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JOURNAL OF THE CHURCHILL CENTER AND SOCIETIES • NUMBER 104

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NATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETIES - ~ dY ® UNITED STATES • UNITED KINGDOM • CANADA • AUSTRALIA ^^

P A T R O N : THE LADY SOAMES, D. B.www.winstonchurchill.org

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The Churchill Center is a non-profit organization which encourages study of the life and thought of Winston S. Churchill; fosters researchabout his speeches, writings and deeds; advances knowledge of his example as a statesman; and, by programmes of teaching and publishing,imparts that learning to men, women and young people around the world. The Center also sponsors Finest Hour, special publications, sym-

posia, seminars, conferences and tours. The Churchill Center was created by the International Churchill Societies, founded in 1968to inspire and educate future generations through the works and example of Winston Spencer Churchill.

HONORARY MEMBERSThe Duke of Marlborough, JP, DLThe Rt. Hon. Baroness Thatcher, OM, FRSSir Martin Gilbert, CBE, D. Litt. ' Amb. Paul H. Robinson, Jr.The Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger, GBEColin L. Powell, KCB • Robert Hardy, CBEAnthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFC " Yousuf Karsh, CCGrace Hamblin, OBE • Conrad Black • Winston S. ChurchillWilliam Manchester • Wendy Russell Reves

THE CHURCHILL CENTERA non-profit corporation, IRS No. 02-0482584

BOARD OF TRUSTEESWinston S. Churchill • George A. LewisAmb. Paul H. Robinson, Jr. • The Hon. Celia SandysThe Hon. Caspar W Weinberger, GBE

Richard M. Langworth, CBE, Chairman181 Burrage Road, Hopkinton NH 03229Tel. (603) 746-4433, Fax. (603) 746-4260Email: malakand@conknet.com

BOARD OF GOVERNORSGarnet R. Barber • David Boler • William C. IvesD. Craig Horn • Nigel Knocker • Richard M. LangworthDt. John H. Mather • James W. Muller • Charles D. PlattJohn G. Plumpton • Douglas S. Russell

BUSINESS OFFICELorraine C. Horn, Administrator8016 McKenstry Drive, Laurel MD 20723Tel. (888) WSC-1874, Fax. (301) 483-6902Email: WSC_1874@msn.com

OFFICERSJohn G. Plumpton, President130 Collingsbrook Blvd., Toronto Ont., Canada M1W 1M7Tel. (416) 497-5349, Fax. (416) 502-3847Email: savrola@winstonchurchill.org

William C. Ives, Vice President77 W. Wacker Dr., 43rd fir., Chicago IL 60601Tel. (312) 845-5798, Fax. (312) 845-5828Email: merivas@mbf-law.com

Dr. John H. Mather, Secretary12144 Long Ridge Lane, Bowie MD 20715Tel. (202) 565-8312, Fax. (202) 565-8476Email: johnmather@aol.com

D. Craig Horn, Treasurer8016 McKenstry Drive, Laurel MD 20723Tel. (888) WSC-1874, Fax. (301) 483-6902Email: dcraighorn@email.msn.co

Charles D. Platt, Endowment Director14 Blue Heron Drive WestGreenwood Village CO 80121Tel. (303) 721-8550, Fax. (303) 290-0097Email: cdp31@email.msn.com

Derek Brownleader, Membership Secretary (send address changes)1847 Stonewood Dr., Baton Rouge LA 70816Tel. (225) 752-3313 • Email: joclimey@bellsouth.net

INTERNET COMMITTEEHomepage: www.winstonchurchill.orgListserv: Winston@vm.marist.edu

John Plumpton, Webmaster, savrola@winstonchurchill.orgListserv: Jonah.Triebwasser@marist.eduAssociate: Beverly Carr, savrola2@winstonchurchill.org

CHURCHILL STORES (Back Issues & Sales Dept.)Gail Greenly, PO Box 96, Contoocook NH 03229Tel. (603) 746-3452, Fax (603) 746-6963Email: greengail@aol.com

CHURCHILL CENTER ASSOCIATESWinston Churchill Associates:

ICS United States, Mr. & Mrs. Matthew B. Wills,The Churchill Center, Mr. & Mrs. Parker H. Lee III,Alex M. Worth Jr., Fred Farrow, Colin D. Clark,Michael & Carol McMenamin, David & Diane Boler,Ray L. & Patricia M. Orban, The Annenberg Foundation,David & Carole Noss, Mr. & Mrs. Anthony E. Gilles

Clementine Churchill Associates:Barbara & Richard Langworth, James E Lane,Drs. John H. & Susan H. Mather, D. Craig & Lorraine Horn,Linda & Charles Platt, Dr. John B. Thomison,Ambassador & Mrs. Paul H. Robinson Jr.,Ronald D. Abramson, Jeanette & Angelo Gabriel,James R. & Lucille I. Thomas

Mary Soames Associates:Mr. & Mrs. William C. Ives, Jacqueline & Malcolm Witter,Mr. & Mrs. John G. Plumpton, Gary J. Bonine,Mr. & Mrs. James W. Muller, Douglas S. Russell,Frederick C. & Martha S. Hardman, Elizabeth Churchill Snell,Mr. 6c Mrs. Richard A Leahy, Richard & Jenny Streiff,Mr. & Mrs. Gerald Drake Kambestad,Daniel & Susan Borinsky, Robert M. Stephenson,Michael W. Michelson, Dona & Bob Dales,Jeffrey & Karen De Haan, Cyril & Harriet Mazansky,Damon Wells Jr., Nancy H. Canary

BOARD OF ACADEMIC ADVISERSProf. Paul Addison, University of EdinburghDr. Larry P. Arnn, President, The Claremont InstituteProf. Kirk Emmert, Kenyan CollegeSir Martin Gilbert, CBE, D. Litt., Merton College, OxfordProf. Barry M. Gough, Wilfrid Laurier UniversityProf. Warren F. Kimball, Rutgers UniversityProf. Patrick J.C. Powers, Anna Maria CollegeProf. Paul A. Rahe, University of TubaProf. John A. Ramsden,

Queen Mary & Westfield College, University of LondonDr. Jeffrey Wallin, President, The American AcademyProf. Manfred Weidhorn, Yeshiva University

Prof. James W Muller, Chairman,University of Alaska Anchorage1518 Airport Hts. Dr., Anchorage AK 99508Tel. (907) 786-4740, Fax. (907) 786-4647Email: af]wm@uaa.alaska.edu

AFFILIATE:Washington Society for ChurchillCaroline Hartzler, PresidentTel. (703) 503-92265956 Coopers Landing Court, Burke VA 22015

INTERNATIONAL COUNCILOF CHURCHILL ORGANIZATIONSAmbassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr., Chairman208 S. LaSalle St., Chicago IL 60604 USATel. (800)621-1917Email: phr66l944@aol.com

REPRESENTATIVESNigel Knocker, David Boler, United KingdomGarnet R. Barber, John G. Plumpton, CanadaRichard M. Langworth, Dr. John H. Mather, United States

ICSAUSTRALIARobin Linkc, 181 Jersey Street, Wembley WA 6014

ICS CANADA

Revenue Canada No. 0732701-21-13Ambassador Kenneth W Taylor, Hon. Chairman

Garnet R. Barber, President4 Snowshoc Cres., Thornhill Ont. L3T 4M6Tel. (905) 881-8550Email: rbarber@city.markham.on.ca

Jeanette Webber, Membership Secretary3256 Rymal Road, Mississauga Ont. L4Y 3C1Tel. (905) 279-5169

Charles Anderson, Treasurer389 Stanfield Drive, Oakville Ont. L6L 3R2

The Other Club of OntarioNorman McLeod, President16 Glenlavra Court, Ashburn Ont. LOB 1A0Tel. (905) 655-4051

Winston S. Churchill Society of Vancouver (Affiliated)Robert W. Gourlay, Q.C., President300 - 744 W. Hastings StreetVancouver B.C. V6C 1A5

ICS UNITED KINGDOMCharity Registered in England No. 800030

Nigel Knocker, OBE, ChairmanPO Box 1257, Melksham, Wilts. SN12 6GQTel. & Fax. (01380) 828609Email: nigel@icsuksaf.demon.co.uk

TRUSTEESThe Hon. Celia Sandys, Chairman;The Duke of Marlborough; David Boler;David J. Porter; Geoffrey J. Wheeler;The Rt. Hon. Earl Jellicoe, KBE, DSO, MC, FRS

COMMITTEENigel Knocker, Chairman;Wylma Wayne, Vice Chairman;Paul H. Courtenay, Hon. Secretary;Andy Woodhead, CBE, FCA, Hon. Treasurer;John Glanvill Smith, Editor ICS UK Newsletter;Michael Kelion; Dominic Walters; Ernie Money;The Hon. Mrs. Julian Sandys; Fred Lockwood

ICS UNITED STATESA non-profit corporation, IRS No. 02-0365444

Ambassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr.Chairman of the Board of Trustees208 South LaSalle Street, Chicago IL 60604

TRUSTEES

Richard M. Langworth; George A. Lewis;Wendy Russell Reves; Hon. Celia Sandys;The Lady Soames, DBE; Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger

The staff of Finest Hour, published jointly by The ChurchillCenter and Societies, appears on page 4.

AUTUMN 1999 JOURNAL OF THE CHURCHILL CENTER AND SOCIETIES NUMBER 104

REFLECTIONS AT CENTURY'S END

12 Man of the Millennium?Should We Not Say of the Millennium,"This Was Its Finest Hour"?Winston S. Churchill

15 Churchill the Great?Why the Vote Will Not Be UnanimousDouglas J. Hall

17 Poetry"The Mission" • Ron Cynewulf Robbins

"For Marlborough & Me"

18 "The Emerging Leader"Churchill Conference XVI, Bath, England 22-25 JulyPaul H. Courtenay

21 Join Us on the Last Frontier! Anchorage 2000James W. Muller

23 Winston Churchill's American HeritageWinston S. Churchill

4 Despatch Box5 Datelines7 The Churchill Calendar11 Wit & Wisdom24 CHURCHILL CENTER NEWS28 Action This Day37 Churchill Online39 Woods Corner40 Churchill in Stamps42 Riddles, Mysteries, Enigmas45 Recipes from No. 1046 Churchilltrivia47 Ampersand

ENGLISH SPEAKING PEOPLES

25 Disarmament FablesRichard M. Langworth

27 "Westward, Look, the Land is Bright"Paul H. Robinson, Jr.

30 Fred Farrow, 1906-1999A Remembrance by a Friend

31 Urban Legends: Indian ForebearsElizabeth Churchill Snell

BOOKS, ARTS & CURIOSITIES:33 Kirk Emmert reconsiders Sir John Martin...the edi-tor praises Winston Churchill's The Great Republic...Anavalanche of new books is offered by the ChurchillCenter Book Club...Were British WW2 Generals medi-ocrities? Churchill Online considers...Brian Hardy andDavid Turrell reveal variants and errors on My AfricanJourney and Europe Unite...Douglas Hall provides a shortlist of Shorter's Churchilliana and a longer short list ofChurchill pubs, hotels and restaurants in Britain...Mrs.Landemare provides a fruit cake recipe for the holidays.

Cover and Back Cover: We're not counting onTime to do the right thing (see page 5), so just in

case they don't, here is our.own conception of whattheir first cover of the year 2000 should have

looked like. If you think we've messed up a perfect-ly good painting, you're right: so the unadulteratedoriginal appears on our back cover, reproduced by

kind permission of the owner, member JohnChurchill Hassett of Beverly Hills, Calif. This oil-

on-wood portrait of Churchill in the uniform ofan Honorary Air Commodore, RAF, was painted

in 1959 by Ralph J. Smiley, formerly a memberof Churchill's staff in North Africa.

