt/ha as of 2011. It attained its highest at 3.57 mt/ha in 2009.


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Rice yield from all ecosystems in Samar from 2000 to 2011 increased by 0.11 mt/ha annually, with the irrigated ecosystem contributing 0.04 mt/ha higher than the non-irrigated ecosystems. This growth was more prominent in the first semester by 0.05 mt/ha annually. The irrigated and non-irrigated areas posted positive yield growth in both semesters. Annual yield growth during the second semester was higher by 0.08 mt/ha than the second semester in the irrigated ecosystem. Conversely, annual yield growth in the first semester was higher by 0.07 mt/ha. This means that although harvest area was less during the first semester, it attained better improvement in yield than the second semester from 2000 to 2011.


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Paddy rice production in Samar increased by 148%, up from 55,712 mt in 2000 to 138,318 mt in 2011. Production increased slowly from 2000 to 2006. Production rose faster each year until it reached its peak in 2011 since the significant increase in 2007. Since most areas in the province were non-irrigated, it reflected a similar trend as total production increased by 156% between 2000 and 2011. Although the irrigated areas remained minimal over the years, production increased significantly at 106% during the same period. As of 2011, the non-irrigated ecosystems provided 88% of total rice production in Samar.


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From 2000 to 2011, the 7,470 mt annual rice production growth in Samar in all ecosystems was contributed mostly by the non-irrigated ecosystems, more than seven times the irrigated ecosystem. This growth was almost equally distributed between semesters. The irrigated and non-irrigated ecosystems showed positive growth in both semesters. Annual production growth in irrigated areas was 442 mt higher during the second semester than the first semester. The situation reversed in non-irrigated areas, posting a 415 mt difference between semesters.


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Samar produced more paddy rice during the second semester than the first semester from 2000 to 2011. The higher share of production than harvest area during the second semester means that it had higher land productivity than the first semester.


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D E C A D A L M O N T H LY R A I N FA L L ( M M ) , C AT B A L O G A N , S A M A R PA G A S A S TAT I O N , 1 9 6 1 - 2 0 0 9

The rainfall data from PAGASA Catbalogan station is relevant to the entire province of Samar, except for the mid-west portion of the province. Large variations were observed in the rainfall pattern in the area from 1961 to 2009 in terms of volume and distribution, especially from November to February.

The wettest month alternated between November and December during the past five decades. Precipitation in October, November and January was abnormally high in the third decade and in January, February, and May in the last decade. Rainfall variation between decades was least in April and August. April was likewise the driest month.

Source of basic data: PAGASA, 2011Processed by: PhilRice

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R e f e r e n c e s

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. 2012. CountrySTAT. Retrieved Sep. 10, 2012 from http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/

________. 2012. Regional Profile: Eastern Visayas. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/?cont=16&r=8

Bureau of Soils and Water Management. 2011. Summary of Completed Projects by Region and by Type of Irrigation System: As of December 2010.

Department of Agriculture Region 8. 2012. Regional Profile: Eastern Visayas – Leyte. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://darfu8. tripod.com/ rp_leyte.htm

Department of Agriculture. 2012. The Food Staples Sufficiency Program: Enhancing Agricultural Productivity and Global Competitiveness 2011-2016. Quezon City: Department of Agriculture.

Department of Health. 2010. Regional Profile: Eastern Visayas. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://chd8.doh.gov.ph/index.php?option=com _content&view =article&id=47&Itemid=62

Geotayo Philippines. 2009. Region 8 - Eastern Visayas. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://geotayo.com/reg8.php

National Food Authority. 2011. NFA-Constructed Warehouses. Retrieved June 8, 2011 from www.nfa.gov.ph/files/warehouse/)

National Irrigation Administration. 2011. Status of Irrigation Development: As of December 2010.

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. 2012. Philippine Climate Map. Retrieved Sep. 11, 2012 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_climate_map.png

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_____. 2011. Daily Rainfall Data. Various Weather Stations.

Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization. 2011. Inventory of Postharvest Facilities in the Philippines.

PhilRice. 2007. PalayCheck System for Irrigated Rice. Philippine Rice Research Institute, Maligaya Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija.

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Notes

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Notes

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C r e d i t sAuthors:Bethzaida M. Catudan (PhilRice)Flordeliza H. Bordey, PhD (PhilRice)Suennie Jane C. Paran (PhilRice)Nonilon I. Martin (PhilRice)Florencio B. Lamson (PhilRice)Elvira C. Torres, PhD (DA-RFO VIII)Genelina A. Fernandez (DA-RFO VIII)

Layout Artists:Alfred Franco T. CaballeroLeah May dC. TapecNonilon I. Martin

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We are a chartered government corporate entity under the Department of Agriculture. We were created through Executive Order 1061 on 5 November 1985 (as amended) to help develop high-yielding, cost-reducing, and environment-

friendly technologies so farmers can produce enough rice for all Filipinos. We accomplish this mission through research and development work in our central and seven branch stations, coordinating with a network that comprises 57 agencies and 70 seed centers strategically located nationwide. To help farmers achieve holistic development, we will pursue the following goals in 2010-2020: attaining and sustaining rice self-sufficiency; reducing poverty and malnutrition; and achieving competitiveness through agricultural science and technology. We have the following certifications: ISO 9001:2008 (Quality Management), ISO 14001:2004 (Environmental Management), and OHSAS 18001:2007 (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series).

The DA-Regional Field Office Eastern Visayas (DA-RFO VIII) is the primary arm of the Department of Agriculture to promote agricultural development and growth. In pursuit of this mandate, we provide policy framework, help direct public investments, and in partnership with local government units (LGUs) provide the support services necessary to make agriculture and agri-based enterprises profitable and to help spread the benefits of development to the poor, particularly

those in the rural areas.

Our primary mission is to empowerment of farmers and fisherfolks to enable them to have control over the resources required to make farming and fishing profitable. Corollary to this mission, we aim to increase agricultural production by attaining self-sufficiency in food for human consumption and for agri-based industries. We intend to increase rice yield to 4.5 mt/ha in irrigated areas and to 3.0 mt./ha in non-irrigated areas.

To realize our objectives for rice, we undertake various productivity enhancing strategies such as increased utilization of certified seeds, pre- and postharvest facilities development, and irrigation infrastructure support.

ISSN 2244-6850€¦ · 284,933 in 2011. Only 47% of the region’s rice harvest area is irrigated...

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Transcript of ISSN 2244-6850€¦ · 284,933 in 2011. Only 47% of the region’s rice harvest area is irrigated...