Definitions and Isotopic Fractionation

Elemental EcologyWeek One

Chemistry RefresherWhat’s an isotope?

Measuring and Reporting Isotope Values

Isotopic FractionationWhy are isotopes useful?

What are the six main elements found in living organisms?

CHONPS

What are the six main elements found in living organisms?

Protons: subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus

1.67262 x 10-27 kg1.00727 amu

Neutrons (N): subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus

1.67493 x 10-27 kg1.00866 amu

Electrons: subatomic particle with a negative charge found orbiting the nucleus

9.10938 x 10-31 kg0.00054858 amu

What makes up an atom?

Atomic Number (Z): integer that expresses the number of protons in a nucleus (defines an element)

Mass Number (A): the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

Atomic Mass: the average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element weighted by their abundances

Atomic Mass Unit (AMU): a mass equal to exactly 1/12th the mass of a 12C atom

Nuclide Definitions

Isotopes: two or more atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

same Z, different N, different A

Stable Isotopes: Do not radioactively decay, although they may be radiogenic.

Typically, the heavier stable isotopes of an element are less abundant than the lighter stable isotopes of the same element.

Radioactive Isotopes: Contain unstable nuclei and dissipate excess energy through spontaneous radioactive decay in which alpha, beta, or gamma rays are emitted and a new element is formed.

So, what’s an isotope then?

Table of Isotopes (1996) Z=0-50

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H31/2+

12.33 y

b-

H42-

He53/2-

0.60 MeV

n

He60+

806.7 ms

b-

He7(3/2)-

160 keV

n

He80+

119.0 ms

b-n

He9

n

Li42-

Li53/2-

1.5 MeV

p

Li82+

838 ms

b-2a

Li93/2-

178.3 ms

b-n

Li101.2 MeV

n

Li113/2-

8.5 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Be60+

92 keV

2p

Be73/2-

53.29 d

EC

Be80+

6.8 eV

2a

Be100+

1.51E+6 y

b-

Be111/2+

13.81 s

b-a

Be120+

23.6 ms

b-

Be140+

4.35 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

B7(3/2-)

1.4 MeVB82+

770 ms

EC2a

B93/2-

0.54 keV

2pa

B121+

20.20 ms

b-3a

B133/2-

17.36 ms

b-n

B142-

13.8 ms

b-

B1510.5 ms

b-

B17(3/2-)

5.08 ms

b-n

B19

C80+

230 keVC9

(3/2-)126.5 ms

ECp,ECp2a,...

C100+

19.255 s

EC

C113/2-

20.39 m

EC

C140+

5730 y

b-

C151/2+

2.449 s

b-

C160+

0.747 s

b-n

C17193 ms

b-n

C180+

66 ms

b-n

C19 C200+

C220+

N11740 keV

p

N121+

11.000 ms

EC3a

N131/2-

9.965 m

EC

N162-

7.13 s

b-a

N171/2-

4.173 s

b-n

N181-

624 ms

b-n,b-a,...

N190.27 s

b-n

N20100 ms

b-n

N2185 ms

b-n

N2224 ms

b-n

N23

O120+

0.40 MeV

2p

O13(3/2-)

8.58 ms

ECp

O140+

70.606 s

EC

O151/2-

122.24 s

EC

O195/2+

26.91 s

b-

O200+

13.51 s

b-

O21(1/2,3/2,5/2)+

3.42 s

b-

O220+

2.25 s

b-

O23[1/2+]82 ms

b-n

O240+

61 ms

b-n

O253/2+5 ms

b-

O260+

14 ms

b-

O271/2+3 ms

b-

O280+

3 ms

b-

O295/2-3 ms

b-

O300+

2.0 ms

b-

O313/2-

1.3 ms

b-

O320+

1.0 ms

b-

O335/2-

600 us

b-

O340+

700 us

b-

F15(1/2+)

1.0 MeV

p

F160-

40 keV

p

F175/2+

64.49 s

EC

F181+

109.77 m

EC

F202+

11.00 s

b-

F215/2+

4.158 s

b-

F224+,(3+)4.23 s

b-

F23(3/2,5/2)+

2.23 s

b-

F24(1,2,3)+0.34 s

b-

F25[1/2+]59 ms

b-n

F26[0+,3+]

7 msF27[5/2+]5 ms

F281+,2+1.8 ms

b-

F293/2+

2.3 ms

b-

F301-,4-

2.1 ms

b-

F311/2+

1.9 ms

b-

F321-,2-

1.1 ms

b-

F331/2+

1.0 ms

b-

F342-,3-

600 us

b-

F351/2+

600 us

b-

F360-,1-

500 us

b-

F375/2+

1.0 ms

b-

F380-,1-

300 us

b-

Ne160+

122 keV

2p

Ne171/2-

109.2 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Ne180+

1672 ms

EC

Ne191/2+

17.34 s

EC

Ne235/2+

37.24 s

b-

Ne240+

3.38 m

b-

Ne25(1/2,3/2)+

602 ms

b-

Ne260+

197 ms

b-n

Ne27[3/2+]32 ms

b-n

Ne280+

17 ms

b-n

Ne29[1/2+]0.2 s

b-

Ne300+

14 msNe31

3/2+8 ms

b-

Ne320+

19 ms

b-

Ne333/2-

12 ms

b-

Ne340+

5 ms

b-

Ne355/2-3 ms

b-

Ne360+

3 ms

b-

Ne371/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Ne380+

3 ms

b-

Ne391/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Ne400+

1.3 ms

b-

Ne417/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Na19[3/2+]150 ms

p

Na202+

447.9 ms

ECa

Na213/2+

22.49 sNa22

3+2.6019 y

Na244+

14.9590 h

b-*

Na255/2+

59.1 s

b-

Na263+

1.072 s

b-

Na275/2+

301 ms

b-n

Na281+

30.5 ms

b-n

Na293/2

44.9 ms

b-n

Na302+

48 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na31[5/2+]

17.0 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na32[0-,3-]

13.2 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na33[3/2+]8.2 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na34[0-,3-]5.5 ms

b-n

Na35[3/2+]1.5 ms

b-n

Na361-,4-

2.3 ms

b-

Na373/2+

2.2 ms

b-

Na381-,2-

1.6 ms

b-

Na393/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Na401-,2-

500 us

b-

Na413/2+

900 us

b-

Na422-,5-

700 us

b-

Na433/2+

700 us

b-

Na441-,2-

150 us

b-

Mg200+

95 ms

ECp

Mg21(3/2,5/2)+

122 ms

ECp

Mg220+

3.857 s

EC

Mg233/2+

11.317 s

EC

Mg271/2+

9.458 m

b-

Mg280+

20.91 h

b-

Mg293/2+

1.30 s

b-

Mg300+

335 ms

b-

Mg31[3/2+]230 ms

b-n

Mg320+

120 ms

b-n

Mg33[5/2-]90 ms

b-n

Mg340+

20 ms

b-n

Mg35[3/2-]30 ms

Mg360+

18 msMg37

5/2-12 ms

b-

Mg380+

11 ms

b-

Mg391/2-7 ms

b-

Mg400+

24 ms

b-

Mg417/2-

1.5 ms

b-

Mg420+

2.5 ms

b-

Mg431/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Mg440+

20 ms

b-

Mg451/2-

300 us

b-

Mg460+

2.1 ms

b-

Mg473/2+

800 us

b-

Al215/2+

30 ms

EC

Al22[2+,3+]70 ms

ECp

Al23[5/2+]0.47 s

ECp

Al244+

2.053 s

ECa*

Al255/2+

7.183 s

EC

Al265+

7.4E+5 y

EC*

Al283+

2.2414 m

b-

Al295/2+

6.56 m

b-

Al303+

3.60 s

b-

Al31(3/2,5/2)+

644 ms

b-

Al321+

33 ms

b-

Al33[3/2+]16 ms

Al34[1-,2-]60 ms

b-n

Al35[5/2+]150 ms

b-n

Al36[1-,4-]11 ms

Al375/2+7 ms

b-

Al38[0-,5-]5 ms

Al39[5/2+]5 ms

Al401-,6-4 ms

b-

Al413/2+5 ms

b-

Al421-,2-

1.8 ms

b-

Al435/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Al442-,3-

1.0 ms

b-

Al455/2+6 ms

b-

Al462-,3-

400 us

b-

Al471/2+

900 us

b-

Al484+,5+800 us

b-

Al491/2+

700 us

b-

Al501+,2+700 us

b-

Al511/2+

600 us

b-

Si220+

6 ms

ECp

Si23[5/2+]12 ms

Si240+

102 ms

ECp

Si255/2+

220 ms

ECp

Si260+

2.234 s

EC

Si275/2+

4.16 s

EC

Si313/2+

157.3 m

b-

Si320+

172 y

b-

Si33[3/2+]6.18 s

b-

Si340+

2.77 s

b-

Si35[5/2-]0.78 s

b-

Si360+

0.45 s

b-n

Si37[3/2-]

130 msSi38

0+500 ms

Si39[5/2-]

170 msSi40

0+40 ms

Si41[1/2-]60 ms

Si420+

70 ms

b-

Si433/2-

13 ms

b-

Si440+

20 ms

b-

Si451/2-9 ms

b-

Si460+

40 ms

b-

Si475/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Si480+

2.0 ms

b-

Si499/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Si500+

1.3 ms

b-

Si515/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Si520+

1.1 ms

b-

Si535/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Si540+

900 us

b-

P231/2+9 ms

EC

P242+,3+7 ms

EC

P251/2+

24 ms

EC

P26(3+)

20 ms

ECp

P271/2+

260 ms

ECp

P283+

270.3 ms

ECp,ECa,...

P291/2+

4.140 s

EC

P301+

2.498 m

EC

P321+

14.262 d

b-

P331/2+

25.34 d

b-

P341+

12.43 s

b-

P351/2+

47.3 s

b-

P36[2-,3-]5.6 s

b-

P37[1/2+]2.31 s

b-

P38[1-,2-]0.64 s

b-n

P39[1/2+]0.16 s

b-n

P40[2-,3-]260 ms

b-n

P41[1/2+]120 ms

b-n

P42[3-,4-]110 ms

b-n

P43[3/2+]60 ms

P44[0-,1-]30 ms

P45[1/2+]24 ms

P460-,1-5 ms

b-

P471/2+

30 ms

b-

P481-,4-

2.1 ms

b-

P493/2+3 ms

b-

P503+,6+1.6 ms

b-

P513/2+

1.4 ms

b-

P521+,4+1.1 ms

b-

P535/2+

900 us

b-

P540+,5+1.0 ms

b-

P555/2+

1.0 ms

b-

P562+,3+700 us

b-

P571/2-

600 us

b-

S240+

6 ms

EC

S251/2+5 ms

EC

S260+

30 ms

EC

S27[3/2+]21 ms

ECp,EC2p,...

S280+

125 ms

ECp

S29[5/2+]187 ms

ECp

S300+

1.178 s

EC

S311/2+

2.572 s

EC

S353/2+

87.51 d

b-

S377/2-

5.05 m

b-

S380+

170.3 m

b-

S39(3/2,5/2,7/2)-

11.5 s

b-

S400+

8.8 s

b-

S41[5/2-]1.1 s

S420+4 s

S43[7/2-]

220 ms

b-n

S440+

200 ms

b-n

S451/2-

70 ms

b-

S460+

50 ms

b-

S471/2-6 ms

b-

S480+

14 msS493/2-5 ms

b-

S500+

5 ms

b-

S519/2+4 ms

b-

S520+

3 ms

b-

S533/2+

2.4 ms

b-

S540+

2.1 ms

b-

S555/2+

2.1 ms

b-

S560+

2.0 ms

b-

S575/2+

1.7 ms

b-

S580+

1.0 ms

b-

S591/2-

300 us

b-

S600+

230 us

b-

Cl251/2+

1.1 ms

EC

Cl261+,4+1.3 ms

EC

Cl271/2+

2.4 ms

EC

Cl281+,2+1.7 ms

EC

Cl293/2+

11 ms

EC

Cl301+,2+30 ms

EC

Cl31[3/2+]150 ms

ECp

Cl321+

298 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Cl333/2+

2.511 s

EC

Cl340+

1.5264 s

EC*

Cl362+

3.01E+5 y

EC,b-

Cl382-

37.24 m

b-*

Cl393/2+

55.6 m

b-

Cl402-

1.35 m

b-

Cl41(1/2,3/2)+

38.4 s

b-

Cl42[2-,3-]6.8 s

b-

Cl43[1/2+]3.3 s

b-

Cl44[3-,4-]600 ms

Cl45[3/2+]405 ms

b-n

Cl46[0-,3-]202 ms

b-n

Cl471/2+

90 ms

b-

Cl48[0-,1-]40 ms

Cl491/2+

30 ms

b-

Cl502-,3-5 ms

b-

Cl511/2+8 ms

b-

Cl524+,5+5 ms

b-

Cl531/2+3 ms

b-

Cl540-,1-

2.1 ms

b-

Cl551/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Cl562-,3-

800 us

b-

Cl571/2-

800 us

b-

Cl583+,4+1.4 ms

b-

Cl591/2+

1.3 ms

b-

Cl602+,3+1.1 ms

b-

Cl611/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Cl621+,2+700 us

b-

Cl631/2+

600 us

b-

Ar275/2+

1.7 ms

EC

Ar280+

14 ms

EC

Ar293/2+4 ms

EC

Ar300+

40 ms

EC

Ar31[1/2+]

15.1 ms

ECp,EC2p,...

Ar320+

98 ms

ECp

Ar331/2+

173.0 ms

ECp

Ar340+

844.5 ms

EC

Ar353/2+

1.775 s

EC

Ar373/2+

35.04 d

EC

Ar397/2-

269 y

b-

Ar417/2-

109.34 m

b-

Ar420+

32.9 y

b-

Ar43(3/2,5/2)5.37 m

b-

Ar440+

11.87 m

b-

Ar45[1/2-]

21.48 s

b-

Ar460+

8.4 s

b-

Ar47[3/2-]

800 msAr48

0+250 ms

Ar491/2-

70 ms

b-

Ar500+

50 msAr51[1/2-]24 ms

Ar520+

16 ms

b-

Ar539/2+

15 ms

b-

Ar540+

10 ms

b-

Ar559/2+

12 ms

b-

Ar560+

7 ms

b-

Ar579/2+5 ms

b-

Ar580+

3 ms

b-

Ar597/2+

2.4 ms

b-

Ar600+

2.0 ms

b-

Ar615/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Ar620+

2.0 ms

b-

Ar633/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Ar640+

2.0 ms

b-

Ar651/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ar660+

700 us

b-

Ar679/2+

600 us

b-

K293/2+

1.2 ms

EC

K301+,4+800 us

EC

K313/2+4 ms

EC

K321+,2+3 ms

EC

K331/2+

40 ms

EC

K340+,1+40 ms

EC

K353/2+

190 ms

ECp

K362+

342 ms

ECp,ECa,...

K373/2+

1.226 s

EC

K383+

7.636 m

EC*

K422-

12.360 h

b-

K433/2+

22.3 h

b-

K442-

22.13 m

b-

K453/2+

17.3 m

b-

K46(2-)

105 s

b-

K471/2+

17.5 s

b-

K48(2-)6.8 s

b-n

K49(1/2+,3/2+)

1.26 s

b-n

K50(0-,1,2-)472 ms

b-n

K51(1/2+,3/2+)

365 ms

b-n

K52[2-,3-]105 ms

b-n

K53(3/2+)30 ms

b-n

K54[1-,8-]10 ms

b-n

K557/2-4 ms

b-

K561-,2-3 ms

b-

K571/2+5 ms

b-

K584+,5+3 ms

b-

K591/2+3 ms

b-

K600-,7-

1.9 ms

b-

K617/2-

1.5 ms

b-

K621-,6-

1.5 ms

b-

K637/2-

1.7 ms

b-

K642+,3+1.1 ms

b-

K651/2+

1.2 ms

b-

K663+,4+900 us

b-

K671/2+

900 us

b-

K684+,5+700 us

b-

K691/2+

700 us

b-

K702+,3+500 us

b-

Ca300+

1.3 ms

EC

Ca315/2+

900 us

EC

Ca320+

5 ms

EC

Ca333/2+

1.9 ms

EC

Ca340+

30 ms

EC

Ca35[1/2+]50 ms

EC2p

Ca360+

100 ms

ECp

Ca373/2+

175 ms

ECp

Ca380+

440 ms

EC

Ca393/2+

859.6 ms

EC

Ca417/2-

1.03E+5 y

EC

Ca457/2-

163.8 d

b-

Ca477/2-

4.536 d

b-

Ca493/2-

8.715 m

b-

Ca500+

13.9 s

b-

Ca51(3/2-)10.0 s

b-n

Ca520+

4.6 s

b-

Ca53(3/2-,5/2-)

90 ms

b-n

Ca540+

90 msCa55

5/2-12 ms

b-

Ca560+

30 ms

b-

Ca573/2-8 ms

b-

Ca580+

12 ms

b-

Ca591/2+7 ms

b-

Ca600+

4 ms

b-

Ca619/2+4 ms

b-

Ca620+

4 ms

b-

Ca633/2+3 ms

b-

Ca640+

3 ms

b-

Ca655/2+

2.0 ms

b-

Ca660+

1.9 ms

b-

Ca677/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Ca680+

1.5 ms

b-

Ca699/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ca700+

1.2 ms

b-

Ca711/2+

900 us

b-

Ca720+

900 us

b-

Ca733/2+

700 us

b-

Sc320-,3-

1.1 ms

EC

Sc337/2-4 ms

EC

Sc342-,5-

1.6 ms

EC

Sc357/2-

15 ms

EC

Sc363-,4-9 ms

EC

Sc377/2-

60 ms

EC

Sc382-,5-

40 ms

EC

Sc39(7/2-)80 ms

Sc404-

182.3 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Sc417/2-

596.3 ms

EC

Sc420+

681.3 ms

EC*

Sc437/2-

3.891 h

EC

Sc442+

3.927 h

EC**

Sc464+

83.79 d

b-*

Sc477/2-

3.345 d

b-

Sc486+

43.67 h

b-

Sc497/2-

57.2 m

b-

Sc505+

102.5 s

b-*

Sc51(7/2)-12.4 s

b-

Sc523+

8.2 s

b-

Sc53[7/2-]

150 msSc54[0+,1+]15 ms

Sc55[7/2-]30 ms

Sc563+,4+14 ms

b-

Sc577/2-

13 ms

b-

Sc582+,5+6 ms

b-

Sc597/2-7 ms

b-

Sc603+,4+5 ms

b-

Sc617/2+5 ms

b-

Sc621+,8+3 ms

b-

Sc631/2-3 ms

b-

Sc641-,2-

2.1 ms

b-

Sc651/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Sc662-,3-

1.7 ms

b-

Sc671/2-

1.7 ms

b-

Sc683-,4-

1.4 ms

b-

Sc691/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Sc704-,5-

1.1 ms

b-

Sc711/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Sc720-,1-

800 us

b-

Sc731/2-

800 us

b-

Sc741-,2-

700 us

b-

Sc751/2-

800 us

b-

Sc760-,1-

500 us

b-

Ti340+

3 ms

EC

Ti355/2+

1.2 ms

EC

Ti360+

13 ms

EC

Ti371/2+7 ms

EC

Ti380+

60 ms

EC

Ti39(3/2+)26 ms

ECp

Ti400+

50 ms

EC

Ti413/2+

80 ms

ECp

Ti420+

199 ms

EC

Ti437/2-

509 ms

EC

Ti440+

49 y

EC

Ti457/2-

184.8 m

EC

Ti513/2-

5.76 m

b-

Ti520+

1.7 m

b-

Ti53(3/2)-32.7 s

b-

Ti540+

30 sTi55[1/2-]

150 msTi56

0+800 ms

Ti57[3/2-]50 ms

Ti580+

150 ms

b-

Ti593/2-

21 ms

b-

Ti600+

50 ms

b-

Ti611/2-

30 ms

b-

Ti620+

18 ms

b-

Ti639/2+

13 ms

b-

Ti640+

14 ms

b-

Ti653/2+9 ms

b-

Ti660+

6 ms

b-

Ti675/2+6 ms

b-

Ti680+

5 ms

b-

Ti697/2+4 ms

b-

Ti700+

4 ms

b-

Ti719/2+3 ms

b-

Ti720+

3 ms

b-

Ti731/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Ti740+

2.0 ms

b-

Ti753/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Ti760+

1.6 ms

b-

Ti771/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Ti780+

1.0 ms

b-

Ti793/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Ti800+

800 us

b-

V361-,4-

900 us

EC

V373/2-5 ms

EC

V381-,2-4 ms

EC

V393/2-

11 ms

EC

V401-,2-8 ms

EC

V411/2-

24 ms

EC

V421-,2-

30 ms

EC

V431/2-

40 ms

EC

V44[2+,3+]90 ms

ECa

V457/2-

547 ms

EC

V460+

422.37 ms

EC*

V473/2-

32.6 m

EC

V484+

15.9735 d

EC

V497/2-

330 dV52

3+3.75 m

b-

V537/2-

1.61 m

b-

V543+

49.8 s

b-

V55(7/2-)6.54 s

b-

V56[0+,3+]200 ms

V57[3/2-]

140 msV58

[0+,3+]50 ms

V59[3/2-]50 ms

V60[1+,4+]13 ms

V615/2-

30 ms

b-

V622+,3+21 ms

b-

V633/2-

18 ms

b-

V641-,2-8 ms

b-

V653/2-9 ms

b-

V660-,3-8 ms

b-

V673/2-5 ms

b-

V681-,4-4 ms

b-

V693/2-4 ms

b-

V702-,5-3 ms

b-

V713/2-3 ms

b-

V723-,6-3 ms

b-

V733/2-

2.4 ms

b-

V741-,2-

1.7 ms

b-

V753/2-

1.6 ms

b-

V760-,3-

1.3 ms

b-

V773/2-

1.3 ms

b-

V780-,3-

1.1 ms

b-

V793/2-

800 us

b-

V800-,3-

900 us

b-

V813/2-

800 us

b-

V820+,3+700 us

b-

V833/2-

500 us

b-

Cr380+

4 ms

EC

Cr391/2+4 ms

EC

Cr400+

9 ms

EC

Cr411/2+9 ms

EC

Cr420+

40 ms

EC

Cr433/2+

30 ms

EC

Cr440+

120 ms

EC

Cr45(7/2-)50 ms

ECp

Cr460+

0.26 s

EC

Cr473/2-

508 ms

EC

Cr480+

21.56 h

EC

Cr495/2-

42.3 mCr51

7/2-27.702 d

EC

Cr553/2-

3.497 m

b-

Cr560+

5.94 m

b-

Cr573/2-,5/2-,7/2-

21.1 s

b-

Cr580+

7.0 s

b-

Cr59[3/2-]0.74 s

b-

Cr600+

0.57 s

b-

Cr61[3/2+]800 ms

Cr620+

400 msCr63

3/2-100 ms

b-

Cr640+

150 ms

b-

Cr651/2+

100 ms

b-

Cr660+

70 ms

b-

Cr673/2+

40 ms

b-

Cr680+

30 ms

b-

Cr695/2+

19 ms

b-

Cr700+

16 ms

b-

Cr717/2+

12 ms

b-

Cr720+

11 ms

b-

Cr739/2+9 ms

b-

Cr740+

8 ms

b-

Cr751/2+5 ms

b-

Cr760+

4 ms

b-

Cr773/2+3 ms

b-

Cr780+

3 ms

b-

Cr793/2+

2.5 ms

b-

Cr800+

1.3 ms

b-

Cr813/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Cr820+

1.3 ms

b-

Cr833/2-

1.3 ms

b-

Cr840+

1.0 ms

b-

Cr853/2+

800 us

b-

Cr860+

700 us

b-

Mn402-,3-

2.4 ms

EC

Mn415/2-5 ms

EC

Mn422-,3-4 ms

EC

Mn435/2-

13 ms

EC

Mn441-,2-

13 ms

EC

Mn455/2-

18 ms

EC

Mn46[2+,5+]15 ms

Mn475/2-

80 ms

EC

Mn484+

158.1 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Mn495/2-

384 ms

EC

Mn500+

283.0 ms

EC*

Mn515/2-

46.2 m

EC

Mn526+

5.591 d

EC*

Mn537/2-

3.74E+6 y

EC

Mn543+

312.3 d

EC,b-

Mn563+

2.5785 h

b-

Mn575/2-

87.2 s

b-

Mn583+

65.3 s

b-*

Mn593/2-,5/2-

4.6 s

b-

Mn60(0+)51 s

b-*

Mn61(5/2-)0.71 s

b-

Mn62(3+)

