Origins of the FaithOrigins of the FaithA. Mohammed 570-632

1. Visions: 610 a. Corrections to other faithsb. Social Justice for the Poorc. Uma

2. Hijrah: 6223. Battle with enemies

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion

IslamAn Abrahamic Religion Muslims are strict monotheists.

They believe in the Judeo- Christian God, which they call Allah.

Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible, like the Qur’an, is the word of God.

Peoples of the BookPeoples of the Book

Abraham’s GenealogyAbraham’s Genealogy

ABRAHAMABRAHAM SARAHSARAHHAGARHAGAR

IsaacIsaac

EsauEsauJacobJacob

12 Tribes of Israel

12 Tribes of Israel

Ishmael

Ishmael

12 Arabian Tribes

12 Arabian Tribes

The Prophetic Tradition

The Prophetic Tradition

Adam

Noah

Abraham

Moses

Jesus

Muhammad

The Origins of the Qur’an

The Origins of the Qur’an Muhammad received his first

revelation from the angel Gabriel in the Cave of Hira in 610.

622 Hijrah Muhammed flees Mecca for Medina. * The beginning of the Muslim calendar (1 A.H.)

Muhammad’s revelations were compiled into the Qur’an after his death.

The Qur’anThe Qur’an Muslims believe it contains the word of God.

114 suras (chapters).

In the name of Allah, the compassionate, the merciful. Written in Arabic.

1. The Shahada1. The Shahada

11

The testimony.

The declaration of faith:There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

There is no god worthy of There is no god worthy of worship except God, andworship except God, andMuhammad is HisMuhammad is HisMessenger [or Prophet].Messenger [or Prophet].

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed

Wash before praying.

Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

2. The Salat2. The Salat

22

The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.

Pray in the mosque on Friday.

3. The Zakat3. The Zakat

33

Almsgiving (charitable donations).

Muslims believe that all things belong to God.

Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”

About 2.5% of your income.

4. The Sawm4. The Sawm

44

Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.

Considered a method of self- purification.

No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

Eid MubarakEid Mubarak

End of the Ramadan holiday.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

The pilgrimage to Mecca.

Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.

2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

Why is Mecca the Holy City?Why is Mecca the Holy City?• The Ka'ba is a mosque (built by Abraham The Ka'ba is a mosque (built by Abraham

according to Muslim tradition) built around a black according to Muslim tradition) built around a black stone. The Prophet Muhammad designated Mecca stone. The Prophet Muhammad designated Mecca as the holy city of Islam and the directionas the holy city of Islam and the direction in which in which all Muslims should offer their prayers. The Ka'ba is all Muslims should offer their prayers. The Ka'ba is believed to be the first place that was created on believed to be the first place that was created on earth earth {2} and the place at which heavenly bliss and {2} and the place at which heavenly bliss and power touches the earth directly. {3} Mecca is power touches the earth directly. {3} Mecca is located in the Hijaz region of western Saudi Arabia. located in the Hijaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

5. The Hajj5. The Hajj

55

Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

5 Pillars of Islam Summarized5 Pillars of Islam Summarized• 1) No other God but Allah1) No other God but Allah

• 2) Pray 5 times/day2) Pray 5 times/day

• 3) Fasting3) Fasting

• 4) Giving to the poor4) Giving to the poor

• 5) Pilgrimage to Mecca 5) Pilgrimage to Mecca

The MosqueThe Mosque The Muslim place of worship.

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

The Dome of the Rock Mosque in

Jerusalem

Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into heaven.

After Muhammad DiesAfter Muhammad Dies

• Islam splits into two groups:Islam splits into two groups:– Sunni (followers of MuhammadSunni (followers of Muhammad’’s customs)s customs)– Shiites or ShiShiites or Shi’’a (supporters)a (supporters)

• The differences between the Sunni and Shiite Islamic The differences between the Sunni and Shiite Islamic

sects are rooted in disagreements over the succession sects are rooted in disagreements over the succession to the Prophet Muhammad, who died in 632 AD, and to the Prophet Muhammad, who died in 632 AD, and over the nature of leadership in the Muslim community. over the nature of leadership in the Muslim community. The historic debate centered on whether to award The historic debate centered on whether to award leadership to a qualified, pious individual who would leadership to a qualified, pious individual who would follow the customs of the Prophet or to transmit follow the customs of the Prophet or to transmit leadership exclusively through the Prophetleadership exclusively through the Prophet’’s bloodline. s bloodline. The question was settled initially when community The question was settled initially when community leaders elected a companion of the Prophetleaders elected a companion of the Prophet’’s named s named Abu Bakr to become the first Caliph (Arabic for Abu Bakr to become the first Caliph (Arabic for ““successorsuccessor””). Although most Muslims accepted this ). Although most Muslims accepted this decision, some supported the candidacy of Ali ibn Abi decision, some supported the candidacy of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the ProphetTalib, the Prophet’’s cousin and son-in-law, husband of s cousin and son-in-law, husband of the Prophetthe Prophet’’s daughter Fatima. Ali had played a s daughter Fatima. Ali had played a prominent role during the Prophetprominent role during the Prophet’’s lifetime, but he s lifetime, but he lacked seniority within the Arabian tribal system and lacked seniority within the Arabian tribal system and was bypassed.was bypassed.

