Israeli Democracy and the Rights of Its Palestinian Citizens

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March 27, 2022 March 27, 2022 1 Israeli Democracy and the Israeli Democracy and the Rights of Its Palestinian Rights of Its Palestinian Citizens Citizens Raphael Cohen-Almagor Raphael Cohen-Almagor September September 2013 2013

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Israeli Democracy and the Rights of Its Palestinian Citizens. Raphael Cohen- Almagor September 2013. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Israeli Democracy and the Rights of Its Palestinian Citizens

April 19, 2023April 19, 2023 11

Israeli Democracy and Israeli Democracy and the Rights of Its the Rights of Its

Palestinian CitizensPalestinian Citizens

Raphael Cohen-AlmagorRaphael Cohen-Almagor

September September 2013 2013

Universal Declaration of Universal Declaration of Human RightsHuman Rights

  All human beings are born free and All human beings are born free and

equal in dignity and rights. They are equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 1, Universal Declaration of Article 1, Universal Declaration of Human RightsHuman Rights

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PreliminariesPreliminaries

The Palestinians comprise some The Palestinians comprise some 20%20% of the Israeli population. of the Israeli population.

According to the Central Bureau of According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, there were 1,573,000 Statistics, there were 1,573,000 Israeli-Palestinians in 2010.Israeli-Palestinians in 2010.

80% are Muslims.80% are Muslims.

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PreliminariesPreliminaries

Most of the Arabs reside in the Most of the Arabs reside in the Galilee in north Israel. Galilee in north Israel.

Smaller numbers live in the so-called Smaller numbers live in the so-called Triangle area at the centre of Israel Triangle area at the centre of Israel and in the Negev desert in the south and in the Negev desert in the south (mostly Bedouins).(mostly Bedouins).

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PreliminariesPreliminaries

Israel was established as a Jewish democracy

Based on Liberal-Democratic valuesBased on Liberal-Democratic values

ANDAND

Jewish valuesJewish values

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PreliminariesPreliminaries

PreliminariesPreliminaries

Between 1948 and 1966, Israeli-Arabs Between 1948 and 1966, Israeli-Arabs lived under military rule. lived under military rule.

Their rights and liberties were severely Their rights and liberties were severely limited as they were regarded with limited as they were regarded with suspicion as a security threat. suspicion as a security threat.

With the abolishing of the military rule in With the abolishing of the military rule in 1966, the Israeli-Arabs began their 1966, the Israeli-Arabs began their integration into society as citizens with integration into society as citizens with equal claims to those of the Jewish equal claims to those of the Jewish majority. majority.

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PreliminariesPreliminaries

The relationships between the Jewish The relationships between the Jewish majority and the Arab minority majority and the Arab minority remain far from ideal. remain far from ideal.

In 2007, In 2007, 66%66% of the Arabs of the Arabs characterized their relationships with characterized their relationships with Jews as “not good”, and Jews as “not good”, and 80%80% thought thought they were discriminated against.they were discriminated against.

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ArgumentsArguments

The The litmus test litmus test for measuring the for measuring the extent of democratization of any extent of democratization of any given society is the status of given society is the status of minorities. minorities.

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ArgumentsArguments

I argue for accommodating the I argue for accommodating the interests of the Israeli-Palestinians, interests of the Israeli-Palestinians, striving to safeguard equal rights and striving to safeguard equal rights and liberties for all citizens liberties for all citizens notwithstanding nationality, religion, notwithstanding nationality, religion, race or colour, and insisting that race or colour, and insisting that citizens have also duties to fulfil.citizens have also duties to fulfil.

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ArgumentsArguments

The most basic The most basic norms democracy norms democracy has to secure are has to secure are respecting respecting others as human others as human beingsbeings, and , and not not to inflicting harm to inflicting harm upon othersupon others. .

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ArgumentsArguments

The key to the success of Zionism is The key to the success of Zionism is integration into the region. integration into the region.

The key to Israel’s integration into The key to Israel’s integration into the region is the integration of Arabs the region is the integration of Arabs as equals in Israel.as equals in Israel.

