IRAQI JOURNAL OF

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 1683 – 3597 Volume :20(2) , 2011

All right are reserved to the Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

CONTENTS

ARTICLES Page

Controlled Release Floating Matrix Tablet of Captopril

Haithem N. Abed , Alaa A. Abdulrasool and Mowafaq M. Ghareeb

Synthesis of 5-Fluorouracil Derivatives as Possible Mutual Prodrugs with Meloxicam

and Ibuprofen for Targeting Cancer Tissues

Zainab A.H. Dakhel and Mohammed H. Mohammed

Preparation and Evaluation of Physical and, Rheological Properties of Clotrimazole

Emulgel

Yehia I. Khalil , Abeer H. Khasraghi

and Entidhar J. Mohammed

Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Serum Protein, Application to

Kala-azar Patients Nada M.T. Al-Bashir

Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorous Levels in Serum of Iraqi Women

with Fibromyalgia

Ali A. Kasim

Association between Gallstones and Diabetics Type 2 Iraqi Patients

Anmar H. Altaie

Serum Trace Elements (Zinc, Copper and Magnesium) Status in Iraqi Patients with

Acne Vulgaris :( Case- Controlled Study)

Basil OM Saleh , Zainab N. H. Anbar and Ali Y. Majid

The Correlation between Rheumatoid Factor, Chloroquine Phosphate in

Osteoarthritis

Eman S. Saleh

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Predicte the Diagnosis of Growth Hormone

Deficincy in Short Prepubertal Children

Maan A. J. Bahrani, Ali A. Ali and Abdul Kareem Y. Al-Samarraie

Postoperative Wound Infections and the Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Baghdad

Hospitals

Maysoon A. Merdaw

Efficacy of Combination of Meropenem with Gentamicin, and Amikacin against

Resistant E. coli Isolated from Patients with UTIs: in vitro Study

Maysaa A. abdul khaleq, Abdulkareem H. Abd and Maysaa A. dhahi

Effects of Losartan versus Enalapril on Serum Uric Acid Levels in Hypertensive

Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Zeina A. A. Al-Thanoon and Isam H. Mahmood

The Prevalence of Microorganisms in H1N1 Patients Compared to Seasonal Influenza

in a Sample of Iraqi Patients

Mohammed F. AL- Marjani , Saba S. Khazaal , Thana M. Zayer

,

Yasir A. Atahia and Kadhim A. Kadhim

Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in Reducing Preventable Adverse Drug Events

Bahir A.Mshiemish

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Microbial Contamination of Eye Drops in out Patient in Iraq

Raghad A. Razooki

, Ebtihal N. Saeed and Hanan I. Omar Al-Deem

Evaluation of the Relation between Asthma, Obesity and Leptin Level in Iraqi

Asthmatic Patients and the Main Risk Factors that are Associated with Leptin Level

Hiba A. Hasan

Acquired Error in using Antibiotic for Surgery Patients in Iraqi Hospitals

Fadya Y. Alhamdani

91

96

102

Controlled Release Floating Matrix Tablet of Captopril Haithem N. Abed* , Alaa A. Abdulrasool** and Mowafaq M. Ghareeb**

,1

*Ministry of Helth ,Diala, Iraq.

**Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract The present study was done to prepare a gastroretentive floating tablet of captopril (CAP)

which is an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-inhibitor) used in the treatment of

hypertension and heart failure. CAP is mainly absorbed from the proximal intestine and to a lesser

extent from the stomach, also CAP stability decreases as the pH raised above 1.2 and this makes it a

suitable candidate for floating dosage form.Effervescent floating tablets of CAP were prepared in order

to prolong the gastric residence time and increase the bioavailability of the drug. The floating tablets of

CAP were prepared by direct compression and wet granulation technique, using the polymer

hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) as the primary retarding polymer together with

carboxymethylcellulose(CMC) ,ethyl cellulose(EC) and pectin as a secondary release modifying

polymers in different ratios of (1:1, 3:1 and 9:1). Different formulation parameters were studied such as

type of diluents, amount of effervescent agent, methods of preparation and their effects on buoyancy

and the in vitro drug release profile as well as their physical characteristics. The wet granulation

method shows a good flow and compressibility characteristics and a better dose uniformity in

comparison with direct compression technique. Pectin together with HPMC in the ratio of 1:1 was

found to meet the requirement for a good matrix formation and floating characteristics and the drug

release was sufficiently sustained for 12 h with floating time >24h and floating lag time of 2 min.

Kinetic modeling of the release data for the selected formula showed that the mechanism of drug

release pattern follows anomalous or non –fickian diffusion.

Key words: Captopril, floating, matrix tablet, pectin.

الخالصةانغشض ي ز انذساست ححضيش صيغت دائيت طافيت راث قابهيت بقاء في انعذة نذاء انكايخبشيم انثبط نعم االضيى

انكابخبشيم يخص بشكم سئيسي ي حفاع ضغط انذو عجض انقهب.انحل نالجيحسي يسخخذو انكابخبشيم نعالج ايشاض اس

حقم ثباحيت انذاء كها اصدادث قاعذيت انحيط , يا يجعه يششح يثاني نهخقياث انذائيت االيعاء انذقيقت بقابهيت اقم ي انعذة ,

ي ة قذ حضشث رنك نغشض صيادة فخشة بقائا في انعذة انطافيت.انصيغ انذائيت انطافييت نذاء انكابخبشيم انصعت بانطشيقت انفاس

انفشدة نذاء انكابخبشيم صعج باسخخذاو بنيش انايذسكسي يثيم اجم صيادة انخافشيت انحييت نهذاء . انخشكيبت انذائيت انطافيت

( انكاسبكسي يثيم سهيهص ECهيهص )( كعيق ححشس اني يع أ بذ يعيقاث ححشس ثايت يثم بنيش االثيم سHPMCسهيهص)

كا شهج انذساستيقاست عذد ي انعايم انؤثشة عه .(1:1,1:1,1:1) ( بسب يخخهفتPectin( انبكخي ) SCMCانصديو )

انخي حسخخذو انضافاث االخش قذ جذ ا انصيغت اكسيذ انكاسب انخصييغ كطشيقت انخصييغ كيت انعايم اننذ نغاص ثاي

( حالقي انخطهباث انالصيت نخشكيم قانب جيذ خصائص طف نهجشعت 1:1بنيش انايذسكسي يثيم سهيهص يع انبكخي بسبت )

12ساعت بقج نهطف دقيقخا يعذل طف الكثش ي 11حيث كا يعذل ححشس انذاء ي انصيغت قذ اسخش الكثش ي انذائيت.

( يع يخخهف انارج انحشكيت نخحشس انذاء قذ نحظ ا انيت ححشس 11قت بيااث انخحشس انذائي نهصيغت انخقاة )حى يطابساعت.نقذ

(.Non-fickianانذاء حخبع )

Acquired Error in using Antibiotic for Surgery Patients in Iraqi

Hospitals#

Fadya Y. Alhamdani*,1

* Department of Clinical Pharmacy ,College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad,Baghdad,Iraq.

Abstract The use of antibiotics (AB) in surgery focused in either treating established infection or to

prevent suspected post-operative infection. Inappropriate use of antibiotic for treatment of patients with

common infections is a major problem worldwide, with great implications with regards to cost of

treatment and development of resistance to the antimicrobial agent. Moreover, antibiotics may often be

dispensed without a clear clinical indication. This study was conducted to estimate the medication

errors in using antibiotic for surgery patients which may effect their wound healing. A 260 patients

with clean-contaminated and contaminated surgery were included from two teaching hospitals, 160

patient from Medical city hospital and 100 from Al-kadhimiya hospital, 86% were female and 32%

were male, their age range was 40 +/- 15. The study shows that there are medication errors related to

different causes: firstly, medical team error which include the nurse (70.9%) and the physician which

include 1) delay in patient follow up after operation(5.9%) , 2) changing the AB without doing culture

and sensitivity test (48.8%), and incomplete prescription order(13.1%). second: ordering error which

include: 1) the absent of original source of AB (44.5%), 2) Error in availability of the chosen AB

(74.8%), and third: error related to the patient itself include 1) socioeconomic situation (14.5%), 2)

educational state (54.3%), finally error related to increase cost in dispensing more than one AB needed

(80.1%), although the healing was (63.6 %), delay in response (25%) and complicated wound infection

(5%), significant results were arrange nurse error and poor drug availability. In conclusion: medication

errors are still common problem in our hospitals, which are mostly related to medical team and the

pharmacists should give more effort to avoid these errors.