SunniSunni• Movement can be identified in differences with the Movement can be identified in differences with the

Shi'a Shi'a • Dominating continuously since 661CE Dominating continuously since 661CE • Sunni Islam claims to be continuation of Sunni Islam claims to be continuation of

revelations passed to Muhammadrevelations passed to Muhammad• Believe Caliphs did not have to be from the ProphetBelieve Caliphs did not have to be from the Prophet

’’s familys family• Believe Prophet did not designate a successor and Believe Prophet did not designate a successor and

his sunna were based on mandated elections, his sunna were based on mandated elections, which they wanted to abide towhich they wanted to abide to

• Believe that any good Muslim can be a leaderBelieve that any good Muslim can be a leader• Leaders come from agreements of consensus and Leaders come from agreements of consensus and

do not recognize special sacred wisdom in their do not recognize special sacred wisdom in their leadersleaders

• Believe that Believe that ‘‘Ali is not a Ali is not a ““divine lightdivine light”” from the from the ProphetProphet

• Importance of Sunna (meaning Importance of Sunna (meaning ““customscustoms”” included included in Hadiths)in Hadiths)

• ShariShari’’a: Islamic law was establisheda: Islamic law was established

SunniSunni

Shi'aShi'a• Believe in MuhammadBelieve in Muhammad’’s teachings and religious s teachings and religious

guidance of his family, which is referred to Ahl al-guidance of his family, which is referred to Ahl al-BaytBayt

• Bloodline continues through daughter, Fatima, and Bloodline continues through daughter, Fatima, and Son-in-law/cousin, Son-in-law/cousin, ‘‘AliAli

• Believe descendants are Imams fathered by Believe descendants are Imams fathered by ‘‘AliAli• First three rulings of Sunni Caliphs is seen as an First three rulings of Sunni Caliphs is seen as an

occurrence in history and not something that is occurrence in history and not something that is connected to faithconnected to faith

• Muhammad directed Muhammad directed ‘‘Ali as successor on many Ali as successor on many occasions; he is the rightful leader of Muslim faithoccasions; he is the rightful leader of Muslim faith

• ‘‘Ali is seen as a divinely appointed imamAli is seen as a divinely appointed imam• ‘‘Ali has power to add to Hadith and continue newly Ali has power to add to Hadith and continue newly

found beliefs of Islamfound beliefs of Islam• Shi'a believe in holy books after the Quran, including Shi'a believe in holy books after the Quran, including

the Mushaf Fatima (Book of Fatima), Al-Jamia, and the Mushaf Fatima (Book of Fatima), Al-Jamia, and Al-Jafr (The Parchment) Al-Jafr (The Parchment)

• Branches in Shi'a: Twelvers: Twelve rightful Imams Branches in Shi'a: Twelvers: Twelve rightful Imams and Alawites: believe and Alawites: believe ‘‘Ali is the incarnation of GodAli is the incarnation of God

Shi'aShi'a

SummarySummary

• Differences came about immediately Differences came about immediately after Muhammadafter Muhammad’’s deaths death

• Differences in Shi'a and Sunni beliefs Differences in Shi'a and Sunni beliefs have led to separation and difference in have led to separation and difference in prayingpraying

• Differences have led to violence today, Differences have led to violence today, which have led many to die especially in which have led many to die especially in the Middle Eastthe Middle East

• Division is not unique to Islam but has Division is not unique to Islam but has also been a reality in both the Jewish and also been a reality in both the Jewish and Christian faithsChristian faiths

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Other Islamic Religious Practices

Up to four wives allowed at once.

No alcohol or pork.

No gambling.

Sharia body of Islamic law to regulate daily living.

Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

Essential Question:Essential Question:

Why was Islam able to spread so quickly and

convert so many to the new religion?

The Spread of Islam: The The Spread of Islam: The EmpiresEmpires

• Umayyad Caliphate—661-750 Umayyad Caliphate—661-750 – Conquered Arabian Peninsula and parts of the Conquered Arabian Peninsula and parts of the

Middle EastMiddle East– Discouraged conversion at first—Afraid of Discouraged conversion at first—Afraid of

delusiondelusion– Eventually built Mosques and Schools Eventually built Mosques and Schools

(Madrassa) and became the center of learning(Madrassa) and became the center of learning– Wealthy people wanted to convert and it spread Wealthy people wanted to convert and it spread

to lower classesto lower classes

The Umayyad CaliphateThe Umayyad Caliphate

The expansion of the caliphate under the Umayyads.  Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632  Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661  Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

Umayyad CaliphateUmayyad Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate: 750-The Abbasid Caliphate: 750-12581258

• Islamic not Arab Empire—made it more Islamic not Arab Empire—made it more attractive to be Muslimattractive to be Muslim

• Required government officials to be MuslimRequired government officials to be Muslim• Conversion expandedConversion expanded• Major advances in learning: University, Major advances in learning: University,

Algebra, Classical Philosophy, MedicineAlgebra, Classical Philosophy, Medicine• Literature: Arabian Nights, Inspiration for Literature: Arabian Nights, Inspiration for

many European Worksmany European Works

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam Easy to learn and practice.

No priesthood.

Teaches equality.

Non-Muslims, who were “Peoples of the Book,” were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes.

Easily “portable” nomads & trade routes.

Jihad—Sacred Struggle.

Muslims in the WorldToday

Muslims in the WorldToday

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population

Countries with the Largest Muslim

Population1. Indonesia 183,000,00

06. Iran 62,000,000

2. Pakistan 134,000,000

7. Egypt 59,000,000

3. India 121,000,000

8. Nigeria 53,000,000

4. Bangladesh

114,000,000

9. Algeria 31,000,000

5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000

* Arabs make up only 20% of the total Muslim population of the

world.