0.88 s

b-

Mn63[5/2-]0.25 s

b-

Mn64[1+,4+]40 ms

Mn65[5/2-]30 ms

Mn660-,5-

23 ms

b-

Mn675/2-

20 ms

b-

Mn682+,3+14 ms

b-

Mn695/2-

14 ms

b-

Mn700-,5-

11 ms

b-

Mn715/2-9 ms

b-

Mn721-,6-7 ms

b-

Mn735/2-7 ms

b-

Mn742-,7-6 ms

b-

Mn755/2-5 ms

b-

Mn762-,3-3 ms

b-

Mn775/2-3 ms

b-

Mn781-,4-

2.5 ms

b-

Mn795/2-

2.2 ms

b-

Mn801-,4-

1.9 ms

b-

Mn815/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Mn822+,3+1.2 ms

b-

Mn835/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Mn841+,4+1.1 ms

b-

Mn855/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Mn861-,4-

700 us

b-

Mn875/2-

700 us

b-

Mn880+,5+700 us

b-

Mn891/2-

700 us

b-

Fe420+

5 ms

EC

Fe431/2+3 ms

EC

Fe440+

11 ms

EC

Fe453/2+

10 ms

EC

Fe460+

18 ms

EC

Fe475/2-

30 ms

EC

Fe480+

60 msFe49(7/2-)75 ms

ECp

Fe500+

500 ms

ECp

Fe51(5/2-)

305 ms

EC

Fe520+

8.275 h

EC*

Fe537/2-

8.51 m

EC*

Fe553/2-

2.73 y

EC

Fe593/2-

44.503 d

b-

Fe600+

1.5E+6 y

b-

Fe613/2-,5/2-5.98 m

b-

Fe620+

68 s

b-

Fe63(5/2)-6.1 s

b-

Fe640+

2.0 s

b-

Fe65[1/2-]0.4 s

b-

Fe660+3 s

Fe67[1/2+]1.1 s

Fe680+

0.10 s

b-

Fe693/2+

400 ms

b-

Fe700+

250 ms

b-

Fe715/2+

120 ms

b-

Fe720+

90 ms

b-

Fe737/2+

50 ms

b-

Fe740+

50 ms

b-

Fe759/2+

50 ms

b-

Fe760+

40 ms

b-

Fe771/2+

24 ms

b-

Fe780+

15 ms

b-

Fe793/2+

12 ms

b-

Fe800+

7 ms

b-

Fe811/2+3 ms

b-

Fe820+

4 ms

b-

Fe833/2+

2.0 ms

b-

Fe840+

1.9 ms

b-

Fe853/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Fe860+

1.9 ms

b-

Fe873/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Fe880+

1.3 ms

b-

Fe895/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Fe900+

1.2 ms

b-

Fe911/2+

700 us

b-

Fe920+

1.0 ms

b-

Co443-,4-3 ms

EC

Co451/2-5 ms

EC

Co460-,1-5 ms

EC

Co471/2-

10 ms

EC

Co483+,4+13 ms

EC

Co493/2-

40 ms

EC

Co50[2+,5+]50 ms

Co51[7/2-]

100 msCo52[1+,6+]18 ms

EC

Co53(7/2-)

240 ms

EC*

Co540+

193.23 ms

EC*

Co557/2-

17.53 h

EC

Co564+

77.27 d

EC

Co577/2-

271.79 d

EC

Co582+

70.82 d

EC*

Co605+

5.2714 y

*

Co617/2-

1.650 h

b-

Co622+

1.50 m

b-*

Co63(7/2)-27.4 s

b-

Co641+

0.30 s

b-

Co65(7/2)-1.20 s

b-

Co66(3+)

0.23 s

b-

Co67(7/2-)0.42 s

b-

Co68[3-,4-]0.18 s

b-

Co69[7/2-]0.27 s

b-

Co70[2-,5-]50 ms

Co717/2-

40 ms

b-

Co721-,6-

30 ms

b-

Co737/2-

30 ms

b-

Co740-,7-

19 ms

b-

Co757/2-

17 ms

b-

Co761-,8-

15 ms

b-

Co777/2-

13 ms

b-

Co783-,4-7 ms

b-

Co797/2-7 ms

b-

Co802-,5-5 ms

b-

Co817/2-5 ms

b-

Co823-,4-

2.0 ms

b-

Co837/2-3 ms

b-

Co841-,2-

2.0 ms

b-

Co851/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Co861+,2+2.3 ms

b-

Co871/2-

2.0 ms

b-

Co881-,2-

1.5 ms

b-

Co891/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Co902+,3+1.3 ms

b-

Co915/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Co920-,1-

800 us

b-

Co931/2-

800 us

b-

Co942+,3+800 us

b-

Co951/2-

700 us

b-

Co963+,4+600 us

b-

Ni460+

4 ms

EC

Ni471/2+3 ms

EC

Ni480+

5 ms

EC

Ni497/2-5 ms

EC

Ni500+

17 ms

EC

Ni51[3/2-]15 ms

Ni520+

80 msNi53(7/2-)45 ms

ECp

Ni540+

600 ms

EC

Ni557/2-

212.1 ms

EC

Ni560+

5.9 d

EC

Ni573/2-

35.60 hNi59

3/2-7.6E+4 y

EC

Ni631/2-

100.1 y

b-

Ni655/2-

2.5172 h

b-

Ni660+

54.6 h

b-

Ni67(1/2-)21 s

b-

Ni680+

19 s

b-

Ni69[9/2+]11.4 s

b-

Ni700+

2.1 mNi71[3/2+]1.86 s

b-

Ni720+

2.1 s

b-

Ni73[5/2+]0.90 s

b-

Ni740+

1.1 s

b-

Ni757/2+1.0 s

b-

Ni760+

1.0 s

b-

Ni779/2+

500 ms

b-

Ni780+

500 ms

b-

Ni791/2+

160 ms

b-

Ni800+

180 ms

b-

Ni813/2+

90 ms

b-

Ni820+

90 ms

b-

Ni831/2+7 ms

b-

Ni840+

12 ms

b-

Ni853/2+6 ms

b-

Ni860+

3 ms

b-

Ni873/2-3 ms

b-

Ni880+

3 ms

b-

Ni893/2+

1.9 ms

b-

Ni900+

1.9 ms

b-

Ni915/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Ni920+

1.5 ms

b-

Ni931/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Ni940+

1.1 ms

b-

Ni951/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ni960+

1.1 ms

b-

Ni977/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ni980+

900 us

b-

Ni991/2-

800 us

b-

Cu481-,2-

2.5 ms

EC

Cu493/2-4 ms

EC

Cu502+,5+5 ms

EC

Cu513/2-

13 ms

EC

Cu521+,2+7 ms

EC

Cu531/2-

20 ms

EC

Cu542+,3+18 ms

EC

Cu55[1/2-]

200 Ns

EC

Cu56[3+,4+]60 ms

Cu573/2-

199.4 ms

EC

Cu581+

3.204 s

EC

Cu593/2-

81.5 s

EC

Cu602+

23.7 mCu61

3/2-3.333 h

EC

Cu621+

9.74 m

EC

Cu641+

12.700 h

EC,b-

Cu661+

5.088 m

b-

Cu673/2-

61.83 h

b-

Cu681+

31.1 s

b-*

Cu693/2-

2.85 m

b-

Cu70(1+)4.5 s

b-*

Cu71(3/2-)19.5 s

b-

Cu72[1-,2-]6.6 s

b-

Cu73[1/2-]3.9 s

b-

Cu74[2-,3-]1.59 s

b-

Cu75[1/2-]

1.224 s

b-n

Cu76[3-,4-]641 ms

b-

Cu77[1/2-]

469 ms

b-

Cu78[4-,5-]342 ms

b-

Cu79[1/2-]

188 ms

b-n

Cu800-,1-

130 ms

b-

Cu811/2-

100 ms

b-

Cu821-,2-

50 ms

b-

Cu831/2-

40 ms

b-

Cu841-,2-

16 ms

b-

Cu851/2-

13 ms

b-

Cu863+,4+5 ms

b-

Cu877/2-3 ms

b-

Cu882+,5+3 ms

b-

Cu897/2-3 ms

b-

Cu902-,5-

2.4 ms

b-

Cu917/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Cu921+,6+2.4 ms

b-

Cu937/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Cu941-,6-

1.2 ms

b-

Cu957/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Cu963-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Cu977/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Cu980+,7+900 us

b-

Cu997/2-

800 us

b-

Cu1001-,6-

600 us

b-

Cu1017/2-

600 us

b-

Cu1023-,4-

700 us

b-

Zn517/2-3 ms

EC

Zn520+

8 ms

EC

Zn533/2-4 ms

EC

Zn540+

23 ms

EC

Zn555/2-

12 ms

EC

Zn560+

80 msZn57(7/2-)40 ms

ECp

Zn580+

600 ms

EC

Zn593/2-

182.0 ms

ECp

Zn600+

2.38 m

EC

Zn613/2-

89.1 s

EC

Zn620+

9.186 h

EC

Zn633/2-

38.47 m

EC

Zn655/2-

244.26 d

EC

Zn691/2-

56.4 m

b-*

Zn711/2-

2.45 m

b-*

Zn720+

46.5 h

b-

Zn73(1/2)-23.5 s

b-*

Zn740+

96 s

b-

Zn75(7/2+)10.2 s

b-

Zn760+

5.7 s

b-

Zn77(7/2+)2.08 s

b-*

Zn780+

1.47 s

b-

Zn79[9/2+]995 ms

b-n

Zn800+

0.545 s

b-n

Zn81[1/2+]0.29 s

b-n

Zn820+

220 ms

b-

Zn831/2+

22 ms

b-

Zn840+

70 ms

b-

Zn853/2+

23 ms

b-

Zn860+

22 ms

b-

Zn871/2-

15 ms

b-

Zn880+

9 ms

b-

Zn893/2-8 ms

b-

Zn900+

8 ms

b-

Zn913/2+4 ms

b-

Zn920+

4 ms

b-

Zn935/2-4 ms

b-

Zn940+

4 ms

b-

Zn955/2+

2.4 ms

b-

Zn960+

2.4 ms

b-

Zn971/2+

2.0 ms

b-

Zn980+

1.8 ms

b-

Zn997/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Zn1000+

1.5 ms

b-

Zn1017/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Zn1020+

900 us

b-

Zn1031/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Zn1040+

800 us

b-

Zn1051/2+

700 us

b-

Ga531/2-5 ms

EC

Ga541+,2+2.1 ms

EC

Ga551/2-7 ms

EC

Ga562+,3+6 ms

EC

Ga571/2-

12 ms

EC

Ga583+,4+15 ms

EC

Ga591/2-

40 ms

EC

Ga600+,1+60 ms

EC

Ga61(3/2-)

300 msGa62

0+116.12 ms

EC

Ga633/2-,5/2-

32.4 s

EC

Ga640+

2.630 m

EC

Ga653/2-

15.2 m

EC

Ga660+

9.49 h

EC

Ga673/2-

3.2612 d

EC

Ga681+

67.629 m

EC

Ga701+

21.14 m

EC,b-

Ga723-

14.10 h

b-*

Ga733/2-

4.86 h

b-

Ga74(3-)

8.12 m

b-*

Ga753/2-

126 s

b-

Ga76(3-)

32.6 s

b-

Ga77(3/2-)13.2 s

b-

Ga78(3+)

5.09 s

b-

Ga79(3/2-)

2.847 s

b-n

Ga80(3)

1.697 s

b-n

Ga81(5/2-)

1.221 s

b-n

Ga82(1,2,3)0.602 s

b-n

Ga83[1/2-]0.31 s

b-n

Ga840-,1-

30 ms

b-

Ga851/2-

90 ms

b-

Ga861-,2-

30 ms

b-

Ga873/2-

30 ms

b-

Ga880-,3-

11 ms

b-

Ga893/2-

14 ms

b-

Ga901-,2-7 ms

b-

Ga911/2+7 ms

b-

Ga922-,5-6 ms

b-

Ga931/2+5 ms

b-

Ga942-,3-4 ms

b-

Ga951/2+4 ms

b-

Ga961-,4-3 ms

b-

Ga973/2-3 ms

b-

Ga981+,4+2.3 ms

b-

Ga993/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Ga1002+,5+1.7 ms

b-

Ga1013/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Ga1021-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Ga1033/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ga1041-,2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ga1053/2-

900 us

b-

Ga1061-,2-

800 us

b-

Ga1073/2-

800 us

b-

Ga1080+,3+800 us

b-

Ge553/2-

2.0 ms

EC

Ge560+

10 ms

EC

Ge575/2-5 ms

EC

Ge580+

19 ms

EC

Ge597/2-

15 ms

EC

Ge600+

80 ms

EC

Ge61(3/2-)40 ms

ECp

Ge620+

900 ms

EC

Ge631/2-

300 ms

EC

Ge640+

63.7 s

EC

Ge65(3/2)-30.9 s

ECp

Ge660+

2.26 h

EC

Ge671/2-

18.9 m

EC

Ge680+

270.82 d

EC*

Ge695/2-

39.05 h

EC

Ge711/2-

11.43 d

EC**

Ge751/2-

82.78 m

b-*

Ge777/2+

11.30 h

b-*

Ge780+

88.0 m

b-

Ge79(1/2-)19.1 s

b-*

Ge800+

29.5 s

b-

Ge81(9/2+)7.6 s

b-*

Ge820+

4.60 s

b-

Ge83(5/2+)1.85 s

b-

Ge840+

1.2 s

b-

Ge851/2+

40 ms

b-

Ge860+

200 ms

b-

Ge873/2+

50 ms

b-

Ge880+

50 ms

b-

Ge893/2+

19 ms

b-

Ge900+

24 ms

b-

Ge913/2+

30 ms

b-

Ge920+

20 ms

b-

Ge933/2+

14 ms

b-

Ge940+

14 ms

b-

Ge955/2-

11 ms

b-

Ge960+

8 ms

b-

Ge975/2+4 ms

b-

Ge980+

4 ms

b-

Ge995/2-4 ms

b-

Ge1000+

3 ms

b-

Ge1017/2-3 ms

b-

Ge1020+

2.3 ms

b-

Ge1035/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Ge1040+

1.4 ms

b-

Ge1059/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Ge1060+

1.3 ms

b-

Ge1071/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ge1080+

900 us

b-

Ge1093/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ge1100+

800 us

b-

Ge1111/2-

800 us

b-

Ge1120+

700 us

b-

As573/2-3 ms

EC

As581+,4+2.4 ms

EC

As593/2-7 ms

EC

As602+,5+8 ms

EC

As611/2-

17 ms

EC

As621+,2+30 ms

EC

As633/2-

90 ms

EC

As641+,2+70 ms

EC

As65[3/2-]0.19 s

EC

As66[0+,3+]

95.77 ms

EC

As67(5/2-)42.5 s

EC

As683

151.6 s

EC

As695/2-

15.2 m

EC

As704(+)

52.6 m

EC

As715/2-

65.28 h

EC

As722-

26.0 h

EC

As733/2-

80.30 d

EC

As742-

17.77 d

EC,b-*

As762-

26.32 h

EC,b-

As773/2-

38.83 h

b-

As782-

90.7 m

b-

As793/2-

9.01 m

b-

As801+

15.2 s

b-

As813/2-

33.3 s

b-

As82(1+)

19.1 s

b-*

As83(5/2-,3/2-)

13.4 s

b-

As84(0-,1-,2-)

5.5 s

b-n*

As85(3/2-)

2.028 s

b-n

As86[1-,2-]0.9 s

b-n

As87(3/2-)0.73 s

b-n

As881-,2-

70 ms

b-

As891/2-

80 ms

b-

As901-,2-

30 ms

b-

As911/2-

40 ms

b-

As921+,2+40 ms

b-

As931/2-

30 ms

b-

As941-,2-

18 ms

b-

As953/2-

20 ms

b-

As961+,4+16 ms

b-

As973/2-

11 ms

b-

As982+,3+8 ms

b-

As991/2-5 ms

b-

As1002+,3+4 ms

b-

As1011/2-3 ms

b-

As1023+,4+3 ms

b-

As1031/2-3 ms

b-

As1042-,3-

2.0 ms

b-

As1051/2-

1.8 ms

b-

As1064+,5+1.8 ms

b-

As1071/2-

1.5 ms

b-

As1083-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

As1091/2-

1.0 ms

b-

As1104+,5+1.1 ms

b-

As1111/2-

900 us

b-

As1120+,1+800 us

b-

As1131/2-

800 us

b-

As1145+,6+1.2 ms

b-

As1155/2-

600 us

b-

Se595/2-

2.0 ms

EC

Se600+

7 ms

EC

Se617/2-7 ms

EC

Se620+

24 ms

EC

Se631/2-

17 ms

EC

Se640+

90 ms

EC

Se651/2-

40 ms

EC

Se660+

600 ms

EC

Se673/2-

400 ms

EC

Se680+

40 s

EC

Se69(3/2-)27.4 s

ECp

Se700+

41.1 m

EC

Se713/2-,5/2-4.74 m

EC

Se720+

8.40 d

EC

Se739/2+

7.15 h

EC*

Se755/2+

119.779 d

EC*

Se797/2+

6.5E+4 y

b-*

Se811/2-

18.45 m

b-*

Se839/2+

22.3 m

b-*

Se840+

3.1 m

b-

Se85(5/2+)31.7 s

b-

Se860+

15.3 s

b-

Se87(5/2+)5.85 s

b-n

Se880+

1.52 s

b-n

Se89(5/2+)0.41 s

b-n

Se900+

140 ms

b-

Se91[3/2+]0.27 s

b-n

Se920+

60 ms

b-

Se933/2-

100 ms

b-

Se940+

50 ms

b-

Se953/2+

30 ms

b-

Se960+

30 ms

b-

Se975/2-

30 ms

b-

Se980+

18 ms

b-

Se995/2+8 ms

b-

Se1000+

8 ms

b-

Se1015/2-7 ms

b-

Se1020+

5 ms

b-

Se1037/2-5 ms

b-

Se1040+

4 ms

b-

Se1055/2+3 ms

b-

Se1060+

2.4 ms

b-

Se1079/2-

2.5 ms

b-

Se1080+

2.1 ms

b-

Se1097/2+

1.6 ms

b-

Se1100+

2.2 ms

b-

Se1119/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Se1120+

1.2 ms

b-

Se1131/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Se1140+

1.0 ms

b-

Se11511/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Se1160+

600 us

b-

Se1177/2-

700 us

b-

Se1180+

600 us

b-

Br611/2+4 ms

EC

Br620-,1-3 ms

EC

Br639/2+

10 ms

EC

Br643-,6-9 ms

EC

Br659/2+

23 ms

EC

Br662-,7-

21 ms

EC

Br679/2+

40 ms

EC

Br684-,5-

40 ms

EC

Br69[9/2+]200 ms

Br70[0+,9+]79.1 ms

EC*

Br715/2-

21.4 s

EC

Br72(3)+

78.6 s

EC*

Br731/2-

3.4 m

EC

Br74(0-,1)

25.4 m

EC*

Br753/2-

96.7 m

EC

Br761-

16.2 h

EC*

Br773/2-

57.036 h

EC*

Br781+

6.46 m

EC,b-*

Br801+

17.68 m

EC,b-*

Br825-

35.30 h

b-*

Br833/2-

2.40 h

b-

Br842-

31.80 m

b-*

Br853/2-

2.90 m

b-

Br86(2-)

55.1 s

b-

Br873/2-

55.60 s

b-n

Br88(1,2-)16.5 s

b-n

Br89(3/2-,5/2-)

4.40 s

b-n

Br90[1+,2+]1.92 s

b-n

Br91[1/2+]0.541 s

b-n

Br92(2-)

0.343 s

b-n

Br93(5/2-)

102 ms

b-n

Br94[1+,2+]70 ms

b-n

Br951/2-

90 ms

b-

Br961-,2-

50 ms

b-

Br971/2-

50 ms

b-

Br982+,3+40 ms

b-

Br991/2-

30 ms

b-

Br1002+,3+7 ms

b-

Br1011/2+7 ms

b-

Br1022-,3-7 ms

b-

Br1031/2+5 ms

b-

Br1043-,4-4 ms

b-

Br1051/2+4 ms

b-

Br1062+,3+3 ms

b-

Br1071/2+3 ms

b-

Br1084-,5-3 ms

b-

Br1091/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Br1104-,5-

2.1 ms

b-

Br1119/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Br1120+,3+4 ms

b-

Br1133/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Br1141+,2+1.5 ms

b-

Br1153/2-

1.3 ms

b-

Br1165+,6+1.9 ms

b-

Br1171/2-

900 us

b-

Br1182+,5+900 us

b-

Br1191/2-

800 us

b-

Br1201+,4+600 us

b-

Br1215/2+

600 us

b-

Kr631/2-

2.3 ms

EC

Kr640+

9 ms

EC

Kr653/2-8 ms

EC

Kr660+

30 ms

EC

Kr675/2-

21 ms

EC

Kr680+

70 ms

EC

Kr691/2-

30 ms

EC

Kr700+

400 ms

EC

Kr71[9/2+]97 ms

EC

Kr720+

17.2 s

EC

Kr735/2-

27.0 s

ECp

Kr740+

11.50 m

EC

Kr75(5/2)+4.3 m

EC

Kr760+

14.8 h

EC

Kr775/2+

74.4 m

EC

Kr791/2-

35.04 h

EC*

Kr817/2+

2.29E+5 y

EC**

Kr859/2+

10.756 y

b-*

Kr875/2+

76.3 m

b-

Kr880+

2.84 h

b-

Kr89(3/2+,5/2+)

3.15 m

b-

Kr900+

32.32 s

b-

Kr91(5/2+)8.57 s

b-

Kr920+

1.840 s

b-n

Kr93(1/2+)1.286 s

b-n

Kr940+

0.20 s

b-n

Kr95[3/2-]0.78 s

b-

Kr960+

200 ms

b-

Kr973/2+

90 ms

b-

Kr980+

100 ms

b-

Kr995/2-

80 ms

b-

Kr1000+

50 ms

b-

Kr1015/2+

16 ms

b-

Kr1020+

23 ms

b-

Kr1031/2+

18 ms

b-

Kr1040+

15 ms

b-

Kr1057/2-

11 ms

b-

Kr1060+

9 ms

b-

Kr1075/2+7 ms

b-

Kr1080+

5 ms

b-

Kr1099/2-5 ms

b-

Kr1100+

3 ms

b-

Kr1111/2-3 ms

b-

Kr1120+

3 ms

b-

Kr1133/2-3 ms

b-

Kr1140+

2.2 ms

b-

Kr1151/2-

2.0 ms

b-

Kr1160+

1.9 ms

b-

Kr11711/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Kr1180+

1.2 ms

b-

Kr1197/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Kr1200+

1.0 ms

b-

Kr1213/2-

800 us

b-

Kr1220+

900 us

b-

Kr1231/2+

700 us

b-

Kr1240+

600 us

b-

Rb662-,5-3 ms

EC

Rb673/2+7 ms

EC

Rb681-,2-6 ms

EC

Rb693/2+

13 ms

EC

Rb703-,4-

12 ms

EC

Rb717/2+

30 ms

EC

Rb721+,8+30 ms

EC

Rb733/2+

300 ms

EC

Rb74(0+)

64.9 ms

EC

Rb75(3/2-,5/2-)

19.0 s

EC

Rb761

39.1 s

EC

Rb773/2-

3.75 m

EC

Rb780(+)

17.66 m

EC*

Rb795/2+

22.9 m

EC

Rb801+

34 s

EC

Rb813/2-

4.576 h

EC*

Rb821+

1.273 m

EC*

Rb835/2-

86.2 d

EC

Rb842-

32.77 d

EC,b-*

Rb862-

18.631 d

EC,b-*

Rb882-

17.78 m

b-

Rb893/2-

15.15 m

b-

Rb900-

158 s

b-*

Rb913/2(-)58.4 s

b-

Rb920-

4.492 s

b-n

Rb935/2-

5.84 s

b-n

Rb943(-)

