ISPG Organic Phosphorus Project · the global PHOSPHORUS cycle Regulates flows to plants and the...
Transcript of ISPG Organic Phosphorus Project · the global PHOSPHORUS cycle Regulates flows to plants and the...
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@ProfPHaygarth#stormdesmond
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Storm Desmond
• On 5th December 2015, 34cm of rainfall fell in one day at a weather station at Honister Pass in the Lake District. To put this into perspective, this region would typically on average see
around 1cm of rainfall each day in December.
• A new 2-day record of 41 cm of rainfall over the two days at Thirlmere
• El Nino was also particularly strong increasing risk for higher than average rainfall in the UK between Dec 15 & Jan 16 (UK Met Office)
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Building Soil and Watershed Resilience in a Changing Climate
Phil Haygarth
2019 Island Agrology Workshop, Building Resiliency In Maritime Agriculture, PEI Canada, 18-20 August 2019
@ProfPHaygarth
@EdenDTC
landwaterblog.blogspot.com
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FOOD
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FOOD depends on the PHOSPHORUS cycle
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A Turning Point in the Phosphorus Cycle?
Phil Haygarth
2019 Island Agrology Workshop, Building Resiliency In Maritime Agriculture, PEI Canada, 18-20 August 2019
@ProfPHaygarth
@EdenDTC
landwaterblog.blogspot.com
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Yunnan Province, China, August 2016
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The Green (P) Revolution!
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Peak phosphorus supplies?
Figure Peak phosphorus curve indicating a peak in production by 2033, derived from US Geological Survey and industry data. Cordell and White (2011) Sustainability, 3, 2027-2049.
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Geo-political uncertainties with phosphorus supply
http://www.potashcorp.com/overview/upload/nutrients/phosphate/02-N_Pov_World-Phosphate-Rock-Production-and-Demand.jpgWorld P reserves
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Aquatic plants also like
PHOSPHORUS….
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2. MOBILISATION
describes the start of the
journey from soil or
source P, either as a solute
(solubilised) or attached
to colloids and particles
(detached) or direct from
fresh application
(incidental)
3. DELIVERY/TRANSPORT
describes the complex journey
the solutes, colloids or
particles take after
mobilisation to connect to the
stream
1. SOURCES include
fertilizer applications, feed
input to animals
Infiltration-excess flow
Saturation-excess flow
Sub-surface flow
4. IMPACT Economic,
sociological, biological,
ecological
The Phosphorus ‘transfer continuum’ (Haygarth et al.,
STOTEN, 344, 2005)
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2. MOBILISATION
describes the start of the
journey from soil or
source P, either as a solute
(solubilised) or attached
to colloids and particles
(detached) or direct from
fresh application
(incidental)
3. DELIVERY/TRANSPORT
describes the complex journey
the solutes, colloids or
particles take after
mobilisation to connect to the
stream
1. SOURCES include
fertilizer applications, feed
input to animals
Infiltration-excess flow
Saturation-excess flow
Sub-surface flow
Framework for understanding substance transfer to water from agriculture - the
‘transfer continuum’ (Haygarth et al., STOTEN, 344, 2005)
4. IMPACT Economic,
sociological, biological,
ecological
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INPUTS
grazing16.5
excreta9.6
cut - silage16
slurry & FYM 32
SOIL
OUTPUTS
58 kg TP/ha
33 kg TP/ha
Haygarth et al (1998) SUM
Phosphorus balance in a UK dairy farm ca. 2000
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2. MOBILISATION
describes the start of the
journey from soil or
source P, either as a solute
(solubilised) or attached
to colloids and particles
(detached) or direct from
fresh application
(incidental)
3. DELIVERY/TRANSPORT
describes the complex journey
the solutes, colloids or
particles take after
mobilisation to connect to the
stream
1. SOURCES include
fertilizer applications, feed
input to animals
Infiltration-excess flow
Saturation-excess flow
Sub-surface flow
Framework for understanding substance transfer to water from agriculture - the
‘transfer continuum’ (Haygarth et al., STOTEN, 344, 2005)
4. IMPACT Economic,
sociological, biological,
ecological
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Phosphorus Mobilisation from Soil
Mobilization
Physical Detachment
Incidental Solubilisation
Water
✔️
𝙓
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•Shallow disking to 20 cm, then rolled and re-seeded
•16 days after re-seed, 94 mm rainfall (57 mm in 22 hours)
•7.5 tonnes of soil transferred from the plot
(2007)
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Not just overseas
• 35 thousand million tonnes of soil lost every year
• Soil erosion also displaces 23–42 million tonnes of nitrogen
• And 13 and 26 million tonnes of phosphorus per year
From Quinton et al, Nature Geosciences (2010)
Slide provided by John Quinton
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Phosphorus Mobilisation from Soil
Mobilization
Physical Detachment
Incidental Solubilisation
Water
✔️
𝙓
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TP c
on
c (m
g L-1
)
Slurry 1.8 Zero 0.06 TSP 1.8Loads kg ha-1
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Phosphorus Mobilisation from Soil
Mobilization
Physical Detachment
Incidental Solubilisation
Water
✔️
𝙓
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SOIL is the hub of the global PHOSPHORUS cycle
Regulates flows to plants and the wider environment
Large stores of residual organic phosphorus
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Solubilisation - due to dynamics of soil moisture
at the soil surface (Turner and Haygarth, Nature, 2001)
Moist soilDried soil
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
To
tal P
(µ
g g
-1 d
ry s
oil)
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2. MOBILISATION
describes the start of the
journey from soil or
source P, either as a solute
(solubilised) or attached
to colloids and particles
(detached) or direct from
fresh application
(incidental)
3. DELIVERY/TRANSPORT
describes the complex journey
the solutes, colloids or
particles take after
mobilisation to connect to the
stream
1. SOURCES include
fertilizer applications, feed
input to animals
Infiltration-excess flow
Saturation-excess flow
Sub-surface flow
Framework for understanding substance transfer to water from agriculture - the
‘transfer continuum’ (Haygarth et al., STOTEN, 344, 2005)
4. IMPACT Economic,
sociological, biological,
ecological
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Demonstration Test Catchments in England
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Stakeholder-defined: current phosphorus pollution sources and their mitigation
Stakeholder meetings in each catchment - discussed and selected likely land management options from a range of possibilities.
