Israel and Pakistan

The Creation of Pakistan: A Look Back

• India is one of the oldest civilizations (2800BC)– Ruled by Hindus until 700 AD– Ruled by Muslims thereafter until 1857– British made India a colony after taking over• Indian Nationalist Congress Party formed in 1885• Wanted Independence

Muslim League Party (1906)

• Also wanted independence • Worried about Hindus controlling India– Hindus greatly outnumbered Muslims

• 140 million Muslims in India at the time

– They wanted Muslim Rule• Wanted India to be split– Too many differences to stay together– Two Nation Theory:

• India for Hindus• Pakistan for Muslims

WWII and the United Nations

• Britain was devastated after WWII– Freed colonies as a result

• Britain handed over the responsibility of India to the United Nations

• The UN decided to split India– Split by religion in 1947• Caused problems that still exist today

The Split

• Split three ways– East Pakistan, West Pakistan, and India– India was located in between both Pakistans– East and West Pakistan were 1,000 miles apart

• People had to move to their new countries– Violence resulted– 27 million Hindus and Muslims still lived in the wrong

countries• India had been divided into 500 states by Britain– Both Hindus and Muslims ruled different states– Many of these states merged after the split

Two Problems

• Hyderabad and Kashmir– Hyderabad: Muslim ruler with Hindu citizens• Simply given to India, though the Muslims rejected• An appeal was made to the UN; nothing resulted

– Kashmir: Hindu ruler with Muslim citizens• Kashmir bordered West Pakistan• Both sides sent soldiers to claim Kashmir in 1948• The UN imposed a cease fire and divided Kashmir

– ¼ of Kashmir went to Pakistan– The leader of West Pakistan was born in Kashmir

Second War

• No election for Kashmir like was promised• 2nd war was in 1965– Thousands died for no gains– Russia brought about the cease fire

Pakistan Civil War

• East Pakistanis differed from the West Pakistan– Skin color, language (Bengali and English), degree of

religious importance• West Pakistan controlled 99% of their army• India would not allow West Pakistan to pass

through their country, though.• East Pakistan won as a result and became

Bangladesh in 1971– Desh=country

The Creation of Israel: A Look Back

• Ancient Romans expelled Jews from Israel• Palestine became the new region title• Palestine was conquered by the Arabs in

638AD• They were not free until well after WWI

Broken Promises

• Arabs agreed to fight for the Allies in WWI– Arabs would get freedom– Fought bravely to defeat the Ottoman Empire

• “Secret Treaties of London”– New agreement reached behind the Arab’s back– The Allies colonized the Middle East• British: Palestine and Iraq• France: Syria and Lebanon

Israel’s Return

• Jews began returning to Palestine before WWI– A divine right; their dream

• British told Arabs they were not going to give Jews their own state– They lied: Balfour Declaration

• Palestine was upset and objected– Over 600,000 Muslims in Palestine then– Only 55,000 Jewish people

A Growing Problem

• By 1939, 445,000 Jews resided in Palestine– Emigrated from Europe

• Clashes began between the British and Arabs– Terror groups arose– Caused Britain to set up a commission to decide

the fate of Palestine

Recommendations

• 1. Terminate Rule over Palestine• 2. Split Palestine into two states• 3. Internationalize Jerusalem and Bethlehem– Why is Jerusalem so important?

• 4. Quota for Jewish Population– Both Arabs and Jews did not want a quota• Arabs wanted no more Jews• Jews wanted no limitations

United Nations Gets Involved

• Britain was tired of this continuing problem• In 1948, the UN intervened and split Palestine– Israel was created

• The UN would rule Jerusalem– The Arabs rejected this agreement• Arabs said the UN could only make recommendations,

but not enforce. Is this true?

Arab-Israeli War

• The Israelis and Arabs went to war immediately and did not end until a UN cease fire was implemented

• Three results of the war:– 1. 800,000 Arab refugees fled the region

• Israel would not let them back after the conflict• They now number over 4,000,000• UN gives them some money• Israel gave refugee homes to more European refugees • More terrorism resulted

Arab-Israeli War Continued

• 2. No peace treaty; a cease fire• 3. Borders based on the cease fire– Israel increased land size from 5,500 to 8,000 sq. miles– More wars in 1967, 1973, and 1982; continued terrorism

to this day– Disputed territory in the West Bank and Gaza Strip– In 1967, Israel fought Egypt, Lebanon, and Syria all at

once• How did they survive?.....they actually gained land, but UN

Resolution 242 was adopted• Anwar Sadat in 1973