FINEST HOUR 104/3

DESPATCH BOX

Number 104 • Autumn 1999ISSN 0882-3715www.winstonchurchill.org

Barbara F. Langworth, PublisherRichard M. Langworth, EditorPO Box 385, Hopkinton,NH 03229 USATel. (603) 746-4433Fax. (603) 746-4260

Email: malakand@conknet.com

Senior Editor: John G. Plumpton130CollingsbrookBlvdToronto, OntarioM 1 W 1 M 7 CanadaTel. (416) 497-5349 Fax. (416) 502-3847Email: savrola@winstonchurchill.org

Senior Editor. Ron Cynewulf Robbins408-540 Dallas Road, VictoriaBritish Columbia, V8S 3M7 CanadaTel. (250) 360-4046

Features Editor: Douglas J. Hall183A Somerby Hill, Grantham,Lincolnshire NG31 7HA England

News Editor: John Frost

Editorial Assistant: Gail Greenly

Contributors

Sir Martin Gilbert, Paul Addison,Churchill Archives Centre, UK;George Richard, Australia;James W. Muller, Manfred Weidhorn,Curt Zoller, Dr. John H. Mather,Michael McMenamin,Dr. Cyril Mazansky, USA

Finest Hour is made possible in partthrough the generous support of mem-bers of The Churchill Center andSocieties, and with the assistance of anendowment created by The ChurchillCenter Associates (listed on page 2).

Finest Hour is published quarterly by TheChurchill Center and International ChurchillSocieties, which offer various levels of supportin their respective currencies. Membershipapplications and changes of address should besent to the appropriate offices on page 2.Permission to mail at non-profit rates in USAgranted by the United States Postal Service,Concord, NH, permit no. 1524. Copyright1999. All rights reserved. Designed and editedby Dragonwyck Publishing Inc. Productionby New England Foil Stamping Inc. Printedby Reprographics Inc. Made in U.S.A.

PRAISEDear Members, I am writing to thank you

for awarding me a scholarship to attend the"Churchill in England" program with the Uni-versity of Dallas. Your generosity was greatly ap-preciated, for without your help I would nothave been able to attend this enlightening pro-gram. I had a wonderful experience in Englandand thoroughly enjoyed learning aboutChurchill and his amazing leadership ability. Ialso enjoyed attending the InternationalChurchill Conference in Bath. It was extremelyinformative, and it was wonderful to be able tohear the speeches on Churchill and his life.

CHRISTINA GONZALEZ, POUGHKEEPSIE, N.Y.

(To John Plumpton) I am writing to saywhat a great job you have done on your websiteand how truly fascinating learning aboutChurchill has been. My English class was givenan assignment to write a biography on a chosenperson. I chose Sir Winston and your websitehas been a great help. Thank you so much.

LEAH GOOD, YEAR 8 (VIA INTERNET)

I gave a copy of Finest Hour to my disserta-tion supervisor, an admirer of Churchill. He atonce opened to an article on Rupert Brookewith a quotation from WSC's obituary ofBrooke. He could also remember how his grand-father had secretly listened to Churchill on theradio in wartime Germany. His father said it wastoo dangerous, but obviously the grandfatherwas obstinate. When his father later became aPOW with the British he really got an education,even became interested in literature...

TILL KINZEL, BERLIN

Sunday morning was spent reading youraddress, "Churchill and the Art of the States-man-Writer" at the Boston Athenxum (FH102). I was much rewarded and moved to enjoysuch work. Having come to know your style andwealth of knowledge, I can only say thanks. Yourcomments brought back the memory of myreading the words which so many of us treasure.Your piece requires the broadest possible distrib-ution. You spoke to us, not at us; you walked usdown a path of prose and allowed us to savor agreat writer and a great life.

CRAIG HORN, LAUREL, MD.

CONDEMNATIONI read with interest "Glimpses: Count

Xavier Puslowski" by Rafal Heydel-Mankoo(FH 101), since I had the privilege of knowingthe late Count Puslowski for many years. How-ever, as official biographer of the late Count Ed-ward Raczynski, Polish Ambassador to Britain1934-45, I must say that there is no mention inhis war memoirs, W sojuszniczym Londynie

(London: 1960) of his being first to informWinston Churchill of the German attack onPoland. One would have thought that such acall would be an unforgettable episode in any-one's memoirs? Incidentally, the attack came on1 September 1939, so Churchill could not havebeen First Lord at the time of the call.

Secondly, Count Raczynski's book, OdNarcyza Kulikowskiego do Winstona Churchilla(London: 1976) is not about Churchill but acollection of reminiscences, in which the nameof Churchill unavoidably appears.

Finally, it is incorrect that Count Raczynski"married his secretary." Countess Raczynska,who died in 1998, was the widow of a Polishdiplomat, divorced in the Sixties. She became acompanion to Count Raczynski, also eventuallya widower, nursed him through two serious eyeoperations in New York, moved to London athis request at the onset of his blindness, and be-came his eyesight and an indispensable memberof the family until his death. Their marriagecould only have taken place after the death ofher first husband, which occurred in 1992.

PETER C. BLAUTH-MUSZKOWSKI, LONDON

Mr. Heydel-Mankoo replies:Mr. Muszkowski is an old friend of the

family whom I have always held in high regard,but on his main point he is quite wrong. SeeGilbert, Winston S. Churchill, Vol. V., p. 1106:"Towards dawn, while [Churchill] was asleep,the German armies invaded Poland. At 8:30 thatmorning the Polish Ambassador, Count Raczyn-ski, telephoned Chartwell to give him the news."And, in the Companion to Vol. 5, Part 3, fromthe diary of Gen. Sir Edmund Ironside: "1 Sept.1939....I rang Winston again and he said he hadthe news definitely from the Polish Ambassador,who had told him 11/2 hours ago." I am notsure why this fact does not appear in Mr.Muszkowski's biography of Raczynski, but biog-raphers do not possess a monopoly over facts.

Mr. Muszkowski is quite right to correctme for prematurely styling Churchill as FirstLord, a careless error on my part which I notealso slipped past our editor. I am in good com-pany. I was always led to believe that CountRaczynski's third wife acted as his secretary andlive-in companion and never doubted she wasanything but a loving spouse. I never professedto be an authority on Raczynski, and made onlypassing reference to him, since my article wasabout my great-uncle Puslowski. However,Raczynski did not marry his last wife in 1992 asimplied by Mr. Muszkowski. Rather, the mar-riage occurred on 18 December 1991, one dayshort of Raczynski's 100th birthday. (See Ge-nealogie Rodow Utytulowanych w Polsce, 1996and his obituary in the Daily Telegraph.)

continued on page 44

FINEST HOUR 104 / 4

DATELINESQUOTE OF THE MILLENNIUM

"If we all pull togetker...and firmly grasp tke larger kopes of kumanity, tken it may be tkat we skall

move into a kappier sunlit age, wken all tke little ckildren wko are now growing up in tkis

tormented world may find tkemselves not tke victors nor tke vanquisked in tke fleeting triumpks of one

country over anotker in tke bloody turmoil of destructive war, but tke keirs of all tke treasures

of tke past and tke masters of all tke science, tke abundance and tke glories of tke future."

WSC SPEAKING TO THE CONGRESS OF EUROPE, THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS, 7 MAY 1948

READERS NOTE:In our opinion the 21st Century be-

gins a year from now on January 1st,2001—but we seem to have been out-voted! Alas Churchill was too busy fight-ing Boers in December 1899, or lectur-ing in December 1900, to say anything ofcosmic significance at the turn of the lastcentury. Instead we offer the above Quoteof the Millennium. Perhaps it will applyto the one that's coming, RML 5NOV99

CIGAR SMOKEROF THE CENTURYNEW YORK, OCTOBER 15TH— N o t to be OUt-

done by Time or the BBC, Cigar Afi-cionado, the glamour-encrusted magazineof cigars, placed Churchill atop its list of100 "Cigar Smokers of the TwentiethCentury." The editors write: "Through-out his long life, Churchill nourishedEngland with his battlefield bravery, po-litical courage and prolific writing, andnourished himself with the best food,drink and cigars he could find. The manfor whom the imposing Churchill cigarsize is named smoked eight to ten cigars aday, primarily Cuban brands. Not eventhe necessity of wearing an oxygen maskfor a high-altitude flight in a non-pressur-ized cabin could prevent Churchill fromsmoking. As the story goes, the PrimeMinister requested that a special mask becreated that would allow him to smokewhile airborne...On another occasion,Churchill hosted a luncheon for King IbnSa'ud of Saudi Arabia, who did not allowsmoking or drinking in his presence.Rather than submit to the King's wishes,Churchill pointed out that 'my rule of lifeprescribed as an absolutely sacred rite

Cartoon by Lou Grant, San Francisco, onChurchill's 90th Birthday, 1964

smoking cigars and also the drinking ofalcohol before, after and if need be duringall meals and in the intervals betweenthem.' The King was convinced....Fa-vorite cigar: Romeo y Julieta."

PERSON OF THE CENTURY:TIME REPLIES

Finest Hour bundled its nine articlesnominating Churchill for Person of theCentury into booklets for the editorialboard and sent them to Time's managingeditor. We received a handwritten reply:

Thank you for your kind letter. Itwas good to hear from TheChurchill Center again. The arti-cles will prove very useful as wemake our decision. I know he wasselected in 1950 as Person [sic] of

the Half Century, and that is a fac-tor. Alas, it is not dispositive.* His-tory and perspective can change.But we are thinking and debatinghard these days.WALTER ISAACSON, MANAGING EDITOR

*Lawyers know what "dispositive" meansbut we had to search our 1894 Funk &Wagnall's unabridged dictionary, which of-fered the following: "dispositive (a.): dis-posing, appertaining to disposition.Under "disposition" were six definitions:"(1) The act of arranging. (2) The state oravenue of arranging. (3) Mental tendencyor inclination. (4) Natural organic ten-dency of things. (5) An architecturalterm. (6) A Scots Law term." And on theweb, Barbara found in Webster's RevisedUnabridged Dictionary (1913) : "Disposi-tive a. [Cf. F. dispositif] Disposing; tend-ing to regulate; decretive. [Obs.] E.g.:'His dispositive wisdom and power.' -Bates."

It's worrying that Time applies a 19thcentury word to our candidate for Personof the (20th) Century. We have no ideahow the editors will vote. Our betting iswith Chris Matthews of MSNBC/CNBC,also pro-Churchill, who thinks Time mayavoid confronting the obvious and nomi-nate "a construct of rhetoric," like "themicrochip." We'll soon know...

FEW REMAIN,MANY ARE REMEMBEREDHENDON, LONDON, SEPTEMBER 15TH— T h e

Few are getting fewer. Fifty-nine years afterdie Batde of Britain, barely 400 of die aircrew who saved Britain from invasion

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR 104 / 5

DATELINES

"The Few," continued

remain alive. But The Few were more nu-merous than legend suggests. Nineteenveterans gathered at the RAF Museumhere to celebrate publication of a bookthat detailed the lives of all 2917 pilotsand other air crew who took part in thebattle from July to October 1940.

There is a misconception, accordingto Kenneth Flynn, the book's NewZealand author, that a handful of chapsin handlebar moustaches and silk scarvesdefeated the Luftwaffe. The Few, sonamed in a speech by Churchill, weremany and varied, with American, Czech,Polish, French, Belgian and Common-wealth pilots as well as British.