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Society’s ProfileSociety’s Profile

No shared No shared raison d'êtreraison d'être 20%20% wish to transform democracy into wish to transform democracy into

theocracy theocracy 20%20% do not endorse the Zionist ethos do not endorse the Zionist ethos20%20% of the population are immigrants from of the population are immigrants from

the former Soviet Union where no the former Soviet Union where no democracy existed democracy existed

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Main SchismsMain Schisms

Between Jews and ArabsBetween Jews and ArabsBetween secular and religious peopleBetween secular and religious peopleBetween Israel and the Occupied Between Israel and the Occupied

Territories Territories

Israeli-PalestiniansIsraeli-Palestinians

Formal v. Full CitizenshipFormal v. Full CitizenshipDiscriminationDiscriminationRacismRacism

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Is Israel a Liberal Is Israel a Liberal DemocracyDemocracy??

In In The Law of Peoples, The Law of Peoples, JohnJohn Rawls Rawls drew a drew a distinction between liberal and illiberal societies. distinction between liberal and illiberal societies.

Liberal societies are pluralistic and peaceful; Liberal societies are pluralistic and peaceful; they are governed by reasonable people who they are governed by reasonable people who protect basic human rights. protect basic human rights.

In contrast, nonliberal societies fail to treat their In contrast, nonliberal societies fail to treat their people as truly free and equal. They adopt people as truly free and equal. They adopt norms based on compulsion and coercionnorms based on compulsion and coercion

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Israel is a Jewish democracyIsrael is a Jewish democracy

The framework of governance is The framework of governance is democratic, but its underpinning concepts democratic, but its underpinning concepts give precedence to Judaism over the give precedence to Judaism over the Respect for Others PrincipleRespect for Others Principle, and the , and the Harm PrincipleHarm Principle. .

Consequently, Israel adopts illiberal Consequently, Israel adopts illiberal policies and practices that are policies and practices that are discriminatory in nature, preferring Jews discriminatory in nature, preferring Jews over others.over others.

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Positive DataPositive Data

Mortality rates among Israeli Palestinians Mortality rates among Israeli Palestinians have fallen by over two-thirds since the have fallen by over two-thirds since the establishment of Israel, while life establishment of Israel, while life expectancy has increased 30 years, expectancy has increased 30 years, reaching reaching 78.578.5 (women 80.7, men 76.3) in (women 80.7, men 76.3) in 2009. 2009.

Infant-mortality rates have similarly been Infant-mortality rates have similarly been significantly reduced significantly reduced from 56 per 1,000 from 56 per 1,000 live births in 1950 to 6.5 live births in 1950 to 6.5 in 2008.in 2008.

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Positive DataPositive Data

As for education, adult illiteracy rates As for education, adult illiteracy rates among Israeli Palestinians among Israeli Palestinians dropped from dropped from 57.2% (79% among women) to 7.7%57.2% (79% among women) to 7.7% (11.7% among women). (11.7% among women).

In 1961, less than half of Arab children In 1961, less than half of Arab children attended school, with attended school, with only 9% acquiring only 9% acquiring secondary or higher educationsecondary or higher education. .

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Positive DataPositive Data

By 1999, By 1999, 97%97% of Arab children attended of Arab children attended schools. schools.

Fifty years ago, a mere Fifty years ago, a mere 4%4% of Arab of Arab teachers held academic degrees; teachers held academic degrees;

by 1999, the figure had vaulted to by 1999, the figure had vaulted to 47%47%..

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HomeHome??

According to the 2012 Democracy Index, According to the 2012 Democracy Index, 27.7%27.7% of the Israeli-Palestinians greatly of the Israeli-Palestinians greatly feel a sense of belonging to the State of feel a sense of belonging to the State of Israel, while Israel, while 38.2%38.2% feel somewhat a sense feel somewhat a sense of belonging of belonging

33.5% 33.5% hardly feel this way.hardly feel this way.