Key wards: Acquired error, Antibiotic, Surgery patients.

الخالصةنثثرح أ نؼا انرقغ تؼذ انؼهح. انضاداخ انحح ف اندشاحح رشكض أيا ف يؼاندح األخرالطاخ انثكرشح ا اسرخذاو

انضاداخ انحح تشكم غش يالئى نؼالج انشض يغ االخرالطاخ انثكرشح انشائؼح ي أى انشاكم انرششج ػانا", يغ اسرخذاو

, انضاداخ انحح غانثا" انؼايم ر انؼاداج انكشت. ػالج ػه رنك إنكهفح انؼاندح ذطس انقايح إنرائح كثشج سثح

انر اندشاحح نشضانضاداخ انحح اسرخذاوز انذساسح أخشد نرقى األخطاء انطثح ف اضحح. سششياذصشف تذ دالنح

ي أث ي انسرشفاخ يهثح خشاحح يهثح ضا-ي سدح اندشاحح يغ خشاحح ظفح يشض 260. خشحىقذ ذؤثش ػه شفاء

% 32% كاا ساء 86, يشض ي يسرشف انكاظح 100يشض ي يسرشف يذح انطة 160انرؼهح, ذضد انذساسح

أسثاب يخرهفح: أال", خطأ انفشق انطث انز إنأظشخ أخطاء طثح ذؼد ز انذساسح.15 -+/40سخال, يذ أػاسى كا

انضاداخ انحح تذ ( ذغش2 %(, 5.9) ذأخش ف يراتؼح انشض تؼذ انؼهح (1 ذض %( انطثة70.9ذض انشضح )

انصذس ( غاب 1 رض طهث : خطأثاا"%(, 13.1يرطهثاخ انصفح ) اكرال( ػذو 3%(, 48.8) انحساسح انضسع اخرثاس

انشض فس إنخطأ ؼد %(, ثانثا": 74.8%(, خطأ ف ذفش انضاد انح انخراس )44.5) األصه نهضاداخ انحح

ف صشف صادج انركهفح إنخطأ ؼد %(, أخشا" 54.3%(, انحانح انرؼهح )14.5) االقرصادح االخراػح( انحانح 1رض

ذهز خشذ يؼقذ %( 25) االسرداتح%(, ذأخش ف 63.6اء كا )نهشف االسرداتح %(, نك80.1يضاد ح يطهب ) ألكثش ي

انصادنح أسثاب انكادس انطث إن: األخطاء انطثح ذثق ي انشاكم انشائؼح ف يسرشفاذا انر غانثا" يا ذؼد االسرراجف %(.5)

انز دة أ ثزنا خد أكثش نردة ز األخطاء.

Preparation and Evaluation of Physical and, Rheological Properties

of Clotrimazole Emulgel Yehia I. Khalil*

,1 , Abeer H. Khasraghi*

and Entidhar J. Mohammed*

*Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy , University of Baghdad , Baghdad , Iraq .

Abstract

Recently, emulgel has emerged as one of the most interesting topical preparations in the field of

pharmaceutics. In this research clotrimazole was formulated as topically applied emulgel ; different

formulas were prepared. The prepared emulgels were evaluated for their physical appearance ,

rheological behaviour , and in vitro drug release . The influence of the type of gelling agent (carbopol

934 and methyl cellulose), the concentration of both the emulsifying agent (2% and 4% w/w of mixture

of span 20 and tween 20) and the oil phase (5% and 7.5% w/w of liquid paraffin) and the type of oil

phase (liquid paraffin and cetyl alcohol), on the drug release from the prepared emulgels was

investigated. Commercially available topical canestin® cream was used for comparison. All the

prepared emulgels showed acceptable physical properties concerning colour, homogeneity,

consistency, and pH value. Rheological studies revealed that all emulgels formulations exhibited a

shear – thinning behaviour with thixotropy, indicating structural break down of intermolecular

interaction between polymeric chains. Clotrimazole emulgels exhibited higher drug release than

canestin® cream. The results of in vitro release showed that methyl cellulose – based emulgel gave

better release than carbopol 934 – based one. Also it was found that the emulsifying agent

concentration had the most pronounced effect on the drug release from the emulgels, followed by the

oil phase concentration, which has a retardation effect, and finally the type of the gelling agent. It was

suggested that the clotrimazole emulgel formulation prepared with methyl cellulose, with low

concentration of oil phase (5%w/w liquid paraffin) and high concentration of emulsifying agent

(4%w/w), showed an optimum formula for highest drug release (74.4% after three hours), which

followed higuchi diffusion model with a diffusion-controlled mechanism.

Key words: Emulgel , carbopol , methyl cellulose , clotrimazole

الخالصة

ش نية مستهتززة رمد مالعزز ؿتلم مستى ززؿ ت ززتب ثزززم مس زز ت ززي المسجيالتينزز حد ززذ مستغ ززشمد مس ززيذ بززضـ مستغزز

مغ جيالتين ستلدة مسك ىتشميتلصوم ، ي تم ت يش ؾذد مب مس يف مستخ فة حتزل تزم تييزيم ثززم مستغز لد مسجيالتينيزة مستخ فزة

نززىؼ مسؿىممززج مسجيالتينيززة تززدريشهززش مسفيضيززلوي ، عزز ىي مالنغززيلبية ، وت ززشس مسززذوم ززلس مسجغززم حزززس تتزز دسمعززة مززب يزز مستػ

(22و تزىيب 22% مزب مزضيس عز ل 4% و 2) وتشحيض حج مب ؾىممج مالع الب ومستثيج عي ي ىص( 434)مسكلسبىبىم ومسطزىس مسضي ز

إ ززل ة %مزب مس ززشم يب مسغزل ج( 5 5و 5%) ؾ ز عززشؾة ت زشس مسززذوم مززب مس ززشم يب مسغزل ج و ح ززىم مسغززي يج( ) مسطززىس مسضي ز ىؼنزز إسز

أغهززشدمستغزز مسجيالتينزز وميلسن هززل مززؽ مستغ ززش مس جززلسي )حززشيم حلنغزز يب ( حل ززة مس ززيف مست ززشة س تغزز مسجيالتينزز

ين حتزل سزى ع م عزشؾة ت زشس مسزذوم مزب حل زة زيف مسهيزذسوج ومألط ل ص يضيلويزة مي ىسزة م ؿ يزة بزلس ى ، مس جزلنظ ، مسيزىم

مستغ مسجيالتين محثش مب مستغ ش مس جلسي ، حزس تم مس ىم ؾ ت شس م ج س ذوم س يف مستثيج عي ي ىص ميلسنزة مزؽ زيف

تشحيض مسطىس مسضي ز ، يز مي ل وجذ م تشحيض ؾىممج مالع الب سه تدريش م ىظ ؾ عشؾة ت شس مسذوم ي ؿهل434مسكلسبىبىم

منه يؿتج ؾ مؾلقة ت شس مسذوم ، وم يزشم نزىؼ مسؿلمزج مسجيالتينز حززس وجزذ م نزىؼ مسطزىس مسضي ز مي زل يزةرش ؾ ز عزشؾة ت زشس

% مزب 5) ز مسضيمسذوم يي شح بل مس يغة مسذوم ية س تغ مسجيالتين مست شة بلع ؿتلم مستثيج عي ي ىص مؽ مقج تشحيزض مزب مسطزىس

إلؾطزل مس زيغة مستخ زلسة ث %( 4)و مؾ تشحيض مب ؾىممج مالع الب مس شم يب مسغل ج( %بؿزذ 4 54) س زشس مسزذوم عزشؾة مؾ ز

من شلس مسذوم ث مسخطىة مست ذدة س شس مسذوم م عشؾة حتل منهل ت ؽ نػشية ثيكىج يرالث علؾلد(

Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Serum Protein, Application

to Kala-azar Patients Nada M.T. Al-Bashir*

,1

*Leishmania Unit, Medical Research Centre, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad,Iraq.