Wing Commander Bob Doe, now79, is the highest-scoring ace of the battlestill alive, having downed 14 1/2 enemyaircraft (the half is accounted for by shar-ing a kill with another aircraft). He washimself shot down and still walks with alimp. Cdr. Doe retired from the RAF in

Churchill painting in the South of France. (Peregrine Churchill photo)

UK Paintings CompetitionReaders of Finest Hour are no

strangers to Churchill's love of paintingand his considerable skill with the brush.Now the International Churchill Societyof the UK, in conjunction with the Asso-ciation of Colleges, comprising 456 Col-leges of Further Education in the UnitedKingdom, have agreed to run an annualpainting competition. The Daily Tele-graph has generously agreed to sponsorthe competition initially for two years.

The competition, to be launched in

1966 because, he says, he was bored. Henow runs a garage near Tunbridge Wells.Doe flew Hurricanes and Spitfires. "Youdidn't fly the Spitfire; you sat in it and itbecame part of you," he said. German pi-lots hated being downed by the Hurri-cane. "To them it was very infra dig. Ifthey were going to be shot out of the skyit had to be by Spitfire, the aircraft theyall admired." Twice as many German air-craft were shot down by the slower andless glamorous Hurricane.

September 15th was Battle of BritainDay, the date in 1940 when Churchillclaimed 180 German aircraft shot downor disabled, the highest day's total of thebattle. "He exaggerated, of course," saidSir Christopher Foxley-Norris, chairmanof the Battle of Britain Fighter Pilots' As-sociation. "The real total was probablynearer 70. But so what? That's war."

-Alan Hamilton in The Times,sent us by Alexander Justice,

graduate student, UCLA

2000, will be opento art students fromall colleges in theUK. Each collegecan nominate onestudent who willhave to produce anexample of his orher work, which isrequired to be alandscape or a ruralscene. A short list oftwenty students willbe selected who willthen be asked to

produce a landscapefor the competition. A judging panel willthen vote on the three best pictures. Thefirst prize is £5000, the second prize£2500 and the third prize £1000. Fur-ther details are to be worked out with theAssociation of Colleges and The DailyTelegraph.

The Society is indebted to Earl Jelli-coe, a Trustee of ICS UK, and the Hon.Celia Sandys, both of whom have playeda considerable part in setting up thisworthwhile competition. Further detailswill be published in due course.

-Nigel Knocker, Chairman, ICS UK

FINEST HOUR 104/6

SOME TOPPERLONDON, JULY 20TH— On behalf of all

Canadian members, President Randy andMrs. Solveig Barber presented an officialTilley Hat to our Patron, The LadySoames, in a visit to her house in WestLondon. A cordial invite to "elevenses" inher charming back garden gave us the op-portunity to present the world famousheadgear, recognized at once by our Pa-tron. A special wide-brimmed model waschosen to help shield her from the SouthAfrican sun. A few days later LadySoames departed with her niece, CeliaSandys and other intrepids to retrace thegreat escape of her father during theAnglo-Boer War. (The story will appearin our next issue. -Ed.) Lady Soames ex-pressed delight and her sincere thanks toall ICS Canada members for their gift.

CC SCHOLARSHIP WINNERGEORGE TAMBLYN

The recipient of aChurchill Centerscholarship to helpsupport his graduatestudies at the Univer-sity of Edinburgh'sCentre for World WarII studies, GeorgeTamblyn was eightyears old when WW2ended. The war and its aftermath madean indelible impression on him. As aschoolboy he was fascinated with aircraft,especially bombers. While in law schoolGeorge also obtained a private pilot's li-cense and has flown many planes, his"apogee experience" being the piloting ofa B-17 in 1998. He has also engaged inmock aerial dogfights using laser guns.

George practiced business law for 30years in Oregon and Washington, repre-

DATELINES

senting aerospace, computer hardware,real estate, sales, manufacturing and salesfirms. With a partner, he took over atroubled manufacturing operation whichhad been an industry leader; through1996 when he sold the company, it hadbeen increasingly profitable every yearsince the takeover. He was also a candi-date for Congress, running as a Democratfor Washington's 8th District in 1992.

THE THINGS THEY SAYPART 1,796: Pavlov's Dogs

Perennial American presidentialcampaigner Pat Buchanan has had a lotof media coverage over his view of WorldWar II: that it was a mistake to opposeHitler by going to war over Poland whenall Hitler wanted was to invade Russia.

We've been trying to resist being har-nessed by the media-hyped controversy.They ring their little chimes and likePavlov's dogs we salivate. The most outra-geous suggestions are usually made bypeople who are either running for some-thing or have a book out. Unfortunatelythe average pundits don't know enough toreply properly to Buchanan's Hitler theo-ries, so they fall back on the old reliableEvil Hitler line. This is not enough, for interms of body counts, Stalin and Maosurpassed Hitler. Tony Blankly, who doesknow something about the subject, said:"Pat's ideas make for a good academic de-bate, but they're lousy politics."

That academic debate was offered inendless depth in Finest Hour 79 through82, when it was raised the last time byProf. John Charmley, who has consider-ably superior intellectual credentials toMr. Buchanan. You can find these on ourwebsite (check under "Opinion"), or buythe fun-filled, brilliantly illustrated issuesthemselves for $5 each from ChurchillStores c/o greengail@aol.com.

NO NUKES FOR FRENCHLONDON, OCTOBER 21ST— Churchill vetoeda request by Anthony Eden in March1945 to give the French details of prepa-rations for the atomic bomb, according topapers released to the Public Record Of-fice. Eden argued that if the French werenot let in on the plans at some stage, theywould inevitably turn to the Russians anddevelop a nuclear device with them. The

THE CHURCHILL CALENDARAll postings welcome; owing to our quarterly schedule, we need copy at least three months in advance.

20009-17 February: Book signings, "Churchill: Wanted Dead or Alive" by Celia Sandys

eastern United States; details next issue or by post to local members29 March-2 April: Churchill Center Board of Governors Meeting, Lansdowne, Virginia

10 May: 10th Anniversary of Alaska Churchillians, Anchorage, Alaska27-28 May: Annual General Meeting, ICS/UK, Bletchley Park, Bucks.

Spring: The Churchill Lecture, Washington DC13-17 September: 17th International Churchill Conference, Anchorage, Alaska

26-29 October CC Board of Governors Meeting, Chapel Hill, NC

200114 February: Centenary of Churchill's Entry into Parliament

Spring: Theme Conference, "Churchill and Secret Intelligence," location to be determinedAutumn: 18th International Churchill Conference, location to be determined

2002Spring: 10th International Churchill Tour, England and Scotland;

19th International Churchill Conference, England

2003Spring: Academic Symposium (tentative), Quebec, Canada

Summer: 20th International Churchill Conference, Hamilton, Bermuda

2004Summer: 21st International Churchill Conference, USA

letter says that although the Frenchshould not be allowed to participate inthe development immediately, "there is avery strong case for giving them an assur-ance that they will be admitted to somedegree, at any rate, of participation assoon as security conditions permit [prob-ably by the late summer and almost cer-tainly before the end of the year]."

Eden disclosed that he had discussedthe issue with Sir John Anderson, thenChancellor of the Exchequer, who hadagreed. He pointed out that the Frenchhad helped the British up to 1940 andhad given early scientific aid to the TubeAlloys project (the British code name fordeveloping the nuclear bomb). However,he went on to voice concerns about themore dangerous prospect of France's link-ing up with the Russians: "The Frenchhave made it clear that, if we and theAmericans do not in due course admitthem to participation, they will have toturn to Russia. The very existence of twocompetitive blocs on Tube Alloys withinthe great powers could be a very seriousmatter in itself."

Churchill took five days, to March

25th, to reject the proposal: "I certainlydo not agree that this secret should be im-parted to die French. My agreement withPresident Roosevelt in writing forbids ei-ther party to reveal to anyone else the se-cret... in all die circumstances our policyshould be to keep the matter so far as wecan control it in American and Britishhands and leave the French and Russiansto do what they can."

WSC added, "I have never made theslightest agreement with France or withany Frenchman. I shall certainly urge thePresident not to make or permit theslightest disclosure to France or Russia."

The French later went on to developtheir own nuclear deterrent, but did nottest it until 1960.

CONNOISSEUR'S GUIDE REPRINTLONDON, OCTOBER 17TH— Richard Lang-worth's Connoisseur's Guide to the Books ofSir Winston Churchill is to be reprinted inearly 2000 by the Chrysalis Group, incor-porating all addenda, corrigenda and dis-coveries since the first edition. Watch FHfor announcement of availability.

continued overleaf...

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AROUND & ABOUT

1 frcrhe Observer (London) of October 31st carried afront page article arguing that Heathrow Airport

should be renamed for Churchill. Auberon Waughreplied in the Daily Telegraph that "the collapsing left-wing former intelligentsia" are hoping "to discreditChurchill, our last great Englishman, by equating himwith the ugliest, dirtiest and most inefficient corner ofmodern Britain. The least we can do is to organize acampaign against this shoddy proposal. Between cam-paigning and counter-campaigning, we will all havefound something to do"....On November 2nd the Paris

Churchill Statue (FH101, p. 5) had its hands daubed with red paint and the words"Mers el Kebir, 1300 killed" scrawled on it, referring to the British fleet bombard-ment of French vessels in the Algerian port during WW2. The French governmenthad already surrendered when the incident took place in July 1940 and there werefears their fleet could fall into German hands. The statue was vandalised with Franco-British relations at a new low because of the row over the French ban on British beef.Responding to this matter on the Churchill Center e-mail discussion group, Dr.Robert Caputi wrote: "The silver lining, of course, is that some French are readingtheir own history. I'd skip the chapters on 1940 if I were a Parisian"....Elsewhere in theCity of Light, Churchill is still riding high. Robert Hardy, the "All Creatures Greatand Small" actor who cornered the market on Winston Churchill roles (and won anICSICC Honorary Membership for accuracy) plays WSC opposite de Gaulle in a finde siecle special inspired by the French Government, which runs through February. Ashe has since the 1990 Churchill Conference in San Francisco, Hardy suggested SirAnthony Hopkins play Churchill. Hopkins wasn't interested and, as far as we are con-cerned, history is the winner. Why trade a sure thing for a dark horse? Official biogra-pher of Winston Churchill, longtime ICS/CC Honorary Member Sir Martin Gilberthas joined the Claremont Institute as a Distinguished Fellow, giving lectures at Clare-mont gatherings annually. Claremont President Larry Arnn first learned of the workof Gilbert "while several of us were graduate students under Sir Martin's longtimefriend, Professor Harry Jaffa. It was my privilege to help with his work on the officialbiography in Oxford for three years. From this long acquaintance we know Sir Martinto set the highest standards of accuracy, proportion, and justice in his monumentalwork." More details on Claremont's website (www.claremont.org/publications/gilbert.cfrn),or its home page (www.claremont.org). Kenneth Lake of Loughton, Essex tells theDaily Telegraph (October 1 lth) that currently fashionable non-confrontational poli-tics are un-English: Harold Macmillan said of Anthony Eden: "He is forever poisedbetween a cliche and an indiscretion." Clement Attlee described Churchill as "fiftypercent genius, fifty percent bloody fool"; Churchill called Attlee "a sheep in sheep'sclothing" and "a modest man who has much to be modest about." Churchill also de-molished the Baldwin Government as being "decided only to be undecided, resolvedto be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all-powerful to be impotent,"while Baldwin put Lloyd George in his place: "He spent his whole life plastering to-gether the true and the false, and therefore manufacturing the plausible." GoodBritish invective goes back at least to Benjamin Disraeli, when he said that RobertPeel was "the arch-mediocrity who presides, rather than rules, over a cabinet of medi-ocrities...peremptory in the little questions, the great ones he left open." Says Mr.Lake: "You don't get epigrams like that nowadays." You don't? What about Tony Blairon the Tories: "the Party of Pinochet, foxhunting and hereditary peers: the indefensi-ble, the inedible, the unelectable." And (after the rejected Test Ban Treaty), Bill Clin-ton on the Republicans: "recklessly partisan isolationists betting our children's future."And the Republicans, fighting back: "naive leftist ideologues compromising nationalsecurity in search of a legacy other than scandal." Not bad! $

ADDENDA & CORRIGENDA(Or: "Nothing is too old to correct...")

