ISLAM

Warmup Islam is a monotheistic religion. What does monotheistic mean? Belief in one god

Agenda Warmup Islam PPT & Notes Venn Diagram – Islam, Christianity, Judaism

Pre-Islamic Arabia Pre-Islamic Arabia

The Qur’an

History of Islam This is a map of what political/ethnic/geographic region? The Middle East

Religious History Abraham (father of the Jews) had a wife Sarah who couldn’t have a child She let him sleep with Hagar, a servant Hagar became pregnant with Ishmael Sarah cast out Hagar out of jealousy Hagar and Ishmael wandered the desert until they came to an oasis (some say God gave them the water) in Mecca Abraham and Ishmael constructed the Ka’aba

Pre-Islam Between the fall of Rome and the rise of the Middle Ages in Europe, “Arabia” was polytheistic Judaism and Christianity flourished in the Middle East Tribal warfare between nomadic tribes General peace and tolerance within the big cities

The Ka’aba

Mecca

Pre-Islam The Ka’aba is a shrine in Mecca that used to hold hundreds of tribal idols

Gods and goddesses of nature and natural phenomenon Patron deities of tribes

Muhammad

Born in 570 in Mecca to the Quraysh tribe Lived with nomadic tribes (tradition) Orphaned as a child Went to live with his uncle

Muhammad Became a camel driver, caravan trader, & merchant Married a wealthy businesswoman and widow named Khadijah in 595

He was 25 and she was 40 They were married for 25 years until her death Married 13 different times in total throughout his life

Muhammad He prayed in the desert near Mecca for a few weeks every year In 610, the angel Gabriel appeared to him Commanded him to recite verses that would later appear in the Quran Told Muhammad to proclaim Allah to the Arab people

The entrance to the cave in the mountain Jabal al-Nour where Muhammad is believed to have received his first revelation

Muhammad He taught that Allah is the one true God Islam = “submission to the will of Allah” Muslim = “one who has submitted”

Crossroads and Trade Started preaching in Mecca in 613 AD Pilgrims had already been coming to worship at the Ka’aba

Now came to worship Allah

Many in Mecca thought Muhammad would end the pilgrimages to the Ka’aba

Cannot worship multiple gods along with the One God He condemned idol worship

Muhammad His teachings upset merchants

Livelihoods depended on trade around the Ka’aba

Fearing for his life, he left Mecca in 622 and went to Medina Hijrah – “flight” Hijrah was important because he later became a religious, political, and military leader Saw multiple visions throughout his life (Gabriel, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Heaven, Hell, etc.)

*Medina – “The City of the Prophet” *Second holiest city in Islam

Muhammad Returned to Mecca in 629 and captured the city with 10,000 followers They destroyed idols at the Ka’aba Called to prayer from the roof of the Ka’aba

Muhammad After he conquered Mecca, he went on his first truly Islamic pilgrimage to teach his followers Called the Hajj Asked for his followers to abandon their tribal warfare and to make one community under Allah

Muhammad

He died 2 years later in 632 at the age of 62 He had converted hundreds of thousands of people along the Arabian Peninsula

Mausoleum in Medina Muhammad was buried in Medina in his second wife’s house The Mosque of the Prophet was built later and expanded over that burial site

The Green Dome was added above the tomb later on Popular pilgrimage site

Islam Arabic culture was mostly oral The Qu’ran/Koran is the holy book

Written in Arabic calligraphy Covers secular and religious law

It was compiled after Muhammad’s death Mosque – Islamic house of worship

Qur’an

The Five Pillars of Faith

1) Faith – Shahadah “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet”

The Five Pillars of Faith

2) Prayer – Salat 5 times a day facing towards Mecca

The Five Pillars of Faith

3) Alms-giving - Zakat

Charity to the poor Like a religious “tax”

The Five Pillars of Faith 4) Fasting – Sawm No food, drink, smoking, or sex from sunrise to sunset during the month of Ramadan May 26th, 2017 – June 25th, 2017 Pregnant women, the elderly, the sick, & small children may abstain from fasting Commemorates the First Revelation to Muhammad

