8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

1/16

Aqidah,Akhlak andMuamalat

Prof.SaifulAzharRosly

InternationalCenterforEducationinIslamicFinance

2nd January2008

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

2/16

TheoryofEthics

Ethicsisthestudyofmoralconducts

atcauses

peop e

to

o

goo

an

to

doevil?

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

3/16

o cean

c on

ase

on

Knowledge

Divine Knowled e

1.Quran

. a s

RationalKnowledge

EmpiricalKnowledge

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

4/16

ereare

n

genera

wo

ypes

o

n v ua s:

Thebasicorgeneralman ThisistheindividualwhomtheQuranhasdescribedas:

inloss

(khusran)

(Al

Asr:

1

2)

lowestofthelow(asfalasafileen)(AlTin:17)

manisbynatureunstable(AlMaarij:1921)

Menspersonalitieshavebeenpermeatedwithgreedorselfishness(AlNisa:4:128)

T ey n ust cetot emse ves zu ma na s A Ara :

Impatienceisthestuffmanismadeof(AlAnbiya:37)

Pettiness(daf)

Narrownessofmind atr

ThebasicmanismentionedbyElgariexhibitsabehaviourbasedonlowerdesiresandunrefinedself,motivatedbylustandgreed.Thisisthebasic

.

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

5/16

ManasGodsvicegerent(khalifa) hasataskofesta s ngamora soc a or eroneart .

Manhas

not

been

created

in

sport

but

has

a

serioustask(23:15).Heisanswerableforhissuccessor a ure.

ButSatanwillattackmanfromallsidestodragmanalong

with

him

(i.e.

Satan)

into

the

hellfire.

Manisnotimmunefromthedevilstemptations(22:52).

But Satan machinations will fail a ainst virtuouspersons.

It

is

within

the

reach

of

true

man

of

faith

toovercomethetemptations(15:42;17:65;16:99).

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

6/16

TheSelfintheQuranhasbeenmentionedin

differentlevel

of

Mans

inner

experience

such

as:

Human

Spirit(Ruh)

Soul(Nafs)

Heart(Qalb)

SyedNaquibAlAttas providesacoherentexpositiononhowthesedifferentmodesoftheselfareseenastheunity:

Thuswhenit(thehumansoul)isinvolvedinintellectionandapprehensionitiscalledintellect A l whenit overnsthebod itiscalledsoul Na s whenitis

engagedin

receiving

intuitive

illumination

it

is

called

heart(Qalb)

and

when

is

revertstoitsownworldofabstractentitiesitiscalledspirit(Ruh).Indeed,itisarealityalwaysengagedinmanifestingitselfinallthesestates.

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

7/16

Man

Self

NafsQalb

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

8/16

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

9/16

MAN & THE CONCPET

OF CHOICE IKHTIYAR

ARGUEMENTIN ISLAM

(Hudanlilnas)

AQL (INTELLECT)

(Al-Muharika)Virtues

(Mahmudah)

ACTION

Vices

(Mazmumah)

SATANIC

-ARGUEMENTSENSORY POWER

(Al- udrika)

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

10/16

THESELF

TheSelfhasbeenendowedwithqualitiesthathelpfulfillthebodilyneedsaswellasthe

needtoachievetheideal Saada

Tohelpachievethisideal,theSelffulfillsthebodilyneedsthroughitsmotor(muharikka)

andsensory

(mudrika)

powers.

Themotorormuharika ismadeoftwopropensities,namelyappetite(Shahwa)and

anger(Ghadab).

Thesensory

of

mudrika

consists

of the

outer

senses,

namely

sight,

hearing,

taste,

smell

andtouchandtheinnersensessuchasthecommonsense(hissmushtarik),imagination

(takhayul),reflection (tafakkur),recollection (tadhakur)andmemory(hafiza). Allthese5

1/2/2009

.

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

11/16

Butwhatsetsmandifferentfromthe

animals?

AccordingtoAIGhazali,theSelfofmanpossestwoadditionalqualitieswhichdistinguisheshimfromtheanimals,

namely'Aql(intellect)andlrada(will).

Inaddition,

the

self

is

also

equip

with

apower

which

rebels

against

the

intellect

i.e.

Satanic

(ash

shaytiniya).

Thesetwocontradistinguishingpower,namelytheintellect('aql)andsatanic(ashshaytiniya)work throughthe

Shahwa and Ghadabtoproducebothconstructiveanddestructivetendenciesinmanandsociety.

Forexample,iftheanimalforces,instigatedbyShaytaniyarebelagainsttheAql,thenthepowerofappetiteand

an erwill roduce ualitieswhichwillim edethe ro ressoftheselftowardsachievin its oal.

Someofthesequalitiesincludegluttony(sharah),greed (hirs),wickedness (khutbth),hypocricy(riya), jealousy

(hasad)etc.allofwhichwillgenerateeviltendencyintheself. IntheQuransuchevilpropensitiesisknownasan

NafsAmmara.

1/2/2009

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

12/16

MotorPower SensoryPower

Muharika Mudrika

ShahwaInner

senses

Outer

Senses

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

13/16

`

Onthecontrary,whenthe Aqlsucceededtoovercomethepoweroftheanimalforces

an eptt emun ercontro ,t es a w a an g a a w turn ntoaconstruct ve

power.

Ifthe hadabiscontrolled,noble ualitiessuchascoura e(sha aa), eneriosit

(karam),fortitude (sabr), endurance (ihtimal)etc.willresult.

IfShawa is controlled,qualitiessuchaschastity(iffa), contentment(qanaa),modesty

. . ,

thanvirtuesandconductofhighethicalcontentwhichtheQurantermedannafs

mutmainnah(thecontentedsoul).

1/2/2009

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

14/16

Shahwa &Ghadad turnedtoVirtues

(Mahmudah)

Aql

Shaytaniya

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

15/16

Sahwa &Ghadab turnedintoVices

(Mazmumah)

Shaytaniya

Aql

8/14/2019 Islamic ManIBO

16/16

`AQL DEFEATEDBY

SATAN

Iftheanimalforces,instigatedbyShaytaniyarebelagainsttheAql,

thenthepowerofappetiteandangerwillproducequalitieswhich

willimpede

the

progress

of

the

self

towards

achieving

its

goal.

Someofthesequalitiesincludegluttony(sharah),greed (hirs),

whichwill

generate

evil

tendency

in

the

self.

In

the

Quran

such

evil

propensitiesisknownasanNafsAmmara.

1/2/2009