Islamic Prelude to the European Medical RenaissanceHistory and Philosophy FacultySociety of Apothecaries

Harvey White 9 January 2016

JERUSALEM

600 CE Gregory 1st commissions pilgrim hospital

610 Temple of Mount (Al Aqsa) Muslim prayers

614 Heraclius retakes City 625 City falls to Sassanid Empire 636 Ulmar conquers City 1099 Taken by 1st Crusaders 1187 Saladin retakes City – Arabs

treat Crusaders

Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount Jerusalem

KNIGHTS1023 CE Knights of St John (Hospitallers)

care of sick and injured pilgrimsreligious/military order defending Holy Land

1129 CE Knights Templarheadquarters on Temple Rock(since 610 CE centre for Muslim prayer) defence of Holy Land

(1392 Henry IV made pilgrimage after 9th Crusade)

Knights Hospitallers WardJerusalem

Knights Hospitallers Ward Rhodes

Rahere – died 1144 CE

Hospital of

St Bartholom

ew

St Bartholom

ew-the-Less

1123 CE

Mediaeval Infirmary

Emperor Constantine272-337 CE

Founded Constantinople 330 CE

Hagias Sofia dedicated 360 CE

GREECE

1,400 BCEMycenae 700 Cnidus 600 Kos

Hippocrates460-377 BCE

KOSAesculapian site

GRECO-ROMAN

Antyllus Sorenus Acron

Galen 130-201 CE

PERGAMUMGalen left for Rome in 162 CE

ROME

30 CE Celsus De re Medicine

129 Aretaeus Diabetes

325 Oribasius 70 Volumes

NESTORIUS

Archbishop of

Constantinople

428 CE

Church of St John, Ephesus (Archishop Memnon)

The Aegean in Classical Times

MONOPHYSITISM

MONOS PHYSISSINGLE NATURE

HERESY OF NESTORIUS

Theotakos = ‘bearer of GOD’Christakos = ‘bearer of CHRIST’=

Council of Ephesus 431CE

CYRILArchbishop

of Alexandria

412 CE

JOHNArchbishop of Antioch

429 CE

Law of unintended consequences

Nestorians journeyed East to the Sassanid Empire taking the Greek and Roman learning and texts with them

Schools of :- Edessa

Jundishapur Nisibis

Sassanid Empire224 - 651 CE

Eastern Trade and Conquestsfrom 3,000 BCE

Persia - Seleucid Empire Assurbanipal Tablets, Hammurabi’s

CodeIndia Vedic booksOrientNei Ch'ing, Emperor Huang Ti

IBAS Bishop of Edessa

435 – 457 CE

Supporter of

Nestorius

Nisibis School founded 326 CE

Bishop Jacob 309 CE

Supporter of

Nestorius

BORZUYA of

Gundishapur

Translated texts from Sanscrit

MUHAMMAD

570 – 632 CE

MUHAMMAD

570 CE Born in Mecca 595 Married 622 Left Mecca, marched to

Medina 624 Returned to Mecca with

followers from Medina 632 Died

ISLAM

SUBMISSION -

SURRENDER

GOD / MANKIND

ARAB CONQUESTSMECCA 630 CE CEUTA 711 CE

QUEEN KAHINAof the Berbers

Gibraltar

Tariq’s Mountain

EASTERN ARAB EMPIREHaroon Al Rashid 766 – 809 CE

RHAZES865 – 925 CE

Avicenna 980 – 1037 CE

East

RhazesContagious disease, ophthalmology, paediatrics, smallpox, measles. Books:-al-Hawi (Virtuous Life), Continens Liber, (30 Volumes).

Avicenna Quarantine, hygiene, sexually transmitted disease, tuberculosis, diabetes. Books:-Canon of Medicine, Book of healing.

WESTERN ARAB EMPIRE

Moors in Spain

ALBUCASIS 936 -1013 CE

ALBUCASIS936- 1013 CE

AVENZOAR1094 – 1162 CE

AVERROES1126 -1196

CE

MAIMMONIDES 1135 – 1204

CE

West Albucasis: childbirth, doctor-patient relationships Book:- Katib-al-Tasrif.Avenzoar rational basis of medicine, tracheotomy on goat Book:- Al-Taysir, therapeutics and diet.Averroes : Physician to Al-Mansur, ruler of Muslim Iberia Books:-Generalities (Colliget), compiled works of

Galen, Commentary on Avicenna’s Canon.Maimonides: Asthma, poisons, haemorrhoids, aphrodisiacs Book:- Wisdom of Maimonides

Toledo

School of TranslatorsGERARD OF CROMONA

1114 -1187 CE

ALFONSON X 1221 – 1284 CE

‘The wise’ , scholar who encouraged the translators‘

Reconquista790 – 1300

CE

Surrender at GRENADA 1492 CE

MORISCOS

Expulsion of

Moriscos

Bimaristans

Bimaristans

Universities

England:- Oxford 1167 CE

Cambridge 1209

Spain:- Salamanca 1218 Valladolid 1241 Murcia 1272 Alcala 1293 Barcelona 1456

Scotland:- St Andrews 1413

Dissemination of Arab Medicine

Extent of Arab influence 0 500 miles

Infrastructure of Healthcare

• Bimaristans (Hospitals)• Specialist Units• Medical records• Outreach home visits• Annual accreditation• Multi-ethnic; multi-denominational; poor

• Religious control minimum

Clinical Care

• Holistic mystical elements

• Plant, mineral, animal components

• Beginnings of evidence based medicine

• Simple surgery – instruments

• Animal experiments

RAHERE 1123 CEPriory Church of St. Bartholomew

 

m

Henry VIII Gate

St Bartholomew’s Hospital