The Five Pillars of Faith 5) Pilgrimage - Hajj Pilgrimage at least once in a lifetime to Mecca Dress in white to all be equal under Allah

Islamic Way of Life

The Five Pillars of Faith help focus on Allah and Muhammad instead of worldly matters

Islamic Way of Life

Sunna – the model for proper living

Comes from the example set by Muhammad Followed in particular by Sunni Muslims

Islamic Way of Life Shariah Law – regulates family life, moral conduct, business & community life Comes from the Qur’an and the Sunna Shariah Law is practiced in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Brunei, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Yemen and Mauritania.

Links to Judaism and Christianity

Allah is the same God worshipped by Jews and Christians Jesus was an important prophet

Links to Judaism and Christianity

All three believe in Heaven, Hell, & Judgment Day Sharia Law requires tolerance of Jews and Christians All three religions follow a general (or specific) code of behavior

Links to Judaism and Christianity

Islamic differences: Jesus was not the son of God Mohammad was the last and most important prophet The Qur’an is a completion of both the Torah and the Bible

Links to Judaism and Christianity

Jews and Christians are called “The People of the Book” to Muslims

Picking Muhammad’s Successor Problem:

Muhammad died in 632 and never named a successor Wanted to spread Islam to the rest of the world, but did not have a leader

Arabian Peninsula

Key Players: Rightly-Guided Caliphs

• Refers to the 30-year reign of the first 4 caliphs after Muhammad died

• Used Qu’ran and Muhammad’s example as a guide to good leadership

• Spread Islam through diplomacy and military force

• Did not force conquered peoples to convert to Islam (religious toleration), instead used restrictions and taxes

– Because Jews and Christians believed in the same God as Muslims, they were permitted to live in self governing communities and had to pay a special tax

Picking Muhammad’s Successor

Key Players: Ummayads – • Came to power after last two Rightly

Guided Caliphs were assassinated • Moved capital from Mecca to Damascus to

make it easier to govern conquered territories • Abandoned Muhammad’s

example of a simple life and instead surrounded themselves with wealth

Picking Muhammad’s Successor

Key Players: Abbasids • Overthrew Ummayads & murdered any

remaining members of family • Moved capital to Baghdad in Iraq because it

was on a key trade route • Controlled empire through

a bureaucracy – Taxed land, imports, exports,

& non-Muslim wealth

Picking Muhammad’s Successor

Picking Muhammad’s Successor Key Events:

Ummayads • Moved capital to Damascus and lived a life of

wealth and ceremony • Led to split in Muslim Community

Key Events: Split of Islam • Shiites – Caliph should be related to

Muhammad (did not get along with Ummayads) • Sunni – Caliph should be a follower of

Muhammad’s example • Sufi – led life of poverty and

devotion, believed Ummayads were too luxurious

Picking Muhammad’s Successor

Picking Muhammad’s Successor Key Events:

Abbasids • Had trouble maintaining

power over huge empire • Remained united in

religion, trade, and language

Outcome: Islam spread from a small part of the Arabian peninsula when Muhammad died to major areas in Africa, Europe, and Asia Arabs spread Islam through: • Sufi missionaries • Conquest • Trade

Picking Muhammad’s Successor

Picking Muhammad’s Successor Outcome:

Growth of Trade • Able to trade on Mediterranean Sea and

Indian Ocean • Linked to China, India, and Europe on the Silk

Road • Muslim merchants only needed one language

(Arabic) and one currency (Dinar) to trade from China to Europe

• Muslims invented the sakk (check)

Today Leadership of the Islamic party is still a divisive issue in the Middle East Sunni and Shitte Muslims still exist today and fight for control of Muslims across the world

Picking Muhammad’s Successor

Venn Diagram With a partner, fill out the Venn Diagram with the similarities and differences between Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. If you do not know much about their similarities and/or differences, Google it!