Abstract

Sera samples were collected from 60 children aged 4-60 months, all were clinically and

serologically proven cases of visceral leishmaniasis, as well as from 10 healthy children, all were

seronegative with no history of parasitic infection who serve as a control during the study. Serum total

protein and albumin were measured and compared between the control and visceral leishmaniasis

patients. Serum protein profiles have been investigated using the conventional sodium dodecyl sulphate

– polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Serum of control group showed the specific

protein pattern with five protein bands, while serum protein profile in visceral leishmaniasis patients

revealed three groups of electrophoretic banding patterns. , 50% showed twelve bands, 36.66% of the

patients showed nine bands and 13.33% showed ten bands. At least four of these bands were found to

be common among the infected groups which may be of diagnostic value and required further

investigations. The three different electrophoretic patterns groups may be correlated with the previous

epidemiological observations in respect of different clinical presentation of the disease and different

response the chemotherapeutic agents at many endemic areas around the world.

Key words: Protein band, protein patterns, serum protein, sodium dodecyl sulphate-poly

acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), visceral leishmaniasis.

الخالصة

عج انصمعاث ج انهشااث بذاءاالصاب ياعاسززا انحاالث اثبخج ز، كمش 66-4بعز عزاق طفم 66ي

االحشائ اسخخذيج ذ انجع اخز، طفه عذ يزضبذ حأرخ سانب ياعا خائجى ، كاجاصحاءأطفال 06، ي

حى انخحز ع. حج انقار ب انجعخ انصاب االصحاء يصم ف زاللان انكه بزحان حى قاسسطزة أثاء انذراست.ك

يصم انجعت انقاست ط اظز .SDS -حقت انخزحم انكزبائ انخقهذ )الو يخعذد االكزم اياذ إسخعالب انذو يصم اثبزح

األاط قذ كاج كا يخخهفتثالثت يجعاث انهشاا االحشائ جديصم يزض اظز، با االعخاد بخست حزو انبزح

عه األقمكشفج ذ انذراس كا. حزوعشزة اظز% 06.66% اظز حسعت حزو 66.66 حزيإثخا عشزة اظز% 56 ه:

ذ اربع جد صابت شائع انحزوي حشخص انزض يا سخذع اجزاء ف اال نذ انحزو قذ حك .ب انجعاث ان

ذ . انبزحاث انشخزك ض انجايع انخخهف ذ نهكشف ع ع انخحققاث األخز انطهبت دراساث اسع اعق

فا خاصت ف اناطق انخ ك انزض فا يخطا انسابقت انبائ انذراساثقذ حزبط ب انجايع انثالث ي االاط انبزح

انزض اال هفانخخ انسزز بانعارضخعهق . نهعالج ف ذ اناطقانخخهف سخجابي

Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphorous Levels in Serum of Iraqi

Women with Fibromyalgia

Ali A. Kasim*,1

*Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of

Pharmacy,University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common, debilitating, and chronic pain

syndrome. The women are more likely to have more tender points on

examination than are their male counterparts. Iraqi study showed that FM

occur in 1.5% among adolescents of Iraqi population. In compare to

normal healthy women, present study was revealed that Iraqi women with

FM have significant elevation of calcium (p = 0.003) with significant

reduction of magnesium (p = 0.001), whereas the inorganic phosphorous

was not differs (p = 0.31). In conclusion, magnesium and calcium would

play a crucial role in etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia.

Key words: calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, Fibromyalgia.

الخالصة

.و س اى شترك, هلهي تالزة تالزة أى اىييف اىعضيي اىفيبرويالخيا او

.ظرائه اىرخاه اثاء اىفحص اىسريري قاط اىىهيسيذ عرضة ى أمثراىساء

. اىباىغي اىعراقيي ٪ 5,1 اىفيبرويالخيا تحذث في عراقية ا دراسة وأظهرت

باىقارة ع ساء غير صابات , اظهرت اىذراسة اىحاىية ا اىساء اىعراقيات اىصابات

( واخفاضا عىيا p = 0.003سيى )باىفيبرويالخيا يظهر ارتفاعا عىيا بستىي اىناى

( في اىصو. بيا ى يظهر اختالفا عىيا بستىي اىفسفىر p = 0.001بستىي اىغيسيى )

ين االستتاج تائح اىذراسة اه اىن أ ينى .(p = 0.31غير اىعضىي )

ىيناىسيى واىغيسيى دورا هاا في اراضية اىفيبرويالخيا .

Association between Gallstones and Diabetics Type 2 Iraqi Patients Anmar H. Altaie*

,1

*Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy,University of Al-Mustansyria, Baghdad,Iraq

Abstract Gallstone disease is one of the most common complications among diabetic patients especially

type 2 DM. Till now, there is no specific and certain factor that explain the incidence of gallstones

among type 2 diabetic patients and many risk factors are taken collectively to estimate its intensity and

severity compared to non diabetic counter parts. This clinical study was designed to evaluate and report

the incidence and severity of gallstones among type 2 diabetics and non diabetics regarding certain

factors. 20 diabetic females and 20 diabetic males were collected as patients′ group and have had

gallstones while 20 females and 20 males who have had gallstones without diabetes mellitus type 2

were collected as controls′ group. The age, weight, and both of the size and number of gallstones of

diabetic patients and controls were correlated to demonstrate the prevalence of gallstones among the

patients′ and controls′ groups. The study showed that the mean ages of female patients is slightly higher

(p<0.05) than the female controls. On the other hand there was a significant difference (p<0.05)

between female and male control subjects. The body mass index (BMI) of male patients was

significantly higher (p<0.05) than the male controls, while there was a significant difference (p<0.05)

between female and male control subjects. The results of the study presented that the stone size of

female patients was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the female and male controls, while the stone

diameter of male patients was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the male and female controls. The

stone number of female patients was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the female and male controls,

while the stone number of male patients was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the male and female

controls. These findings suggest that the incidence of gallstones was higher in type 2 diabetics both in

males and females than the non diabetics and more in females than males who were non diabetics.

Key words: Diabetes mellitus, gallstones, gender, ultrasound

الخالصة الع الثا. دخ اى، لس اك عاهل هعي ابذاء السنش خصص الوشاسة أدذ أمثش الخعقذاث بي الوشضهشض دص

العاهل هأخرة بشنل جواع اى الع الثا ابذاء السنش خصص هخأمذ الز ضخ دادثت دص الوشاسة بي الوشض

. ز الذساست السششت صووج غش الوصابي بذاء السنش الع الثا ابذاء السنش خصص الوشضلخخوي مثافخ شذح بي

هي االاد 02. غش الوصابي بذاء السنش الع الثا اشذة دص الوشاسة بي الوشضبذاء السنش خصصحقن لخقن ل

بذاء السنش هي الع الثا اضا , جوعا معت هشض ماا هشض هي الزمس 02بذاء السنش هي الع الثا هشضاث

حن فذصن هخخبشا للخأمذ هي عذم اصابخن بالسنش هي الزمس جوعا معت 02 هي االاد 02ذص الوشاسة بوا هصابي ب

الوصابي بذاء السنش هي الع وشاسة للوشضدجن عذد دص ال الوشض صى دص الوشاسة فقط. عوش ماى عذن

لالاد ( p<0.05) هي هخسط االعواس أعل قلال االادللوشض هخسط االعواسالذساست بأى الثا غش الوصابي ب اظشث

. إى هخسط االعواس للزمس االاد الزي اخزا معت ( بي p<0.05هي الادت األخش ماى اك إخخالف ام ) الزي اخزا معت

، بوا ماى اك إخخالف (معتأخزا الزي )الزمس ( هيp<0.05هي الوشض الزمس أعل جذا ) ب .ام .ا ( دلل مخلت الجسن )

دص الوشاسة دجنخائج الذساست ضذج. معت للزمس االاد الزي اخزا ب .ام .ا ()دلل مخلت الجسن ( بي p<0.05ام )

الوشض الزمس أعل دص الوشاسة لذ بوا قطش لذ االاد الزمس الزي اخزا معت ,( p<0.05أعل جذا ) االاد للوشض

هي ( p< 0.05) أعل جذا اداالالوشض دص الوشاسة لذ إى عذد الزمس االاد الزي ارا معت . ( هي p<0.05جذا )

الزمس االاد الزي هي ( p< 0.05)أعل جذا الزمسالوشض دص الوشاسة لذ إى عذد ، بوا الزمس االاد الزي اخزا معت

مال ف الزمس اإلاد لذ الوصابي بذاء السنش هي الع الثا ف أعل دص الوشاسةحقخشح ز الخائج بأى دادثت ارا معت.