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Newby Beck, River Eden, England
Short term P dynamics in the EdenDTC“high magnitude events were observed to
exhibit threshold- like behavior…....results
in the movement of vast phosphorus fluxes”
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@ProfPHaygarth#stormdesmond
Phosphorus transfers in climate change?
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Storm Desmond, why did it rain so much?
• The winds came from the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico in the West Atlantic
• ‘Anomaly’ ocean temperatures are 1-2 C higher in the W. Atlantic = more ‘fuel to the front’
• The frontal system and rainfall totals that alligneditself with the wind and just stayed around longer than ‘normal’
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Hydrograph, sedigraph and chemograph at Newby Beck monitoring station (54.59°N, 2.62°W) in the River Eden during Storm Desmond, 4th – 6th December 2015
Storm Transfers: Newby Beck Morland, Eden, N England, Dec 5-7 2018
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Storm Transfers: Newby Beck Morland, Eden, N England, Dec 5-7 2018
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Phytobenthos November 2015
Phytobenthos December 2015Newby Dedra BanksLowthwaiteLowthwaite
Lowthwaite
Dedra Banks
Dedra BanksDedra Banks
Impact on instream biomass concentrations – M. Snell
• 72% reduction in biomass concentrations from November levels
• 91% reduction in winter biomass concentrations compared to 2011-14
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Climate change and phosphorus transfers?(Ockenden et al 2016)
• Future predictions for 2050:• Winter increases by 8-17%• Summer decreases by 9-26%
(fewer summer storms, but more intense, more wetting and drying)
• UK climate predictions indicate a shift in distribution to larger events (rainfall >10 mm)
Newby Beck Baseline 2050s
No. of events > 10 mm (for 30 year run, mean over 100 runs) 944 986
Percentage of total rainfall in events > 10 mm 62% 67%
Event rainfall 95th
percentile (mean over 100 runs) 46 50
Event rainfall 99th
percentile (mean over 100 runs) 70 79
Maximum Event rainfall (mean over 100 runs) 119 140
Historical in the R Eden:1960-2013:31% increase Winter16% decrease Summer
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The full paper can be accessed here:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00232-0
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Range of likely winter and summer total phosphorus loads predicted by Data Based Mechanistic models (DBM) and process-based model HYPE for three UK DTC catchments (Ockenden et al., 2017).
DBM HYPE
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Example Output: Medium Carbon Emissions, 2080s….
Total Predicted Annual P load, % change in relation to current ‘baseline’
Eden (Newby)
Wensum (Blackwater) Wylye (Avon)
HYPE 19 10 36
DBM 16 -1 18
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Climate change and phosphorus transfers?
• Total Predicted Annual P load, 10-36% increase in relation to current ‘baseline’ (HYPE Model, Medium Carbon Emissions, 2080s….)
• This predicted increase in winter P loads is greater than the technically feasible reduction from mitigation measures estimated in previous studies
• Only large-scale agricultural changes (e.g. 20–80% reduction in P inputs) will limit the projected impacts of climate change on P loads in these catchments
• Are we prepared for this?
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A turning point in the global phosphorus cycle
• Green revolution released P into earth system
• Uncertainties over future supplies
• Transfers to water and oceans
• Accelerating with climate change
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A dark phosphogeddon?
Ch 6: Transfer to Water: Rivers, Lakes, and Oceans
Prophets
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Phosphoheaven or Phosphogeddon? Telling the Story of the Opportunities and Challenges to Mend
Our Broken Phosphorus Cycle
Phil HaygarthLancaster University, UK@ProfPHaygarth
@DrLimnology
Jim ElserUniversity of Montana &
Arizona State University, USA
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Building resilience?• Plan for change
• Maritime regions seem vulnerable– Temperature dynamics!
– Hydrological dynamics!
– Soil loss!
• Crops vulnerable!
• Phosphorus and other nutrient cycles accelerating…
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“The history of every Nation is eventually written in the way in which it cares for its
soil.”
Franklin D. RooseveltPresident of the United States 1933-1945
SLIDE FROM JOHN QUINTON
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Thanks to the team …..
NERC Nutcat teamBBSRC OPUS Team
EdenDTC team
@ProfPHaygarth
landwaterblog.blogspot.com