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DiscriminationDiscrimination

30% of the Jews 30% of the Jews felt hatred towards Arabs;felt hatred towards Arabs; 46% of the Jewish respondents 46% of the Jewish respondents did not wish to did not wish to

have Arab neighbours;have Arab neighbours; 30%30% of Arab job seekers felt negative of Arab job seekers felt negative

discrimination;discrimination; ¼ of Jewish employers ¼ of Jewish employers (22%) discriminated (22%) discriminated

against Arab applicants in the hiring process.against Arab applicants in the hiring process.

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DiscriminationDiscrimination

46.6%46.6% of Arabs very much agreed with the of Arabs very much agreed with the statement that they were discriminated against; statement that they were discriminated against; 28.3%28.3% agreed with this statement ( agreed with this statement (total 74.9%total 74.9%). ).

The majority of Jews did not share this view. The majority of Jews did not share this view. Only 13.8% of Jews Only 13.8% of Jews very much agreed that very much agreed that

Arabs were discriminated against and Arabs were discriminated against and 24.5%24.5% agreed with this statement (agreed with this statement (total 38.3%total 38.3%).).

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PovertyPoverty

Some Some 50%50% of the Israeli-Arab population lives in of the Israeli-Arab population lives in poverty. poverty.

The poverty rate among Arab families has The poverty rate among Arab families has significantly increased since the 1990s, rising significantly increased since the 1990s, rising from from 35%35% in 1990 to in 1990 to 45%45% in 2002 and to in 2002 and to 57.6%57.6% in 2006. in 2006.

In 2009, In 2009, 53.5%53.5% of the Arabs lived in poverty, of the Arabs lived in poverty, compared to compared to 15.2% of the Jews15.2% of the Jews..

Overall, while they comprise 20% of the Overall, while they comprise 20% of the population, Arabs constitute population, Arabs constitute 37.8% of the poor37.8% of the poor..

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Job MarketJob Market

In 2010, the unemployment rate among Arabs In 2010, the unemployment rate among Arabs was was 8%8%, compared to 6.4% among Jews., compared to 6.4% among Jews.

In 2009, almost In 2009, almost 50% 50% of the manpower in of the manpower in construction, commerce and industry were construction, commerce and industry were Arabs.Arabs.

On average, On average, Arab men Arab men earn 60 percent of the earn 60 percent of the national average wagenational average wage, while , while Arab women Arab women earn earn 70 percent of the average wage70 percent of the average wage..

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IncomeIncome

In 2006, the average monthly gross In 2006, the average monthly gross income of Arab households was income of Arab households was NIS 7,590 NIS 7,590 compared to compared to NIS 13,245 NIS 13,245 which was the which was the average monthly gross income of Jewish average monthly gross income of Jewish households.households.

In 2009, the hourly pay for Arabs was 62% In 2009, the hourly pay for Arabs was 62% less than that of the Jews: less than that of the Jews: NIS 27NIS 27, , compared to compared to NIS 44 NIS 44 hourly pay for Jews.hourly pay for Jews.

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Arab LocalitiesArab Localities

Tend to be poor.Tend to be poor.Lack of resources.Lack of resources.Of the 535 communities that were Of the 535 communities that were

categorized as “nationally significant”, only categorized as “nationally significant”, only four four were Arabs and all four were small were Arabs and all four were small with little population.with little population.

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Religious BudgetReligious Budget

The Ministry of Religions allocates only The Ministry of Religions allocates only 2% 2% of its budget for Palestinian concerns.of its budget for Palestinian concerns.

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EducationEducation

Rate of matriculation certificates obtained Rate of matriculation certificates obtained by Jewish students was nearly double that by Jewish students was nearly double that of Arab students, of Arab students, 59.74%59.74% compared to compared to 31.94%.31.94%.

31%31% of Palestinians qualified for university of Palestinians qualified for university acceptance on the matriculation exam, acceptance on the matriculation exam, compared to 76 percent of Jews.compared to 76 percent of Jews.

Only Only 11%11% of the BA students were Arabs. of the BA students were Arabs.

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EducationEducation

In the advanced degrees, Arab MA In the advanced degrees, Arab MA students constitute students constitute 7%7%

PhD: PhD: 3%3%..Arabs constitute only Arabs constitute only 2%2% of the academic of the academic

staff.staff.