مزلل اعل ف االاد هي الزمس هي الوصابي بذص الوشاسة غش هصابي بذاء السنش .

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.20(2) 2011 Serum trace elements and acne vulgaris

1

Serum Trace Elements (Zinc, Copper and Magnesium) Status in

Iraqi Patients with Acne Vulgaris :( Case- Controlled Study) Basil OM Saleh*

,1 , Zainab N. H. Anbar** and Ali Y. Majid***

* Department of Physiological Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad,Baghdad,Iraq.

** Department of Biochemistry, Baghdad College of Pharmacy,Baghdad,Iraq.

***Poisoning Consultation Center, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, ,Baghdad,Iraq.

Abstract Recently on the dermatological fields, the serum levels and the roles of Zn, Cu and Mg have been

studied especially in acne vulgaris, but the results were controversial. The aim of the present study is to

investigate a relationship between the severity of acne and the serum levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu)

and magnesium (Mg) and to demonstrate the status of serum levels of zinc, copper, and magnesium in

Iraqi male patients with acne vulgaris and to compare it with those of healthy controls.This case

controlled study was conducted in the Department of Dermatology and Venerology and in the

Poisoning Consultation Center of Baghdad Teaching Hospital between May 2009 to January 2010.

Forty- five male patients with acne vulgaris, their ages ranged from 18-30 (21.82±3.77) years and 45

healthy male subjects as controls, their ages ranged from 18-30 (22.18±3.85) years were included in

this study. Patients were subdivided into three groups according to the severity of their acne; mild acne

group (n=15), moderate (n=15) and severe acne group (n=15). Investigations included serum

estimation of Zn, Cu and Mg in both patient and control groups.The data obtained from this study

showed that the (mean±SD) values of serum levels of Zn was significantly decreased in severe acne

group compared with controls, mild and moderate type of acne group (P< 0.05). Serum Mg

concentration was significantly lower in severe acne group compared with mild and moderate acne

group (P< 0.05). With regard to serum Cu, there were no significant differences among groups of

patients with acne vulgaris.This study revealed a significant association between serum levels of either

Zn or Mg with the severity of acne.

Key words: Acne vulgaris, zinc, copper, magnesium. الخالصة

خبطخ شع زت اىديذخ, اىظبث ثبألشاعف ظه اىشػ اىغض اىسبس اىخبسط أخ أ ضز

ضز اىعبطش اىعذخ)اىخبسط, اىسبس, اىغض( اىشجبة ر دساصز ىن اىزبئح مبذ زجبخ.أ ذف ز اىذساصخ رق

اىعبطش شذح زت دساصخ اىعالقخ ث ضز ز اىظبث ثشع زت اىشجبة اىزمس األطسبء اىعشاق ف ظه اىزمس

ىقذ ر أخشاء ز اىذساصخ ف قض األشاع اىديذخ اىزبصيخ اىشمز االصزشبس ىيض ف ضزشف ثغذاد اىزعي ىيفزشح .اىشجبة

اىعذه صخ(, 03ـ ٠8رمش ظبة ثست اىشجبة رزشاذ أعبس ث ) ٤٥ .٢٠٠٠ىغبخ مب اىثب ٢ ٠٠ ٩أبس

03ـ88) ( ثفش اىفئخ اىعشخاىضطشح رمش طسر)دعخ ٤٥ صخ ( ٧٧,٣ – ٢ ٢٢,٠) سشاف اىعبس ألعبس +اال

صخ( ر شى ف ز اىذساصخ. أ دعخ اىشػ ر رقضب ٢٥,٣-88,٢٢) صخ(, اىعذه +االسشاف اىعبس ألعبس

, فئخ ٠٥, فئخ زت اىشجبة اىع اىزصط عذد ٠٥إى ثالس فئبد زضت شذح زت اىشجبة: فئخ زت اىشجبة اىع اىجضط عذد

غض ف ظه األشخبص . اىفسص رشو رسذذ ضز اىخبسط, اىسبس, اى٠٣ زت اىشجبة اىع اىشذذ عذد

أظشد زبئح اىذساصخ عذ خد فشق إزظبئ ع ف ضز اىعبطش)اىخبسط, اىسبس, اىغض( األطسبء اىشػ.

األطسبء. ىن, ضز اىخبسط قذ أخفغ ثضز إزظبئ ع ىذ فئخ زت اىشجبة اىع اىشذذ ث دعز اىشػ

(. مزىل أظشد اىذساصخ اخفبع إزظبئ >P 0.05 دعخ األطسبء دعخ فئخ زت اىشجبة اىع اىجضط) قبسخ ع

ف ب خض (.>P 0.05ع ف ضز اىغض ىذ فئخ زت اىشجبة اىع اىشذذ قبسخ ع فئخ زت اىشجبة اىع اىجضط)

ت اىشجبة . ن االصززبج ز اىذساصخ ثأ بك عالقخ عخ ث ضز مو ضز اىسبس , الخذ فشق ع ث فئبد ز

اىخبسط اىغض ف ظه اىشػ اىظبث ثست اىشجبة ع شذح اىشع.

The Correlation between Rheumatoid Factor, Chloroquine

Phosphate in Osteoarthritis

Eman S. Saleh *,1

*Department of Clinical Laboratory Science,College of Pharmacy,University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract Osteoarthritis (OA) is a series of aggressive destructive inflammatory processes. Synovitis is

common both at an early and a late phase. This disease may be uniquely singular in some site but

phylogenetically related at some point in time to produce a common outcome of dysfunction, disability,

socioeconomic destruction and sometimes socioeconomic failure. Articular cartilage, subchondral bone

and synovial membrane are the site of major abnormalities in this disease process. Rheumatoid factor

(RF) represents one of the routine laboratory tests that made for all patients have joint

complaints.Chloroquine phosphate (CQP) is agent belong to disease modifying osteoathritic drugs

(DMOADs). Chloroquine and their derivatives have been used for their anti-inflammatory effect in

juvenile chronic arthritis, Sjogren,s syndrome, discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus.The aim of

this trial depend on using this drug in osteoarthritic patients for two months then estimate the level of

RF check and RF(A,G,M).The result showed a significant correlation between CQP and RF check as

well as RF type M in patients suffered from OA, so the level of these two parameters are decreased

significantly in period of treatment thus leads to ameliorate the patients status and the joints pain will

decreased.

Key words: Chloroquine, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid factors.

لخالصها أىفصاه اىؿػ ؾثار ؾ سيسي اىؿياخ اىاد اىؿذائ االىرات ىيفاصو . اىراب اىغشاء اىصي ن حصى ف

اىؿػ قذ تن رشا حذا ف تؿط اسثاب حصه اىفصاه اىزاحو اىرطر ا اىرأخز ذا اىزض . اك ؾ

االام اؿرذا ؾي اىرطر اىؾ ف اظؽ اخز ا سثة اىؿجش ؾذ اىنفاء ف اداء اىغائف اىؿس االجراؾ

و طثؿ ف. ذؿ ؾااالقرصاد ؤدا ىفشو حزمح اىفاصو اىؿػا اىحط تا مذىل اىغشاء اىصي ىحصه ذغزاخ ال

ؾقار فسفاخ اىنيرم اثثد ىيزظ اىيذ ؿا شامو ف اىفاصو.اىؿه تا اىزاذش اىرحيالخ اىخرثز

ف ازاض ؾذذ ا و ساتقاؿمؿاو غز عاد ىالىراب ف اىفصاه اىؿػ.اا ؾقار اىنيرام اىق شرقاذ اسر اسرؿاى

ذف ذ اىرجزت اسرخذا اىش اىالد, رالسح ججز, داء اىذئث االحزار اىجاس اىقزص. االىراتاخ اىزث