2.702 s

b-n

Rb955/2-

377.5 ms

b-n

Rb962+

0.199 s

b-n

Rb973/2(+)

169.9 ms

b-n

Rb98(1,0)

114 ms

b-n,b-2n,...*

Rb99(5/2+)59 ms

b-n

Rb100[1-,4-]51 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Rb101[3/2+]32 ms

b-n

Rb102[1+,4+]37 ms

b-n

Rb1033/2+

18 ms

b-

Rb1041+,2+14 ms

b-

Rb1053/2+

12 ms

b-

Rb1062-,5-

10 ms

b-

Rb1073/2+8 ms

b-

Rb1081+,4+8 ms

b-

Rb1093/2+6 ms

b-

Rb1103-,6-6 ms

b-

Rb1117/2+3 ms

b-

Rb1123-,4-3 ms

b-

Rb1131/2-4 ms

b-

Rb1141+,2+3 ms

b-

Rb1151/2-3 ms

b-

Rb1160+,1+3 ms

b-

Rb1171/2-

2.5 ms

b-

Rb1184+,7+3 ms

b-

Rb1193/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Rb1203+,4+1.5 ms

b-

Rb1211/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Rb1220+,3+1.2 ms

b-

Rb1233/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Rb1241+,4+1.1 ms

b-

Rb1253/2+

600 us

b-

Rb1262-,3-

700 us

b-

Rb1273/2+

700 us

b-

Rb1280+,3+600 us

b-

Sr680+

8 ms

EC

Sr691/2-7 ms

EC

Sr700+

16 ms

EC

Sr713/2-

14 ms

EC

Sr720+

60 ms

EC

Sr733/2-

40 ms

EC

Sr740+

400 ms

EC

Sr753/2+

200 ms

EC

Sr760+9 s

EC

Sr77(5/2+,7/2+)

9.0 s

ECp

Sr780+

2.5 m

EC

Sr79(3/2-)

2.25 m

EC

Sr800+

106.3 m

EC

Sr811/2-

22.3 m

EC

Sr820+

25.55 d

EC

Sr837/2+

32.41 h

EC*

Sr859/2+

64.84 d

EC**

Sr895/2+

50.53 d

b-

Sr900+

28.78 y

b-

Sr915/2+

9.63 h

b-

Sr920+

2.71 h

b-

Sr935/2+

7.423 m

b-

Sr940+

75.3 s

b-

Sr951/2+

23.90 s

b-

Sr960+

1.07 s

b-

Sr971/2+

426 ms

b-n

Sr980+

0.653 s

b-n

Sr993/2+

0.269 s

b-n

Sr1000+

202 ms

b-n

Sr101(5/2)

118 ms

b-n

Sr1020+

69 ms

b-n

Sr1035/2+

40 ms

b-

Sr1040+

80 ms

b-

Sr1051/2+

60 ms

b-

Sr1060+

40 ms

b-

Sr1077/2-

30 ms

b-

Sr1080+

24 ms

b-

Sr1091/2-

20 ms

b-

Sr1100+

14 ms

b-

Sr1115/2+

12 ms

b-

Sr1120+

7 ms

b-

Sr1135/2-6 ms

b-

Sr1140+

6 ms

b-

Sr1153/2-5 ms

b-

Sr1160+

4 ms

b-

Sr1171/2-4 ms

b-

Sr1180+

3 ms

b-

Sr1191/2-5 ms

b-

Sr1200+

2.4 ms

b-

Sr1217/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Sr1220+

1.9 ms

b-

Sr1235/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Sr1240+

1.6 ms

b-

Sr1255/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Sr1260+

900 us

b-

Sr1271/2+

800 us

b-

Sr1280+

1.0 ms

b-

Sr1293/2+

700 us

b-

Sr1300+

700 us

b-

Sr1313/2-

700 us

b-

Y702-,3-4 ms

EC

Y715/2+8 ms

EC

Y722+,3+7 ms

EC

Y735/2+

17 ms

EC

Y741-,4-

16 ms

EC

Y755/2+

40 ms

EC

Y761+,4+40 ms

EC

Y775/2+

190 ms

EC

Y780+,5+

210 ms

EC

Y79[5/2+]2.4 s

Y80(3,4,5)

35 s

EC

Y81(5/2+)72.4 s

EC

Y821+

9.5 s

EC

Y83(9/2+)7.08 m

EC*

Y841+

4.6 s

EC*

Y85(1/2)-2.68 h

EC*

Y864-

14.74 h

EC*

Y871/2-

79.8 h

EC*

Y884-

106.65 d

EC**

Y902-

64.10 h

b-*

Y911/2-

58.51 d

*

Y922-

3.54 h

b-

Y931/2-

10.18 h

b-*

Y942-

18.7 m

b-

Y951/2-

10.3 m

b-

Y960-

5.34 s

b-*

Y97(1/2-)3.75 s

b-n**

Y98(0)-

0.548 s

b-n*

Y995/2+

1.470 s

b-n

Y1001-,2-

735 ms

b-n*

Y101(5/2+)448 ms

b-n

Y102[1+,4+]0.36 s

b-n*

Y1035/2+

90 ms

b-

Y1040+,5+30 ms

b-

Y1055/2+

50 ms

b-

Y1062+,3+40 ms

b-

Y1075/2+

30 ms

b-

Y1081-,6-

30 ms

b-

Y1095/2+

19 ms

b-

Y1102-,3-

16 ms

b-

Y1115/2+

12 ms

b-

Y1120+,5+9 ms

b-

Y1135/2+

12 ms

b-

Y1142-,7-6 ms

b-

Y1159/2+5 ms

b-

Y1163-,6-5 ms

b-

Y1179/2+4 ms

b-

Y1184-,5-4 ms

b-

Y1199/2+3 ms

b-

Y1203+,4+7 ms

b-

Y1211/2-3 ms

b-

Y1222+,3+2.5 ms

b-

Y1231/2-3 ms

b-

Y1243+,4+2.4 ms

b-

Y1251/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Y1263+,4+2.1 ms

b-

Y1271/2+

1.3 ms

b-

Y1281+,2+1.0 ms

b-

Y1293/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Y1301-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Y1315/2-

800 us

b-

Y1321+,4+800 us

b-

Y1335/2-

700 us

b-

Y1340-,5-

700 us

b-

Zr720+

7 ms

EC

Zr733/2-7 ms

EC

Zr740+

18 ms

EC

Zr753/2-

17 ms

EC

Zr760+

50 ms

EC

Zr773/2+

30 ms

EC

Zr780+

300 ms

EC

Zr795/2+

160 ms

EC

Zr800+7 s

Zr81[1/2+]15 s

ECp

Zr820+

32 s

EC

Zr83(1/2-)44 s

ECp

Zr840+

25.9 m

EC

Zr857/2+

7.86 m

EC*

Zr860+

16.5 h

EC

Zr87(9/2)+1.68 h

EC*

Zr880+

83.4 d

EC

Zr899/2+

78.41 h

EC**

Zr935/2+

1.53E+6 y

b-

Zr955/2+

64.02 d

b-

Zr971/2+

16.91 h

b-

Zr980+

30.7 s

b-

Zr991/2+2.1 s

b-

Zr1000+

7.1 s

b-

Zr101(3/2+)2.1 s

b-

Zr1020+

2.9 s

b-

Zr103(5/2)1.3 s

b-

Zr1040+

1.2 s

b-

Zr1055/2+

100 ms

b-

Zr1060+

400 ms

b-

Zr1071/2+

220 ms

b-

Zr1080+

180 ms

b-

Zr1097/2-

140 ms

b-

Zr1100+

80 ms

b-

Zr1111/2-

60 ms

b-

Zr1120+

50 ms

b-

Zr1135/2+

40 ms

b-

Zr1140+

20 ms

b-

Zr1155/2-

17 ms

b-

Zr1160+

12 ms

b-

Zr1173/2-

12 ms

b-

Zr1180+

9 ms

b-

Zr1191/2-9 ms

b-

Zr1200+

7 ms

b-

Zr1217/2-

11 ms

b-

Zr1220+

4 ms

b-

Zr1235/2-4 ms

b-

Zr1240+

4 ms

b-

Zr1253/2+3 ms

b-

Zr1260+

3 ms

b-

Zr1271/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Zr1280+

1.6 ms

b-

Zr1291/2+

1.6 ms

b-

Zr1300+

1.4 ms

b-

Zr1313/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Zr1320+

1.1 ms

b-

Zr1333/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Zr1340+

1.0 ms

b-

Zr1355/2+

900 us

b-

Zr1360+

800 us

b-

Zr1375/2-

700 us

b-

Nb743-,4-3 ms

EC

Nb751/2+5 ms

EC

Nb761-,2-7 ms

EC

Nb771/2+

12 ms

EC

Nb781+,2+10 ms

EC

Nb791/2+

40 ms

EC

Nb802+,3+40 ms

EC

Nb811/2+

210 ms

EC

Nb820+,1+

700 ms

EC

Nb83(5/2+)4.1 s

EC

Nb84(3+)12 s

ECp

Nb85(9/2+)20.9 s

EC

Nb86(5+)88 s

EC

Nb87(9/2+)2.6 m

EC*

Nb88(8+)

14.5 m

EC*

Nb89(9/2+)1.9 h

EC*

Nb908+

14.60 h

EC**

Nb919/2+680 y

EC*

Nb92(7)+

3.47E+7 y

EC,b-**

Nb94(6)+

2.03E+4 y

b-*

Nb959/2+

34.975 d

b-*

Nb966+

23.35 h

b-

Nb979/2+

72.1 m

b-*

Nb981+

2.86 s

b-*

Nb999/2+

15.0 s

b-*

Nb1001+

1.5 s

b-**

Nb101+

7.1 s

b-

Nb1021+

1.3 s

b-*

Nb103(5/2+)1.5 s

b-

Nb104(1+)4.8 s

b-n*

Nb105(5/2+)2.95 s

b-

Nb106[2+,3+]1.02 s

b-

Nb107[1/2+]330 ms

b-

Nb1081-,2-

500 ms

b-

Nb1095/2-

500 ms

b-

Nb1101+,6+

400 ms

b-

Nb1115/2-

200 ms

b-

Nb1120-,1-

100 ms

b-

Nb1131/2+

60 ms

b-

Nb1141-,6-

22 ms

b-

Nb1157/2+

15 ms

b-

Nb1161-,6-

15 ms

b-

Nb1177/2+

11 ms

b-

Nb1182-,5-

11 ms

b-

Nb1197/2+9 ms

b-

Nb1203-,4-8 ms

b-

Nb1217/2+6 ms

b-

Nb1224-,5-

12 ms

b-

Nb1231/2+5 ms

b-

Nb1241-,8-4 ms

b-

Nb1259/2+4 ms

b-

Nb1261-,2-3 ms

b-

Nb1271/2+3 ms

b-

Nb1281+,2+1.5 ms

b-

Nb1293/2+

1.9 ms

b-

Nb1301+,2+1.9 ms

b-

Nb1313/2-

1.7 ms

b-

Nb1320-,3-

1.8 ms

b-

Nb1333/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Nb1340+,3+1.2 ms

b-

Nb1353/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Nb1361-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Nb1375/2+

900 us

b-

Nb1380-,5-

800 us

b-

Nb1395/2-

800 us

b-

Nb1402+,3+700 us

b-

Mo779/2+4 ms

EC

Mo780+

7 ms

EC

Mo793/2-5 ms

EC

Mo800+

50 ms

EC

Mo815/2+

30 ms

EC

Mo820+

70 ms

EC

Mo837/2+

90 ms

EC

Mo840+

1.1 s

EC

Mo853/2+

400 ms

EC

Mo860+8 s

Mo87(7/2+)13.4 s

ECp

Mo880+

8.0 m

EC

Mo89(9/2+)2.04 m

EC*

Mo900+

5.67 h

EC

Mo919/2+

15.49 m

EC*

Mo935/2+

4.0E+3 y

EC*

Mo991/2+

65.94 h

b-

Mo1011/2+

14.61 m

b-

Mo1020+

11.3 m

b-

Mo103(3/2+)67.5 s

b-

Mo1040+

60 s

b-

Mo105(5/2-)35.6 s

b-

Mo1060+

8.4 s

b-

Mo107[5/2+]3.5 s

b-

Mo1080+

1.5 s

b-

Mo109[1/2+]0.53 s

b-

Mo1100+

1.8 s

b-

Mo1117/2-1.2 s

b-

Mo1120+

600 ms

b-

Mo1135/2-

150 ms

b-

Mo1140+

100 ms

b-

Mo1151/2+

60 ms

b-

Mo1160+

50 ms

b-

Mo1175/2-

50 ms

b-

Mo1180+

30 ms

b-

Mo1193/2-

30 ms

b-

Mo1200+

24 ms

b-

Mo1211/2-

22 ms

b-

Mo1220+

17 ms

b-

Mo12311/2-30 ms

b-

Mo1240+

11 ms

b-

Mo1257/2-9 ms

b-

Mo1260+

8 ms

b-

Mo1273/2-8 ms

b-

Mo1280+

7 ms

b-

Mo1293/2-3 ms

b-

Mo1300+

3 ms

b-

Mo1311/2+3 ms

b-

Mo1320+

2.2 ms

b-

Mo1333/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Mo1340+

1.8 ms

b-

Mo1353/2-

1.5 ms

b-

Mo1360+

1.5 ms

b-

Mo1375/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Mo1380+

1.3 ms

b-

Mo1395/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Mo1400+

1.0 ms

b-

Mo1411/2-

900 us

b-

Mo1420+

800 us

b-

Mo1437/2+

800 us

b-

Mo1440+

700 us

b-

Tc795/2+6 ms

EC

Tc801-,4-3 ms

EC

Tc815/2+7 ms

EC

Tc822+,7+10 ms

EC

Tc835/2+

30 ms

EC

Tc841+,6+40 ms

EC

Tc853/2+

70 ms

EC

Tc860+,3+90 ms

EC

Tc873/2+

300 ms

EC

Tc88(7-,8+)300 ms

Tc89(9/2+)12.8 s

EC*

Tc901+

8.7 s

EC*

Tc91(9/2)+3.14 m

EC*

Tc92(8)+

4.23 m

EC

Tc939/2+

2.75 h

EC*

Tc947+

293 m

EC*

Tc959/2+

20.0 h

EC*

Tc967+

4.28 d

EC*

Tc979/2+

2.6E6 y

EC*

Tc98(6)+

4.2E+6 y

b-

Tc999/2+

2.111E+5 y

b-*

Tc1001+

15.8 s

b-

Tc101(9/2)+

14.22 m

b-

Tc1021+

5.28 s

b-*

Tc1035/2+

54.2 s

b-

Tc104(3+)

18.3 m

b-

Tc105(3/2-)7.6 m

b-

Tc106(1,2)35.6 s

b-

Tc107[3/2-]21.2 s

b-

Tc108(2-,3)5.17 s

b-

Tc109[5/2+]0.87 s

b-

Tc110[2-,7-]0.92 s

b-

Tc111[5/2+]0.30 s

b-

Tc1121-,6-

160 ms

b-

Tc113[5/2+]130 ms

b-

Tc1140-,5-

90 ms

b-

Tc1155/2+

70 ms

b-

Tc1162+,3+50 ms

b-

Tc1175/2+

40 ms

b-

Tc1180-,5-

40 ms

b-

Tc1195/2+

30 ms

b-

Tc1201-,4-

20 ms

b-

Tc1215/2+

19 ms

b-

Tc1222-,3-

18 ms

b-

Tc1235/2+

13 ms

b-

Tc1244-,7-

18 ms

b-

Tc1257/2+9 ms

b-

Tc1260-,7-8 ms

b-

Tc1279/2+7 ms

b-

Tc1280-,3-7 ms

b-

Tc1293/2+4 ms

b-

Tc1301+,2+3 ms

b-

Tc1311/2+4 ms

b-

Tc1320-,1-3 ms

b-

Tc1335/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Tc1341+,4+2.2 ms

b-

Tc1355/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Tc1361-,4-

1.6 ms

b-

Tc1375/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Tc1380+,5+1.6 ms

b-

Tc1393/2-

1.5 ms

b-

Tc1401+,4+1.3 ms

b-

Tc1413/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Tc1421+,2+1.1 ms

b-

Tc1433/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Tc1442-,5-

1.0 ms

b-

Tc1453/2-

900 us

b-

Tc1461+,4+700 us

b-

Tc1473/2-

600 us

b-

Ru811/2-5 ms

EC

Ru820+

12 ms

EC

Ru831/2-4 ms

EC

Ru840+

11 ms

EC

Ru851/2+

20 ms

EC

Ru860+

90 ms

EC

Ru873/2+

70 ms

EC

Ru880+

700 ms

EC

Ru895/2+

300 ms

EC

Ru900+

13 s

EC

Ru91(9/2+)

9 s

EC*

Ru920+

3.65 m

EC

Ru93(9/2)+59.7 s

EC*

Ru940+

51.8 m

EC

Ru955/2+

1.643 h

EC

Ru975/2+2.9 d

Ru1033/2+

39.26 d

b-*

Ru1053/2+

4.44 h

b-

Ru1060+

373.59 d

b-

Ru107(5/2)+3.75 m

b-

Ru1080+

4.55 m

b-

Ru109(5/2+)34.5 s

b-

Ru1100+

14.6 s

b-

Ru111[9/2-]2.12 s

b-

Ru1120+

1.75 s

b-

Ru113[7/2-]0.80 s

b-

Ru1140+

0.5 s

b-

Ru115[5/2-]0.40 s

b-n

Ru1160+

500 ms

b-

Ru1171/2+

180 ms

b-

Ru1180+

220 ms

b-

Ru1195/2-

200 ms

b-

Ru1200+

120 ms

b-

Ru1213/2-

110 ms

b-

Ru1220+

80 ms

b-

Ru1231/2-

70 ms

b-

Ru1240+

50 ms

b-

Ru12511/2-90 ms

b-

Ru1260+

30 ms

b-

Ru1277/2-

30 ms

b-

Ru1280+

30 ms

b-

Ru1293/2-

23 ms

b-

Ru1300+

20 ms

b-

Ru1311/2-5 ms

b-

Ru1320+

6 ms

b-

Ru1331/2+5 ms

b-

Ru1340+

4 ms

b-

Ru1353/2+4 ms

b-

Ru1360+

3 ms

b-

Ru1373/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Ru1380+

2.3 ms

b-

Ru1395/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Ru1400+

1.9 ms

b-

Ru1415/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Ru1420+

1.5 ms

b-

Ru1431/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Ru1440+

1.2 ms

b-

Ru1457/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Ru1460+

1.0 ms

b-

Ru1475/2-

900 us

b-

Ru1480+

700 us

b-

Ru1497/2-

700 us

b-

Ru1500+

700 us

b-

Rh833/2+

10 ms

EC

Rh842-,3-5 ms

EC

Rh855/2+

10 ms

EC

Rh862+,3+10 ms

EC

Rh875/2+

22 ms

EC

Rh881+,4+18 ms

EC

Rh895/2+

80 ms

EC

Rh900+,5+80 ms

EC

Rh915/2+

400 ms

EC

Rh921+,6+

300 ms

EC

Rh935/2+3 s

EC

Rh94(3+)

70.6 s

ECp*

Rh95(9/2)+5.02 m

EC*

Rh966+

9.90 m

EC*

Rh97(9/2)+30.7 m

EC*

Rh98(2)+

8.7 m

EC*

Rh99(1/2-)16.1 d

EC*

Rh1001-

20.8 h

EC*

Rh1011/2-3.3 y

EC*

Rh102(1-,2-)207 d

EC,b-**

Rh1041+

42.3 s

EC,b-*

Rh1057/2+

35.36 h

b-*

Rh1061+

29.80 s

b-*

Rh1077/2+

21.7 m

b-

Rh108(5+)

6.0 m

b-*

Rh1097/2+80 s

b-

Rh1101+

3.2 s

b-*

Rh111(7/2+)11 s

b-

Rh1121+

3.8 s

b-*

Rh113[3/2+]2.72 s

b-

Rh114(1+)

1.85 s

b-*

Rh115(7/2+)0.99 s

b-

Rh1161+

0.68 s

b-*

Rh117(7/2+)0.44 s

b-

Rh1181+,2+

130 ms

b-

Rh1193/2+

110 ms

b-

Rh1201-,4-

90 ms

b-

Rh1213/2+

60 ms

b-

Rh1220-,3-

60 ms

b-

Rh1233/2+

50 ms

b-

Rh1241-,2-

40 ms

b-

Rh1255/2+

30 ms

b-

Rh1263-,8-

40 ms

b-

Rh1275/2+

22 ms

b-

Rh1281-,6-

18 ms

b-

Rh1299/2+

17 ms

b-

Rh1301-,4-

16 ms

b-

Rh1315/2+8 ms

b-

Rh1322-,3-3 ms

b-

Rh1335/2+5 ms

b-

Rh1342+,3+5 ms

b-

Rh1355/2+4 ms

b-

Rh1361-,2-4 ms

b-

Rh1371/2-4 ms

b-

Rh1381+,2+3 ms

b-

Rh1391/2-3 ms

b-

Rh1402+,3+2.4 ms

b-

Rh1411/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Rh1422-,3-

1.9 ms

b-

Rh1431/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Rh1440-,1-

1.7 ms

b-

Rh1451/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Rh1463+,4+1.5 ms

b-

Rh1471/2+

1.3 ms

b-

Rh1482-,3-

1.1 ms

b-

Rh1497/2+

800 us

b-

Rh1500-,7-

800 us

b-

Rh1517/2+

700 us

b-

Rh1523-,4-

700 us

b-

Rh1537/2+

700 us

b-

Pd860+

9 ms

EC

Pd871/2+8 ms

EC

Pd880+

20 ms

EC

Pd893/2+

16 ms

EC

Pd900+

70 ms

EC

Pd915/2+

50 ms

EC

Pd920+

500 ms

EC

Pd937/2+

220 ms

EC

Pd940+

9.0 s

EC

Pd95[9/2+]900 ms

*

Pd960+

122 s

EC

Pd97(5/2+)3.10 m

EC

Pd980+

17.7 m

EC

Pd99(5/2)+21.4 m

EC

Pd1000+

3.63 d

EC

Pd101(5/2+)8.47 h

EC

Pd1035/2+

16.991 d

EC

Pd1075/2+

6.5E+6 y

b-*

Pd1095/2+

13.7012 h

b-*

Pd1115/2+

23.4 m

b-*

Pd1120+

21.03 h

b-

Pd113(5/2)+93 s

b-**

Pd1140+

2.42 m

b-

Pd115(5/2+)25 s

b-*

Pd1160+

12.4 s

b-

Pd117(5/2+)4.3 s

b-*

Pd1180+

1.9 s

b-

Pd119[1/2+]0.92 s

b-

Pd1200+3 s

b-

Pd1215/2-1.8 s

b-

Pd1220+

1.1 s

b-

Pd1233/2-

500 ms

b-

Pd1240+

400 ms

b-

Pd1259/2-

400 ms

b-

Pd1260+

250 ms

b-

Pd12711/2-

300 ms

b-

Pd1280+

130 ms

b-

Pd1297/2-

110 ms

b-

Pd1300+

100 ms

b-

Pd1313/2-

90 ms

b-

Pd1320+

70 ms

b-

Pd1331/2-7 ms

b-

Pd1340+

12 ms

b-

Pd1353/2-5 ms

b-

Pd1360+

7 ms

b-

Pd1373/2+5 ms

b-

Pd1380+

6 ms

b-

Pd1393/2-4 ms

b-

Pd1400+

5 ms

b-

Pd1415/2+4 ms

b-

Pd1420+

3 ms

b-

Pd1435/2-3 ms

b-

Pd1440+

2.5 ms

b-

Pd1451/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Pd1460+

1.9 ms

b-

Pd1477/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Pd1480+

1.6 ms

b-

Pd1495/2-

1.3 ms

b-

Pd1500+

1.1 ms

b-

Pd1517/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Pd1520+

900 us

b-

Pd1531/2-

900 us

b-

Pd1540+

800 us

b-

Pd1551/2-

800 us

b-

Pd1560+

700 us

b-

Ag883+,4+5 ms

EC

Ag897/2+

11 ms

EC

Ag902+,5+10 ms

EC

Ag917/2+

20 ms

EC

Ag921+,6+21 ms

EC

Ag937/2+

90 ms

EC

Ag940+,7+80 ms

EC

Ag957/2+

700 ms

EC

Ag96(8+,9+)

5.1 s

ECp

Ag97(9/2+)19 s

EC

Ag98(5+)

46.7 s

EC

Ag99(9/2)+124 s

EC*

Ag100(5)+

2.01 m

EC*

Ag1019/2+

11.1 m

EC*

Ag1025+

12.9 m

EC*

Ag1037/2+

65.7 m

EC*

Ag1045+

69.2 m

EC*

Ag1051/2-

41.29 d

EC*

Ag1061+

23.96 m

EC,b-**

Ag1081+

2.37 m

EC,b-**

Ag1101+

24.6 s

EC,b-*

Ag1111/2-

7.45 d

b-*

Ag1122(-)

3.130 h

b-

Ag1131/2-

5.37 h

b-*

Ag1141+

4.6 s

b-

Ag1151/2-

20.0 m

b-*

Ag116(2-)

2.68 m

b-*

Ag117(1/2-)72.8 s

b-*

Ag118(1)-

3.76 s

b-*

Ag119(7/2+)2.1 s

b-*

Ag120[0-,7-]1.23 s

b-*

Ag121(7/2+)0.78 s

b-n

Ag122(3+)

0.48 s

b-n*

Ag123(7/2+)0.309 s

b-n

Ag1240-,3-

120 ms

b-

Ag1259/2+

110 ms

b-

Ag1261-,10-

120 ms

b-

Ag1273/2+

80 ms

b-

Ag1282-,9-

90 ms

b-

Ag1299/2+

50 ms

b-

Ag1302-,5-

40 ms

b-

Ag1315/2+

40 ms

b-

Ag1323-,6-

30 ms

b-

Ag1337/2+

30 ms

b-

Ag1343-,4-5 ms

b-

Ag1357/2+7 ms

b-

Ag1362-,5-3 ms

b-

Ag1377/2+6 ms

b-

Ag1382+,5+5 ms

b-

Ag1391/2+6 ms

b-

Ag1401-,2-5 ms

b-

Ag1411/2+5 ms

b-

Ag1422+,3+4 ms

b-

Ag1431/2+4 ms

b-

Ag1442+,3+3 ms

b-

Ag1451/2-3 ms

b-

Ag1460+,1+3 ms

b-

Ag1471/2-

2.5 ms

b-

Ag1480+,7+1.9 ms

b-

Ag1497/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Ag1502-,3-

1.7 ms

b-

Ag1511/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Ag1523+,4+1.1 ms

b-

Ag1531/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Ag1540+,1+1.1 ms

b-

Ag1551/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ag1560+,1+900 us

b-

Ag1571/2-

900 us

b-

Ag1581+,2+800 us

b-

Ag1591/2-

800 us

b-

Ag1603+,4+700 us

b-

Cd900+

8 ms

EC

Cd913/2+7 ms

EC

Cd920+

20 ms

EC

Cd935/2+

16 ms

EC

Cd940+

70 ms

EC

Cd957/2+

50 ms

EC

Cd960+

800 ms

EC

Cd97[9/2+]

3 s

ECp

Cd980+

9.2 s

EC

Cd99(5/2+)16 s

ECp,ECa,...