FH 89: Contrary to Henry Crooks'saccount on page 49, Gerald McCuewrites, "what Cockroft and Walton did in1933 was very important, but it was'splitting the atom,' not 'fission.' Theybombarded the relatively simple nuclei oflithium by injecting energy chipped offnuclei of hydrogen. Not until 1938 didGerman chemists Hahn and Meitnerdemonstrate that uranium nuclei couldbe blown apart into medium weight nu-clei, with copious release of energy (fis-sion) and a chain reaction, either control-lable or explosive."

FH 95: In "Churchill and the Liti-gious Lord," we converted sterling to dol-lars throughout at $1.70 to £1 but oneconversion ("over £125,000 or $800,000in current value") should read"$200,000." Thanks for this to RobertLedermann.

FH 102: In "Churchill and the Artof the Statesman-Writer," page 19,William Manchester says of Churchill'syouth: "One percent of [Britain's] popula-tion—some 33,000 people—owned two-thirds of its wealth." Albert Sheridan re-minds us that 33,000 is one percent of3.3 million. But Britain's population atChurchill's birth was closer to 33 million,in which case one-tenth of one percent ofher population controlled two-thirds ofBritain's wealth.

In "Armorial Bearings," page 22, col-umn 2, line 1, end of sentence: for"Sable" read "Sable [and not as illus-trated]." On page 23, column 1, line 13:for "add" read "omit." Author PaulCourtenay writes: "In the colour trans-parency of Charles Lusteds painting, Ifailed to notice that he used incorrecttinctures, so my script does not describeLusted's cover picture. In layman's lan-guage he has shown two wreaths, bothred and black. But as depicted in my Fig-ure 6, only the dexter (lefthand side fromthe view of the observer) wreath shouldappear, and it should be white and black."

FH 103: In our list of residences(page 46) we omitted the last two tempo-rary residences of Winston Churchill:Hosey Rigge, Westerham (1923-24; nick-named "Coscy Pigge" by WSC); and 67Westminster Gardens (Jul.-Oct. 1945,loaned to the Churchills by DuncanSandys). In C. P. Snow's essay, page 14,we said Pamela Plowden in 1904 marriedVictor Lytton, "later the Earl of Lytton."Charles W. Snyder, biographer of the firstEarl Lytton, tells us that Victor was al-ready an Earl (he inherited in 1891) whenhe married Pamela Plowden in 1902.

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T T T / ' " Lady Soames at the opening of\^J JL\J'Churchill: The Evidence" exhibit atthe National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh on5 June 1999. Left to right: Dr. Piers Brendon,keeper of the Churchill Archives Centre; LordCrawford, chairman of Trustees of the NLS; LadySoames; and Dr. Alan Marchbank, director ofPublic Services at the NLS. The Churchill Centerhas been working on the possibility of bringing thisExhibit to North America. Striving to supportBritish Churchill institutions as best it can, theCenter has also been developing websites forChartwell and the Cabinet War Rooms, which arenow accessible through "Links" on The ChurchillCenter's home page, www.winstonchurchill.org.

LOCAL & NATIONAL _____

CaliforniaCOTO DE CAZA, JUNE 27TH— Churchill Cen-

ter members and history aficionados metat the home of Loreen and Andrew Guil-ford for the second organizational meet-ing of California Churchillians, attendedby several high-ranking Orange Countyjudges. After dinner, guests made briefpresentations on candidates for the "Per-son of the Century," and a vote was takenwhich produced an interesting Top Tenlist. Point scores were: Churchill 139,Franklin Roosevelt 126, Mahatma Gandhi104, Eisenhower 76, "The American Tax-payer" 60, Eleanor Roosevelt 56, MargaretThatcher 55, Henry Ford 54, MotherTeresa 52 and Ronald Reagan 46.

Extolling the virtues of candidateChurchill was left to Brooks Hoar, whohosted our first meeting a few monthsago. Brooks made an interesting compari-son between Churchill and Hitler, notingboth were once veterans, painters, andwriters, although the resemblancestopped there. Eisenhower was champi-oned by David Sills, presiding justice ofthe County Court of Appeal. Mr. andMrs. Gerald Kambestad talked aboutFranklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, whileRaymond Kann gave effective support forMargaret Thatcher. Andrew Guilfordspoke of religious leaders, focusing onMother Teresa. Curt Zoller, author of the"Churchilltrivia" column in Finest Hour,showed love of long-shots by arguing forWillem Einthoven. A humorous but ef-fective slap shot for Wayne Gretzky wastaken by Justice Bill Bedsworth, whonoted that Churchill suffers from looking

alternately like a bulldog or an infant!Our budding California group, now

named "The Churchillians," met againfor dinner at the Queen Mary in LongBeach on November 20th, where ourguest was Professor of English Paul Alkonof the University of Southern California,a contributor to Finest Hour and ourMarlborough Symposium in 1998. Dr.Alkon's topic was "Churchill and his Lit-erary Genius," a subject well received bythe multitude.

If you would like to assist in organiz-ing further California events—and, even-tually, a Churchill Conference there—please contact Curt Zoller, 21335 AmoraStreet, Mission Viejo CA 92692, tele-phone (714) 581-6834, e-mail zcurt@earthlink.net.

New EnglandBOSTON, OCTOBER 12TH— Honorary Mem-ber Winston S. Churchill, on a booksigning tour of the Eastern USA for TheGreat Republic, his new book of hisgrandfather's writings on America, spoketonight at the African Meeting House toa capacity crowd of Boston Athenasumand Churchill Center members. He wasintroduced by Richard Langworth, whoborrowed the lines of Mark Twain whenintroducing Winston's grandfather 99years ago in New York City. (See reviewof The Great Republic in this issue.)

New England Churchillians meet pe-riodically, but we lack an annual dinnerto mark Churchill's birthday. If you wishto help organize this or other meetings,please contact the editor, Finest Hour.

PennsylvaniaDOWNINGTOWN, NOVEMBER 6TH— Craig

Horn, a Governor of The Churchill Cen-ter, spoke tonight about Churchill's fa-mous "what-if" published in our lastissue, "If Lee Had Not Won the Battle ofGettysburg," at a meeting of Pennsylva-nia Churchillians at their favorite pub,"No. 10 Downing Street." Craig's appre-ciation followed a cocktail hour and din-ner. Members interested in future localevents in eastern Pennsylvania shouldcontact Richard Raffauf, 116 HampshireRd., Reading PA 19608, telephone (610)777-1653 (e-mail iconsort @ptd.net) orPhyllis Ruoff, 39 West Greenhill Rd.,Broomall PA 19008, telephone (610)353-6447 (e-mail rruff@aol.com).

OhioCLEVELAND, NOVEMBER 9TH— Carol Breck-

enridge spoke tonight at a meeting ofNorthern Ohio Churchillians at theGreenbrier Suite, 1300 Terminal Tower,following a sumptuous catered dinner.Her topic was "The Power of Art as Ther-apy in the Life of Winston Churchill," aphenomenon Sir Winston was wellequipped to demonstrate through hispainting. This followed Michael McMe-namin's July 13th presentation, "TheGolden Age of Churchill as a Writer."

Michael has sent members a surveyform soliciting views on different formatsfor future meetings: What if we did moreinformal discussion sessions instead of asteady diet of formal presentations? Allyou'd have to do in the latter case is

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select a topic, volunteer to lead the dis-cussion, assign selected readings from li-braries, and have opinions with the will-ingness to share them.

If you haven't already responded toMichael's question, or wish to assist inany way, please contact Alexis at MichaelMcMenamin's office: Walter & Haver-field, 1300 Terminal Tower, Cleveland,OH 44113, telephone (216) 781-1212.

ABOVE: Washington Society's ExecutiveCommittee. L-R: Craig Horn, Chris Harmon,Caroline Hartzler, Walt Govenda, John Mather.

BELOW: David Jablonsky with Lady Soames.

WashingtonNOVEMBER i ITH— The Washington Societyfor Churchill, a Churchill Center Affili-ate, has held three successful events thisyear: a March dinner meeting witli LadySoames and speaker David Jablonsky ofthe National War College, Carlisle, Penn-sylvania; a midsummer picnic at thehome of Craig and Lorraine Horn; andan Armistice Day (November 11th) din-ner followed by a lecture,"The ChurchillStatue and his Honorary U.S. Citizen-ship," Prof. John A. Ramsden, Washing-ton DC. At the picnic, Dr. Max Owensof the Naval War College spoke about theCivil War portion of Churchill's Historyof the English Speaking Peoples, whileCraig Horn discussed Churchill's 1930essay in counterfactual history, "If LeeHad Not Won the Battle of Gettysburg"(FH103).

The Society continues to offer itsenamel pin, SEND FOR CHURCHILL. This re-production of the 1951 British GeneralElection campaign pin that saw

Churchill's Toriesvictorious andChurchill PrimeMinister again isidentical to theoriginal. Thesequality pins areavailable for $10postpaid by check or money order fromthe Washington Society for Churchill, c/oDan Borinsky, 2080 Old Bridge Road#203, Lake Ridge VA 22192.

Ron Helgemo has left the area after along and successful tenure as President ofthe Washington Society. In his place isCaroline Hartzler, 5956 Coopers LandingCourt, Burke VA 22015, telephone (703)503-9226. Contact Caroline if you canassist or sponsor events.

DallasNOVEMBER 30TH— Following meetings inJune and October, North Texas membersended 1999 with a Champagne soiree atthe home of David and Barbara Willette.(David is relieving Nathan Hughes aschairman, after Nathan's five years offaithful service.) The June 30th event,hosted by John and Marilyn Williams,was a program by Nathan and SelmaHughes of selected letters between WSCand his wife from Lady Soames's book.On October 3rd the group enjoyed "TheChallenge of Churchill," a presentation atthe University of Dallas by Dr. CharlesSullivan and Mr. Andrew Moran. Theydiscussed the University's "Churchill inEngland" program, which earned twoscholarships from The Churchill Center.

For latest Dallas meeting plans, or tovolunteer your assistance, please contactDavid Willette at (214) 750-6009.

LondonNOVEMBER 30TH— One of the most suc-cessful meetings of the InternationalChurchill Society of the UK occurred atthe Cabinet War Rooms, where distin-guished Britons gathered for book sign-ings with members of the Churchill fam-ily including Lady Soames and CeliaSandys. The guest list, still incomplete atthis writing, was to include former PrimeMinisters Lady Thatcher and Sir EdwardHeath. More about this event in our nextissue.

KansasIOLA, KANSAS— Several years ago a beautifulveterans memorial wall was erected hereto commemorate 7000 local veterans ofwars since 1812. In front of the wall is aplaza of flagstones commemorating localbusinesses, organizations and families. Ipurchased one of these and, as you cansee, Churchill's name is one of four indi-viduals I chose to recognize. Samuel Hub-bard was my great-great-grandfather whocame to America in 1857 to help makeKansas a free state. General FrederickFunston was a local Medal of Honor win-ner whose historic home I helped bringto the square. I founded Iola's "Buster"Keaton festivals in honor of another localwhose name you will recognize.

I fell under the spell of WinstonChurchill thirty-seven years ago at the ageof fourteen, and through Finest Hour myappreciation of him has only grown. Crit-icism rather than compliments seem morecommon in this life; thus I want you allto know that I most certainly appreciateall that you have done and continue todo. -Clyde W. Toland ®

The Iola, Kansas memorial to Allen County vet-erans (above), and Clyde Toland's memorial.