(أ, ج, أ )فسفاخ اىنيرام ىفرزج شز ىغزض ذؿ ؾاو اىزاذش اىزذثط اىني اىخاص تنو تزذ اؾ ؼ

عا ف سرشف ذح ز 52 األصحاءرطؾا 52اىرجزتح ؾي أجزد تا.تا اك ؾالق ثق ؿ.اغزخ اىرائج

ىرؿ سثح اىؿاو اىزث اىني ث اجزاء ذحيو آخز ؾي األصحاءاذش اىرأو اىطث ذ ذحيو د اىزظ اىطة/قس اىز

اخ /و اىذ ىينشف ؾي اىناخ اىفصىح اىثزذانز 50 أؾياىؿاو ذا اىزظ اىيذ ن ىذ ذزمش

حثح ا 5ىذج شز تجزؾح .صزف ىيزظ ؾقار اىنيرام أاؾا ذؿ سراذاتاىاؾح اىحرح ؾي اىغي

سثرا ا قيو ذذ ؿ فيحظ اك اخفاض أىحع ذا ؾد ذزامش ذ اىثزذاخ. قثو اىطثة االخرصاص تؿ

. اظافح اى ذقيو االى ذحس حاىح اىزظ اىؿػح اىغعزفح األسجح

Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Predicte the Diagnosis of

Growth Hormone Deficincy in Short Prepubertal Children#

Maan A. J. Bahrani*,1

, Ali A. Ali** and Abdul Kareem Y. Al-Samarraie***

* Department of Pediatric, National Diabetes Center (NDC), AL-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.

** Department of Clinical Pharmacy ,College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq .

*** Head of Hormone Lab., National Diabetes Center (NDC), AL-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad , Iraq.

.

Abstract To study the serum IGF-1 level for prediction of growth hormone deficiency and its role in the

diagnosis of short stature in children and adolescents. A study was conducted on forty four (44) short

children with growth hormone deficiency. Children were classified into Group I thirty five (35)

prepubertal children and Group II (9) patients who entered puberty. In addition to forty (40) apparently

healthy children as control group, also were divided into group I control(29) prepubertal &group II (11)

pubertal . IGF-1,GH ,Thyroid function ,serology for celiac disease , Hb level ,bone age were done for

all patients. IGF-1 and basal GH level (without provocative test) were done for control . There was a

significant low difference between the serum IGF-1 level in the patients of group I in comparison to

their serum level in control group I {(90.98±23.69) (121.83±23.69) (p<0.05)} . While there was no

such difference between the serum IGF-1 level in the patients of group II in comparison to their serum

level in control group II {(184.59±196.52) (285.91±68.89) (p<0.05)}. This study shows that IGF-1

level is low compared to control in short GH deficient children who did not enter puberty, while it is

less significant in children and adolescents who entered puberty. So IGF-1 is a suitable parameter to

predict GH deficiency in short prepubertal children in whom GH deficiency was found by GH

provocative testing. But this test is less reliable in children who entered puberty. Key Words: IGF-1, Growth Hormone Deficiency, Short Stature.

الخالصةف تشخص لصز IGF- 1نهتحمك ي مص هزيى انى وبا دور هزيى IGF-1ف انصمهى دراست يستىي هزيى

ها تى تصف حثلصز انمايت وانذ نذهى مص ف هزيى انى. طفال 44تى إجزاء انذراست عه . انمايت عذ األطفال وانزاهم

باإلضافت إن انبهىغ أطفال دخهى يزحهت 9 وانجىعت انثات و تضى ف يزحهت يا لبم انبهىغ طفال 35وتضى األون إن يجىعت

IGF- 1وتى لاس هزيى .(11هىا انبهىغ)( ويجىعت ثات دخ29لسىا إن يجىعت أون نى بهغىا ) ي األطفال األصحاء 40

IGF-1.ولاس ,هزيى انى, هزيىاث انغذة انذرلت, اختبار حساست انحطت , يستىي انهىغهىب وعز انعظى نجع انزض

هى ف يصم يزض انجىعت األون IGF -1يعذل يستىي هزيى ذو فحص تحفز نألطفال األصحاء. وهزيى انى

(121,93±23,69) األون هى انماست نجىعتف يصم ا IGF- 1يههتز با يعذل هزيى ( اىغزاو/ 23.96±90.99)

ف IGF- 1( ف ح ا يعذل يستىي هزيى >p 0.05 ) ب انجىعت ايهحىظ اهان فزل أاىغزاو /يههتز وانت تظهز

ف يصم انجىعت انماست IGF- 1هزيى با يعذل اىغزاو /يههتز ( 194,59±196,52)هى يصم يزض انجىعت انثات

ي خالل هذ (.<p 0.05 اىغزاو /يههتز وانت تظهز أ هان فزق غز يهحىظ ب انجىعت)( 295,91±69,99( انثات هى

يخفض بشكم يهحىظ يمارت يع انجىعت ف يصم األطفال لصار انمايت انغز بانغ IGF- 1هزيى انذراست تب أ سبت

نذنه فا سبت يمارت يع انجىعت انماست انثات. طفال وانزاهماألف سبت انهزيى ف يصم است األون با ال ىجذ فزقانم

ف األطفال لصز انمايت انذ نى صهىا انبهىغ وانذ تى انكشف ع هى يماس ياسب نهتبؤ بمص هزيى انى IGF-1هزيى

عتبز الم اعتادا نألطفال انذ وصهىا انبهىغ.IGF-1 مص هزيى انى نذهى بانفحص انتحفز نهزيى انى. ونك هزيى

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.20(2) 2011 Postoperative Wound Infections

59

Postoperative Wound Infections and the Antimicrobial Susceptibility

in Baghdad Hospitals#

Maysoon A. Merdaw*,1

*Department of Clinical Laboratory Science ,College of Pharmacy,Baghdad University,Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract Nosocomial infections are one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in

hospitals. These are major public health problems worldwide, but particularly in developing countries.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the frequency of the microorganisms in the specimens

taken from the surgical wounds, and to examine antimicrobial susceptibility for some isolates . Wound

swabs were examined from June 2010 to January 2011. The isolates were identified by conventional

methods, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as

per NCCLS guidelines.A total of 102 wound swabs were examined 22(21.56%) swabs were sterile and

80(78.43%) were positive for microorganisms. The results showed 27.2% positive for Pseudomonas

aeruginosa, 25.0% positive for Coagulase positive Staphylococci, 20.0% positive for Enterococcus

spp., 17.5% positive for Escherichia coli,15.0% positive for Klebsiella pneumonia,13.7% for Proteus

mirabilis,and10.0% for Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the

rate of isolates of Imipenem Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa(IRPA) were 3.7% , 11.2% positive

for Vancomycin Resistance Enterococci(VRE) ,13.7% positive for both Methicillin Resistance

Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)and Vancomycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus(VRSA) ,and

11.2% positive for Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus(VISA). We found that

postoperative wound infections increase with pre and post operative hospitalization that's mean the

infections can be decrease by shortening the hospitalization time.Our results appear to be maintained

with strategies for preventing nosocomial infection,permanent education, strong application of

protocols and urging the implementation of strict infection control policy.

Key words: nosocomial infection, surgical wound, antimicrobial susceptibility.