Cd1000+

49.1 s

EC

Cd101(5/2+)1.2 m

EC

Cd1020+

5.5 m

EC

Cd103(5/2+)7.3 m

EC

Cd1040+

57.7 m

EC

Cd1055/2+

55.5 m

EC

Cd1075/2+

6.50 h

EC

Cd1095/2+

462.6 d

EC**

Cd1151/2+

53.46 h

b-*

Cd1171/2+

2.49 h

b-*

Cd1180+

50.3 m

b-

Cd1193/2+

2.69 m

b-*

Cd1200+

50.80 s

b-

Cd121(3/2+)13.5 s

b-*

Cd1220+

5.24 s

b-

Cd123(3/2)+2.10 s

b-*

Cd1240+

0.9 s

b-

Cd125(3/2+)0.65 s

b-*

Cd1260+

0.506 s

b-

Cd127(3/2+)0.43 s

b-

Cd1280+

0.34 s

b-

Cd129[11/2-]0.27 s

b-

Cd1300+

0.20 s

b-n

Cd1317/2-

900 ms

b-

Cd1320+

600 ms

b-

Cd1333/2-

500 ms

b-

Cd1340+

400 ms

b-

Cd1353/2-

300 ms

b-

Cd1360+

160 ms

b-

Cd1373/2-9 ms

b-

Cd1380+

16 ms

b-

Cd1393/2+7 ms

b-

Cd1400+

7 ms

b-

Cd1413/2-8 ms

b-

Cd1420+

8 ms

b-

Cd1435/2+7 ms

b-

Cd1440+

6 ms

b-

Cd1455/2-4 ms

b-

Cd1460+

4 ms

b-

Cd1471/2-4 ms

b-

Cd1480+

3 ms

b-

Cd1495/2-3 ms

b-

Cd1500+

3 ms

b-

Cd1515/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Cd1520+

1.9 ms

b-

Cd1537/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Cd1540+

1.4 ms

b-

Cd1559/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Cd1560+

1.2 ms

b-

Cd1571/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Cd1580+

1.1 ms

b-

Cd1593/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Cd1600+

1.0 ms

b-

Cd1617/2-

900 us

b-

Cd1620+

800 us

b-

Cd16311/2+800 us

b-

In923+,6+6 ms

EC

In939/2+

13 ms

EC

In942+,7+12 ms

EC

In959/2+

30 ms

EC

In961+,8+20 ms

EC

In979/2+

170 ms

EC

In980+,9+90 ms

EC

In999/2+4 s

EC

In100[4+,5+]

7 sIn101[9/2+]16 s

ECp

In102(5)24 s

EC

In103(9/2+)65 s

EC

In104(6+)

1.8 m

EC*

In105(9/2)+5.07 m

EC*

In1067+

6.2 m

EC*

In1079/2+

32.4 m

EC*

In1087+

58.0 m

EC*

In1099/2+4.2 h

EC**

In1107+

4.9 h

EC*

In1119/2+

2.8049 d

EC*

In1121+

14.97 m

EC,b-**

In1141+

71.9 s

EC,b-***

In1161+

14.10 s

EC,b-**

In1179/2+

43.2 m

b-*

In1181+

5.0 s

b-**

In1199/2+2.4 m

b-*

In1201+

3.08 s

b-**

In1219/2+

23.1 s

b-*

In1221+

1.5 s

b-**

In1239/2+

5.98 s

b-*

In1243+

3.17 s

b-*

In1259/2(+)2.36 s

b-*

In1263(+)

1.60 s

b-*

In127(9/2+)1.09 s

b-n*

In128(3+)

0.84 s

b-n*

In129(9/2+)0.61 s

b-n*

In1301(-)

0.32 s

b-n**

In131(9/2+)0.282 s

b-n**

In132(7-)

0.201 s

b-n

In133[9/2+]180 ms

b-n

In1343-,6-

100 ms

b-

In1359/2+

90 ms

b-

In1362-,7-

70 ms

b-

In1379/2+

50 ms

b-

In1382+,7+13 ms

b-

In1399/2+

11 ms

b-

In1402-,7-8 ms

b-

In1411/2+7 ms

b-

In1422-,5-5 ms

b-

In1437/2+8 ms

b-

In1441+,6+6 ms

b-

In1457/2+6 ms

b-

In1461-,6-4 ms

b-

In1477/2+4 ms

b-

In1483-,4-4 ms

b-

In1497/2+4 ms

b-

In1501-,6-3 ms

b-

In1511/2-3 ms

b-

In1522+,3+3 ms

b-

In1531/2-

2.4 ms

b-

In1543-,4-

2.0 ms

b-

In1551/2+

1.9 ms

b-

In1564+,5+1.9 ms

b-

In1571/2+

1.6 ms

b-

In1580-,1-

1.6 ms

b-

In1591/2+

1.4 ms

b-

In1603-,6-

1.1 ms

b-

In1619/2+

1.0 ms

b-

In1623-,6-

900 us

b-

In1639/2+

900 us

b-

In1641+,10+900 us

b-

In1659/2+

800 us

b-

In1661+,10+700 us

b-

Sn940+

8 ms

EC

Sn951/2+8 ms

EC

Sn960+

23 ms

EC

Sn979/2+

15 ms

EC

Sn980+

100 ms

EC

Sn999/2+

40 ms

EC

Sn1000+

1.8 s

EC

Sn1011/2+3 s

EC

Sn1020+

18 sSn103

[3/2+]7 s

EC

Sn1040+

20.8 s

EC

Sn105[5/2+]31 s

ECp

Sn1060+

115 s

EC

Sn107(5/2+)2.90 m

EC

Sn1080+

10.30 m

EC

Sn1095/2(+)18.0 m

EC

Sn1100+

4.11 h

EC

Sn1117/2+

35.3 m

EC

Sn1131/2+

115.09 d

EC***

Sn1213/2+

27.06 h

b-*

Sn12311/2-

129.2 d

b-*

Sn12511/2-9.64 d

b-*

Sn1260+

1E+5 y

b-

Sn127(11/2-)2.10 h

b-*

Sn1280+

59.07 m

b-*

Sn129(3/2+)2.23 m

b-*

Sn1300+

3.72 m

b-*

Sn131(3/2+)56.0 s

b-*

Sn1320+

39.7 s

b-

Sn133(7/2-)1.44 s

b-n

Sn1340+

1.04 s

b-n

Sn1351/2-3 s

b-

Sn1360+

1.0 s

b-

Sn1373/2-

800 ms

b-

Sn1380+

500 ms

b-

Sn1395/2-

400 ms

b-

Sn1400+

120 ms

b-

Sn1413/2-

19 ms

b-

Sn1420+

40 ms

b-

Sn1433/2-

14 ms

b-

Sn1440+

18 ms

b-

Sn1455/2-

10 ms

b-

Sn1460+

10 ms

b-

Sn1475/2-7 ms

b-

Sn1480+

6 ms

b-

Sn1491/2-6 ms

b-

Sn1500+

5 ms

b-

Sn1517/2+5 ms

b-

Sn1520+

4 ms

b-

Sn1535/2-3 ms

b-

Sn1540+

3 ms

b-

Sn1557/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Sn1560+

2.3 ms

b-

Sn1579/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Sn1580+

1.9 ms

b-

Sn1591/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Sn1600+

1.8 ms

b-

Sn1617/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Sn1620+

1.4 ms

b-

Sn1633/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Sn1640+

1.2 ms

b-

Sn16511/2+1.2 ms

b-

Sn1660+

900 us

b-

Sn16711/2+900 us

b-

Sn1680+

Sn1693/2-

H11/2+

99.985

H21+

0.015

He31/2+

0.000137

He40+

99.999863

Li61+

7.5

Li73/2-

92.5

Be93/2-

100

B103+

19.9

B113/2-

80.1

C120+

98.90

C131/2-

1.10

N141+

99.634

N151/2-

0.366

O160+

99.762

O175/2+

0.038

O180+

0.200

F191/2+

100

Ne200+

90.48

Ne213/2+

0.27

Ne220+

9.25

Na233/2+

100*

Mg240+

78.99

Mg255/2+

10.00

Mg260+

11.01**

Al275/2+

100

Si280+

92.23

Si291/2+

4.67

Si300+

3.10

P311/2+

100

S320+

95.02

S333/2+

0.75

S340+

4.21

S360+

0.02*

Cl353/2+

75.77

Cl373/2+

24.23*

Ar360+

0.337

Ar380+

0.063

Ar400+

99.600*

K393/2+

93.2581

K404-

1.277E+9 y

EC,b-0.0117

K413/2+

6.7302

Ca400+

96.941

Ca420+

0.647

Ca437/2-

0.135

Ca440+

2.086

Ca460+

0.004

Ca480+

6E+18 y

b-,b-b-0.187

**

Sc457/2-

100***

Ti460+

8.0

Ti475/2-

7.3

Ti480+

73.8

Ti497/2-

5.5

Ti500+

5.4*

V506+

1.4E+17 y

EC,b-0.250

V517/2-

99.750

Cr500+

1.8E+17 y

ECEC4.345

Cr520+

83.789

Cr533/2-

9.501

Cr540+

2.365**

Mn555/2-

100****

Fe540+

5.8

Fe560+

91.72

Fe571/2-

2.2

Fe580+

0.28***

Co597/2-

100**

Ni580+

68.077

Ni600+

26.223

Ni613/2-

1.140

Ni620+

3.634

Ni640+

0.926

Cu633/2-

69.17

Cu653/2-

30.83**

Zn640+

48.6

Zn660+

27.9

Zn675/2-

4.1

Zn680+

18.8*

Zn700+

5E+14 y

0.6***

Ga693/2-

60.108

Ga713/2-

39.892***

Ge700+

21.23*

Ge720+

27.66

Ge739/2+

7.73*

Ge740+

35.94*

Ge760+

7.44***

As753/2-

100****

Se740+

0.89

Se760+

9.36

Se771/2-

7.63*

Se780+

23.78*

Se800+

49.61*

Se820+

1.4E+20 y

b-b-8.73

******

Br793/2-

50.69**

Br813/2-

49.31**

Kr780+

0.35*

Kr800+

2.25*

Kr820+

11.6

Kr839/2+

11.5*

Kr840+

57.0*

Kr860+

17.3****

Rb855/2-

72.165*

Rb873/2-

4.75E10 y

b-27.835

***

Sr840+

0.56*

Sr860+

9.86

Sr879/2+

7.00*

Sr880+

82.58******

Y891/2-

100*************

Zr900+

sTAaLE

51.45*

Zr915/2+

11.22

Zr920+

17.15

Zr940+

17.38

Zr960+

1E18 y

2.80*******

Nb939/2+

100************

Mo920+

14.84*

Mo940+

9.25

Mo955/2+

15.92

Mo960+

16.68

Mo975/2+

9.55

Mo980+

24.13

Mo1000+

9.63************

Ru960+

5.52

Ru980+

1.88

Ru995/2+

12.7

Ru1000+

12.6

Ru1015/2+

17.0

Ru1020+

31.6*

Ru1040+

18.7*********

Rh1031/2-

100**********

Pd1020+

1.02

Pd1040+

11.14

Pd1055/2+

22.33

Pd1060+

27.33*

Pd1080+

26.46*

Pd1100+

11.72*************

Ag1071/2-

51.839**

Ag1091/2-

48.161***********

Cd1060+

1.25

Cd1080+

0.89

Cd1100+

12.49

Cd1111/2+

12.80*

Cd1120+

24.13

Cd1131/2+

9.3E+15 y

b-12.22

*

Cd1140+

28.73*

Cd1160+

7.49***************

In1139/2+

4.3***

In1159/2+

4.41E+14 y

b-95.7

***********************

Sn1120+

0.97*

Sn1140+

0.65

Sn1151/2+

0.34

Sn1160+

14.53

Sn1171/2+

7.68*

Sn1180+

24.23

Sn1191/2+

8.59*

Sn1200+

32.59*

Sn1220+

4.63*

Sn1240+

5.79**********

1H

91.0%1.00794

1 -259.34°-252.87°-240.18°

+1-1

2He

8.9%4.002602

2 -272.2°-268.93°-267.96°

0

3Li

1.86´10 -7%6.941

21

180.5°1342°

+1

4Be

2.38´10 -9%9.012182

22

1287°2471°

+2

5B

6.9´10 -8%10.811

23

2075°4000°

+3

6C

0.033%12.011

24

4492t°3825s°

+2+4-4

7N

0.0102%14.00674

25

-210.00°-195.79°-146.94°

±1±2±3+4+5

8O

0.078%15.9994

26

-218.79°-182.95°-118.56°

-2

9F

2.7´10 -6%18.9984032

27

-219.62°-188.12°-129.02°

-1

10Ne

0.0112%20.1797

28

-248.59°-246.08°-228.7°

0

11Na

0.000187%22.989768

281

97.72°883°

+1

12Mg

0.00350%24.3050

282

650°1090°

+2

13Al

0.000277%26.981539

283

660.32°2519°

+3

14Si

0.00326%28.0855

284

1414°3265°

+2+4-4

15P

0.000034%30.973762

285

44.15°277°721°

+3+5-3

16S

0.00168%32.066

286

115.21°444.60°

1041°+4+6-2

17Cl

0.000017%35.4527

287

-101.5°-34.04°143.8°

+1+5+7-1

18Ar

0.000329%39.948

288

-189.35°-185.85°-122.28°

0

19K

0.0000123%39.0983

2881

63.38°759°

+1

20Ca

0.000199%40.078

2882

842°1484°

+2

21Sc

1.12´10 -7%44.955910

2892

1541°2830°

+3

22Ti

7.8´10 -6%47.867

28

102

1668°3287°

+2+3+4

23V

9.6´10 -7%50.9415

28

112

1910°3407°

+2+3+4+5

24Cr

0.000044%51.9961

28

131

1907°2671°

+2+3+6

25Mn

0.000031%54.93805

28

132

1246°2061°

+2+3+4+7

26Fe

0.00294%55.845

28

142

1538°2861°

+2+3

27Co

7.3´10 -6%58.93320

28

152

1495°2927°

+2+3

28Ni

0.000161%58.6934

28

162

1455°2913°

+2+3

29Cu

1.70´10 -6%63.546

28

181

1084.62°2562°

+1+2

30Zn

4.11´10 -6%65.39

28

182

419.53°907°

+2

31Ga

1.23´10 -7%69.723

28

183

29.76°2204°

+3

32Ge

3.9´10 -7%72.61

28

184

938.25°2833°

+2+4

33As

2.1´10 -8%74.92159

28

185

817t°614s°1400°

+3+5-3

34Se

2.03´10 -7%78.96

28

186

221°685°

1493°+4+6-2

35Br

3.8´10 -8%79.904

28

187

-7.2°58.8°315°

+1+5-1

36Kr

1.5´10 -7%83.80

28

188

-157.36°-153.22°-63.74°

0

37Rb

2.31´10 -8%85.4678

28

1881

39.31°688°

+1

38Sr

7.7´10 -8%87.62

28

1882

777°1382°

+2

39Y

1.51´10 -8%88.90585

28

1892

1526°3336°

+3

40Zr

3.72´10 -8%91.224

28

18102

1855°4409°

+4

41Nb

2.28´10 -9%92.90638

28

18121

2477°4744°

+3+5

42Mo

8.3´10 -9%95.94

28

18131

2623°4639°

+6

43Tc

[98]

28

18132

2157°4265°

+4+6+7

44Ru

6.1´10 -9%101.07

28

18151

2334°4150°

+3

45Rh

1.12´10 -9%102.90550

28

18161

1964°3695°

+3

46Pd

4.5´10 -9%106.42

28

18180

1554.9°2963°

+2+4

47Ag

1.58´10 -9%107.8682

28

18181

961.78°2162°

+1

48Cd

5.3´10 -9%112.411

28

18182

321.07°767°

+2

49In

6.0´10-10%114.818

28

18183

156.60°2072°

+3

50Sn

1.25´10 -8%118.710

28

18184

231.93°2602°

+2+4

2

4 6

8

10

12 14

16

18 20 22 24 26

28

30

32

34

36 38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56 58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78 80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100 102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

118

Decay Q-value RangeQ(b-)>0Q(b-)-Sn>0Q(b-)-S2n>0Q(b-)>0 + Q(EC)>0Stable to Beta DecayQ(EC)>0Q(EC)-Sp>0Q(p)>0Naturally AbundantSn<0

The Valley of Stability: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTOp_2ZVZmM

Larger nuclei have more proton-proton repulsions and require more neutrons to compensate and hold the nucleus together

more N than Z

Table of Isotopes (1996) Z=0-50

*

* *

*

*

*

* *

*

*

* *

* ** **

* * *

**

*

* **

*

**

**

** ***

**

*

*** **

***

**

*

**

***

*

** ***** *

**

***

*

* **** **

*******

***** **** *

*

****

*

*** **** *

****

*****

*** ***** ** ***** *

**

***

*

*** *** *

**

***

*

**

****

*

*** *** *

***

*

***

**

***

*

***

**

****** ****** ****** ******* * * **

H31/2+

12.33 y

b-

H42-

He53/2-

0.60 MeV

n

He60+

806.7 ms

b-

He7(3/2)-

160 keV

n

He80+

119.0 ms

b-n

He9

n

Li42-

Li53/2-

1.5 MeV

p

Li82+

838 ms

b-2a

Li93/2-

178.3 ms

b-n

Li101.2 MeV

n

Li113/2-

8.5 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Be60+

92 keV

2p

Be73/2-

53.29 d

EC

Be80+

6.8 eV

2a

Be100+

1.51E+6 y

b-

Be111/2+

13.81 s

b-a

Be120+

23.6 ms

b-

Be140+

4.35 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

B7(3/2-)

1.4 MeVB82+

770 ms

EC2a

B93/2-

0.54 keV

2pa

B121+

20.20 ms

b-3a

B133/2-

17.36 ms

b-n

B142-

13.8 ms

b-

B1510.5 ms

b-

B17(3/2-)

5.08 ms

b-n

B19

C80+

230 keVC9

(3/2-)126.5 ms

ECp,ECp2a,...

C100+

19.255 s

EC

C113/2-

20.39 m

EC

C140+

5730 y

b-

C151/2+

2.449 s

b-

C160+

0.747 s

b-n

C17193 ms

b-n

C180+

66 ms

b-n

C19 C200+

C220+

N11740 keV

p

N121+

11.000 ms

EC3a

N131/2-

9.965 m

EC

N162-

7.13 s

b-a

N171/2-

4.173 s

b-n

N181-

624 ms

b-n,b-a,...