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LandLand

Arab citizens are discriminated in having access Arab citizens are discriminated in having access to land, in land planning, in rural and urban to land, in land planning, in rural and urban development, and in housing provisions. development, and in housing provisions.

Arabs own only Arabs own only 2.5 percent 2.5 percent of Israel’s lands.of Israel’s lands. The lack of town plans and planning permissions The lack of town plans and planning permissions

for Palestinian towns is one of the main causes for Palestinian towns is one of the main causes of inequality and of the failure of the Palestinian of inequality and of the failure of the Palestinian citizens to fulfill their economic potential.citizens to fulfill their economic potential.

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Land and Essential ServicesLand and Essential Services

More than half of the Bedouins, about More than half of the Bedouins, about 90,00090,000 of of 170,000 people, are deprived of their ancestral 170,000 people, are deprived of their ancestral lands, living in what the Israeli government terms lands, living in what the Israeli government terms “illegally constructed villages”, still without public “illegally constructed villages”, still without public utilities or basic services.utilities or basic services.

36 Bedouin settlements in the Negev are 36 Bedouin settlements in the Negev are unrecognized (without essential services: water, unrecognized (without essential services: water, electricity, gas, drainage, state education and electricity, gas, drainage, state education and health).health).

Some 45,000 structures are at risk of demolitionSome 45,000 structures are at risk of demolition..April 19, 2023April 19, 2023 3232

LandLand

The Bedouin reside in The Bedouin reside in 300-350,000 dunam 300-350,000 dunam (1 (1 dunam=1000 mdunam=1000 m22) which is 3% of the Negev (13 ) which is 3% of the Negev (13 million dunam). million dunam).

Up until the establishment of the State of Israel Up until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Bedouin settled in 1948, the Bedouin settled 2-3 million dunam 2-3 million dunam of the Negevof the Negev..

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Civil ServiceCivil Service

In 1992 only In 1992 only 2.1% 2.1% of civil servants were of civil servants were Palestinians. Palestinians.

During the Rabin-Peres governments, During the Rabin-Peres governments, there was a significant improvement to there was a significant improvement to 4%4%..

in 2010, in 2010, 7%7% of civil servants were of civil servants were Palestinians.Palestinians.

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Civil ServiceCivil Service

Israeli Arabs, except for Druze and the Israeli Arabs, except for Druze and the Circassian, are exempted from serving in Circassian, are exempted from serving in the Israeli Defence Force (IDF).the Israeli Defence Force (IDF).

The exemption, however, proved to be a The exemption, however, proved to be a double-edge sword as it serves as a double-edge sword as it serves as a recipe for discrimination.recipe for discrimination.

It is for the benefit of the Palestinians to It is for the benefit of the Palestinians to remove this obstacle to their full remove this obstacle to their full integration into Israeli society.integration into Israeli society.

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Civil ServiceCivil Service

Palestinians can serve in the local Palestinians can serve in the local hospitals, the Red Magen David health hospitals, the Red Magen David health service, the fire brigades, the community service, the fire brigades, the community police, local hospices and nursing homes, police, local hospices and nursing homes, charity and human rights organizations.charity and human rights organizations.

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RepresentationRepresentation

To date, there has been one Arab minister, To date, there has been one Arab minister, Raleb MajadeleRaleb Majadele..

This should be corrected.This should be corrected. In 2005, there were 546 directors in In 2005, there were 546 directors in

governmental companies; of them 53 governmental companies; of them 53 (9.7%) were Arabs.(9.7%) were Arabs.

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RepresentationRepresentation

Delegates of the Arab minority should be Delegates of the Arab minority should be represented, in accordance with their size represented, in accordance with their size in society, in the Knesset and in the in society, in the Knesset and in the government. government.