الخالصةي ي انشاكم انظحيح في األطاتاخ انرعهمح تانسرشفياخ احدج ي األسثاب انح نهخ األيساضيح في انسرشفياخ ,

اناييح . انغسع ي را انثحس يعسفح األحياء انجسيح في انسحاخ انأخذج ي جسح كم احاء انعانى تاألخض في انثهدا

انى كا انصاي 0202فحض انماتهيح انضد يايكستيح نعدد ي انعزالخ. ذى جع فحض انسحاخ نهفرسج ي حزيسا انعهياخ ,

جد ي )طسيمح األرشاز تاسعال األلساص(. تاز -فكا تطسيمح كيستيأيا فحض انماتهيح انضد يايكستيح تانطسق انرمهيديح , 0200

كا أظسخ انرائج )يهشح( , %( يسحح يجثح87,>;)2> )غيس يهشح( %( يسحح يعمح:00,9)00, يسحح 020يجع

% coagulase positive Staph. ,02,2% نثكرسيا Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,09,2% يسحح يجثح نثكرسيا 0,;0

% ;.Klebsiella pneumonia ,07% نثكرسيا Escherichia coli,09.2نثكرسيا Enterococcus spp. ,0;,9%نثكرسيا

انماتهيح انضد يايكستيح أظسخ سة ي انعزالخ . Acinetobacter baumannii% نثكرسيا Proteus mirabilis 02.2نثكرسيا

% ي انعزالخ 00,0, %;,7كاد سثرا Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IRPA)اي تكرسي Imipenemانمايح نهضاد

MRSA(Methicillin% يجثح نكم ي تكرسيا ;,Enterococcus 07 (VRE)ي تكرسيا Vancomycinانمايح نهضاد

Resistance Staphylococcus aureus) تكرسيا VRSA (Vancomycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus)

. اسررجا ي تحصا أ انرهز نجسح VISA(Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus) % نثكرسيا 00,0

,را يعي أ يك ذمهيم سثح األطاتاخ ترمهيم ) لثم تعد اجساء انعهياخ( ياتعد انعهياخ يزداد تزيادج يدج انثماء في انسرشفياخ

طاتاخ انسرشفياخ يسرجة انرصميف اندائى انرطثيك انظازو نسياساخ انسيطسج عهى اطاتاخ أر اندج , نرا فأ نهحايح ي

انسرشفياخ.

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.20(2) 2011 Combinations of antimicrobials against resistant E. coli

1

Efficacy of Combination of Meropenem with Gentamicin, and

Amikacin against Resistant E. coli Isolated from Patients

with UTIs: in vitro Study#

Maysaa A. abdul khaleq*,1

, Abdulkareem H. Abd** and Maysaa A. dhahi***

* Department of pharmacotheraputics,College of Pharmacy, Al- Mustansiryh University,Baghdad,Iraq.

** Department of pharmacology, College of Medicin, Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

*** Department of Microbiology, College of Medicin, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract Seventy five E. coli isolates were collected from urine of patients with urinary tract infections in

AL-Kadhimia and AL-Yarmook teaching hospitals in Baghdad for a period between 22/11/2009 to

15/3/2010, from these samples twenty five isolates were selected according to their pattern of the

highest resistance as these showing multi-drug resistances and tested to specify their minimum

inhibitory concentration for (meropenem, gentamicin and amikacin), meropenem was found having the

lowest MIC comparing with others. This study also includes in vitro effects of various combinations of

three types of antimicrobials (meropenem, gentamicin and amikacin) against twenty five E. coli

isolates.Among combinations the combination of meropenem with the other types of antimicrobials

showed high synergistic effect when 1/4+1/4 MIC for each antimicrobial were used. While

combinations of amikacin with gentamicin in some isolates showed additive effect when 1/2+1/2 MIC

for each antimicrobial were used. The plasmid profile for the twenty five E. coli isolates were studied

using Pure Yeild ™ plasmid Miniprep system- Cat.# A1220 – Promega- USA. In order to determined

the presence of plasmid for antimicrobials resistance.

الخالصةجعج خست سبع عضىت االشششا اىقىت ادساس شض اىجاس اىبىت اىز ساجعا سخشف اىناظت

عي ا ح اخخاس خست عشش عضىت اعخادا ۲۰۱۰⁄ ۳ ⁄۱۱اى ۲۲⁄۱۱⁄۲۰۰۰اىشك اىخعي ف بغذاد ىيفخش

اىجخاس ،ىيضاداث ) اىشب (MIC)اداث اىجشثت ث حذدث اىخشامض اىثبطت اىذا بذح قات عاىت خعذدة ىيضٴا

قو حشمض قاست باىضاداث ٴمثش فاعيت رىل بخثبط اىبنخشا باٴظشث اىخائج با ضاد اىشب االٴقذ ا )االناس

قذ E. coli ((in vitroححاد اىضاداث اىحت ضذ خست عشش عضىت ثش اٴحضج ز اىذساست اسخقصاء حا.خشٴاال

شش اى حاثش حاصس عاى عذ اسخعاه ) اححاد اىشب ع بقت اىضاداث اىحت)اىجخاس االناس ٴظشث اىخائج اٴا

الناس ع اىجخااس ف بعض اىعضالث شش اى حاثش با اححاد ا .ىنو ضاد ح MIC)سبع اىخشمض اىثبط االد )

ىط اىبالصذ ٴدساست ا ىذساست اضاٴشيج ا .ىنو ضاد ح MIC)اضاف فقط عذ اسخعاه صف اىخشمض اىثبط االد )

ٴظشث اىخائج باٴقذ ا Miniprepسخخذا عذة ىعضه اىبالصذ باسطت ظا ٴبا E. coliىخست عشش عضىت بنخشا

.ىضاداث اىحتٴ( حاي ىبالصذ ىقات ا۳۲،۳۳،۱۳،٬اىعضالث )

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.20(2) 2011 Losartan versus enalapril on serum uric acid levels

1

Effects of Losartan versus Enalapril on Serum Uric Acid Levels in

Hypertensive Patients with Metabolic Syndrome#

Zeina A. A. Al-Thanoon*,1

and Isam H. Mahmood**

* Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.

** Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.

Abstract To investigate the effects of losartan and enalapril on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients

with metabolic syndrome, one hundred and twenty six newly diagnosed mild hypertensive patients,

having markers of metabolic syndrome included in the study. The patients were divided into two

groups. Group 1 (60 patients) was given losartan (50 mg/ day) and group 2 (66 patients) enalapril (20

mg/ day) for a duration of 2 months. A control group of seventy apparently healthy individuals were

included. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome

related to the American National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III. Serum

uric acid levels were measured before and after drug administration. The results revealed a significant

higher levels of uric acid were found in the hypertensive patients as compared with control group and a

significant drop of uric acid was noted after treatment with losartan but not with enalapril. In

conclusions: this study demonstrates significantly higher serum uric acid concentrations in

hypertensive patients having markers of metabolic syndrome. Losartan but not enalapril therapy

produced a significant fall in the serum uric acid level. Losartan can be useful therapeutic agent to

control blood pressure and to reduce serum uric acid level in hypertensive patients having markers of

metabolic syndrome and hyperuricaemia.

Key words: Hypertension, metabolic syndrome, uric acid, losartan, enalapril.

الخالصةعه يسخىي انحايط انبىن ف يصم انذو نذي يزظ ارحفاع ظغػ انذو اإلاالبزمنخحز حأثزاث عقار انهىسارحا و

ونذهى عالياث انعان ي انىع انخفف بانعغػ إصابخهى حذثا يزعا شخصىا 671عه وانخالسيت األعت، أخزج هذ انذراست

. أعؽج اندىعت األون عقار انهىسارحا يج يدىعت انزظ إن يدىعخا حسب انعالج انعؽ نهى. قس انخالسيت األعت

ي سها شخصا 25 خخارإحى يهغ ىيا، .أسخغزقج فخزة انعالج يذة شهز. 75يهغ ىيا، واندىعت انثات عقار اإلاالبزم 05

بزايح انىؼ نخعهى ان يعازيدىعت انعبػ. شخصج انخالسيت األعت حسب انخؽىع )بذو أصحاء( ؼبع انعغػ نكىىا

نكم ي يدىعت انزظ) قبم وبعذ انعالج( ويدىعت انعبػ. أظهزث انحايط انبىنيسخىي قاس انكىنسخزول األيزك. حى

ف يصم انذو نذي يزظ ارحفاع ظغػ انذو بانقارت يع يدىعت انعبػانخائح ارحفاعا يعىا يهحىظا ف يسخىي انحايط انبىن

بعذ انعاندت بعقار انهىسارحا نك نس يع عقار األاالبزم. ف االسخخاخاث: أظهزث واخ فاظا يعىا ف يسخىي انحايط انبىن

ف يصم انذو نذي يزظ إرحفاع ظغػ انذو وانذ نذهى هذ انذراست أ هاك ارحفاعا يعىا يهحىظا ف يسخىي انحايط انبىن

يهحىؾ ف يسخىي اخفاض يعىإن يت األعت. أدي انعالج بعقار انهىسارحا نك نس انعالج بعقار األاالبزمعالياث انخالس

ؽزة عه ظغػ انذو ونخخفط يسخىي انحايط انهىسارحا عالخا يفذا نهس كى أ ف يصم انذو. ك انبىن ف انحايط انبىن

يزظ إرحفاع ظغػ انذو وانذ نذهى عالياث انخالسيت األعت وفزغ انحايط انبىن ف انذو.يصم انذو ف

The Prevalence of Microorganisms in H1N1 Patients Compared to

Seasonal Influenza in a Sample of Iraqi Patients#

Mohammed F. AL- Marjani *

,1 , Saba S. Khazaal * , Thana M. Zayer *

,

Yasir A. Atahia **

and Kadhim A. Kadhim ***

*Department of Biology , College of Science , AL- Mustansiriya University,Baghdad , Iraq.