N190.27 s

b-n

N20100 ms

b-n

N2185 ms

b-n

N2224 ms

b-n

N23

O120+

0.40 MeV

2p

O13(3/2-)

8.58 ms

ECp

O140+

70.606 s

EC

O151/2-

122.24 s

EC

O195/2+

26.91 s

b-

O200+

13.51 s

b-

O21(1/2,3/2,5/2)+

3.42 s

b-

O220+

2.25 s

b-

O23[1/2+]82 ms

b-n

O240+

61 ms

b-n

O253/2+5 ms

b-

O260+

14 ms

b-

O271/2+3 ms

b-

O280+

3 ms

b-

O295/2-3 ms

b-

O300+

2.0 ms

b-

O313/2-

1.3 ms

b-

O320+

1.0 ms

b-

O335/2-

600 us

b-

O340+

700 us

b-

F15(1/2+)

1.0 MeV

p

F160-

40 keV

p

F175/2+

64.49 s

EC

F181+

109.77 m

EC

F202+

11.00 s

b-

F215/2+

4.158 s

b-

F224+,(3+)4.23 s

b-

F23(3/2,5/2)+

2.23 s

b-

F24(1,2,3)+0.34 s

b-

F25[1/2+]59 ms

b-n

F26[0+,3+]

7 msF27[5/2+]5 ms

F281+,2+1.8 ms

b-

F293/2+

2.3 ms

b-

F301-,4-

2.1 ms

b-

F311/2+

1.9 ms

b-

F321-,2-

1.1 ms

b-

F331/2+

1.0 ms

b-

F342-,3-

600 us

b-

F351/2+

600 us

b-

F360-,1-

500 us

b-

F375/2+

1.0 ms

b-

F380-,1-

300 us

b-

Ne160+

122 keV

2p

Ne171/2-

109.2 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Ne180+

1672 ms

EC

Ne191/2+

17.34 s

EC

Ne235/2+

37.24 s

b-

Ne240+

3.38 m

b-

Ne25(1/2,3/2)+

602 ms

b-

Ne260+

197 ms

b-n

Ne27[3/2+]32 ms

b-n

Ne280+

17 ms

b-n

Ne29[1/2+]0.2 s

b-

Ne300+

14 msNe31

3/2+8 ms

b-

Ne320+

19 ms

b-

Ne333/2-

12 ms

b-

Ne340+

5 ms

b-

Ne355/2-3 ms

b-

Ne360+

3 ms

b-

Ne371/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Ne380+

3 ms

b-

Ne391/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Ne400+

1.3 ms

b-

Ne417/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Na19[3/2+]150 ms

p

Na202+

447.9 ms

ECa

Na213/2+

22.49 sNa22

3+2.6019 y

Na244+

14.9590 h

b-*

Na255/2+

59.1 s

b-

Na263+

1.072 s

b-

Na275/2+

301 ms

b-n

Na281+

30.5 ms

b-n

Na293/2

44.9 ms

b-n

Na302+

48 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na31[5/2+]

17.0 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na32[0-,3-]

13.2 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na33[3/2+]8.2 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Na34[0-,3-]5.5 ms

b-n

Na35[3/2+]1.5 ms

b-n

Na361-,4-

2.3 ms

b-

Na373/2+

2.2 ms

b-

Na381-,2-

1.6 ms

b-

Na393/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Na401-,2-

500 us

b-

Na413/2+

900 us

b-

Na422-,5-

700 us

b-

Na433/2+

700 us

b-

Na441-,2-

150 us

b-

Mg200+

95 ms

ECp

Mg21(3/2,5/2)+

122 ms

ECp

Mg220+

3.857 s

EC

Mg233/2+

11.317 s

EC

Mg271/2+

9.458 m

b-

Mg280+

20.91 h

b-

Mg293/2+

1.30 s

b-

Mg300+

335 ms

b-

Mg31[3/2+]230 ms

b-n

Mg320+

120 ms

b-n

Mg33[5/2-]90 ms

b-n

Mg340+

20 ms

b-n

Mg35[3/2-]30 ms

Mg360+

18 msMg37

5/2-12 ms

b-

Mg380+

11 ms

b-

Mg391/2-7 ms

b-

Mg400+

24 ms

b-

Mg417/2-

1.5 ms

b-

Mg420+

2.5 ms

b-

Mg431/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Mg440+

20 ms

b-

Mg451/2-

300 us

b-

Mg460+

2.1 ms

b-

Mg473/2+

800 us

b-

Al215/2+

30 ms

EC

Al22[2+,3+]70 ms

ECp

Al23[5/2+]0.47 s

ECp

Al244+

2.053 s

ECa*

Al255/2+

7.183 s

EC

Al265+

7.4E+5 y

EC*

Al283+

2.2414 m

b-

Al295/2+

6.56 m

b-

Al303+

3.60 s

b-

Al31(3/2,5/2)+

644 ms

b-

Al321+

33 ms

b-

Al33[3/2+]16 ms

Al34[1-,2-]60 ms

b-n

Al35[5/2+]150 ms

b-n

Al36[1-,4-]11 ms

Al375/2+7 ms

b-

Al38[0-,5-]5 ms

Al39[5/2+]5 ms

Al401-,6-4 ms

b-

Al413/2+5 ms

b-

Al421-,2-

1.8 ms

b-

Al435/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Al442-,3-

1.0 ms

b-

Al455/2+6 ms

b-

Al462-,3-

400 us

b-

Al471/2+

900 us

b-

Al484+,5+800 us

b-

Al491/2+

700 us

b-

Al501+,2+700 us

b-

Al511/2+

600 us

b-

Si220+

6 ms

ECp

Si23[5/2+]12 ms

Si240+

102 ms

ECp

Si255/2+

220 ms

ECp

Si260+

2.234 s

EC

Si275/2+

4.16 s

EC

Si313/2+

157.3 m

b-

Si320+

172 y

b-

Si33[3/2+]6.18 s

b-

Si340+

2.77 s

b-

Si35[5/2-]0.78 s

b-

Si360+

0.45 s

b-n

Si37[3/2-]

130 msSi38

0+500 ms

Si39[5/2-]

170 msSi40

0+40 ms

Si41[1/2-]60 ms

Si420+

70 ms

b-

Si433/2-

13 ms

b-

Si440+

20 ms

b-

Si451/2-9 ms

b-

Si460+

40 ms

b-

Si475/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Si480+

2.0 ms

b-

Si499/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Si500+

1.3 ms

b-

Si515/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Si520+

1.1 ms

b-

Si535/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Si540+

900 us

b-

P231/2+9 ms

EC

P242+,3+7 ms

EC

P251/2+

24 ms

EC

P26(3+)

20 ms

ECp

P271/2+

260 ms

ECp

P283+

270.3 ms

ECp,ECa,...

P291/2+

4.140 s

EC

P301+

2.498 m

EC

P321+

14.262 d

b-

P331/2+

25.34 d

b-

P341+

12.43 s

b-

P351/2+

47.3 s

b-

P36[2-,3-]5.6 s

b-

P37[1/2+]2.31 s

b-

P38[1-,2-]0.64 s

b-n

P39[1/2+]0.16 s

b-n

P40[2-,3-]260 ms

b-n

P41[1/2+]120 ms

b-n

P42[3-,4-]110 ms

b-n

P43[3/2+]60 ms

P44[0-,1-]30 ms

P45[1/2+]24 ms

P460-,1-5 ms

b-

P471/2+

30 ms

b-

P481-,4-

2.1 ms

b-

P493/2+3 ms

b-

P503+,6+1.6 ms

b-

P513/2+

1.4 ms

b-

P521+,4+1.1 ms

b-

P535/2+

900 us

b-

P540+,5+1.0 ms

b-

P555/2+

1.0 ms

b-

P562+,3+700 us

b-

P571/2-

600 us

b-

S240+

6 ms

EC

S251/2+5 ms

EC

S260+

30 ms

EC

S27[3/2+]21 ms

ECp,EC2p,...

S280+

125 ms

ECp

S29[5/2+]187 ms

ECp

S300+

1.178 s

EC

S311/2+

2.572 s

EC

S353/2+

87.51 d

b-

S377/2-

5.05 m

b-

S380+

170.3 m

b-

S39(3/2,5/2,7/2)-

11.5 s

b-

S400+

8.8 s

b-

S41[5/2-]1.1 s

S420+4 s

S43[7/2-]

220 ms

b-n

S440+

200 ms

b-n

S451/2-

70 ms

b-

S460+

50 ms

b-

S471/2-6 ms

b-

S480+

14 msS493/2-5 ms

b-

S500+

5 ms

b-

S519/2+4 ms

b-

S520+

3 ms

b-

S533/2+

2.4 ms

b-

S540+

2.1 ms

b-

S555/2+

2.1 ms

b-

S560+

2.0 ms

b-

S575/2+

1.7 ms

b-

S580+

1.0 ms

b-

S591/2-

300 us

b-

S600+

230 us

b-

Cl251/2+

1.1 ms

EC

Cl261+,4+1.3 ms

EC

Cl271/2+

2.4 ms

EC

Cl281+,2+1.7 ms

EC

Cl293/2+

11 ms

EC

Cl301+,2+30 ms

EC

Cl31[3/2+]150 ms

ECp

Cl321+

298 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Cl333/2+

2.511 s

EC

Cl340+

1.5264 s

EC*

Cl362+

3.01E+5 y

EC,b-

Cl382-

37.24 m

b-*

Cl393/2+

55.6 m

b-

Cl402-

1.35 m

b-

Cl41(1/2,3/2)+

38.4 s

b-

Cl42[2-,3-]6.8 s

b-

Cl43[1/2+]3.3 s

b-

Cl44[3-,4-]600 ms

Cl45[3/2+]405 ms

b-n

Cl46[0-,3-]202 ms

b-n

Cl471/2+

90 ms

b-

Cl48[0-,1-]40 ms

Cl491/2+

30 ms

b-

Cl502-,3-5 ms

b-

Cl511/2+8 ms

b-

Cl524+,5+5 ms

b-

Cl531/2+3 ms

b-

Cl540-,1-

2.1 ms

b-

Cl551/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Cl562-,3-

800 us

b-

Cl571/2-

800 us

b-

Cl583+,4+1.4 ms

b-

Cl591/2+

1.3 ms

b-

Cl602+,3+1.1 ms

b-

Cl611/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Cl621+,2+700 us

b-

Cl631/2+

600 us

b-

Ar275/2+

1.7 ms

EC

Ar280+

14 ms

EC

Ar293/2+4 ms

EC

Ar300+

40 ms

EC

Ar31[1/2+]

15.1 ms

ECp,EC2p,...

Ar320+

98 ms

ECp

Ar331/2+

173.0 ms

ECp

Ar340+

844.5 ms

EC

Ar353/2+

1.775 s

EC

Ar373/2+

35.04 d

EC

Ar397/2-

269 y

b-

Ar417/2-

109.34 m

b-

Ar420+

32.9 y

b-

Ar43(3/2,5/2)5.37 m

b-

Ar440+

11.87 m

b-

Ar45[1/2-]

21.48 s

b-

Ar460+

8.4 s

b-

Ar47[3/2-]

800 msAr48

0+250 ms

Ar491/2-

70 ms

b-

Ar500+

50 msAr51[1/2-]24 ms

Ar520+

16 ms

b-

Ar539/2+

15 ms

b-

Ar540+

10 ms

b-

Ar559/2+

12 ms

b-

Ar560+

7 ms

b-

Ar579/2+5 ms

b-

Ar580+

3 ms

b-

Ar597/2+

2.4 ms

b-

Ar600+

2.0 ms

b-

Ar615/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Ar620+

2.0 ms

b-

Ar633/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Ar640+

2.0 ms

b-

Ar651/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ar660+

700 us

b-

Ar679/2+

600 us

b-

K293/2+

1.2 ms

EC

K301+,4+800 us

EC

K313/2+4 ms

EC

K321+,2+3 ms

EC

K331/2+

40 ms

EC

K340+,1+40 ms

EC

K353/2+

190 ms

ECp

K362+

342 ms

ECp,ECa,...

K373/2+

1.226 s

EC

K383+

7.636 m

EC*

K422-

12.360 h

b-

K433/2+

22.3 h

b-

K442-

22.13 m

b-

K453/2+

17.3 m

b-

K46(2-)

105 s

b-

K471/2+

17.5 s

b-

K48(2-)6.8 s

b-n

K49(1/2+,3/2+)

1.26 s

b-n

K50(0-,1,2-)472 ms

b-n

K51(1/2+,3/2+)

365 ms

b-n

K52[2-,3-]105 ms

b-n

K53(3/2+)30 ms

b-n

K54[1-,8-]10 ms

b-n

K557/2-4 ms

b-

K561-,2-3 ms

b-

K571/2+5 ms

b-

K584+,5+3 ms

b-

K591/2+3 ms

b-

K600-,7-

1.9 ms

b-

K617/2-

1.5 ms

b-

K621-,6-

1.5 ms

b-

K637/2-

1.7 ms

b-

K642+,3+1.1 ms

b-

K651/2+

1.2 ms

b-

K663+,4+900 us

b-

K671/2+

900 us

b-

K684+,5+700 us

b-

K691/2+

700 us

b-

K702+,3+500 us

b-

Ca300+

1.3 ms

EC

Ca315/2+

900 us

EC

Ca320+

5 ms

EC

Ca333/2+

1.9 ms

EC

Ca340+

30 ms

EC

Ca35[1/2+]50 ms

EC2p

Ca360+

100 ms

ECp

Ca373/2+

175 ms

ECp

Ca380+

440 ms

EC

Ca393/2+

859.6 ms

EC

Ca417/2-

1.03E+5 y

EC

Ca457/2-

163.8 d

b-

Ca477/2-

4.536 d

b-

Ca493/2-

8.715 m

b-

Ca500+

13.9 s

b-

Ca51(3/2-)10.0 s

b-n

Ca520+

4.6 s

b-

Ca53(3/2-,5/2-)

90 ms

b-n

Ca540+

90 msCa55

5/2-12 ms

b-

Ca560+

30 ms

b-

Ca573/2-8 ms

b-

Ca580+

12 ms

b-

Ca591/2+7 ms

b-

Ca600+

4 ms

b-

Ca619/2+4 ms

b-

Ca620+

4 ms

b-

Ca633/2+3 ms

b-

Ca640+

3 ms

b-

Ca655/2+

2.0 ms

b-

Ca660+

1.9 ms

b-

Ca677/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Ca680+

1.5 ms

b-

Ca699/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ca700+

1.2 ms

b-

Ca711/2+

900 us

b-

Ca720+

900 us

b-

Ca733/2+

700 us

b-

Sc320-,3-

1.1 ms

EC

Sc337/2-4 ms

EC

Sc342-,5-

1.6 ms

EC

Sc357/2-

15 ms

EC

Sc363-,4-9 ms

EC

Sc377/2-

60 ms

EC

Sc382-,5-

40 ms

EC

Sc39(7/2-)80 ms

Sc404-

182.3 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Sc417/2-

596.3 ms

EC

Sc420+

681.3 ms

EC*

Sc437/2-

3.891 h

EC

Sc442+

3.927 h

EC**

Sc464+

83.79 d

b-*

Sc477/2-

3.345 d

b-

Sc486+

43.67 h

b-

Sc497/2-

57.2 m

b-

Sc505+

102.5 s

b-*

Sc51(7/2)-12.4 s

b-

Sc523+

8.2 s

b-

Sc53[7/2-]

150 msSc54[0+,1+]15 ms

Sc55[7/2-]30 ms

Sc563+,4+14 ms

b-

Sc577/2-

13 ms

b-

Sc582+,5+6 ms

b-

Sc597/2-7 ms

b-

Sc603+,4+5 ms

b-

Sc617/2+5 ms

b-

Sc621+,8+3 ms

b-

Sc631/2-3 ms

b-

Sc641-,2-

2.1 ms

b-

Sc651/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Sc662-,3-

1.7 ms

b-

Sc671/2-

1.7 ms

b-

Sc683-,4-

1.4 ms

b-

Sc691/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Sc704-,5-

1.1 ms

b-

Sc711/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Sc720-,1-

800 us

b-

Sc731/2-

800 us

b-

Sc741-,2-

700 us

b-

Sc751/2-

800 us

b-

Sc760-,1-

500 us

b-

Ti340+

3 ms

EC

Ti355/2+

1.2 ms

EC

Ti360+

13 ms

EC

Ti371/2+7 ms

EC

Ti380+

60 ms

EC

Ti39(3/2+)26 ms

ECp

Ti400+

50 ms

EC

Ti413/2+

80 ms

ECp

Ti420+

199 ms

EC

Ti437/2-

509 ms

EC

Ti440+

49 y

EC

Ti457/2-

184.8 m

EC

Ti513/2-

5.76 m

b-

Ti520+

1.7 m

b-

Ti53(3/2)-32.7 s

b-

Ti540+

30 sTi55[1/2-]

150 msTi56

0+800 ms

Ti57[3/2-]50 ms

Ti580+

150 ms

b-

Ti593/2-

21 ms

b-

Ti600+

50 ms

b-

Ti611/2-

30 ms

b-

Ti620+

18 ms

b-

Ti639/2+

13 ms

b-

Ti640+

14 ms

b-

Ti653/2+9 ms

b-

Ti660+

6 ms

b-

Ti675/2+6 ms

b-

Ti680+

5 ms

b-

Ti697/2+4 ms

b-

Ti700+

4 ms

b-

Ti719/2+3 ms

b-

Ti720+

3 ms

b-

Ti731/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Ti740+

2.0 ms

b-

Ti753/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Ti760+

1.6 ms

b-

Ti771/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Ti780+

1.0 ms

b-

Ti793/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Ti800+

800 us

b-

V361-,4-

900 us

EC

V373/2-5 ms

EC

V381-,2-4 ms

EC

V393/2-

11 ms

EC

V401-,2-8 ms

EC

V411/2-

24 ms

EC

V421-,2-

30 ms

EC

V431/2-

40 ms

EC

V44[2+,3+]90 ms

ECa

V457/2-

547 ms

EC

V460+

422.37 ms

EC*

V473/2-

32.6 m

EC

V484+

15.9735 d

EC

V497/2-

330 dV52

3+3.75 m

b-

V537/2-

1.61 m

b-

V543+

49.8 s

b-

V55(7/2-)6.54 s

b-

V56[0+,3+]200 ms

V57[3/2-]

140 msV58

[0+,3+]50 ms

V59[3/2-]50 ms

V60[1+,4+]13 ms

V615/2-

30 ms

b-

V622+,3+21 ms

b-

V633/2-

18 ms

b-

V641-,2-8 ms

b-

V653/2-9 ms

b-

V660-,3-8 ms

b-

V673/2-5 ms

b-

V681-,4-4 ms

b-

V693/2-4 ms

b-

V702-,5-3 ms

b-

V713/2-3 ms

b-

V723-,6-3 ms

b-

V733/2-

2.4 ms

b-

V741-,2-

1.7 ms

b-

V753/2-

1.6 ms

b-

V760-,3-

1.3 ms

b-

V773/2-

1.3 ms

b-

V780-,3-

1.1 ms

b-

V793/2-

800 us

b-

V800-,3-

900 us

b-

V813/2-

800 us

b-

V820+,3+700 us

b-

V833/2-

500 us

b-

Cr380+

4 ms

EC

Cr391/2+4 ms

EC

Cr400+

9 ms

EC

Cr411/2+9 ms

EC

Cr420+

40 ms

EC

Cr433/2+

30 ms

EC

Cr440+

120 ms

EC

Cr45(7/2-)50 ms

ECp

Cr460+

0.26 s

EC

Cr473/2-

508 ms

EC

Cr480+

21.56 h

EC

Cr495/2-

42.3 mCr51

7/2-27.702 d

EC

Cr553/2-

3.497 m

b-

Cr560+

5.94 m

b-

Cr573/2-,5/2-,7/2-

21.1 s

b-

Cr580+

7.0 s

b-

Cr59[3/2-]0.74 s

b-

Cr600+

0.57 s

b-

Cr61[3/2+]800 ms

Cr620+

400 msCr63

3/2-100 ms

b-

Cr640+

150 ms

b-

Cr651/2+

100 ms

b-

Cr660+

70 ms

b-

Cr673/2+

40 ms

b-

Cr680+

30 ms

b-

Cr695/2+

19 ms

b-

Cr700+

16 ms

b-

Cr717/2+

12 ms

b-

Cr720+

11 ms

b-

Cr739/2+9 ms

b-

Cr740+

8 ms

b-

Cr751/2+5 ms

b-

Cr760+

4 ms

b-

Cr773/2+3 ms

b-

Cr780+

3 ms

b-

Cr793/2+

2.5 ms

b-

Cr800+

1.3 ms

b-

Cr813/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Cr820+

1.3 ms

b-

Cr833/2-

1.3 ms

b-

Cr840+

1.0 ms

b-

Cr853/2+

800 us

b-

Cr860+

700 us

b-

Mn402-,3-

2.4 ms

EC

Mn415/2-5 ms

EC

Mn422-,3-4 ms

EC

Mn435/2-

13 ms

EC

Mn441-,2-

13 ms

EC

Mn455/2-

18 ms

EC

Mn46[2+,5+]15 ms

Mn475/2-

80 ms

EC

Mn484+

158.1 ms

ECp,ECa,...

Mn495/2-

384 ms

EC

Mn500+

283.0 ms

EC*

Mn515/2-

46.2 m

EC

Mn526+

5.591 d

EC*

Mn537/2-

3.74E+6 y

EC

Mn543+

312.3 d

EC,b-

Mn563+

2.5785 h

b-

Mn575/2-

87.2 s

b-

Mn583+

65.3 s

b-*

Mn593/2-,5/2-

4.6 s

b-

Mn60(0+)51 s

b-*

Mn61(5/2-)0.71 s

b-

Mn62(3+)

0.88 s

b-

Mn63[5/2-]0.25 s

b-

Mn64[1+,4+]40 ms

Mn65[5/2-]30 ms

Mn660-,5-

23 ms

b-

Mn675/2-

20 ms

b-

Mn682+,3+14 ms

b-

Mn695/2-

14 ms

b-

Mn700-,5-

11 ms

b-

Mn715/2-9 ms

b-

Mn721-,6-7 ms

b-

Mn735/2-7 ms

b-

Mn742-,7-6 ms

b-

Mn755/2-5 ms

b-

Mn762-,3-3 ms

b-

Mn775/2-3 ms

b-

Mn781-,4-

2.5 ms

b-

Mn795/2-

2.2 ms

b-

Mn801-,4-

1.9 ms

b-

Mn815/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Mn822+,3+1.2 ms

b-

Mn835/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Mn841+,4+1.1 ms

b-

Mn855/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Mn861-,4-

700 us

b-

Mn875/2-

700 us

b-

Mn880+,5+700 us

b-

Mn891/2-

700 us

b-

Fe420+

5 ms

EC

Fe431/2+3 ms

EC

Fe440+

11 ms

EC

Fe453/2+

10 ms

EC

Fe460+

18 ms

EC

Fe475/2-

30 ms

EC

Fe480+

60 msFe49(7/2-)75 ms

ECp

Fe500+

500 ms

ECp

Fe51(5/2-)

305 ms

EC

Fe520+

8.275 h

EC*

Fe537/2-

8.51 m

EC*

Fe553/2-

2.73 y

EC

Fe593/2-

44.503 d

b-

Fe600+

1.5E+6 y

b-

Fe613/2-,5/2-5.98 m

b-

Fe620+

68 s

b-

Fe63(5/2)-6.1 s

b-

Fe640+

2.0 s

b-

Fe65[1/2-]0.4 s

b-

Fe660+3 s

Fe67[1/2+]1.1 s

Fe680+

0.10 s

b-

Fe693/2+

400 ms

b-

Fe700+

250 ms

b-

Fe715/2+

120 ms

b-

Fe720+

90 ms

b-

Fe737/2+

50 ms

b-

Fe740+

50 ms

b-

Fe759/2+

50 ms

b-

Fe760+

40 ms

b-

Fe771/2+

24 ms

b-

Fe780+

15 ms

b-

Fe793/2+

12 ms

b-

Fe800+

7 ms

b-

Fe811/2+3 ms

b-

Fe820+

4 ms

b-

Fe833/2+

2.0 ms

b-

Fe840+

1.9 ms

b-

Fe853/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Fe860+

1.9 ms

b-

Fe873/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Fe880+

1.3 ms

b-

Fe895/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Fe900+

1.2 ms

b-

Fe911/2+

700 us

b-

Fe920+

1.0 ms

b-

Co443-,4-3 ms

EC

Co451/2-5 ms

EC

Co460-,1-5 ms

EC

Co471/2-

10 ms

EC

Co483+,4+13 ms

EC

Co493/2-

40 ms

EC

Co50[2+,5+]50 ms

Co51[7/2-]

100 msCo52[1+,6+]18 ms

EC

Co53(7/2-)

240 ms

EC*

Co540+

193.23 ms

EC*

Co557/2-

17.53 h

EC

Co564+

77.27 d

EC

Co577/2-

271.79 d

EC

Co582+

70.82 d

EC*

Co605+

5.2714 y

*

Co617/2-

1.650 h

b-

Co622+

1.50 m

b-*

Co63(7/2)-27.4 s

b-

Co641+

0.30 s

b-

Co65(7/2)-1.20 s

b-

Co66(3+)