IM MEMORY OF

SAMUEL HUBARD-:-vKS MILITIA'1864 :."

: fREDERJCK FURSTON:

• '•-•••••

FINEST HOUR 104 /10

¥it&Wisdom

SEMPER PARATUSAn old friend of my family, a for-

mer judge and chief executive officer of alarge forestry company, told me aboutWinston Churchill's visit to Vancouverduring his lecture tour in 1929. The LawSociety of British Columbia had invitedhim to address them at a dinner in theGrouse Mountain Chalet Restaurant. Myfriend was entrusted with making all thearrangements.

Our liquor laws at that time (andfor long afterwards) were very primitiveand restrictive. To get permission for alco-holic drinks at a function, one had tofight a lot of red tape and pay fees to theProvincial government ministry, theLiquor Control Board, and the munici-pality. Apparently one of these had turneddown the application.

On the afternoon of the dinner myfriend received a phone call fromRandolph Churchill who was accompa-nying his father: "Mr. , my father

has heard that there are to be no drinks atthe dinner tonight." "I'm afraid that isso," my friend replied, hearing very audi-ble rumblings in the background. "Well,"said Randolph, "my father says if there areno drinks he won't come."

At this point my friend, a rathershort-tempered man, who had gone to alot of trouble over the dinner, blew histop: "You tell your father that if he does-n't come I will blacken his name rightacross Canada!" And he slammed downthe telephone.

When my friend arrived at the

Chalet he saw Churchill, some fifty yardsaway, working at his easel. On spottingmy friend, WSC called out, slapping abulge in his jacket pocket, "It's all right—I've brought my own!" Thus WinstonChurchill did show up for the dinner—suitably chastened, but not without per-sonal resources... -DLJ

"HOW HIGH WOULD IT COME?"Despite his reputation, no one ever

saw Churchill the worse for drink. "Myfather taught me to have the utmost con-tempt for people who get drunk," he saidonce. But Churchill fanned that reputa-tion, taking great pride in his alcoholiccapacity. ("I have taken more out of alco-hol than alcohol has taken out of me," hewould often say.) Winston Churchill inhis recent book tour of America recalledhow his father Randolph was entrustedby his grandfather with laying in a good-ly supply of "medicine" housed in a vari-ety of large glass containers for their entryinto Prohibition America.

This and the Vancouver story aboveremind me of a famous tableau withChurchill and his friend ProfessorLindemann, which they must have enact-ed on many occasions, so often has itbeen reliably described to me in differentvenues. Glancing about the room theywere in, Churchill would demand in aloud voice: "Prof! Pray calculate the vol-ume of Champagne, whiskey and otherspirits I have consumed in my entire lifeand tell us how high it would reach ifpoured into this room."

Frederick Lindemann would takeout his slide rule and calculate (or pretendto calculate) the necessary figures. Finallyhe would frown and say, "I'm sorry,Winston, it would reach only to ourankles" (or "knees" if it were a particular-ly small room). Churchill would sigh andsay, "How much to do...how little timeremains." -RML

UNITED STATES OF EUROPEDebate over whether Britain should

forsake the pound for the euro and fur-ther integrate into the EuropeanCommunity sent several people, holdingdivers views of these questions, to us forChurchill's words on the subject. Manyknew part of the following quote but not

all of it. Thinking it must have been post-WW2, we could not immediately find it.Small wonder! It appeared in Churchill's"The United States of Europe," publishedin The Saturday Evening Post in Americaand John Bull in England on 15 February1930. On 29 May 1938, just beforeMunich put an end to such happy mus-ings, it was republished in The News of theWorld as, "Why Not 'The United Statesof Europe'?" It appears in book form onlyin The Collected Essays of Sir WinstonChurchill, Volume II "Churchill andPolitics," London: Library of ImperialHistory 1976, pp. 176-86. If readerswish, we could reprint the entire article.

"We [Britain] are bound to furtherevery honest and practical step which thenations of Europe may make to reducethe barriers which divide them and tonourish their common interests and theircommon welfare. We rejoice at everydiminution of the internal tariffs and themartial armaments of Europe. We seenothing but good and hope in a richer,freer, more contented European com-monalty. But we have our own dream andour own task. We are with Europe, butnot of it. We are linked, but not com-prised. We are interested and associated,but not absorbed. And should Europeanstatesmen address us in the words whichwere used of old, 'Wouldest thou be spo-ken for to the king, or the captain of thehost?', we should reply, with theShunammite woman: 'I dwell amongmine own people.'"

THAT "HUN" QUOTELast issue in this space we discussed

Churchill's quip (which he quoted froman unidentified source), "The Hun isalways at your throat or at your feet." Wesaid that the quotation, uttered in a 1943speech, did not appear where the citationindicated, in a speech in Britain on 14May 1943 (as stated in Kay Halle'sIrrepressible Churchill). No wonder:Churchill was in America at the time. G.Davis of Stockton, California put us onto the correct source: Churchill's speechto the United States Congress on 19 May1943. You'll find it in Onwards to Victory,Cassell edition, page 100. But we stilldon't know where it originated. M>

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REFLECTIONS AT CENTURY'S END

MAN OF THE MILLENNIUM?Snould We Not Say of tne Millennium, "Tkis Was Its Finest Hour"?

WINSTON S. CHURCHILL

FOR my part, thereis no query aboutthe title of this ad-

dress, but I realise thatsome may have some al-ternative candidates. Youmay say I am biased and,of course, you would beright. There are manyeminent candidates for"Man of the Millen-nium," from Shakespeareto Napoleon, fromLeonardo to Einsteinand, in the league ofmonsters, from Hitler to

Stalin. But I advance my proposition with force and convic-tion on the basis that, in the greatest war of history, no singleindividual made a greater contribution to turning the tide ofvictory and securing a favourable outcome than WinstonChurchill. On that basis, I am hopeful that, before you hearme out, I may have persuaded some of the waverers amongyou to my point of view.

The critical moment came in May and June of 1940,when the fate of Europe—indeed of the whole world—hungin the balance. At dawn on 10th May, Hitler launched hisblitzkrieg against Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg andFrance. That very day the British nation, in its hour of crisis,turned to Winston Churchill as its leader. Within six weeksall effective resistance to the Nazi onslaught was at an endand many, even among the friends of Britain overseas, be-lieved that it would only be a matter of weeks before Britain,too, surrendered.

As France was falling, one French General declared:"In three weeks England will have her neck wrung like achicken." This prompted my grandfather, when addressingthe Canadian Parliament in Ottawa on 30 December 1941,to make his famous quip: "Some chicken, some neck!"

Viewed objectively, Britain's position was hopeless.

Mr. Churchill is a Trustee of The Churchill Center. He has been awriter and lecturer for his entire career, which also includes 27 years asa Member of Parliament. This is the text of a speech he made duringhis recent American book signing tour.

THE SUNDAY TIMES, 29 NOVEMBER 1953

Hider had amassed a hugewar-machine, out-produc-ing Britain in almost everyfield of military productionby a factor of two or eventhree to one. Europe was athis mercy. Soviet Russiawas his ally. Only 21 milesof English Channel stoodbetween him and his nextintended conquest. Themood at home was di-vided.

Even after Churchill be-came Prime Ministerthere were many Mem-

bers of Parliament, and even a handful of Ministers, whofavoured a "negotiated settlement" with Hitler. Of course itwould have been dressed up as a Peace Agreement, but itwould have amounted to surrender, with the dismantling ofboth the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. Had this comeabout, Hitler would have been free to turn East with all hismight to defeat Stalin's Russia. Then he would have turnedWest once again and all the apparatus of Nazi domination—concentration camps and death-camps—would have beenestablished in England's green and pleasant land.

All prospect of eventual liberation would be extin-guished, for it would have been impossible for our friends inthe United States and Canada, Australia and New Zealand,to mount a D-Day invasion from 3000 miles across the At-lantic. In such circumstances it is quite possible that, to thisday, the Nazi swastika would be flying over London and thecapital cities of Europe.

Churchill's strength as a war leader rested in his burn-ing conviction, in the teeth of all the odds, that in our Is-land, we were unconquerable. Second, and equal to that, washis ability to communicate that spirit of resolution to theBritish nation. In the words of the American broadcaster Ed-ward R. Murrow, later reiterated by President John F.Kennedy, Churchill "mobilised the English language, andsent it into battle." His wartime speeches at that turning-point of history were as remarkable as they are memorable.

In his first address to Parliament, on becoming PrimeMinister, he declared:

FINEST HOUR 104 /12

I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat....Youask what is our policy? I will say: It is to wage war by sea,land and air with all our might and with all the strength thatGod can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny,never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of humancrime. That is our policy. You ask what is our aim? I cananswer in one word: Victory—victory at all costs, victory inspite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the roadwill be; for without victory, there is no survival..

Within five weeks France had fallen and Hitler was free todirect all his might against Britain. In his speech to theHouse of Commons of 18 June, Churchill warned:

What Gen. Weygand called the Battle of France is over. Iexpect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon thisbattle depends the survival of Christian civilisation. Upon itdepends our own British life and the long continuity of ourinstitutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of theenemy must very soon be turned on us. Hider knows that hewill have to break us in this island or lose me war. If we canstand up to him all Europe may be free and the life of theworld may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if wefail, then the whole world, including the United States, includ-ing all that we have known and cared for, will sink into theabyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhapsmore protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us,therefore, brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselvesthat, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for athousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

Of all the words which must forever move English andFrench hearts, none could be more powerful than the closingwords of his broadcast to the French in 1940:

Goodnight then: sleep to gather strength for the morn-ing. For the morning will come. Brightly will it shineupon the brave and the true, kindly upon all who sufferfor the cause, glorious upon the tombs of the heroes.Thus will shine the dawn. Vive la France! Long live alsothe forward march of the common people in all the landstowards their just and true inheritance, and towards thebroader and fuller age.

WHEN, later, he reflected upon the momentousday, 10 May 1940, when he had become PrimeMinister, Churchill recalled his feelings, as he

went to bed in the early hours: "I was conscious of a pro-found sense of relief...I felt as if I were walking with destinyand that all my past life had been but a preparation for thishour and for this trial."

Of all the remarkable qualities of Winston Churchillthere is none more amazing than his unshakable belief in hisdestiny. As a young man he once confided to Violet Asquith:"We are all worms. But I do believe that I am a glow-worm!"Indeed, even before that, while still a schoolboy at Harrow,he had already developed a keen sense of his purpose here on

earth. When, years later in the late 1950s, it was announcedthat my late father Randolph would write the official biogra-phy of his father, Sir Murland Evans, a school-fellow of mygrandfather's at Harrow wrote my father recalling a conversa-tion he had had with the young Winston in 1891, when theywere both just sixteen years old. As he remembered, "It was asummer's evening in one of those dreadful basement roomsin the Headmaster's House, a Sunday evening, to be exact,after chapel evensong." Murland Evans had been stunned bytheir conversation and recorded it with the utmost clarity. Ishould like to share his recollection:

We frankly discussed our futures. After placing me inthe Diplomatic Service, perhaps because of my French

• descent from Admiral de Grasse who was defeated byLord Rodney in the Battle of the Saints, 1782; or alterna-tively in finance, following my father's career, we came tohis own future. "Will you go into the army?" I asked. "Idon't know, it is probable, but I shall have great adven-tures beginning soon after I leave here."

"Are you going into politics? Following your fatlier?""I don't know, but it is more than likely because, you

see, I am not afraid to speak in public.""You do not seem at all clear about your intentions or

desires.""That may be, but I have a wonderful idea of where I

shall be eventually. I have dreams about it.""Where is that?""Well, I can see vast changes coming over a now

peaceful world; great upheavals, terrible struggles, warssuch as one cannot imagine; and I tell you London willbe in danger—London will be attacked and I shall bevery prominent in the defence of London."