** College of Al-Kindy Medicine , University of Baghdad, Baghdad , Iraq.

*** College of Pharmacy / AL- Mustansiriya University, Baghdad , Iraq.

Abstract

This study provides valuable information on secondary microbial infections in H1N1 patients

compared to Seasonal Influenza in Iraqi Patients. Nasopharynx swabs were collected from (12 )

patients infected with Seasonal influenza (11 from Baghdad and 1 Patient from south of Iraq) ,and (

22 ) samples from patients with 2009 H1N1 ( 20 from Baghdad and 2 from south of Iraq). The results

show that the patients infected with 2009 H1N1 Virus were younger than healthy subjects and those

infected with seasonal influenza. And the difference reached to the level of significance (p< 0.01)

compared with healthy subjects.Two cases infected with 2009 H1N1 virus (9.1%) were from south of

the Iraq and remaining 20 cases were from Baghdad . Polymicrobial isolates from nasopharynx swab

were observed in patients infected with 2009 H1N1 virus. Polybacterial infections (2-7

microorganisms) and fungal infection were reported in 21 out of 22 patients (95.5%) and 5 out of 22

(22.7 %) respectively.The predominant isolated microorganisms were Streptococcus pyogenes ,

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were found in 95.2 % , 95.2 % and 90.5 %

respectively .The results also show that seven microorganisms were isolated from 10 (47.6 %) patients

infected with 2009 H1N1 , no microorganism was isolated from patients infected with seasonal

influenza or healthy persons.

Key words: Seasonal Influenza , 2009 H1N1, Nasopharynx swabs

الخالصة

( H1N1فبشط بفبشط أوفيىوضا اىخىبصش ) هذفج اىذساست اىحبىت اىى معشفت اىمسبببث اىمبنشوبت اىثبوىت عىذ اىمصببه

ر حم خمع ومبرج مه اىعشاقه ، أ( عىذ اىمشضى Seasonal Influenzaومقبسوخهب بخيل اىمعضوىت مه اىمصببه ببألوفيىوضا اىمىسمت )

مصبة بفبشط 11 ، و مه بغذاد و مصبة واحذ مه خىىة اىعشاق( 22مصبة ببألوفيىوضا اىمىسمت ) 21األوف واىحىدشة مه

H1N1 (12 1مه بغذاد و )أظهشث اىىخبئح ان اىمصببه بفبشط .مه خىىة اىعشاقH1N1 هم مه اىفئبث اىعمشت األقو مقبسوت

حصو اىى أمثش مه H1N1، وان هىبك أصبببث مبنشوبت مخعذدة عىذ اىمصببه بفبشط به ببألوفيىوضا اىمىسمت واألصحبء ببىمصب

و Streptococcus pyogenes ان األوىاع اىبنخشت اىسبئذة هوىع مبنشوب واحذ ) بنخشي وفطشي( ، و

Staphylococcus aureus و % 2,51بىسبت عضه Streptococcus pneumoniae مزىل أظهشث %,225بىسبت عضه.

بىمب ىم حعضه مه اىمصببه ببألوفيىوضا اىمىسمت واألصحبء. H1N1أوىاع بنخشت مه عشش مشضى مصببه بفبشط 7اىىخبئح عضه

Iraqi J Pharm Sci, Vol.20(2) 2011 Clinical pharmacist and adverse drug events

1

Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in Reducing Preventable Adverse

Drug Events#

Bahir A.Mshiemish*,1

* Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy,AL- Mustansiriya University,Baghdad,Iraq.

Abstract According to so many previous studies, lack of sufficient information during prescribing steps

may lead to medication errors. Thus, the presence of the clinical pharmacist during routine rounding

process in the ward with intervention of patient care plan may reduce the probability of adverse drug

events (ADEs).This study evaluate role of the clinical pharmacists, as a member of medical team with

the physician, on ADEs and report their interventions in the internal medicine unit. This study was

designed to compare between two groups of patients, those receiving care from a rounding team

(physician, nurse, and clinical pharmacist) (study or intervention group with 51 patient); and those

receiving care from a rounding team (physician and nurse, but without any pharmacist) (control group

with 49 patient). The primary outcome measure was preventable ADEs and secondary one involves the

time of staying in the hospital and onset of response to therapy. Patients were randomly selected,

followed a single-blind design, and evaluated by a senior physicians and clinical pharmacists who

document their medical interventions.Specialist physicians accepted (60) of (77) recommendations (i.e.

do modifications in drug therapy depending on clinical pharmacist interventions). The most common

intervention was recommending dosage or frequency of medication (32.4%), followed by addition of

medication (19.5%).The rate of preventable ordering ADEs in the study unit was 77% lower than in the

control unit (P<0.05). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the cost of drug therapy between

patient groups. Patients with ADEs in the control group had an average of 1.5 day longer staying period

at the hospital; which was not differ significantly (p>0.05) from the study group.In summary, presence

of clinical pharmacist during tour as a full member of the patient care team in internal medicine ward

was associated with a substantially lowered rate of ADEs which caused by prescribing errors. Types of

errors indicate the need for activation of the clinical pharmacist's interventions.

Key words: adverse drug events (ADEs), clinical pharmacist.

الخالصةوفمب نذساسبث سببمت فب افخمبس انعهىيبث انذوائت اثبء عهت انىصف انذوائ سبب انىلىع ف اخطبء طبت, نزنك فب

ى ف انخمهم ي احخبنت ولىع يثم هز االخطبء وانخثهت حىاخذ انصذال انسشش اثبء اندىنت انعخبدة نهفشك انطب لذ سبه

خبثشاثانببنخبثشاث اندببت نهذواء. كب انهذف ي هز انذساست حمى دوس انصذال انسشش ف يسبعذة انفشك انطب نهخمهم ي

ج هز انذساست نمبست دوس انصذال انسشش ف سدهبث انببطت .ص انذوائت انك حدبهب وحسدم هز انخذاخالث انصذالت

يع اونئك انز نى ك نهصذال انسشش دوس ف يشط( 15)يدىعت انخذاخم ,ف انخبثشعه عالج يشظ سدهبث انببطت

.كب انعبس االسبس ف هز انذساست هى يعذل حصىل يشط(94)يدىعت انسطشة ,حغش ادوخهى انىصىفت ي لبم انطبب

انذوائت وانك حدبهب , ايب انعبس انثبى فكب انفخشة انزيت نكىد انشط ف انشدهت ويذي االسخدببت نهعالج خبثشاثان

ى حسدم انخذاخالث انذوائت انخ انىصىف. حى اخخبس انشظ عشىائب ولج حبنخهى انشظت ي لبم اطببء ببطت اخخصبص وح

% وحى حسدم 77انذوائت انك حدبهب بسبت خبثشاثاناوص بهب انصبدنت انسششى .بج انخبئح اخفبض ف احخبنت حصىل

%( 9..4) ( ي لبم انفشك انطب وكب اكثش هز انخذاخالث يشحبط بخغش اندشع انذوائت06( حذاخم صذال لبم يهب )77)

انفخشة انزيت ايب , ب انشدهخنى ك هبنك فشق يعى ف انكهفت انعالخت .%( 54.1) واظبفت ادوت نى حك يىصىفت يسبمب

فبعمف ظىء هز انخبئح كب حبكذ انذوس ان .فكبج اطىل وبعذل ىو وصف انببطتت ف سده يدىعت انسطشة نكىد يشظ

سشش ف يسبعذة انكبدس انطب الحخبر انمشاساث انخعهمت ببالدوت انىصىفت وانخمهم ي يعبعفبحهب انسخمبهت نهصذال ان

واظشاسهب اندببت.