0.23 s

b-

Co67(7/2-)0.42 s

b-

Co68[3-,4-]0.18 s

b-

Co69[7/2-]0.27 s

b-

Co70[2-,5-]50 ms

Co717/2-

40 ms

b-

Co721-,6-

30 ms

b-

Co737/2-

30 ms

b-

Co740-,7-

19 ms

b-

Co757/2-

17 ms

b-

Co761-,8-

15 ms

b-

Co777/2-

13 ms

b-

Co783-,4-7 ms

b-

Co797/2-7 ms

b-

Co802-,5-5 ms

b-

Co817/2-5 ms

b-

Co823-,4-

2.0 ms

b-

Co837/2-3 ms

b-

Co841-,2-

2.0 ms

b-

Co851/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Co861+,2+2.3 ms

b-

Co871/2-

2.0 ms

b-

Co881-,2-

1.5 ms

b-

Co891/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Co902+,3+1.3 ms

b-

Co915/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Co920-,1-

800 us

b-

Co931/2-

800 us

b-

Co942+,3+800 us

b-

Co951/2-

700 us

b-

Co963+,4+600 us

b-

Ni460+

4 ms

EC

Ni471/2+3 ms

EC

Ni480+

5 ms

EC

Ni497/2-5 ms

EC

Ni500+

17 ms

EC

Ni51[3/2-]15 ms

Ni520+

80 msNi53(7/2-)45 ms

ECp

Ni540+

600 ms

EC

Ni557/2-

212.1 ms

EC

Ni560+

5.9 d

EC

Ni573/2-

35.60 hNi59

3/2-7.6E+4 y

EC

Ni631/2-

100.1 y

b-

Ni655/2-

2.5172 h

b-

Ni660+

54.6 h

b-

Ni67(1/2-)21 s

b-

Ni680+

19 s

b-

Ni69[9/2+]11.4 s

b-

Ni700+

2.1 mNi71[3/2+]1.86 s

b-

Ni720+

2.1 s

b-

Ni73[5/2+]0.90 s

b-

Ni740+

1.1 s

b-

Ni757/2+1.0 s

b-

Ni760+

1.0 s

b-

Ni779/2+

500 ms

b-

Ni780+

500 ms

b-

Ni791/2+

160 ms

b-

Ni800+

180 ms

b-

Ni813/2+

90 ms

b-

Ni820+

90 ms

b-

Ni831/2+7 ms

b-

Ni840+

12 ms

b-

Ni853/2+6 ms

b-

Ni860+

3 ms

b-

Ni873/2-3 ms

b-

Ni880+

3 ms

b-

Ni893/2+

1.9 ms

b-

Ni900+

1.9 ms

b-

Ni915/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Ni920+

1.5 ms

b-

Ni931/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Ni940+

1.1 ms

b-

Ni951/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ni960+

1.1 ms

b-

Ni977/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ni980+

900 us

b-

Ni991/2-

800 us

b-

Cu481-,2-

2.5 ms

EC

Cu493/2-4 ms

EC

Cu502+,5+5 ms

EC

Cu513/2-

13 ms

EC

Cu521+,2+7 ms

EC

Cu531/2-

20 ms

EC

Cu542+,3+18 ms

EC

Cu55[1/2-]

200 Ns

EC

Cu56[3+,4+]60 ms

Cu573/2-

199.4 ms

EC

Cu581+

3.204 s

EC

Cu593/2-

81.5 s

EC

Cu602+

23.7 mCu61

3/2-3.333 h

EC

Cu621+

9.74 m

EC

Cu641+

12.700 h

EC,b-

Cu661+

5.088 m

b-

Cu673/2-

61.83 h

b-

Cu681+

31.1 s

b-*

Cu693/2-

2.85 m

b-

Cu70(1+)4.5 s

b-*

Cu71(3/2-)19.5 s

b-

Cu72[1-,2-]6.6 s

b-

Cu73[1/2-]3.9 s

b-

Cu74[2-,3-]1.59 s

b-

Cu75[1/2-]

1.224 s

b-n

Cu76[3-,4-]641 ms

b-

Cu77[1/2-]

469 ms

b-

Cu78[4-,5-]342 ms

b-

Cu79[1/2-]

188 ms

b-n

Cu800-,1-

130 ms

b-

Cu811/2-

100 ms

b-

Cu821-,2-

50 ms

b-

Cu831/2-

40 ms

b-

Cu841-,2-

16 ms

b-

Cu851/2-

13 ms

b-

Cu863+,4+5 ms

b-

Cu877/2-3 ms

b-

Cu882+,5+3 ms

b-

Cu897/2-3 ms

b-

Cu902-,5-

2.4 ms

b-

Cu917/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Cu921+,6+2.4 ms

b-

Cu937/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Cu941-,6-

1.2 ms

b-

Cu957/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Cu963-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Cu977/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Cu980+,7+900 us

b-

Cu997/2-

800 us

b-

Cu1001-,6-

600 us

b-

Cu1017/2-

600 us

b-

Cu1023-,4-

700 us

b-

Zn517/2-3 ms

EC

Zn520+

8 ms

EC

Zn533/2-4 ms

EC

Zn540+

23 ms

EC

Zn555/2-

12 ms

EC

Zn560+

80 msZn57(7/2-)40 ms

ECp

Zn580+

600 ms

EC

Zn593/2-

182.0 ms

ECp

Zn600+

2.38 m

EC

Zn613/2-

89.1 s

EC

Zn620+

9.186 h

EC

Zn633/2-

38.47 m

EC

Zn655/2-

244.26 d

EC

Zn691/2-

56.4 m

b-*

Zn711/2-

2.45 m

b-*

Zn720+

46.5 h

b-

Zn73(1/2)-23.5 s

b-*

Zn740+

96 s

b-

Zn75(7/2+)10.2 s

b-

Zn760+

5.7 s

b-

Zn77(7/2+)2.08 s

b-*

Zn780+

1.47 s

b-

Zn79[9/2+]995 ms

b-n

Zn800+

0.545 s

b-n

Zn81[1/2+]0.29 s

b-n

Zn820+

220 ms

b-

Zn831/2+

22 ms

b-

Zn840+

70 ms

b-

Zn853/2+

23 ms

b-

Zn860+

22 ms

b-

Zn871/2-

15 ms

b-

Zn880+

9 ms

b-

Zn893/2-8 ms

b-

Zn900+

8 ms

b-

Zn913/2+4 ms

b-

Zn920+

4 ms

b-

Zn935/2-4 ms

b-

Zn940+

4 ms

b-

Zn955/2+

2.4 ms

b-

Zn960+

2.4 ms

b-

Zn971/2+

2.0 ms

b-

Zn980+

1.8 ms

b-

Zn997/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Zn1000+

1.5 ms

b-

Zn1017/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Zn1020+

900 us

b-

Zn1031/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Zn1040+

800 us

b-

Zn1051/2+

700 us

b-

Ga531/2-5 ms

EC

Ga541+,2+2.1 ms

EC

Ga551/2-7 ms

EC

Ga562+,3+6 ms

EC

Ga571/2-

12 ms

EC

Ga583+,4+15 ms

EC

Ga591/2-

40 ms

EC

Ga600+,1+60 ms

EC

Ga61(3/2-)

300 msGa62

0+116.12 ms

EC

Ga633/2-,5/2-

32.4 s

EC

Ga640+

2.630 m

EC

Ga653/2-

15.2 m

EC

Ga660+

9.49 h

EC

Ga673/2-

3.2612 d

EC

Ga681+

67.629 m

EC

Ga701+

21.14 m

EC,b-

Ga723-

14.10 h

b-*

Ga733/2-

4.86 h

b-

Ga74(3-)

8.12 m

b-*

Ga753/2-

126 s

b-

Ga76(3-)

32.6 s

b-

Ga77(3/2-)13.2 s

b-

Ga78(3+)

5.09 s

b-

Ga79(3/2-)

2.847 s

b-n

Ga80(3)

1.697 s

b-n

Ga81(5/2-)

1.221 s

b-n

Ga82(1,2,3)0.602 s

b-n

Ga83[1/2-]0.31 s

b-n

Ga840-,1-

30 ms

b-

Ga851/2-

90 ms

b-

Ga861-,2-

30 ms

b-

Ga873/2-

30 ms

b-

Ga880-,3-

11 ms

b-

Ga893/2-

14 ms

b-

Ga901-,2-7 ms

b-

Ga911/2+7 ms

b-

Ga922-,5-6 ms

b-

Ga931/2+5 ms

b-

Ga942-,3-4 ms

b-

Ga951/2+4 ms

b-

Ga961-,4-3 ms

b-

Ga973/2-3 ms

b-

Ga981+,4+2.3 ms

b-

Ga993/2-

1.8 ms

b-

Ga1002+,5+1.7 ms

b-

Ga1013/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Ga1021-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Ga1033/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ga1041-,2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ga1053/2-

900 us

b-

Ga1061-,2-

800 us

b-

Ga1073/2-

800 us

b-

Ga1080+,3+800 us

b-

Ge553/2-

2.0 ms

EC

Ge560+

10 ms

EC

Ge575/2-5 ms

EC

Ge580+

19 ms

EC

Ge597/2-

15 ms

EC

Ge600+

80 ms

EC

Ge61(3/2-)40 ms

ECp

Ge620+

900 ms

EC

Ge631/2-

300 ms

EC

Ge640+

63.7 s

EC

Ge65(3/2)-30.9 s

ECp

Ge660+

2.26 h

EC

Ge671/2-

18.9 m

EC

Ge680+

270.82 d

EC*

Ge695/2-

39.05 h

EC

Ge711/2-

11.43 d

EC**

Ge751/2-

82.78 m

b-*

Ge777/2+

11.30 h

b-*

Ge780+

88.0 m

b-

Ge79(1/2-)19.1 s

b-*

Ge800+

29.5 s

b-

Ge81(9/2+)7.6 s

b-*

Ge820+

4.60 s

b-

Ge83(5/2+)1.85 s

b-

Ge840+

1.2 s

b-

Ge851/2+

40 ms

b-

Ge860+

200 ms

b-

Ge873/2+

50 ms

b-

Ge880+

50 ms

b-

Ge893/2+

19 ms

b-

Ge900+

24 ms

b-

Ge913/2+

30 ms

b-

Ge920+

20 ms

b-

Ge933/2+

14 ms

b-

Ge940+

14 ms

b-

Ge955/2-

11 ms

b-

Ge960+

8 ms

b-

Ge975/2+4 ms

b-

Ge980+

4 ms

b-

Ge995/2-4 ms

b-

Ge1000+

3 ms

b-

Ge1017/2-3 ms

b-

Ge1020+

2.3 ms

b-

Ge1035/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Ge1040+

1.4 ms

b-

Ge1059/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Ge1060+

1.3 ms

b-

Ge1071/2+

1.1 ms

b-

Ge1080+

900 us

b-

Ge1093/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ge1100+

800 us

b-

Ge1111/2-

800 us

b-

Ge1120+

700 us

b-

As573/2-3 ms

EC

As581+,4+2.4 ms

EC

As593/2-7 ms

EC

As602+,5+8 ms

EC

As611/2-

17 ms

EC

As621+,2+30 ms

EC

As633/2-

90 ms

EC

As641+,2+70 ms

EC

As65[3/2-]0.19 s

EC

As66[0+,3+]

95.77 ms

EC

As67(5/2-)42.5 s

EC

As683

151.6 s

EC

As695/2-

15.2 m

EC

As704(+)

52.6 m

EC

As715/2-

65.28 h

EC

As722-

26.0 h

EC

As733/2-

80.30 d

EC

As742-

17.77 d

EC,b-*

As762-

26.32 h

EC,b-

As773/2-

38.83 h

b-

As782-

90.7 m

b-

As793/2-

9.01 m

b-

As801+

15.2 s

b-

As813/2-

33.3 s

b-

As82(1+)

19.1 s

b-*

As83(5/2-,3/2-)

13.4 s

b-

As84(0-,1-,2-)

5.5 s

b-n*

As85(3/2-)

2.028 s

b-n

As86[1-,2-]0.9 s

b-n

As87(3/2-)0.73 s

b-n

As881-,2-

70 ms

b-

As891/2-

80 ms

b-

As901-,2-

30 ms

b-

As911/2-

40 ms

b-

As921+,2+40 ms

b-

As931/2-

30 ms

b-

As941-,2-

18 ms

b-

As953/2-

20 ms

b-

As961+,4+16 ms

b-

As973/2-

11 ms

b-

As982+,3+8 ms

b-

As991/2-5 ms

b-

As1002+,3+4 ms

b-

As1011/2-3 ms

b-

As1023+,4+3 ms

b-

As1031/2-3 ms

b-

As1042-,3-

2.0 ms

b-

As1051/2-

1.8 ms

b-

As1064+,5+1.8 ms

b-

As1071/2-

1.5 ms

b-

As1083-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

As1091/2-

1.0 ms

b-

As1104+,5+1.1 ms

b-

As1111/2-

900 us

b-

As1120+,1+800 us

b-

As1131/2-

800 us

b-

As1145+,6+1.2 ms

b-

As1155/2-

600 us

b-

Se595/2-

2.0 ms

EC

Se600+

7 ms

EC

Se617/2-7 ms

EC

Se620+

24 ms

EC

Se631/2-

17 ms

EC

Se640+

90 ms

EC

Se651/2-

40 ms

EC

Se660+

600 ms

EC

Se673/2-

400 ms

EC

Se680+

40 s

EC

Se69(3/2-)27.4 s

ECp

Se700+

41.1 m

EC

Se713/2-,5/2-4.74 m

EC

Se720+

8.40 d

EC

Se739/2+

7.15 h

EC*

Se755/2+

119.779 d

EC*

Se797/2+

6.5E+4 y

b-*

Se811/2-

18.45 m

b-*

Se839/2+

22.3 m

b-*

Se840+

3.1 m

b-

Se85(5/2+)31.7 s

b-

Se860+

15.3 s

b-

Se87(5/2+)5.85 s

b-n

Se880+

1.52 s

b-n

Se89(5/2+)0.41 s

b-n

Se900+

140 ms

b-

Se91[3/2+]0.27 s

b-n

Se920+

60 ms

b-

Se933/2-

100 ms

b-

Se940+

50 ms

b-

Se953/2+

30 ms

b-

Se960+

30 ms

b-

Se975/2-

30 ms

b-

Se980+

18 ms

b-

Se995/2+8 ms

b-

Se1000+

8 ms

b-

Se1015/2-7 ms

b-

Se1020+

5 ms

b-

Se1037/2-5 ms

b-

Se1040+

4 ms

b-

Se1055/2+3 ms

b-

Se1060+

2.4 ms

b-

Se1079/2-

2.5 ms

b-

Se1080+

2.1 ms

b-

Se1097/2+

1.6 ms

b-

Se1100+

2.2 ms

b-

Se1119/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Se1120+

1.2 ms

b-

Se1131/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Se1140+

1.0 ms

b-

Se11511/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Se1160+

600 us

b-

Se1177/2-

700 us

b-

Se1180+

600 us

b-

Br611/2+4 ms

EC

Br620-,1-3 ms

EC

Br639/2+

10 ms

EC

Br643-,6-9 ms

EC

Br659/2+

23 ms

EC

Br662-,7-

21 ms

EC

Br679/2+

40 ms

EC

Br684-,5-

40 ms

EC

Br69[9/2+]200 ms

Br70[0+,9+]79.1 ms

EC*

Br715/2-

21.4 s

EC

Br72(3)+

78.6 s

EC*

Br731/2-

3.4 m

EC

Br74(0-,1)

25.4 m

EC*

Br753/2-

96.7 m

EC

Br761-

16.2 h

EC*

Br773/2-

57.036 h

EC*

Br781+

6.46 m

EC,b-*

Br801+

17.68 m

EC,b-*

Br825-

35.30 h

b-*

Br833/2-

2.40 h

b-

Br842-

31.80 m

b-*

Br853/2-

2.90 m

b-

Br86(2-)

55.1 s

b-

Br873/2-

55.60 s

b-n

Br88(1,2-)16.5 s

b-n

Br89(3/2-,5/2-)

4.40 s

b-n

Br90[1+,2+]1.92 s

b-n

Br91[1/2+]0.541 s

b-n

Br92(2-)

0.343 s

b-n

Br93(5/2-)

102 ms

b-n

Br94[1+,2+]70 ms

b-n

Br951/2-

90 ms

b-

Br961-,2-

50 ms

b-

Br971/2-

50 ms

b-

Br982+,3+40 ms

b-

Br991/2-

30 ms

b-

Br1002+,3+7 ms

b-

Br1011/2+7 ms

b-

Br1022-,3-7 ms

b-

Br1031/2+5 ms

b-

Br1043-,4-4 ms

b-

Br1051/2+4 ms

b-

Br1062+,3+3 ms

b-

Br1071/2+3 ms

b-

Br1084-,5-3 ms

b-

Br1091/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Br1104-,5-

2.1 ms

b-

Br1119/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Br1120+,3+4 ms

b-

Br1133/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Br1141+,2+1.5 ms

b-

Br1153/2-

1.3 ms

b-

Br1165+,6+1.9 ms

b-

Br1171/2-

900 us

b-

Br1182+,5+900 us

b-

Br1191/2-

800 us

b-

Br1201+,4+600 us

b-

Br1215/2+

600 us

b-

Kr631/2-

2.3 ms

EC

Kr640+

9 ms

EC

Kr653/2-8 ms

EC

Kr660+

30 ms

EC

Kr675/2-

21 ms

EC

Kr680+

70 ms

EC

Kr691/2-

30 ms

EC

Kr700+

400 ms

EC

Kr71[9/2+]97 ms

EC

Kr720+

17.2 s

EC

Kr735/2-

27.0 s

ECp

Kr740+

11.50 m

EC

Kr75(5/2)+4.3 m

EC

Kr760+

14.8 h

EC

Kr775/2+

74.4 m

EC

Kr791/2-

35.04 h

EC*

Kr817/2+

2.29E+5 y

EC**

Kr859/2+

10.756 y

b-*

Kr875/2+

76.3 m

b-

Kr880+

2.84 h

b-

Kr89(3/2+,5/2+)

3.15 m

b-

Kr900+

32.32 s

b-

Kr91(5/2+)8.57 s

b-

Kr920+

1.840 s

b-n

Kr93(1/2+)1.286 s

b-n

Kr940+

0.20 s

b-n

Kr95[3/2-]0.78 s

b-

Kr960+

200 ms

b-

Kr973/2+

90 ms

b-

Kr980+

100 ms

b-

Kr995/2-

80 ms

b-

Kr1000+

50 ms

b-

Kr1015/2+

16 ms

b-

Kr1020+

23 ms

b-

Kr1031/2+

18 ms

b-

Kr1040+

15 ms

b-

Kr1057/2-

11 ms

b-

Kr1060+

9 ms

b-

Kr1075/2+7 ms

b-

Kr1080+

5 ms

b-

Kr1099/2-5 ms

b-

Kr1100+

3 ms

b-

Kr1111/2-3 ms

b-

Kr1120+

3 ms

b-

Kr1133/2-3 ms

b-

Kr1140+

2.2 ms

b-

Kr1151/2-

2.0 ms

b-

Kr1160+

1.9 ms

b-

Kr11711/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Kr1180+

1.2 ms

b-

Kr1197/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Kr1200+

1.0 ms

b-

Kr1213/2-

800 us

b-

Kr1220+

900 us

b-

Kr1231/2+

700 us

b-

Kr1240+

600 us

b-

Rb662-,5-3 ms

EC

Rb673/2+7 ms

EC

Rb681-,2-6 ms

EC

Rb693/2+

13 ms

EC

Rb703-,4-

12 ms

EC

Rb717/2+

30 ms

EC

Rb721+,8+30 ms

EC

Rb733/2+

300 ms

EC

Rb74(0+)

64.9 ms

EC

Rb75(3/2-,5/2-)

19.0 s

EC

Rb761

39.1 s

EC

Rb773/2-

3.75 m

EC

Rb780(+)

17.66 m

EC*

Rb795/2+

22.9 m

EC

Rb801+

34 s

EC

Rb813/2-

4.576 h

EC*

Rb821+

1.273 m

EC*

Rb835/2-

86.2 d

EC

Rb842-

32.77 d

EC,b-*

Rb862-

18.631 d

EC,b-*

Rb882-

17.78 m

b-

Rb893/2-

15.15 m

b-

Rb900-

158 s

b-*

Rb913/2(-)58.4 s

b-

Rb920-

4.492 s

b-n

Rb935/2-

5.84 s

b-n

Rb943(-)

2.702 s

b-n

Rb955/2-

377.5 ms

b-n

Rb962+

0.199 s

b-n

Rb973/2(+)

169.9 ms

b-n

Rb98(1,0)

114 ms

b-n,b-2n,...*

Rb99(5/2+)59 ms

b-n

Rb100[1-,4-]51 ms

b-n,b-2n,...

Rb101[3/2+]32 ms

b-n

Rb102[1+,4+]37 ms

b-n

Rb1033/2+

18 ms

b-

Rb1041+,2+14 ms

b-

Rb1053/2+

12 ms

b-

Rb1062-,5-

10 ms

b-

Rb1073/2+8 ms

b-

Rb1081+,4+8 ms

b-

Rb1093/2+6 ms

b-

Rb1103-,6-6 ms

b-

Rb1117/2+3 ms

b-

Rb1123-,4-3 ms

b-

Rb1131/2-4 ms

b-

Rb1141+,2+3 ms

b-

Rb1151/2-3 ms

b-

Rb1160+,1+3 ms

b-

Rb1171/2-

2.5 ms

b-

Rb1184+,7+3 ms

b-

Rb1193/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Rb1203+,4+1.5 ms

b-

Rb1211/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Rb1220+,3+1.2 ms

b-

Rb1233/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Rb1241+,4+1.1 ms

b-

Rb1253/2+

600 us

b-

Rb1262-,3-

700 us

b-

Rb1273/2+

700 us

b-

Rb1280+,3+600 us

b-

Sr680+

8 ms

EC

Sr691/2-7 ms

EC

Sr700+

16 ms

EC

Sr713/2-

14 ms

EC

Sr720+

60 ms

EC

Sr733/2-

40 ms

EC

Sr740+

400 ms

EC

Sr753/2+

200 ms

EC

Sr760+9 s

EC

Sr77(5/2+,7/2+)

9.0 s

ECp

Sr780+

2.5 m

EC

Sr79(3/2-)

2.25 m

EC

Sr800+

106.3 m

EC

Sr811/2-

22.3 m

EC

Sr820+

25.55 d

EC

Sr837/2+

32.41 h

EC*

Sr859/2+

64.84 d

EC**

Sr895/2+

50.53 d

b-

Sr900+

28.78 y

b-

Sr915/2+

9.63 h

b-

Sr920+

2.71 h

b-

Sr935/2+

7.423 m

b-

Sr940+

75.3 s

b-

Sr951/2+

23.90 s

b-

Sr960+

1.07 s

b-

Sr971/2+

426 ms

b-n

Sr980+

0.653 s

b-n

Sr993/2+

0.269 s

b-n

Sr1000+

202 ms

b-n

Sr101(5/2)

118 ms

b-n

Sr1020+

69 ms

b-n

Sr1035/2+

40 ms

b-

Sr1040+

80 ms

b-

Sr1051/2+

60 ms

b-

Sr1060+

40 ms

b-

Sr1077/2-

30 ms

b-

Sr1080+

24 ms

b-

Sr1091/2-

20 ms

b-

Sr1100+

14 ms

b-

Sr1115/2+

12 ms

b-

Sr1120+

7 ms

b-

Sr1135/2-6 ms

b-

Sr1140+

6 ms

b-

Sr1153/2-5 ms

b-

Sr1160+

4 ms

b-

Sr1171/2-4 ms

b-

Sr1180+

3 ms

b-

Sr1191/2-5 ms

b-

Sr1200+

2.4 ms

b-

Sr1217/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Sr1220+

1.9 ms

b-

Sr1235/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Sr1240+

1.6 ms

b-

Sr1255/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Sr1260+

900 us

b-

Sr1271/2+

800 us

b-

Sr1280+

1.0 ms

b-

Sr1293/2+

700 us

b-

Sr1300+

700 us

b-

Sr1313/2-

700 us

b-

Y702-,3-4 ms

EC

Y715/2+8 ms

EC

Y722+,3+7 ms

EC

Y735/2+

17 ms

EC

Y741-,4-

16 ms

EC

Y755/2+

40 ms

EC

Y761+,4+40 ms

EC

Y775/2+

190 ms

EC

Y780+,5+

210 ms

EC

Y79[5/2+]2.4 s

Y80(3,4,5)