"How can you talk like that? We are for ever safe frominvasion, since the days of Napoleon."

"I see further ahead than you do. I see into the future.This country will be subjected somehow to a tremendousinvasion, by what means I do not know, but [warming tohis subject] I tell you I shall be in command of the de-fences of London and I shall save London and Englandfrom disaster."

"Will you be a general then, in command of the troops?""I don't know; dreams of the future are blurred but

the main objective is clear. I repeat—London will be indanger and in the high position I shall occupy, it will fallto me to save the Capital, to save the Empire."

PREPOSTEROUS talk from a teenager, you may say;but, as it turned out, incredibly prescient. Armed withthis belief in his destiny, he seems to have concluded

that he was bullet-proof and, after graduating from Harrowto Sandhurst, he proceeded to launch himself into a militarycareer with an almost complete lack of regard for his per-sonal safety.

At the age of 20, he was commissioned in die 4th Hus-sars. Months before, his father had died, and with a glam-orous and extravagant mother, he was left penniless to make

FINEST HOUR 104 /13

"I can see vast changes coming over anow peaceful world; great upheavals,terrible struggles, wars such as onecannot imagine; and I tell you Lon-don will be in danger—London willbe attacked and / shall be veryprominent in the defence of London."

Churchill to Murland Evans, Harrow, 1891

his way in the world on his own devices. He had a burningambition and determination to enter politics to vindicate thememory of his father, who had died at the young age of 46after a brilliant but doomed career.

IN those days entering politics required either money orfame. Not having the former he determined to secure thelatter. He made it his business, using all the influences at

his command—most especially that of his mother, LadyRandolph Churchill—to seek out wars wherever they wereto be found with the aim of earning a reputation for bravery.Thus in 1895, on his 21st birthday, he was in Cuba observ-ing the Cuban revolt against Spain, tasting enemy fire forthe first time when a bullet flew between him and the drum-stick of a chicken he was about to swallow, prompting himto remark: "There is nothing so exhilarating as to be shot atwithout effect."

From there he went to the North West Frontier ofIndia where he saw action with the Malakand Field Force;while everyone else took cover, he calmly paraded along theskirmish line on his white charger in view of the enemy.Then in 1898 with the 21st Lancers, he took part in one ofthe last great cavalry charges of history at the Battle of Om-durman in the Sudan.

This year marks the 125th anniversary of my grandfa-ther's birth and, indeed, the centenary of his imprisonmentin Pretoria, following his capture by the Boers, in the Ar-moured Train incident of which he gave such a lively andvivid account in London to Ladysmith via Pretoria and MyEarly Life. Heedless of personal danger and with bullets fly-ing all around, he managed to extricate the locomotive, en-abling it to get away, loaded with the wounded on the coal-tender. While confined in Pretoria he stood at a crossroads ofhis life. Just 25 years old, he was determined to escape. It wasa throw of the dice whether he would buy a bullet from oneof the guards manning the perimeter fence, or whether hewould make good his escape and secure the fame for whichhe so unashamedly yearned. Fortunately for the world it wasthe latter and, by his dramatic escape he became the popularhero of the hour.

When one considers the number of occasions onwhich he hazarded his life, even after he resigned his com-mission and entered Parliament at the age of 26 in 1900 —walking out of the wreck of a crashed airplane in the earliestdays of aviation, serving in the trenches of Flanders where hecommanded the 6th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers inthe line in 1917, and again when he was knocked down by aNew York taxi in 1930—one cannot help but reflect that hispreservation through all these hazards was nothing short ofmiraculous.

But as remarkable as his firm belief in his own destinywas the incredible roller-coaster of his political career, whichspanned 55 years from his election to Parliament in 1900,aged 26 in the reign of Queen Victoria, to the reign ofQueen Elizabeth and the thermonuclear age. On no fewerthan four occasions his political career hit rock-bottom andwas judged by many to be finished. But each time heclimbed back from the abyss, defying those who had prema-turely written his political obituary.

Marked out at an early age as a future Prime Minister,he rose rapidly to be Home Secretary at 34, and First Lord ofthe Admiralty at 36, where responsibility fell to him to pre-pare the Fleet for war against Germany. But then, in 1915,he became the scapegoat for the failure of the Dardanelleslandings, and there was a general conviction that his politicalcareer was over. Thereupon he went into the trenches as asoldier in Flanders. Within two years, he was back againunder Lloyd George, first as Minister of Munitions and thenColonial Secretary until, in 1922 with the fall of the LiberalGovernment, as he put it: "In the twinkling of an eye Ifound myself without an office, without a seat, without aparty and without an appendix."

After two more years in the political wilderness, he wasback in Parliament, back in politics, back in the ranks of theConservative Party and—to the amazement of all, not leasthimself—Chancellor of the Exchequer. But then in 1929,following the defeat of the Tories, he found himself cast intothe wilderness—this time for fully ten years, during whichhe became increasingly alienated from his party over therearmament of Germany. It was this defeat that promptedhis lengthy journey across Canada and America and led himto write to his wife: "Only one goal still attracts me, and ifthat were barred, I should quit the dreary field of politics forpastures new."

These ten years in the wilderness were, undoubtedly,the toughest period of his life. He saw with the utmost clar-ity the looming danger and tried, desperately, to warn theworld before it was too late—but all in vain. It was only justbefore the outbreak of war in 1939 that he was invited to re-sume his old post at the Admiralty. There it fell to him forthe second time in a quarter-century to prepare the Fleet forwar. When he became Prime Minister the following year hewas already 65 years of age and qualified to draw the old agepension. After six long years of war, during which he ledBritain and the world to Victory over Hitler, he was abruptly

FINEST HOUR 104/14

cast aside by the British electorate. Then, against all the odds,in 1951—at the age of 76—he made his fourth and finalcomeback from the politically dead, becoming Prime Minis-ter again and remaining in office into his 81st year.

On the occasion of his 80th birthday in 1954, lookingback on the wartime years, he replied reflectively to the con-gratulations of his colleagues of all parties: "I have never ac-cepted what many people have kindly said, namely, that I in-spired the nation. Their will was resolute and remorseless,and as it proved, unconquerable. It was the nation and therace dwelling all round the globe that had the lion's heart. Ihad to the luck to be called upon to give the roar!"

It is with a sense of awe that one considers his remark-able life and his brilliant achievements. By the time of hisdeath at the age of 90, he had published some fifty volumes

of history, biography and speeches. At his beloved home ofChartwell in Kent there were nearly 500 canvasses that hehad painted, some of remarkable quality. In addition hebuilt, largely with his own hands, three cottages and a highwall round his extensive vegetable garden. And to think that,in between, he managed to find the time to beat the day-lights out of Hitler....

His was a remarkable life to which none can hold acandle. When I call him "Man of the Millennium," I do sowith deliberation and conviction. Imagine for an instant howdifferent the world would be today if the Nazi Swastika stillfloated over London and all the capital cities of Europe. Itdoes not bear thinking about. But it is on that basis that Isalute Winston Churchill as the Man of the Millennium.And I venture to think that I am not alone. $i

CHURCHILL THE GREAT?Wky the Vote Will Not Be Unanimous

DOUGLAS J. HALL

EIGHT of Finest Hour's ninearticles nominating Churchillfor Time magazine's designa-

tion as "Person of the Century,"which concluded in our last number,were written by Americans,Canadians and an Australian. ButChurchill was British—why the dis-crepancy? For one thing, non-Britonstend to see the Churchill of theworld's stage—statesman, sage, evensaviour. In Britain he may be seen asall those things, and more—butinvariably with some modification,arising from his record as a partypolitician. And, it must be said, that iswhere the water begins to get muddy.

In most true democracies politi-cians are, in the nature of things,often at odds with up to roughly halfthe electorate at any one time. Overhis long career Churchill certainly pushed his luck in thatrespect. By transferring his allegiance from the Conservativesto the Liberals and back again he was successively at oddswith all of the people for at least some of the time.

The Labour Party was formed in 1900, the very yearthat Churchill was first elected to Parliament, and it was

Mr. Hall is FH's feature editor and Churchilliana columnist.

Speaking in 1924

always his sworn enemy. It might besaid that the Labour Party andChurchill grew up together, in thepolitical sense of course. If Churchillhad his finest hour in 1940, the resultof the 1945 general election clearlyillustrates who had taken over the lion'sroar. There is a popular theory that thegrowth of the Labour Party in Britainhad much to do with the perceivedneed of working people and tradeunionists to unite in force in order toprovide a sufficient counterweight toWinston Churchill. If that is so he hasa lot to answer for.

Churchill alienated thousands ofsoldiers over the Gallipoli fiasco inWorld War I (they dismissed as "white-wash" the findings of the RoyalCommission on the Dardanelles) andhis subsequent appearance in the

trenches of the western front—as they saw it—over-promot-ed, untrained, improperly dressed and plied with regular lux-ury food parcels from Fortnum & Mason. After three gener-ations that enmity still survives powerfully in many Britishfamilies.

Churchill's stance in the 1930s resulted in a widelyheld view that it was his "warmongering" which provokedHitler into inflicting another war upon a British populationstill bearing the scars of the last one and aching for peace. »

FINEST HOUR 104 /15

He roundly condemned as "abject, squalid and shameless"the Oxford Union motion "That this House refuses...to fightfor King and Country"; but there is clear evidence that at thetime the students were probably much closer to the pulse ofpublic opinion. The NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) factorapplied and Churchill's warnings about Hitler's aspirationsin far away places with strange sounding names were notwidely seen as a matter of closely relevant concern until atleast 1939. Indeed the same factor prevailed in the USA rightup until December 1941.

"Good old Winnie" was by no means a universal cryduring World War II, either amongst the beleaguered civil-ian population or the often reluctant soldiery. Many squad-dies who had responded to Churchill's call to "defend ourisland" were seriously disaffected by their experiences on theother side of the world in Japanese POW camps.

The result of the 1945 general election stands as testi-mony to all of the above factors. Some Churchillians mayloftily dismiss such notions, but it is a hard fact that theywere genuine, heartfelt and commonly expressed at the time.Their ripples still disturb the surface of the muddy water.

Churchill's career record as a parliamentarian was thathe contested twenty-one elections and won sixteen but hard-ly ever gained an overall majority of the votes cast until hearrived at the safe seat of Epping/Woodford. He certainly didnot win every House of Commons division. "RememberWinston Churchill" reads the tablet in the floor of West-minster Abbey (perhaps circumspectly placed adjacent to thetomb of the Unknown Warrior). Well, people do, and theirremembrances are coloured either by their own experiencesor those handed down by their progenitors.

In the case of members of the very youngest generationthere may in addition be some rather warped conceptionsarising from a debatable curriculum being taught in certainschools and colleges. Learned dissertations on how Churchillgot things wrong at various times continue to pour forthfrom obscure pedagogues at dubious educational establish-ments. Whilst the latter can be ignored by those of us ofsound mind, they can, and I'm afraid do, create the wrongimpression amongst the recently enfranchised generation.

Countering all that is the Churchill legend: the bull-dog, the lion, the deeds of valour, etc. Thus the popular cul-ture and the basis of public opinion is a continually evolvingperspective, rarely fully expressed in any academic thesis butmore likely to be discovered during discussions in a privatedrawing room or a public house. When the British vote hasbeen counted, certain transatlantic lobby groups may have toprepare themselves to deliver expressions of dudgeon.