At the same time, Israel would like to see At the same time, Israel would like to see from all its citizens, without exception, a from all its citizens, without exception, a real and strong commitment to the state, real and strong commitment to the state, to peace, and to the struggle against to peace, and to the struggle against terror.terror.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

David Ben-GurionDavid Ben-Gurion: “the Arabs who : “the Arabs who reside in Eretz (Land of) Israel reside in Eretz (Land of) Israel enjoy all the rights that residents enjoy all the rights that residents in any democratic country enjoy, in any democratic country enjoy, and a Jewish state is possible only and a Jewish state is possible only as a democratic country”. as a democratic country”.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

David Ben-GurionDavid Ben-Gurion: “In accordance : “In accordance with my moral belief we do not with my moral belief we do not have the right to deprive a single have the right to deprive a single Arab child, even if our reward Arab child, even if our reward resulting from this deprivation resulting from this deprivation would be the fulfillment of all our would be the fulfillment of all our wishes”wishes”. .

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

Ze’ev JabotinskyZe’ev Jabotinsky: “First of all, I : “First of all, I consider it utterly impossible to consider it utterly impossible to eject the Arabs from Palestine. eject the Arabs from Palestine. There will always be There will always be twotwo nations nations in Palestine – which is good in Palestine – which is good enough for me, provided the Jews enough for me, provided the Jews become the majority”.become the majority”.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

Ze’ev JabotinskyZe’ev Jabotinsky: ”I am prepared : ”I am prepared to take an oath binding to take an oath binding ourselves and our descendants ourselves and our descendants that we shall never do anything that we shall never do anything contrary to the principle of equal contrary to the principle of equal rights, and that we shall never try rights, and that we shall never try to eject anyone. This seems to to eject anyone. This seems to me a fairly peaceful credo”.me a fairly peaceful credo”.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

Moshe SharettMoshe Sharett: “being surrounded : “being surrounded by Arab countries all around but by Arab countries all around but the sea, we have interest of self-the sea, we have interest of self-preservation to keep our preservation to keep our conscience, integrity and hands conscience, integrity and hands clean and pure”.clean and pure”.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

Moshe SharettMoshe Sharett: “The State of Israel : “The State of Israel will not deny the Jewish spiritual will not deny the Jewish spiritual heritage whose principles are the heritage whose principles are the love of people, the pursuit of peace love of people, the pursuit of peace and loyalty to justice. It will not and loyalty to justice. It will not betray the moral ideals of the betray the moral ideals of the Zionist movement whose Zionist movement whose foundations are liberty, equality and foundations are liberty, equality and social progress”.social progress”.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

Yigal Alon Yigal Alon said:said: Jews, who became a symbol Jews, who became a symbol for prosecuted and oppressed minorities, for prosecuted and oppressed minorities, should show exemplary treatment of should show exemplary treatment of minorities in their own country but instead minorities in their own country but instead they consciously employ continued they consciously employ continued discriminatory policies against other discriminatory policies against other religions. religions.

““Israel must be able to prove that it can Israel must be able to prove that it can treat its minorities in the most enlightened treat its minorities in the most enlightened way”.way”.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

Benjamin NetanyahuBenjamin Netanyahu: “there is no : “there is no scope for discrimination in the scope for discrimination in the State of Israel. We are obligated State of Israel. We are obligated to equality of opportunity for to equality of opportunity for everyone. The Arab sector is a everyone. The Arab sector is a central engine of growth for central engine of growth for Israeli economy which has yet to Israeli economy which has yet to be fully utilized”.be fully utilized”.

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Declarations, Declarations, Language and SymbolsLanguage and Symbols

Benjamin NetanyahuBenjamin Netanyahu: “integrating : “integrating minorities in the job market would minorities in the job market would contribute not only to the Arabs contribute not only to the Arabs but to Israel at large. but to Israel at large.

This is Israel’s national interest and This is Israel’s national interest and Israel should encourage this Israel should encourage this integration”.integration”.

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The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

The The Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence holds that Israel will foster the holds that Israel will foster the development of the country for development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; the benefit of all its inhabitants; that it will be based on the that it will be based on the foundations of liberty, justice and foundations of liberty, justice and peace; peace;

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The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

that it will uphold complete that it will uphold complete equality of social and political equality of social and political rights to all of its citizens rights to all of its citizens irrespective of religion, race or irrespective of religion, race or sex, and that it will guarantee sex, and that it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture. language, education and culture.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

The symbols should remain Jewish The symbols should remain Jewish with some accommodations in order with some accommodations in order to make the state a home for its to make the state a home for its Palestinian citizens as well. Palestinian citizens as well.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Minimal changes to the wording of Minimal changes to the wording of the anthem. the anthem.