Synthesis of 5-Fluorouracil Derivatives as Possible Mutual Prodrugs

with Meloxicam and Ibuprofen for Targeting Cancer Tissues Zainab A.H. Dakhel

* and Mohammed H. Mohammed

*,1

*Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract

In the present study, five derivatives have been designed to be synthesized as possible mutual

prodrugs for 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to selectively

deliver the drugs into the cancer cells. The synthesis of the target compounds were accomplished

following multistep reaction procedures, the chemical reaction followed up and the purity of the

products were checked by TLC. The structure of the final compounds and their intermediates were

confirmed by their melting points, infrared spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis, the hydrolysis of

compound III was studied using HPLC technique. According to the results mentioned above,

compounds (I−V) can be good candidates as possible mutual prodrugs of 5-FU and NSAIDs that can

selectively deliver the parent drugs into the cancer cells by the effect of enzymes that elevated in tumor

tissues compared with normal tissues.

Key wards: Anticancer, 5-Fluorouracil, NSAIDs, prodrug.

الخالصة

فلىرويىراسيل( واالدويح الوضادج -5هشرقاخ لرخليقها كوقذهاخ دوائيح ثائيح هحرولح للـ ) خوسحذن في هذ الذراسح ذصوين

الوزكثاخ تاذثاع طزيقح الرفاعل ذن ذحضيز هذ ذيح اليصال االدويح وذحزيزها تأرقائيح في الخاليا السزطايح.يوالسريزلاللرهاتاخ غيز

هرعذد الخطىاخ، وذن هزاقثح جويع الرفاعالخ والرأكذ هي قاوج الوزكثاخ تىاسطح كزوهاذىغزافيا الطثقح الزقيقح، كوا ذن هراتعح

د الحوزاء، الوزكثاخ الىسطيح والوزكثاخ الهائيح والرأكذ هي ذحضيزها هي خالل قياس درجاخ االصهار والرحليل الطيفي لالشعح ذح

وفقآ للرائج الوثيح اعال، ( تأسرخذام ذقيح االسرشزاب السائل عالي االداءIIIوالرحليل الذقيق للعاصز. وقذ ذن دراسح ذحلل الوزكة)

( واالدويح الوضادج لاللرهاتاخ فلىرويىراسيل -5هزشحاخ كوقذهاخ دوائيح ثائيح هحرولح للـ ) (I−Vيرضح تأى الوزكثاخ)

ذيح لها القذرج عل ايصال االدويح تأرقائيح للخاليا السزطايح وتأليح ذحزيز ذرضوي ذأثيز االزيواخ الوىجىدج توسرىي يوسريزالغيز

اعل في االسجح السزطايح هقارح هع االسجح الطثيعيح.

Microbial Contamination of Eye Drops in out Patient in Iraq#

Raghad A. Razooki*,1

, Ebtihal N. Saeed* and Hanan I. Omar

Al-Deem*

*Department of Clinical Laboratory Science,College of

Pharmacy,University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Abstract Acontaminated ophthalmic solutions represent a potential cause of

avoidable ocular infection. This study aimed to determine the magnitude

and pattern of microbial contamination of eye drops in out patient at the

department of ophthalmology, at Baghdad national hospital, Iraq. Fifty

four vials from the out patient clinic were obtained for microbial

examination after an average use of 2 weeks. The dropper tip and the

residual eye drop were examined for contamination. The specimens were

cultured, the number of colonies counted, the organisms identified. Eight

(15%) out of 54 analyzed vials were contaminated , most bacteria

identified belonged to the normal commensal flora of the eye. Isolated

contaminants were Staphylococcus auereus, Micrococcus , Neisseria

catarrhalis, Gram negative Rods, Candida albicans, and Staph

epidermidus.The dropper tip was more often contaminated (n=5) than the

residual solution (n=2) and only one vial showed acontamination of both

the drop and the tip (n=1) . Our data show acontamination rate of 15%,

which is in the medium range of data puplished on the contamination of

eye drops elsewhere (0.07% to 35.8%).

Key words : Microbial Contamination, Eye Drops

الخالصة انسثة انشئس ف انراب انؼ. يخاطش ثم ذهز قطشاخ انؼ خطشا كثشا ال

ؤد ان انؼ احاا نزنك ذذف ز انذساسح ان ذحذذ يذ يسر انرهز قذ رنك

نقطشاخ انؼ نهشض ف ػادج انشدح انخاسجح نقسى انؼ ف يسرشف تغذاد تاناكش

ا تؼذ يؼذل نتنرهز اناكشانؼاو ف انؼشاق. استؼح خس قطشج جؼد ذى قاس ا

انقطشج تقح انحهل انرثق خضغ نهفحص اناكش تؼذ صسع اسرؼال اسثػ. ساس

%( ي يجع 51ػذ انسرؼشاخ ذى ذحذذ ااع انثكرشا انهثح. ثاح قطشاخ ا تؼذل )

انجدج ف انؼ ا انجهذ ( قطشج ذح تكرشا يهثح يؼظا ذؼد ان انثكرشا انطثؼح15)

Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus, Neisseria catarrhalis, Gramيا

negative rods and Candida

Staph epidermidus albicansand ي تقح انسائم اهثذانقطشج جذ اضا اكثش سأس

%( ؼرثش 51يسر انرهز ) سأس انقطشج. انرثق ف انقطشج احذ فقط اظش ذهز انسائم

نقطشاخ انؼ ي انؼهياخ انشسج ف احاء انؼانى يا حذد تحذ سط نهرهز اناكش

. (%81.3-0,00تـ)

Evaluation of the Relation between Asthma, Obesity and Leptin

Level in Iraqi Asthmatic Patients and the Main Risk Factors that are

Associated with Leptin Level#

Hiba A. Hasan*,1

*Department of Clinical Laboratory Science,College of Pharmacy, AL-Mustansiryah University,Baghdad,Iraq.

Abstract This study tries to clear the correlation and association between asthma, obesity

and leptin levels. Also it will work to indicate the main risk factors which play role in

the elevation of leptin level within asthmatic patients. This is a case control study

conducted on (38) asthmatic patients and (20) healthy control who were closely

similar by age, gender and BMI. The main statistical tests used were student t test,

linear regression test and correlation test. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Sampling

method used for this study was convenience sampling method. The main results of

this study show a significant association and positive correlation between age (old age

≥ 40 years old), female gender, BMI (overweight and obese) and steroid utilization

with leptin elevation in Iraqi asthmatic patients since P values < 0.05. This study

concludes that there is a correlation between obesity, age, sex and utilization of

steroid with leptin level and they were the main risk factors which play role in the

mechanism of elevation of leptin in Iraqi asthmatic patients.

Key words: Leptin, Asthma, BMI.

الخالصة الخطسة هسخ اللبخي ححذذ عاهل السوتبي الشب العالقت إجادعل الذساستحذف ز

عل الذساستحشخول ز ف اسحفاع هسخ اللبخي عذ الوشض الوصابي بالشب . ااالساس الخ حلعب دس

الجسن. الوخقاسبي بكل هي العوش الجس كخل األصحاء األشخاص( هي 02) بالشب اهصاب اهشض (83)

إرا العالقت.اخخباس الخط , اخخباس االسحذادt اخخباس الذساستالوسخخذم ف ز اإلحصائالخحلل

طشق االخخاس الوشح. كاج الخائج باسطتطشق جوع العاث كاج هعت. الضادةحعخبش >p 2,20كاج

كخل الجسن (, اإلاد,02ا سابي العوش )اكبش هي >p 2,20 هعت عالقت الذساستاالساس لز

اسخالك السخشذ هع هسخ اللبخي عذ الوشض العشاقي الوصابي بالشب.حسخخج البذي()الصى الضائذ

هسخ اللبخي عذ صادةاسخالك السخشذ الجس, العوش, السوت,بي عالقتاك باى الذساستز

شهى صادةف هكاك ااالساس الخ حلعب دس عاهل الخطسةالوشض الوصابي بالشب حعخبش هي

بالشب.اللبخي عذ الوشض العشاقي الوصابي