HOW would Churchill fare in a British vote onPersonality of the Century? It could be a very closecall indeed. Opinion polls canvassed in Belfast,

Cardiff and Edinburgh do not provide much comfort: mem-ories are exceptionally long in Belleek, Tonypandy and partsof Dundee. The Labour Party's block vote, currently at its

highest level since 1945, is a formidable obstacle. Only ves-tiges of that generation of disaffected World War I soldieryremain, but their feelings are often still strongly held by theirdescendants.

What would Churchill himself have made of theCentury Sweepstakes? He had something to say about "per-sonalities" in his speech in the House of Commons on 29July 1941. He was dealing with a proposal that an all-pow-erful Minister of Production should be appointed to overseesupplies for the Admiralty, the Air Ministry and the WarOffice. Clearly with tongue in cheek he said: "I have notbeen told who is to be this superman who, without holdingthe office of Prime Minister, is to exercise an overriding con-trol over the three departments of supply and the three min-isters of supply. Where is this super-personality...when youhave decided on the man, let me know his name, because Ishould be very glad to serve under him."

Churchill's question was rhetorical since he already con-sidered himself that super-personality. In which case a nomi-nation as mere personality should hold no terrors for him. Butwould he appreciate being awarded the distinction in respectof an epoch he described so bleakly? At the University ofLondon on 18 November 1948, Churchill said: "The advan-tages of the nineteenth century, the literary age, have beenlargely put away by this terrible twentieth century with all itsconfusion and exhaustion of mankind." (Personality of theterrible, confusing and exhausting century?)

Finest Hour 101 reported that a poll of BBC (Radio 4)listeners had placed Churchill behind Shakespeare in a pollfor Britain's greatest personality of the past thousand years.The vote was close: 11,717 to 10,957. Shakespeare isn't inthe running for "Personality of the Century," but thatWinston Churchill may not be regarded as the greatestEnglishman is understandable. In "The Growth of BritishPolicy" Sir John Seeley observed, "History is past politics,and politics present history." Perhaps the British people needto have their past and present politics sufficiently steeped inhistory to allow a mature, well-judged and dispassionateassessment of a man who was engaged in that greatest of allpolemic occupations.

Churchill also had certain problems of his own. Hetended to infuriate his friends as much as he alienated hisenemies. In many respects he may be his own worst enemywhen it comes to assessing his whole career in terms of great-ness. In history the reputation of many an aspiring "great"has been wrecked by, a single blunder, and Churchillundoubtedly committed more than a few of those. Thus,whilst Churchill's achievements were prominent, his per-ceived failings were also highly visible, and quite often on thegrandest scale.

If William Shakespeare's forty-four plays justify hisplace as the greatest Englishman, should not WinstonChurchill's more than forty books and vast journalistic out-put ensure his recognition on literary accomplishmentsalone? After all, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for

FINEST HOUR 104/16

Literature. Certainly his literary achievement was prodi-gious, and all the more remarkable for being effected on apart-time basis within a political career which would havefully stretched most men. Frederick Woods concluded inArtillery of Words that Churchill "wrote rattling good stuff;rousing and romantic...using rolling phrases, remorselessrhythms and thunderous adjectives." Doesn't that sound alot like Shakespeare?

I discussed the result of the BBC poll with a graduatein Shakespearian studies who made some interesting obser-vations. Shakespeare did not acquire his greatest fame untilthe last twenty-five years of his life (vide Churchill); it wasonly then and in the years immediately after his death thatthe tributes appeared (vide Churchill). Throughout the fol-lowing century Shakespeare was largely discredited (inChurchill's case the jury has been out for only thirty-fouryears so far) and it was not until the closing years of the eigh-teenth century, almost 180 years after his death, thatShakespeare's reputation was restored and his works began toenjoy the popularity they enjoy today. If this is a precedent,Churchillians may be in for a long wait!

In the event that Winston Churchill were to win theaccolades of Time, I suspect that his response from heavenmight read—with divine tongue in exalted cheek, ofcourse—along similar lines to his message to the SwedishAcademy in 1953, in respect of their award of the NobelPrize for Literature: "I am proud, but I am also awestruck atyour nomination. I do hope you are right. I feel we are bothrunning a considerable risk and that I do not deserve it. ButI shall have no misgivings if you have none."

IHAVE no misgivings: Winston Churchill has my vote.But I cannot speak for my compatriots. In a speech in1906 Churchill said: "...all men are equal and voting

power, as far as possible, should be evenly distributed amongthem." He later said (1933) that "...the English are...moretruly united than any people in the world." Hmm....

"But be not afraid of greatness," Shakespeare'sMalvolio said in "Twelfth Night": "some men are born great,some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust uponthem." Churchill was certainly not afraid of greatness. Somehave said he was born great but that would be dismissed bymost as a flawed judgement. Born to be great, perhaps?Many have argued that he achieved greatness during his life-time. It remains to be seen whether the mature judgement ofhistory will irrefutably thrust greatness upon him.

Whilst we are waiting for the verdict, it seems appro-priate to conclude with yet another quote from Shakespeare,whose Hamlet recited some lines about his father which amajority of future generations of Englishmen may yet cometo say of Winston Churchill:

"HE WAS A MAN, TAKE HIM FOR ALL IN ALL,I SHALL NOT LOOK UPON HIS LIKE AGAIN."

The MissionHistory's greedy hands

overcome anothertumultuous century

Now dawns themillennium with

this surety: on and below seasin skies and orbit

and at every rampartFreedom's cause will

demand and foster heroes—new Keepers of the Flamewho must, with our help,

be armed withknowledge of

Churchill's courage;their shared andsacred mission

spans Time itself:the guardianship

and the expansionof Liberty.

—Ron C'ynewulf Robbins

For Marlborough & MeThe turirjorthit wng u-tis iionowcd about 1rfi00jor the Auuraliiln long. "Waltzinghianlda."

A bold fusilier went a-marching down throughRochester,

Home from the wars in the Low Count-r-y,And he sang as he marched through the crowded

streets of Rochester,Who'll be a soldier for Marlborough & me?

Who'll be a soldier, who'll be a soldierWho'll be a soldier for Marlborough & me?

He sang as he marched through the crowded streets ofRochester,

Who'll be a soldier for Marlborough & me?

The Queen she has ordered fresh soldiers for theContinent,

To strike a last blow at our old enemy,So, if you'd be a rover all in a scarlet uniform,

Take the Queen's Shilling for Marlborough &C me.Who'll be a soldier, etc.

So, forty new recruits went a-marching downthrough Rochester,

Off to the wars in the Low Count-r-y,And they sang as they marched through the

crowded streets of Rochester,Who'll be a soldier for Marlborough & me?

Who'll be a soldier, etc.

FINEST HOUR 104/17

T ^ THE

EMERGING LEADERChurchill Conference XVI

22-25 July 1999h, England

Paul H. Courtenay

THE sun shone throughout as the city of Bath hostedthe 16th International Churchill Conference. Fromancient Roman remains to elegant Georgian archi-

tecture, Bath showed itself at its best as members gathered tofollow a programme with the theme of the Emerging Leader.

After a welcome by Nigel Knocker, chairman of 1CS(UK) and the conference chairman, proceedings began witha reception by the Mayor at the Roman Baths, where aspring pours out approximately 280,000 gallons of water aday at a temperature of 116°F (47°C). Replying to theMayor's speech of welcome, our Patron Lady Soames set thetone for the three days of varied activities. From this historicsite members went upstairs to the sumptuous eighteenthcentury Pump Room for an inaugural dinner and dance.Here the Hon. Celia Sandys introduced the guest speaker,our old friend Bill Gunn, managing director of Pol Roger(UK), who had generously donated Sir Winston Churchill'sfavourite Champagne for the earlier reception. Bill spokeabout the Churchill connection with Pol Roger, which wasas sparkling as the product itself.

Next morning the serious side of the programme got

Mr. Courtenay is Hon. Secretary of the International Churchill Soci-ety, United Kingdom. He does not say that his own efforts in helpingto make the Conference a success entitle him to the thanks of all.

under way at Bath's Guildhall (left). The first speaker wasMajor General Arthur Denaro, commandant of the RoyalMilitary Academy Sandhurst, who gave a fascinating surveyof Sir Winston's days as a Gentleman Cadet in 1893-94.Comparing the training of those days with today's demands,General Denaro showed that, while much had necessarilychanged, many of the basic principles had stood the test oftime and were still applicable. By a happy coincidence, theGeneral had himself been commissioned into The Queen'sRoyal Irish Hussars (formed in 1958 as an amalgamation of4th Queen's Own Hussars and 8th King's Royal Irish Hus-sars), so was able to relate a number of amusing details of SirWinston's days as a junior officer and his later period asColonel of the Regiment between 1941 and 1965.

Just as Sir Winston's career had moved from the Armyto that of a war correspondent, the conference programmefollowed the same route. Lord Deedes had first made hismark as a war correspondent, in Abyssinia in 1935, and wasstill active in this field at the age of 86, having returned fromKosovo the previous morning. He was able to outline theearly impact of Winston Churchill in this role and gave de-tails of the astonishingly high fees WSC had been able tocommand. By the time he entered the House of Commonsin 1900, for example, Churchill was able to invest some£10,000, worth about fifty times more today. Lotd Deedestook pride in pointing out that the foundations forChurchill's political career came largely from two newspa-pers, The Morning Post and The Daily Telegraph —the onlytwo newspapers for which he himself had worked during thelast sixty-eight years.

One of the highlights of the conference took place inthe early evening. In hilly county on the edge of Bath isClaverton Manor; today it is the American Museum, but on26 July 1897 it was a private house and the site of WinstonChurchill's first political speech. He was only 22 and homeon leave from 4th Hussars in India. This writer, by way ofwhat he called the hors d'oeuvre, set the scene by explainingthe background and circumstances of the speech and thenintroduced Dominic Walters, a great-grandson of Sir Win-ston, who reenacted his ancestor's first political speech at theexact site. The setting was idyllic as members sipped theirevening drinks in the beautiful garden in perfect weather, thewooded, rolling hills and valleys forming a restful back-ground as a number of hot-air balloons floated overhead. Itwas easy to imagine the scene 102 years before as Dominicstood in his great-grandfather's shoes and spoke young Win-ston's remarkably mature thoughts, ranging from industrialrelations through party politics to imperial responsibilities.Sample: rounding on the Liberal Party Churchill said, "It re-minds me of the man who, on being told that ventilation isan excellent thing, went and smashed every window in hishouse and died of rheumatic fever."

Next morning Richard Langworth, Nigel Knockerand Randy Barber gave reports on The Churchill Centre andUK and Canada Societies. Amusement attended the presen-

FlNESTHOUR104/18

Top: timeline at registration. Above: reception at Roman Baths.Below: our speakers were many and variegated. Clockwise from

upper left: Maj. Gen. Arthur Denaro, Commandant of Sandhurst;Lord Deedes, who served in the 1950s Churchill cabinet; Dominic

Walters as WSC in 1897; the author, introducing Dominic.

tation of a USS Winston S. Churchill commander's cap toUK member Armido Valori, whose intervention had led tothe insertion of the middle initial "S" into the ship's name.

Next speaker was Sir Henry Beverley, director generalof the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, who gave an in-formative description of the Trust, which awards about 100travelling fellowships each year to worthy people from allwalks of life. These Churchill Fellows, as they become, arefunded to research a topic of their choice (after a rigorousscreening process) for between four and eight weeks in anoverseas country and to submit a report on their return.