35 s

EC

Y81(5/2+)72.4 s

EC

Y821+

9.5 s

EC

Y83(9/2+)7.08 m

EC*

Y841+

4.6 s

EC*

Y85(1/2)-2.68 h

EC*

Y864-

14.74 h

EC*

Y871/2-

79.8 h

EC*

Y884-

106.65 d

EC**

Y902-

64.10 h

b-*

Y911/2-

58.51 d

*

Y922-

3.54 h

b-

Y931/2-

10.18 h

b-*

Y942-

18.7 m

b-

Y951/2-

10.3 m

b-

Y960-

5.34 s

b-*

Y97(1/2-)3.75 s

b-n**

Y98(0)-

0.548 s

b-n*

Y995/2+

1.470 s

b-n

Y1001-,2-

735 ms

b-n*

Y101(5/2+)448 ms

b-n

Y102[1+,4+]0.36 s

b-n*

Y1035/2+

90 ms

b-

Y1040+,5+30 ms

b-

Y1055/2+

50 ms

b-

Y1062+,3+40 ms

b-

Y1075/2+

30 ms

b-

Y1081-,6-

30 ms

b-

Y1095/2+

19 ms

b-

Y1102-,3-

16 ms

b-

Y1115/2+

12 ms

b-

Y1120+,5+9 ms

b-

Y1135/2+

12 ms

b-

Y1142-,7-6 ms

b-

Y1159/2+5 ms

b-

Y1163-,6-5 ms

b-

Y1179/2+4 ms

b-

Y1184-,5-4 ms

b-

Y1199/2+3 ms

b-

Y1203+,4+7 ms

b-

Y1211/2-3 ms

b-

Y1222+,3+2.5 ms

b-

Y1231/2-3 ms

b-

Y1243+,4+2.4 ms

b-

Y1251/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Y1263+,4+2.1 ms

b-

Y1271/2+

1.3 ms

b-

Y1281+,2+1.0 ms

b-

Y1293/2+

1.0 ms

b-

Y1301-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Y1315/2-

800 us

b-

Y1321+,4+800 us

b-

Y1335/2-

700 us

b-

Y1340-,5-

700 us

b-

Zr720+

7 ms

EC

Zr733/2-7 ms

EC

Zr740+

18 ms

EC

Zr753/2-

17 ms

EC

Zr760+

50 ms

EC

Zr773/2+

30 ms

EC

Zr780+

300 ms

EC

Zr795/2+

160 ms

EC

Zr800+7 s

Zr81[1/2+]15 s

ECp

Zr820+

32 s

EC

Zr83(1/2-)44 s

ECp

Zr840+

25.9 m

EC

Zr857/2+

7.86 m

EC*

Zr860+

16.5 h

EC

Zr87(9/2)+1.68 h

EC*

Zr880+

83.4 d

EC

Zr899/2+

78.41 h

EC**

Zr935/2+

1.53E+6 y

b-

Zr955/2+

64.02 d

b-

Zr971/2+

16.91 h

b-

Zr980+

30.7 s

b-

Zr991/2+2.1 s

b-

Zr1000+

7.1 s

b-

Zr101(3/2+)2.1 s

b-

Zr1020+

2.9 s

b-

Zr103(5/2)1.3 s

b-

Zr1040+

1.2 s

b-

Zr1055/2+

100 ms

b-

Zr1060+

400 ms

b-

Zr1071/2+

220 ms

b-

Zr1080+

180 ms

b-

Zr1097/2-

140 ms

b-

Zr1100+

80 ms

b-

Zr1111/2-

60 ms

b-

Zr1120+

50 ms

b-

Zr1135/2+

40 ms

b-

Zr1140+

20 ms

b-

Zr1155/2-

17 ms

b-

Zr1160+

12 ms

b-

Zr1173/2-

12 ms

b-

Zr1180+

9 ms

b-

Zr1191/2-9 ms

b-

Zr1200+

7 ms

b-

Zr1217/2-

11 ms

b-

Zr1220+

4 ms

b-

Zr1235/2-4 ms

b-

Zr1240+

4 ms

b-

Zr1253/2+3 ms

b-

Zr1260+

3 ms

b-

Zr1271/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Zr1280+

1.6 ms

b-

Zr1291/2+

1.6 ms

b-

Zr1300+

1.4 ms

b-

Zr1313/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Zr1320+

1.1 ms

b-

Zr1333/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Zr1340+

1.0 ms

b-

Zr1355/2+

900 us

b-

Zr1360+

800 us

b-

Zr1375/2-

700 us

b-

Nb743-,4-3 ms

EC

Nb751/2+5 ms

EC

Nb761-,2-7 ms

EC

Nb771/2+

12 ms

EC

Nb781+,2+10 ms

EC

Nb791/2+

40 ms

EC

Nb802+,3+40 ms

EC

Nb811/2+

210 ms

EC

Nb820+,1+

700 ms

EC

Nb83(5/2+)4.1 s

EC

Nb84(3+)12 s

ECp

Nb85(9/2+)20.9 s

EC

Nb86(5+)88 s

EC

Nb87(9/2+)2.6 m

EC*

Nb88(8+)

14.5 m

EC*

Nb89(9/2+)1.9 h

EC*

Nb908+

14.60 h

EC**

Nb919/2+680 y

EC*

Nb92(7)+

3.47E+7 y

EC,b-**

Nb94(6)+

2.03E+4 y

b-*

Nb959/2+

34.975 d

b-*

Nb966+

23.35 h

b-

Nb979/2+

72.1 m

b-*

Nb981+

2.86 s

b-*

Nb999/2+

15.0 s

b-*

Nb1001+

1.5 s

b-**

Nb101+

7.1 s

b-

Nb1021+

1.3 s

b-*

Nb103(5/2+)1.5 s

b-

Nb104(1+)4.8 s

b-n*

Nb105(5/2+)2.95 s

b-

Nb106[2+,3+]1.02 s

b-

Nb107[1/2+]330 ms

b-

Nb1081-,2-

500 ms

b-

Nb1095/2-

500 ms

b-

Nb1101+,6+

400 ms

b-

Nb1115/2-

200 ms

b-

Nb1120-,1-

100 ms

b-

Nb1131/2+

60 ms

b-

Nb1141-,6-

22 ms

b-

Nb1157/2+

15 ms

b-

Nb1161-,6-

15 ms

b-

Nb1177/2+

11 ms

b-

Nb1182-,5-

11 ms

b-

Nb1197/2+9 ms

b-

Nb1203-,4-8 ms

b-

Nb1217/2+6 ms

b-

Nb1224-,5-

12 ms

b-

Nb1231/2+5 ms

b-

Nb1241-,8-4 ms

b-

Nb1259/2+4 ms

b-

Nb1261-,2-3 ms

b-

Nb1271/2+3 ms

b-

Nb1281+,2+1.5 ms

b-

Nb1293/2+

1.9 ms

b-

Nb1301+,2+1.9 ms

b-

Nb1313/2-

1.7 ms

b-

Nb1320-,3-

1.8 ms

b-

Nb1333/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Nb1340+,3+1.2 ms

b-

Nb1353/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Nb1361-,4-

1.1 ms

b-

Nb1375/2+

900 us

b-

Nb1380-,5-

800 us

b-

Nb1395/2-

800 us

b-

Nb1402+,3+700 us

b-

Mo779/2+4 ms

EC

Mo780+

7 ms

EC

Mo793/2-5 ms

EC

Mo800+

50 ms

EC

Mo815/2+

30 ms

EC

Mo820+

70 ms

EC

Mo837/2+

90 ms

EC

Mo840+

1.1 s

EC

Mo853/2+

400 ms

EC

Mo860+8 s

Mo87(7/2+)13.4 s

ECp

Mo880+

8.0 m

EC

Mo89(9/2+)2.04 m

EC*

Mo900+

5.67 h

EC

Mo919/2+

15.49 m

EC*

Mo935/2+

4.0E+3 y

EC*

Mo991/2+

65.94 h

b-

Mo1011/2+

14.61 m

b-

Mo1020+

11.3 m

b-

Mo103(3/2+)67.5 s

b-

Mo1040+

60 s

b-

Mo105(5/2-)35.6 s

b-

Mo1060+

8.4 s

b-

Mo107[5/2+]3.5 s

b-

Mo1080+

1.5 s

b-

Mo109[1/2+]0.53 s

b-

Mo1100+

1.8 s

b-

Mo1117/2-1.2 s

b-

Mo1120+

600 ms

b-

Mo1135/2-

150 ms

b-

Mo1140+

100 ms

b-

Mo1151/2+

60 ms

b-

Mo1160+

50 ms

b-

Mo1175/2-

50 ms

b-

Mo1180+

30 ms

b-

Mo1193/2-

30 ms

b-

Mo1200+

24 ms

b-

Mo1211/2-

22 ms

b-

Mo1220+

17 ms

b-

Mo12311/2-30 ms

b-

Mo1240+

11 ms

b-

Mo1257/2-9 ms

b-

Mo1260+

8 ms

b-

Mo1273/2-8 ms

b-

Mo1280+

7 ms

b-

Mo1293/2-3 ms

b-

Mo1300+

3 ms

b-

Mo1311/2+3 ms

b-

Mo1320+

2.2 ms

b-

Mo1333/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Mo1340+

1.8 ms

b-

Mo1353/2-

1.5 ms

b-

Mo1360+

1.5 ms

b-

Mo1375/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Mo1380+

1.3 ms

b-

Mo1395/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Mo1400+

1.0 ms

b-

Mo1411/2-

900 us

b-

Mo1420+

800 us

b-

Mo1437/2+

800 us

b-

Mo1440+

700 us

b-

Tc795/2+6 ms

EC

Tc801-,4-3 ms

EC

Tc815/2+7 ms

EC

Tc822+,7+10 ms

EC

Tc835/2+

30 ms

EC

Tc841+,6+40 ms

EC

Tc853/2+

70 ms

EC

Tc860+,3+90 ms

EC

Tc873/2+

300 ms

EC

Tc88(7-,8+)300 ms

Tc89(9/2+)12.8 s

EC*

Tc901+

8.7 s

EC*

Tc91(9/2)+3.14 m

EC*

Tc92(8)+

4.23 m

EC

Tc939/2+

2.75 h

EC*

Tc947+

293 m

EC*

Tc959/2+

20.0 h

EC*

Tc967+

4.28 d

EC*

Tc979/2+

2.6E6 y

EC*

Tc98(6)+

4.2E+6 y

b-

Tc999/2+

2.111E+5 y

b-*

Tc1001+

15.8 s

b-

Tc101(9/2)+

14.22 m

b-

Tc1021+

5.28 s

b-*

Tc1035/2+

54.2 s

b-

Tc104(3+)

18.3 m

b-

Tc105(3/2-)7.6 m

b-

Tc106(1,2)35.6 s

b-

Tc107[3/2-]21.2 s

b-

Tc108(2-,3)5.17 s

b-

Tc109[5/2+]0.87 s

b-

Tc110[2-,7-]0.92 s

b-

Tc111[5/2+]0.30 s

b-

Tc1121-,6-

160 ms

b-

Tc113[5/2+]130 ms

b-

Tc1140-,5-

90 ms

b-

Tc1155/2+

70 ms

b-

Tc1162+,3+50 ms

b-

Tc1175/2+

40 ms

b-

Tc1180-,5-

40 ms

b-

Tc1195/2+

30 ms

b-

Tc1201-,4-

20 ms

b-

Tc1215/2+

19 ms

b-

Tc1222-,3-

18 ms

b-

Tc1235/2+

13 ms

b-

Tc1244-,7-

18 ms

b-

Tc1257/2+9 ms

b-

Tc1260-,7-8 ms

b-

Tc1279/2+7 ms

b-

Tc1280-,3-7 ms

b-

Tc1293/2+4 ms

b-

Tc1301+,2+3 ms

b-

Tc1311/2+4 ms

b-

Tc1320-,1-3 ms

b-

Tc1335/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Tc1341+,4+2.2 ms

b-

Tc1355/2+

2.1 ms

b-

Tc1361-,4-

1.6 ms

b-

Tc1375/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Tc1380+,5+1.6 ms

b-

Tc1393/2-

1.5 ms

b-

Tc1401+,4+1.3 ms

b-

Tc1413/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Tc1421+,2+1.1 ms

b-

Tc1433/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Tc1442-,5-

1.0 ms

b-

Tc1453/2-

900 us

b-

Tc1461+,4+700 us

b-

Tc1473/2-

600 us

b-

Ru811/2-5 ms

EC

Ru820+

12 ms

EC

Ru831/2-4 ms

EC

Ru840+

11 ms

EC

Ru851/2+

20 ms

EC

Ru860+

90 ms

EC

Ru873/2+

70 ms

EC

Ru880+

700 ms

EC

Ru895/2+

300 ms

EC

Ru900+

13 s

EC

Ru91(9/2+)

9 s

EC*

Ru920+

3.65 m

EC

Ru93(9/2)+59.7 s

EC*

Ru940+

51.8 m

EC

Ru955/2+

1.643 h

EC

Ru975/2+2.9 d

Ru1033/2+

39.26 d

b-*

Ru1053/2+

4.44 h

b-

Ru1060+

373.59 d

b-

Ru107(5/2)+3.75 m

b-

Ru1080+

4.55 m

b-

Ru109(5/2+)34.5 s

b-

Ru1100+

14.6 s

b-

Ru111[9/2-]2.12 s

b-

Ru1120+

1.75 s

b-

Ru113[7/2-]0.80 s

b-

Ru1140+

0.5 s

b-

Ru115[5/2-]0.40 s

b-n

Ru1160+

500 ms

b-

Ru1171/2+

180 ms

b-

Ru1180+

220 ms

b-

Ru1195/2-

200 ms

b-

Ru1200+

120 ms

b-

Ru1213/2-

110 ms

b-

Ru1220+

80 ms

b-

Ru1231/2-

70 ms

b-

Ru1240+

50 ms

b-

Ru12511/2-90 ms

b-

Ru1260+

30 ms

b-

Ru1277/2-

30 ms

b-

Ru1280+

30 ms

b-

Ru1293/2-

23 ms

b-

Ru1300+

20 ms

b-

Ru1311/2-5 ms

b-

Ru1320+

6 ms

b-

Ru1331/2+5 ms

b-

Ru1340+

4 ms

b-

Ru1353/2+4 ms

b-

Ru1360+

3 ms

b-

Ru1373/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Ru1380+

2.3 ms

b-

Ru1395/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Ru1400+

1.9 ms

b-

Ru1415/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Ru1420+

1.5 ms

b-

Ru1431/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Ru1440+

1.2 ms

b-

Ru1457/2+

1.2 ms

b-

Ru1460+

1.0 ms

b-

Ru1475/2-

900 us

b-

Ru1480+

700 us

b-

Ru1497/2-

700 us

b-

Ru1500+

700 us

b-

Rh833/2+

10 ms

EC

Rh842-,3-5 ms

EC

Rh855/2+

10 ms

EC

Rh862+,3+10 ms

EC

Rh875/2+

22 ms

EC

Rh881+,4+18 ms

EC

Rh895/2+

80 ms

EC

Rh900+,5+80 ms

EC

Rh915/2+

400 ms

EC

Rh921+,6+

300 ms

EC

Rh935/2+3 s

EC

Rh94(3+)

70.6 s

ECp*

Rh95(9/2)+5.02 m

EC*

Rh966+

9.90 m

EC*

Rh97(9/2)+30.7 m

EC*

Rh98(2)+

8.7 m

EC*

Rh99(1/2-)16.1 d

EC*

Rh1001-

20.8 h

EC*

Rh1011/2-3.3 y

EC*

Rh102(1-,2-)207 d

EC,b-**

Rh1041+

42.3 s

EC,b-*

Rh1057/2+

35.36 h

b-*

Rh1061+

29.80 s

b-*

Rh1077/2+

21.7 m

b-

Rh108(5+)

6.0 m

b-*

Rh1097/2+80 s

b-

Rh1101+

3.2 s

b-*

Rh111(7/2+)11 s

b-

Rh1121+

3.8 s

b-*

Rh113[3/2+]2.72 s

b-

Rh114(1+)

1.85 s

b-*

Rh115(7/2+)0.99 s

b-

Rh1161+

0.68 s

b-*

Rh117(7/2+)0.44 s

b-

Rh1181+,2+

130 ms

b-

Rh1193/2+

110 ms

b-

Rh1201-,4-

90 ms

b-

Rh1213/2+

60 ms

b-

Rh1220-,3-

60 ms

b-

Rh1233/2+

50 ms

b-

Rh1241-,2-

40 ms

b-

Rh1255/2+

30 ms

b-

Rh1263-,8-

40 ms

b-

Rh1275/2+

22 ms

b-

Rh1281-,6-

18 ms

b-

Rh1299/2+

17 ms

b-

Rh1301-,4-

16 ms

b-

Rh1315/2+8 ms

b-

Rh1322-,3-3 ms

b-

Rh1335/2+5 ms

b-

Rh1342+,3+5 ms

b-

Rh1355/2+4 ms

b-

Rh1361-,2-4 ms

b-

Rh1371/2-4 ms

b-

Rh1381+,2+3 ms

b-

Rh1391/2-3 ms

b-

Rh1402+,3+2.4 ms

b-

Rh1411/2-

2.4 ms

b-

Rh1422-,3-

1.9 ms

b-

Rh1431/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Rh1440-,1-

1.7 ms

b-

Rh1451/2+

1.5 ms

b-

Rh1463+,4+1.5 ms

b-

Rh1471/2+

1.3 ms

b-

Rh1482-,3-

1.1 ms

b-

Rh1497/2+

800 us

b-

Rh1500-,7-

800 us

b-

Rh1517/2+

700 us

b-

Rh1523-,4-

700 us

b-

Rh1537/2+

700 us

b-

Pd860+

9 ms

EC

Pd871/2+8 ms

EC

Pd880+

20 ms

EC

Pd893/2+

16 ms

EC

Pd900+

70 ms

EC

Pd915/2+

50 ms

EC

Pd920+

500 ms

EC

Pd937/2+

220 ms

EC

Pd940+

9.0 s

EC

Pd95[9/2+]900 ms

*

Pd960+

122 s

EC

Pd97(5/2+)3.10 m

EC

Pd980+

17.7 m

EC

Pd99(5/2)+21.4 m

EC

Pd1000+

3.63 d

EC

Pd101(5/2+)8.47 h

EC

Pd1035/2+

16.991 d

EC

Pd1075/2+

6.5E+6 y

b-*

Pd1095/2+

13.7012 h

b-*

Pd1115/2+

23.4 m

b-*

Pd1120+

21.03 h

b-

Pd113(5/2)+93 s

b-**

Pd1140+

2.42 m

b-

Pd115(5/2+)25 s

b-*

Pd1160+

12.4 s

b-

Pd117(5/2+)4.3 s

b-*

Pd1180+

1.9 s

b-

Pd119[1/2+]0.92 s

b-

Pd1200+3 s

b-

Pd1215/2-1.8 s

b-

Pd1220+

1.1 s

b-

Pd1233/2-

500 ms

b-

Pd1240+

400 ms

b-

Pd1259/2-

400 ms

b-

Pd1260+

250 ms

b-

Pd12711/2-

300 ms

b-

Pd1280+

130 ms

b-

Pd1297/2-

110 ms

b-

Pd1300+

100 ms

b-

Pd1313/2-

90 ms

b-

Pd1320+

70 ms

b-

Pd1331/2-7 ms

b-

Pd1340+

12 ms

b-

Pd1353/2-5 ms

b-

Pd1360+

7 ms

b-

Pd1373/2+5 ms

b-

Pd1380+

6 ms

b-

Pd1393/2-4 ms

b-

Pd1400+

5 ms

b-

Pd1415/2+4 ms

b-

Pd1420+

3 ms

b-

Pd1435/2-3 ms

b-

Pd1440+

2.5 ms

b-

Pd1451/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Pd1460+

1.9 ms

b-

Pd1477/2+

1.8 ms

b-

Pd1480+

1.6 ms

b-

Pd1495/2-

1.3 ms

b-

Pd1500+

1.1 ms

b-

Pd1517/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Pd1520+

900 us

b-

Pd1531/2-

900 us

b-

Pd1540+

800 us

b-

Pd1551/2-

800 us

b-

Pd1560+

700 us

b-

Ag883+,4+5 ms

EC

Ag897/2+

11 ms

EC

Ag902+,5+10 ms

EC

Ag917/2+

20 ms

EC

Ag921+,6+21 ms

EC

Ag937/2+

90 ms

EC

Ag940+,7+80 ms

EC

Ag957/2+

700 ms

EC

Ag96(8+,9+)

5.1 s

ECp

Ag97(9/2+)19 s

EC

Ag98(5+)

46.7 s

EC

Ag99(9/2)+124 s

EC*

Ag100(5)+

2.01 m

EC*

Ag1019/2+

11.1 m

EC*

Ag1025+

12.9 m

EC*

Ag1037/2+

65.7 m

EC*

Ag1045+

69.2 m

EC*

Ag1051/2-

41.29 d

EC*

Ag1061+

23.96 m

EC,b-**

Ag1081+

2.37 m

EC,b-**

Ag1101+

24.6 s

EC,b-*

Ag1111/2-

7.45 d

b-*

Ag1122(-)

3.130 h

b-

Ag1131/2-

5.37 h

b-*

Ag1141+

4.6 s

b-

Ag1151/2-

20.0 m

b-*

Ag116(2-)

2.68 m

b-*

Ag117(1/2-)72.8 s

b-*

Ag118(1)-

3.76 s

b-*

Ag119(7/2+)2.1 s

b-*

Ag120[0-,7-]1.23 s

b-*

Ag121(7/2+)0.78 s

b-n

Ag122(3+)

0.48 s

b-n*

Ag123(7/2+)0.309 s

b-n

Ag1240-,3-

120 ms

b-

Ag1259/2+

110 ms

b-

Ag1261-,10-

120 ms

b-

Ag1273/2+

80 ms

b-

Ag1282-,9-

90 ms

b-

Ag1299/2+

50 ms

b-

Ag1302-,5-

40 ms

b-

Ag1315/2+

40 ms

b-

Ag1323-,6-

30 ms

b-

Ag1337/2+

30 ms

b-

Ag1343-,4-5 ms

b-

Ag1357/2+7 ms

b-

Ag1362-,5-3 ms

b-

Ag1377/2+6 ms

b-

Ag1382+,5+5 ms

b-

Ag1391/2+6 ms

b-

Ag1401-,2-5 ms

b-

Ag1411/2+5 ms

b-

Ag1422+,3+4 ms

b-

Ag1431/2+4 ms

b-

Ag1442+,3+3 ms

b-

Ag1451/2-3 ms

b-

Ag1460+,1+3 ms

b-

Ag1471/2-

2.5 ms

b-

Ag1480+,7+1.9 ms

b-

Ag1497/2+

1.7 ms

b-

Ag1502-,3-

1.7 ms

b-

Ag1511/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Ag1523+,4+1.1 ms

b-

Ag1531/2-

1.1 ms

b-

Ag1540+,1+1.1 ms

b-

Ag1551/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Ag1560+,1+900 us

b-

Ag1571/2-

900 us

b-

Ag1581+,2+800 us

b-

Ag1591/2-

800 us

b-

Ag1603+,4+700 us

b-

Cd900+

8 ms

EC

Cd913/2+7 ms

EC

Cd920+

20 ms

EC

Cd935/2+

16 ms

EC

Cd940+

70 ms

EC

Cd957/2+

50 ms

EC

Cd960+

800 ms

EC

Cd97[9/2+]

3 s

ECp

Cd980+

9.2 s

EC

Cd99(5/2+)16 s

ECp,ECa,...