Most Israeli Palestinians may Most Israeli Palestinians may respectrespect the Israeli anthem but they do not, the Israeli anthem but they do not, they cannot they cannot identifyidentify with its Jewish- with its Jewish-Zionist motifs. Zionist motifs.

““Israel” instead of “Zion”; “person” Israel” instead of “Zion”; “person” and “citizen” instead of “Jew”.and “citizen” instead of “Jew”.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Arabic is one of the two official languages Arabic is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel. Therefore it should of the State of Israel. Therefore it should enjoy a dominant status and have the enjoy a dominant status and have the importance it deserves. importance it deserves.

Arabic should be taught at every primary Arabic should be taught at every primary and high school together with English. and high school together with English.

Hebrew and English in every Arab school.Hebrew and English in every Arab school. Sign posts should be written in Hebrew Sign posts should be written in Hebrew

and in Arabic. and in Arabic.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Official national motto, Arab proverb.Official national motto, Arab proverb. Values: unity, pluralism, peace, Values: unity, pluralism, peace,

tolerance, power, freedom, truth, tolerance, power, freedom, truth, justice and righteousness. justice and righteousness.

A national competition open for all A national competition open for all people under the age of 18 to people under the age of 18 to suggest an Israeli motto. suggest an Israeli motto.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Representative flag?Representative flag? Studies of all religions that exist in Studies of all religions that exist in

Israel should be made available in Israel should be made available in every school. every school.

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RecommendationsRecommendations

Shabbat should remain the official Shabbat should remain the official day of rest. day of rest.

Palestinian villages and towns may Palestinian villages and towns may make Friday their day of rest. make Friday their day of rest.

Strive to make Friday and Shabbat Strive to make Friday and Shabbat official days of rest.official days of rest.

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ConclusionsConclusions

Democracy is supposed to Democracy is supposed to allow each and every allow each and every individual the opportunity to individual the opportunity to follow her conception of the follow her conception of the good without coerciongood without coercion

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ConclusionsConclusions

There is unhealthy There is unhealthy discrepancy between speech discrepancy between speech and conduct; the official and conduct; the official statements are not backed by statements are not backed by appropriate matching deeds.appropriate matching deeds.

ConclusionsConclusions

Israel, being the only Jewish state Israel, being the only Jewish state in the world, should strive to in the world, should strive to retain its Jewish character while retain its Jewish character while integrating its Palestinian citizens integrating its Palestinian citizens fully into Israeli society. fully into Israeli society.

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ConclusionsConclusions

The constant challenge for Israel The constant challenge for Israel is to secure basic human rights is to secure basic human rights for all, the powerful as well as the for all, the powerful as well as the powerless, for Moslems, powerless, for Moslems, Christians and Jews.Christians and Jews.

Israel needs to Israel needs to develop a develop a comprehensive liberal theory of comprehensive liberal theory of minority rights. minority rights.

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ConclusionsConclusions

Israel must explicitly address the needs Israel must explicitly address the needs and aspirations of its Palestinian minority. and aspirations of its Palestinian minority.

It should invest in cultivating tolerance. It should invest in cultivating tolerance. The key for understanding the other is The key for understanding the other is

educationeducation, making that is foreign , making that is foreign familiar, making that is remote closer. familiar, making that is remote closer.

PluralismPluralism can be enriching rather than can be enriching rather than intimidating. intimidating.

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ConclusionsConclusions

Israel should erect bridges and remove Israel should erect bridges and remove obstacles to the understanding of the obstacles to the understanding of the other through mechanisms of awareness, other through mechanisms of awareness, of recognition and of legitimacy. of recognition and of legitimacy.

Continued dialogue and exchange of ideas Continued dialogue and exchange of ideas will be instrumental in contesting will be instrumental in contesting boundaries by peaceful means, and in boundaries by peaceful means, and in reaching fruitful compromises without reaching fruitful compromises without resorting to discrimination, coercion and resorting to discrimination, coercion and abuse.abuse.

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Thank you