Cd1000+

49.1 s

EC

Cd101(5/2+)1.2 m

EC

Cd1020+

5.5 m

EC

Cd103(5/2+)7.3 m

EC

Cd1040+

57.7 m

EC

Cd1055/2+

55.5 m

EC

Cd1075/2+

6.50 h

EC

Cd1095/2+

462.6 d

EC**

Cd1151/2+

53.46 h

b-*

Cd1171/2+

2.49 h

b-*

Cd1180+

50.3 m

b-

Cd1193/2+

2.69 m

b-*

Cd1200+

50.80 s

b-

Cd121(3/2+)13.5 s

b-*

Cd1220+

5.24 s

b-

Cd123(3/2)+2.10 s

b-*

Cd1240+

0.9 s

b-

Cd125(3/2+)0.65 s

b-*

Cd1260+

0.506 s

b-

Cd127(3/2+)0.43 s

b-

Cd1280+

0.34 s

b-

Cd129[11/2-]0.27 s

b-

Cd1300+

0.20 s

b-n

Cd1317/2-

900 ms

b-

Cd1320+

600 ms

b-

Cd1333/2-

500 ms

b-

Cd1340+

400 ms

b-

Cd1353/2-

300 ms

b-

Cd1360+

160 ms

b-

Cd1373/2-9 ms

b-

Cd1380+

16 ms

b-

Cd1393/2+7 ms

b-

Cd1400+

7 ms

b-

Cd1413/2-8 ms

b-

Cd1420+

8 ms

b-

Cd1435/2+7 ms

b-

Cd1440+

6 ms

b-

Cd1455/2-4 ms

b-

Cd1460+

4 ms

b-

Cd1471/2-4 ms

b-

Cd1480+

3 ms

b-

Cd1495/2-3 ms

b-

Cd1500+

3 ms

b-

Cd1515/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Cd1520+

1.9 ms

b-

Cd1537/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Cd1540+

1.4 ms

b-

Cd1559/2+

1.4 ms

b-

Cd1560+

1.2 ms

b-

Cd1571/2-

1.2 ms

b-

Cd1580+

1.1 ms

b-

Cd1593/2-

1.0 ms

b-

Cd1600+

1.0 ms

b-

Cd1617/2-

900 us

b-

Cd1620+

800 us

b-

Cd16311/2+800 us

b-

In923+,6+6 ms

EC

In939/2+

13 ms

EC

In942+,7+12 ms

EC

In959/2+

30 ms

EC

In961+,8+20 ms

EC

In979/2+

170 ms

EC

In980+,9+90 ms

EC

In999/2+4 s

EC

In100[4+,5+]

7 sIn101[9/2+]16 s

ECp

In102(5)24 s

EC

In103(9/2+)65 s

EC

In104(6+)

1.8 m

EC*

In105(9/2)+5.07 m

EC*

In1067+

6.2 m

EC*

In1079/2+

32.4 m

EC*

In1087+

58.0 m

EC*

In1099/2+4.2 h

EC**

In1107+

4.9 h

EC*

In1119/2+

2.8049 d

EC*

In1121+

14.97 m

EC,b-**

In1141+

71.9 s

EC,b-***

In1161+

14.10 s

EC,b-**

In1179/2+

43.2 m

b-*

In1181+

5.0 s

b-**

In1199/2+2.4 m

b-*

In1201+

3.08 s

b-**

In1219/2+

23.1 s

b-*

In1221+

1.5 s

b-**

In1239/2+

5.98 s

b-*

In1243+

3.17 s

b-*

In1259/2(+)2.36 s

b-*

In1263(+)

1.60 s

b-*

In127(9/2+)1.09 s

b-n*

In128(3+)

0.84 s

b-n*

In129(9/2+)0.61 s

b-n*

In1301(-)

0.32 s

b-n**

In131(9/2+)0.282 s

b-n**

In132(7-)

0.201 s

b-n

In133[9/2+]180 ms

b-n

In1343-,6-

100 ms

b-

In1359/2+

90 ms

b-

In1362-,7-

70 ms

b-

In1379/2+

50 ms

b-

In1382+,7+13 ms

b-

In1399/2+

11 ms

b-

In1402-,7-8 ms

b-

In1411/2+7 ms

b-

In1422-,5-5 ms

b-

In1437/2+8 ms

b-

In1441+,6+6 ms

b-

In1457/2+6 ms

b-

In1461-,6-4 ms

b-

In1477/2+4 ms

b-

In1483-,4-4 ms

b-

In1497/2+4 ms

b-

In1501-,6-3 ms

b-

In1511/2-3 ms

b-

In1522+,3+3 ms

b-

In1531/2-

2.4 ms

b-

In1543-,4-

2.0 ms

b-

In1551/2+

1.9 ms

b-

In1564+,5+1.9 ms

b-

In1571/2+

1.6 ms

b-

In1580-,1-

1.6 ms

b-

In1591/2+

1.4 ms

b-

In1603-,6-

1.1 ms

b-

In1619/2+

1.0 ms

b-

In1623-,6-

900 us

b-

In1639/2+

900 us

b-

In1641+,10+900 us

b-

In1659/2+

800 us

b-

In1661+,10+700 us

b-

Sn940+

8 ms

EC

Sn951/2+8 ms

EC

Sn960+

23 ms

EC

Sn979/2+

15 ms

EC

Sn980+

100 ms

EC

Sn999/2+

40 ms

EC

Sn1000+

1.8 s

EC

Sn1011/2+3 s

EC

Sn1020+

18 sSn103

[3/2+]7 s

EC

Sn1040+

20.8 s

EC

Sn105[5/2+]31 s

ECp

Sn1060+

115 s

EC

Sn107(5/2+)2.90 m

EC

Sn1080+

10.30 m

EC

Sn1095/2(+)18.0 m

EC

Sn1100+

4.11 h

EC

Sn1117/2+

35.3 m

EC

Sn1131/2+

115.09 d

EC***

Sn1213/2+

27.06 h

b-*

Sn12311/2-

129.2 d

b-*

Sn12511/2-9.64 d

b-*

Sn1260+

1E+5 y

b-

Sn127(11/2-)2.10 h

b-*

Sn1280+

59.07 m

b-*

Sn129(3/2+)2.23 m

b-*

Sn1300+

3.72 m

b-*

Sn131(3/2+)56.0 s

b-*

Sn1320+

39.7 s

b-

Sn133(7/2-)1.44 s

b-n

Sn1340+

1.04 s

b-n

Sn1351/2-3 s

b-

Sn1360+

1.0 s

b-

Sn1373/2-

800 ms

b-

Sn1380+

500 ms

b-

Sn1395/2-

400 ms

b-

Sn1400+

120 ms

b-

Sn1413/2-

19 ms

b-

Sn1420+

40 ms

b-

Sn1433/2-

14 ms

b-

Sn1440+

18 ms

b-

Sn1455/2-

10 ms

b-

Sn1460+

10 ms

b-

Sn1475/2-7 ms

b-

Sn1480+

6 ms

b-

Sn1491/2-6 ms

b-

Sn1500+

5 ms

b-

Sn1517/2+5 ms

b-

Sn1520+

4 ms

b-

Sn1535/2-3 ms

b-

Sn1540+

3 ms

b-

Sn1557/2-

2.3 ms

b-

Sn1560+

2.3 ms

b-

Sn1579/2+

2.3 ms

b-

Sn1580+

1.9 ms

b-

Sn1591/2-

1.9 ms

b-

Sn1600+

1.8 ms

b-

Sn1617/2-

1.6 ms

b-

Sn1620+

1.4 ms

b-

Sn1633/2-

1.4 ms

b-

Sn1640+

1.2 ms

b-

Sn16511/2+1.2 ms

b-

Sn1660+

900 us

b-

Sn16711/2+900 us

b-

Sn1680+

Sn1693/2-

H11/2+

99.985

H21+

0.015

He31/2+

0.000137

He40+

99.999863

Li61+

7.5

Li73/2-

92.5

Be93/2-

100

B103+

19.9

B113/2-

80.1

C120+

98.90

C131/2-

1.10

N141+

99.634

N151/2-

0.366

O160+

99.762

O175/2+

0.038

O180+

0.200

F191/2+

100

Ne200+

90.48

Ne213/2+

0.27

Ne220+

9.25

Na233/2+

100*

Mg240+

78.99

Mg255/2+

10.00

Mg260+

11.01**

Al275/2+

100

Si280+

92.23

Si291/2+

4.67

Si300+

3.10

P311/2+

100

S320+

95.02

S333/2+

0.75

S340+

4.21

S360+

0.02*

Cl353/2+

75.77

Cl373/2+

24.23*

Ar360+

0.337

Ar380+

0.063

Ar400+

99.600*

K393/2+

93.2581

K404-

1.277E+9 y

EC,b-0.0117

K413/2+

6.7302

Ca400+

96.941

Ca420+

0.647

Ca437/2-

0.135

Ca440+

2.086

Ca460+

0.004

Ca480+

6E+18 y

b-,b-b-0.187

**

Sc457/2-

100***

Ti460+

8.0

Ti475/2-

7.3

Ti480+

73.8

Ti497/2-

5.5

Ti500+

5.4*

V506+

1.4E+17 y

EC,b-0.250

V517/2-

99.750

Cr500+

1.8E+17 y

ECEC4.345

Cr520+

83.789

Cr533/2-

9.501

Cr540+

2.365**

Mn555/2-

100****

Fe540+

5.8

Fe560+

91.72

Fe571/2-

2.2

Fe580+

0.28***

Co597/2-

100**

Ni580+

68.077

Ni600+

26.223

Ni613/2-

1.140

Ni620+

3.634

Ni640+

0.926

Cu633/2-

69.17

Cu653/2-

30.83**

Zn640+

48.6

Zn660+

27.9

Zn675/2-

4.1

Zn680+

18.8*

Zn700+

5E+14 y

0.6***

Ga693/2-

60.108

Ga713/2-

39.892***

Ge700+

21.23*

Ge720+

27.66

Ge739/2+

7.73*

Ge740+

35.94*

Ge760+

7.44***

As753/2-

100****

Se740+

0.89

Se760+

9.36

Se771/2-

7.63*

Se780+

23.78*

Se800+

49.61*

Se820+

1.4E+20 y

b-b-8.73

******

Br793/2-

50.69**

Br813/2-

49.31**

Kr780+

0.35*

Kr800+

2.25*

Kr820+

11.6

Kr839/2+

11.5*

Kr840+

57.0*

Kr860+

17.3****

Rb855/2-

72.165*

Rb873/2-

4.75E10 y

b-27.835

***

Sr840+

0.56*

Sr860+

9.86

Sr879/2+

7.00*

Sr880+

82.58******

Y891/2-

100*************

Zr900+

sTAaLE

51.45*

Zr915/2+

11.22

Zr920+

17.15

Zr940+

17.38

Zr960+

1E18 y

2.80*******

Nb939/2+

100************

Mo920+

14.84*

Mo940+

9.25

Mo955/2+

15.92

Mo960+

16.68

Mo975/2+

9.55

Mo980+

24.13

Mo1000+

9.63************

Ru960+

5.52

Ru980+

1.88

Ru995/2+

12.7

Ru1000+

12.6

Ru1015/2+

17.0

Ru1020+

31.6*

Ru1040+

18.7*********

Rh1031/2-

100**********

Pd1020+

1.02

Pd1040+

11.14

Pd1055/2+

22.33

Pd1060+

27.33*

Pd1080+

26.46*

Pd1100+

11.72*************

Ag1071/2-

51.839**

Ag1091/2-

48.161***********

Cd1060+

1.25

Cd1080+

0.89

Cd1100+

12.49

Cd1111/2+

12.80*

Cd1120+

24.13

Cd1131/2+

9.3E+15 y

b-12.22

*

Cd1140+

28.73*

Cd1160+

7.49***************

In1139/2+

4.3***

In1159/2+

4.41E+14 y

b-95.7

***********************

Sn1120+

0.97*

Sn1140+

0.65

Sn1151/2+

0.34

Sn1160+

14.53

Sn1171/2+

7.68*

Sn1180+

24.23

Sn1191/2+

8.59*

Sn1200+

32.59*

Sn1220+

4.63*

Sn1240+

5.79**********

1H

91.0%1.00794

1 -259.34°-252.87°-240.18°

+1-1

2He

8.9%4.002602

2 -272.2°-268.93°-267.96°

0

3Li

1.86´10 -7%6.941

21

180.5°1342°

+1

4Be

2.38´10 -9%9.012182

22

1287°2471°

+2

5B

6.9´10 -8%10.811

23

2075°4000°

+3

6C

0.033%12.011

24

4492t°3825s°

+2+4-4

7N

0.0102%14.00674

25

-210.00°-195.79°-146.94°

±1±2±3+4+5

8O

0.078%15.9994

26

-218.79°-182.95°-118.56°

-2

9F

2.7´10 -6%18.9984032

27

-219.62°-188.12°-129.02°

-1

10Ne

0.0112%20.1797

28

-248.59°-246.08°-228.7°

0

11Na

0.000187%22.989768

281

97.72°883°

+1

12Mg

0.00350%24.3050

282

650°1090°

+2

13Al

0.000277%26.981539

283

660.32°2519°

+3

14Si

0.00326%28.0855

284

1414°3265°

+2+4-4

15P

0.000034%30.973762

285

44.15°277°721°

+3+5-3

16S

0.00168%32.066

286

115.21°444.60°

1041°+4+6-2

17Cl

0.000017%35.4527

287

-101.5°-34.04°143.8°

+1+5+7-1

18Ar

0.000329%39.948

288

-189.35°-185.85°-122.28°

0

19K

0.0000123%39.0983

2881

63.38°759°

+1

20Ca

0.000199%40.078

2882

842°1484°

+2

21Sc

1.12´10 -7%44.955910

2892

1541°2830°

+3

22Ti

7.8´10 -6%47.867

28

102

1668°3287°

+2+3+4

23V

9.6´10 -7%50.9415

28

112

1910°3407°

+2+3+4+5

24Cr

0.000044%51.9961

28

131

1907°2671°

+2+3+6

25Mn

0.000031%54.93805

28

132

1246°2061°

+2+3+4+7

26Fe

0.00294%55.845

28

142

1538°2861°

+2+3

27Co

7.3´10 -6%58.93320

28

152

1495°2927°

+2+3

28Ni

0.000161%58.6934

28

162

1455°2913°

+2+3

29Cu

1.70´10 -6%63.546

28

181

1084.62°2562°

+1+2

30Zn

4.11´10 -6%65.39

28

182

419.53°907°

+2

31Ga

1.23´10 -7%69.723

28

183

29.76°2204°

+3

32Ge

3.9´10 -7%72.61

28

184

938.25°2833°

+2+4

33As

2.1´10 -8%74.92159

28

185

817t°614s°1400°

+3+5-3

34Se

2.03´10 -7%78.96

28

186

221°685°

1493°+4+6-2

35Br

3.8´10 -8%79.904

28

187

-7.2°58.8°315°

+1+5-1

36Kr

1.5´10 -7%83.80

28

188

-157.36°-153.22°-63.74°

0

37Rb

2.31´10 -8%85.4678

28

1881

39.31°688°

+1

38Sr

7.7´10 -8%87.62

28

1882

777°1382°

+2

39Y

1.51´10 -8%88.90585

28

1892

1526°3336°

+3

40Zr

3.72´10 -8%91.224

28

1810

2

1855°4409°

+4

41Nb

2.28´10 -9%92.90638

28

1812

1

2477°4744°

+3+5

42Mo

8.3´10 -9%95.94

28

1813

1

2623°4639°

+6

43Tc

[98]

28

1813

2

2157°4265°

+4+6+7

44Ru

6.1´10 -9%101.07

28

1815

1

2334°4150°

+3

45Rh

1.12´10 -9%102.90550

28

1816

1

1964°3695°

+3

46Pd

4.5´10 -9%106.42

28

1818

0

1554.9°2963°

+2+4

47Ag

1.58´10 -9%107.8682

28

1818

1

961.78°2162°

+1

48Cd

5.3´10 -9%112.411

28

1818

2

321.07°767°

+2

49In

6.0´10-10%114.818

28

1818

3

156.60°2072°

+3

50Sn

1.25´10 -8%118.710

28

1818

4

231.93°2602°

+2+4

2

4 6

8

10

12 14

16

18 20 22 24 26

28

30

32

34

36 38

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56 58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78 80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100 102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

118

Decay Q-value RangeQ(b-)>0Q(b-)-Sn>0Q(b-)-S2n>0Q(b-)>0 + Q(EC)>0Stable to Beta DecayQ(EC)>0Q(EC)-Sp>0Q(p)>0Naturally AbundantSn<0

• Carbon: 12C, 13C•Hydrogen: 1H, 2H•Oxygen: 16O, 17O, 18O•Nitrogen: 14N, 15N• Phosphorus: 31P• Sulfur: 32S, 33S, 34S, 36S

CHONPS

Isotones: nuclides with the same number of neutrons, but different numbers of protons

same N, different Z, different A

Isobars: different elements that have the same atomic mass

different N, different Z, same A

Lots of “Iso-” Terms

Isotopologues: differing isotopic compositions of the same molecule

CO2 has 12 isotopologues!

12C16O16O, 12C16O17O, 12C16O18O, 12C17O17O, 12C17O18O, 12C18O18O, 13C16O16O, 13C16O17O, 13C16O18O, 13C17O17O, 13C17O18O, 13C18O18O

Lots of “Iso-” Terms

Isomers: molecules with the same chemical formula, but different structures

The hydroxyl group is attached to the terminal C atomThe hydroxyl group

is attached to the middle C atom

Lots of “Iso-” Terms

Isotopomers (or Isotopic Isomers): nonsymmetric molecules with the same chemical formula and isotopic composition that differ only in the positions of isotopes of the same element

N2O is a nonsymmetric molecule

16O 16O14N15N15N

14N

Lots of “Iso-” Terms

How were the elements and their isotopes formed?

NUCLEOSYNTHESIS

Formation ofeverything elseFormation of H, 2H, 3He, 4He, 7Li

Proton-Proton Chain(Hydrogen Burning)

Produces Deuterium (2H) and Helium

Triple-a Process(Helium Burning)

Produces 12C

Necessary for the synthesis of elements with a Z ≥ 6

Half-life of 7 x 10-17 seconds!

CNO Cycle

Produces Helium (4He)

12C is a catalyst

Synthesis of Elements with Z > 6

Occurs by fusion of nuclei with Z of 6, 8, and 10, and by capture of a-particles (i.e., 4He), protons, and neutrons

Helium Burning: produces 12C, 16O, 18O, 22Ne, 25Mg

Carbon Burning: produces 20Ne, 23Na, 24Mg

Oxygen Burning: produces 28Si, 31P, 32S

Neon Burning: produces 16O, 24Mg

Meyer and Zinner

Abundance of Elements in the Solar System

Distribution of Stable Nuclides

Mass Number (A) Protons (Z) Neutrons (N)Number of

Stable Nuclides

Even Even Even 161

Odd Even Odd 55

Odd Odd Even 50

Even Odd Odd 4

Even-even nuclei tend to have higher nuclear binding energy due to pairing effects and are thus more stable

Isotope Abundances on EarthIsotope Mass (amu) Abundance (% of Total Element)

1H 1.007825035 99.98852H 2.014101779 0.011512C 12 98.9313C 13.003354826 1.0714N 14.003354826 99.63215N 15.00010897 0.36816O 15.99491463 99.75717O 16.9991312 0.03818O 17.9991603 0.20532S 31.97207070 94.9333S 32.97145843 0.7634S 33.96786665 4.2936S 35.96708062 0.02

How do we report stable isotope values?delta (d) notation

Means of expressing the relative abundance of the heavier stable isotope in a mixture

Rsample -1 ×1000d = Rstandard

R = # of atoms of the heavier isotope / # of atoms of the lighter isotope

[13C/12C]sample-1 ×1000d13C =

[13C/12C]standard

units of per mil (‰)

How do we report stable isotope values?delta (d) notation

Acronym Standard Name Isotope System Rheavy/light

V-SMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 2H/1H 0.00015576

V-SMOW Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water 18O/16O 0.00200520

V-PDB Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite 13C/12C 0.0112372

V-PDB Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite 18O/16O 0.0020672

Air Atmospheric Air 15N/14N 0.0036765

Air Atmospheric Air 3He/4He 1.38 x 10-6

V-CDT Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite 34S/32S 0.04500451

In-house reference materials (internal lab standards) must be calibrated to the appropriate international reference standards.

International Reference Standards

V-PDBCalcium carbonate marine fossil from the Peedee Formation in South Carolina

Late Cretaceous (66–72 mya)

Collected by Heinz Lowenstamand Harold Urey

Let’s try calculating a d13C value!

[13C/12C]sample-1 ×1000d13C =

[13C/12C]standard

units of per mil (‰)

[13C/12C]V-PDB = 0.0112372

[13C/12C]leaf = 0.0115406d13C = -27.0‰

Important d Unit Notes

d values do not represent absolute atomic concentrations butare RATIOS (13C/12C or 15N/14N or 18O/16O or 2H/1H). Thismeans d values may only be used for comparison.

Because d values are measured relative to a standard, theyare often negative. For example, d13C values in organicsamples typically range from -40‰ to -6‰!

d units must be calculated using the same internationalreference standard to be comparable (e.g., you cannotcompare d18O values calculated using V-SMOW and V-PDB).

Many mathematical calculations should be made byconverting d units to a concentration unit (e.g., atom percent).

-8‰

0‰

0‰

0‰

OxygenCarbon

Hydrogen Nitrogen

d2H (‰)

d13C (‰) d18O (‰)

d15N (‰)

Natural Ranges of Isotope Values

The 13C Seuss Effect

Dombrosky 2020

All isotopes of an element behave the same chemically, becausethey have the same number of protons and electrons.

However, different isotopes of an element do have slightly differentthermodynamic properties (e.g., vapor pressure, diffusioncoefficient, equilibrium and kinetic rate constants) due to theirdifferent masses.

Different isotopes react at different rates in chemical reactions.

Melting Point Boiling Point

Heavy Water (2H2O) 3.8 ˚C 101.4 ˚C

Natural Water (H2O) 0 ˚C 100 ˚C

12C 13COO

O

O

Isotopic Fractionation: The Basics

Isotopic fractionation occurs when a chemical or physical change results in adifference in the abundances of isotopes between the reactant (A) pool and theproduct (B) pool.

A B

18

16

16

16

16

1616

18

1816

18

1618

1616

18O16O

510

=18O16O

14

=18O16O

46

=

Isotopic Fractionation: Lighter Goes Faster

16

A B

aA-B =

18

16

1616

1616

18

18

18

1618

1616

Fractionation factor in terms of d

RA RB

Fractionation factor in terms of R

(1000 + dA)(1000 + dB)

aA-B =

a is the isotopic fractionation factor

16

Isotopic Fractionation: Expressing the Difference

Fractionation describes ONEchemical reaction or physical change

16

A B

18

16

1616

1616

18

1816

18

1618

1616

Isotopic Enrichment

eAB (‰) = (a – 1) • 1000

Isotopic Discrimination: Big Delta

DA–B (‰) = dA – dB

Isotopic Fractionation: Expressing the Difference

1. Elements or compounds have a low atomic mass or molecular weight(H, C, N, O, S).

2. There is a large mass difference between the rare and common isotopes(e.g., 2H is 100% heavier than 1H).

3. There is more than one oxidation state for the element (Fe2+ and Fe3+).

4. Covalent bonds (sharing of electrons between atoms) are made andbroken during chemical reactions (H2).

Large Isotopic Fractionations Occur When…

Exchange – Equilibrium (Geology)• Complete back-reactions occur.• Products and reactants are offset by a constant fractionation factor (a).

Transport or Diffusive – Non-Equilibrium (Biology and Geology)• Kinetic fractionation dealing w/ flux rather than chemical reaction.• Incomplete back-flux is the rule.

Kinetic – Non-Equilibrium (Biology)• Incomplete back-reactions or none occur.• Reactant and product d values can change together (closed system) or

product d values can determine reactant d values (open system).

Types of Isotopic Fractionation

Forward and backward reaction rates are the same.(reactant product)

Reactions have proceeded enough times to mix the isotopes;i.e., product and reactant reservoirs are well mixed.

Physical State Changes:

H2Owater <–> H2Ovapor

a18Oliquid-vapor = (H218O/H2

16O)liquid/(H218O/H2

16O)vapor = 1.0093 (at 25˚C)

Chemical Transformations:

H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) <–> CO2 + H2O

a13CH2CO3-CO2 = (13C/12C) H2CO3/(13C/12C) CO2 = 1.0079 (at 25˚C)

Temperature Effect on Equilibrium Fractionation:

a approaches zero (i.e., less fractionation) at higher temperatures

Equilibrium Exchange Reactions

EvaporationVapor is formed from the liquid and the amount of original liquid remaining

declines, as in an evaporating lake or beaker of water.

Rayleigh Distillation/Fractionation

Equation describing Rayleigh Distillation:

Rt = R0 f (a–1)

Rt and R0 are the isotopic ratios at time t and at t=0f = fraction remaining at time (t)

a = equilibrium fractionation factor

dL = (1000 + d0) f (a-1) – 1000

Rayleigh Distillation/Fractionation

d18 O

Fraction

Rt = R0 f (a–1)

a = 1.0092

9.2‰ at any fraction(assuming 25˚C)

Rayleigh fractionation can also describe the process of isotope fractionation as a vapor

mass condenses (e.g., rainfall)

Rayleigh Distillation/Fractionation

The forward reaction rate is accelerated relative to the backward reaction and the opportunity for backward mixing diminishes.

Reactant Product

Most Biological (Enzyme) Reactions

For unidirectional reactions (e.g., enzyme reactions), the ratio of reaction rate constants (k) determines the fractionation.

light isotope rate constant

fractionation factor

heavy isotope rate constant

Kinetic Reactions