As a final presentation assessing The Emerging Leader,Dr. Stephen Badsey of Sandhurst surveyed Churchill's lead-ership during the Boer War and suggested some thought-provoking new angles on his motivation and behaviour. As atailpiece, this writer highlighted the importance of Jan Chris-tian Smuts in the Churchill's life, suggesting that Smuts(whom WSC had first met as one of his interrogators while aprisoner in 1899, and who later became a close associate andfriend) was probably the one person whom Churchill recog-nised as a superior mortal to himself. After quoting a num-ber of well-documented remarks in support of this view, weconcluded with an extract from a letter Churchill wrote toSmuts's widow on his friend's death in 1950: "He was proba-bly more fitted to guide struggling and blundering humanitythrough its sufferings and perils towards a better day thananyone who lived in any country during his epoch."

Then came the traditional book discussion by a panelof academic experts. This year's choice was Churchill's Lon-don to Ladysmith via Pretoria, published in 1900. ProfessorJames MuUer, chairman of The Churchill Centre's AcademicAdvisers, led the team which examined this important earlywork. Those who joined Jim Muller in putting forward in-sight into Churchill's adventures in South Africa (includinghis capture and escape) were Kirk Emmert, Patrick Powers,Paul Rahe, John Ramsden and Manfred Weidhorn.

The final evening saw a river cruise through Bath withgood food and drink enjoyed while gliding through the cen-tre of this beautiful city. It was a fitting finale to the social as-pects of the conference and allowed everyone to relax andmuse over the events of the previous two days, and to dissectmany new lines of thought which had been evoked.

The last half-day opened with a brilliant exposition byWilliam Tyler, a freelance lecturer, on "Winston Churchill:An Enduring Model of Leadership." He brought forward anumber of highly articulate but little known contemporarywartime accounts by ordinary unknown people, whichdemonstrated the depth of the national cohesion underChurchill's leadership at that time. Mr. Tyler received pro-longed applause.

The final item before everyone dispersed was a pre-view by James Muller of the next conference, to be held atAnchorage, Alaska on 13th-17th September 2000 with thetheme "Churchill and Russia."

More photos overleaf, Alaska Preview on page 21. M>

FINEST HOUR 104/19

More Pnotos of tne Batn Conference and Cnurcnill Center Mini-Tcour

Above: elegant dining in the Pump Room; prolonged applause for William Tylers speech.Below left: grand finale dinner cruise on the Avon aboard The Pride of Bath. Below centre:Armido Valori, who put the "S" in USS Winston S. Churchill, received a ship's cap. Right: Gen.and Mrs. Arthur Denaro, Col. and Mrs. (Angela) Knocker. Below right: Beryl (Mrs. Eddie)Murray (Ed was WSC's bodyguard, 1950-65), Barbara Langworth and Werner Vogt.

Churchill Mini-Tour preceded Conference. Left: Ian Lang-wordi in The Chair, Cabinet War Rooms. Below left: An-tony Montague Browne, WSC's private secretary 1952-65,holds forth at the Old Bell at Hurley, and a floral remem-brance is left at Bladon. Below: Celia Sandys, LaytonMcCurdy, Lady Soames atBath. Right: some of ourtour party at Chartwell.Below right: RAF FighterCommand HQ, Uxbridge.

FINEST HOUR 104 / 20

JOIN US ON THE LAST FRONTIER! ^^feCnurcnill Conference XVII

13-17 September 2000: Anchorage, AlaskaJAMES W. MULLER

WHAT Sir Winston called "the remote and forbid-ding expanse of Alaska" will be a warm and wel-coming location for our next Churchill Confer-

ence: the Westin Alyeska Prince Hotel, Anchorage. This is anearly bulletin onwhat to expect—which we hopewill cause you toregister earlywhen your regis-tration materialsarrive in Januaryor February.

The EventsFor its theme

the conferencelooks across theicy waters of theBering Strait toRussia, examin-ing WinstonChurchill's life-long relationshipwith that coun-try. Sir Martin Gilbert will present "A Russian Triptych"—three talks on Churchill and Russia, exploring Churchill'sconnection to Russia in successive periods of his career.

Conference registrants will learn of the little-knownAlaskan battlefields of World War II. The Aleutian Islandswere the only part of the United States occupied by theenemy during the war, and the Japanese were dislodged onlyafter many months of fierce fighting. Alaska's strategic loca-tion also made the future state crucial in conveying Americanwar materiel to Russia.

The annual book discussion will be on The Aftermath,Churchill's riveting sequel to The World Crisis, which explainswhat happened in the decade following World War I. In ad-dition to the peace setdement, the beginnings of the IrishFree State and the Greco-Turkish War, The Aftermath de-scribes the foundation of the Soviet Union and Churchill'sunavailing effort to "strangle Bolshevism in its cradle."

The conference coincides with an important mile-

stone: Lady Soames will be our guest of honor at a black-tiedinner to celebrate her birthday on Friday, September 15th.The next day, she will attend a panel discussion on her book,Speaking for Themselves, her parents' letters to each other.

This correspon-dence revealstheir views ofeach other, theirfamily andfriends, andleading person-alities, contro-versies, andevents of thetwentieth cen-tury. After hear-ing the discus-sion, LadySoames is in-vited to speakfor herself aswell.

The SettingThe conference will convene on Wednesday, Septem-

ber 13th, at the hotel, 35 miles south of downtown Anchor-age at the Alyeska Resort in Girdwood. The Prince Hotel,which offers beautiful views of Turnagain Arm of Cook Inletand the mountains of the Chugach Range, was built in theearly 1990s and resembles the old Canadian Pacific hotels.

The hotel has offered the attractive conference rate ofUS$130 per night, plus tax, for a standard room, to thosewho identify themselves as attending the Churchill Confer-ence. Larger rooms and suites may also be booked at specialrates, and are available for up to three days before or after theconference. You are responsible for your own hotel reservations.

Make reservations by calling (800) 228-3000 in Canada orthe USA (or, in the UK, by ringing 0800-282-565).

The conference takes place at the peak of the fall fo-liage in Alaska, one of the loveliest times of year. Tempera-tures may range from 40 to 70 F., with an average tempera-

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR 104/21

Left: The skyline of Anchorage, Alaska's largest city, site of the 17th International Churchill Conference. Right: One of the pre-conference tourstakes you to Mt. McKinley on the Alaska Railroad. Below: Alaska, purchased by the United States from Russia in 1867, is America's largest state.

ture in the mid-50s. Prepare to dress in layers, which maybe put on or taken off as weather dictates. Conference dressis informal except for the evening events.

Conference TripsDuring the conference, two trips will be organized.

The first, on Thursday, September 14th, takes us to Seward,the town on Prince William Sound named for the AmericanSecretary of State who negotiated the purchase of Alaskafrom Russia in 1867. This trip will include a boat tour ofPrince William Sound, with a chance to see seals, sea lions,otters, eagles, puffins, and whales in their home waters. Wewill enjoy an Alaskan Salmon Bake on an island and visitthe Alaska Sea Life Center, where we will view and beviewed by sea birds and mammals, and we will hear the firstlecture of Martin Gilberts "Russian Triptych."

The second trip, on Saturday, September 16th, takesus to our afternoon program of Churchill presentations andmusic at the University of Alaska, Anchorage, and to An-chorage's Hotel Captain Cook, site of our closing dinner,with traditional English food and Harrow School songs bythe Alaskan Canaries and Friends of The Churchill Center.

Along with the special events during the conferencewill be the wonderful opportunities always associated withthis annual gathering of Churchillians: outstanding meals, areport on activities of The Churchill Center, conversationsabout Churchill, a chance to buy new Churchill books, re-unions with old friends, and meetings with new ones.

Pre-Conference ToursTwo special pre-conference tours have been orga-

nized for those who would like to see more of Alaska be-forehand. The first tour is a cruise from September 2nd-9th. For seven days, in a small cruise ship that allows a closelook at the wonders of southeast Alaska, including the col-orful and historic Russian capital of Sitka and the grandeurof Glacier Bay with its famous icebergs, you can cruise diecalm waters of southeast Alaska's "inside passage" with other

Chur-chillians,starting inSeattle andending inJuneau,the statecapital.Then,after aplane

flight to Anchorage on September 10th, you can ride theAlaska Railroad on September 1 lth to Mt. McKinley, thetallest mountain in North America, whose twin peaks werenamed for Churchill in 1965. The mountain is the crownjewel of Denali National Park, where visitors often seemoose, caribou, and grizzly bears from the comfort of thepark coaches. The Alaska Cabin Night show at the park of-fers a taste of old Alaska. This national park tour concludesat the Westin Alyeska Prince Hotel on September 13, intime to settle in before the conference begins with anevening reception.

These tours are arranged by Cruise West, the firmthat delighted Minnie Churchill on her visit to Alaska lastyear. Both the ship and the tour are first-rate. Early book-ings allow a significant discount on regular rates. ChurchillCenter members should have already received a mailingabout these tours. To make your booking, or for more infor-mation, contact Custom Travel Consultants, 11300 JeromeStreet, Anchorage, AK 99516, USA, or fax your request to(907) 344-8802 for a return call.

A Special InvitationThe conference promises to be unforgettable, and

gives you the chance to explore the wonders of America'slargest state. The conference organizers, and all Friends ofthe Churchill Center in Alaska, look forward to welcomingyou next September to Americas "Last Frontier." $

FINEST HOUR 104/22

CHURCHILLS AMERICAN HERITAGEWINSTON S. CHURCHILL

WHILE recently assemblingmy grandfather's writingson America into a single

volume entitled The Great Republic(reviewed in this issue. Ed.), I used itas the opportunity to research furthermy family's American forebears.

Winston Churchill was halfAmerican by birth—a fact of whichhe was deeply proud. In his first ad-dress to a joint session of the UnitedStates Congress, on 26 December1941, he teased the assembled Sena-tors and Representatives with themischievous suggestion, "If my fatherhad been American and my motherBritish, instead of the other way'round, I might have got here on myown!

His mother, Jennie Jerome ofBrooklyn, New York, later Lady Randolph Churchill, was anoted beauty of her day and Winston, as a young cavalry of-ficer, shamelessly used all the influence she was able to bringto bear in his quest to see action in different parts of theglobe from Cuba in 1895 and the North-West Frontier ofIndia in 1897, to the Sudan in 1898 and South Africa in1899. Through his maternal grandfather, Leonard Jerome,sometime proprietor and editor of The New York Times, hehad at least two forebears who fought against the British inthe American War of Independence: one great-grandfather,Samuel Jerome, served in the Berkshire County Militia whileanother, Major Libbeus Ball, of the 4th Massachusetts Regi-ment, marched and fought with George Washington's army atValley Forge. Furthermore Leonard Jerome s maternal grandfa-ther, Reuben Murray, served as a lieutenant in the Connecti-cut and New York Regiments, while his wife Clara's grandfa-ther, Ambrose Hall, was a captain in the Berkshire County

For a review of The Great Republic, which prompted the author's inter-est in his American forebears, please refer to "Books, Arts and Curiosi-ties," page 34. Acknowledgement is expressed to the Sunday TelegraphReview, where this article first appeared, and to the author for kindpermission to reprint in Finest Hour. We also believe that it is only fairto publish his views on his native American and Pilgrim ancestry in anissue that elsewhere contests one of these connections, with genealogi-cal research which he does acknowledge above.

Winston Churchill consults an Indian during hisrecent visit to Plimoth Plantation, Massachusetts. Atleft is John Kemp, Colonial Interpretation director.

Militia at Bennington. Indeed I havefound no evidence of any ancestor whofought with the British in this mis-guided conflict, which Chatham andBurke had been so eager to avoid!

Not only did Winston Churchillhave Revolutionary blood in his veinsbut, possibly, native American as well.According to family tradition, Jennie'smaternal grandmother, Clarissa Will-cox, was half-Iroquois. Clarissa's fa-ther, David Willcox, is recorded asmarrying Anna Baker and settling inPalmyra, New York in 1791. The im-plication is that Clarissa may havebeen a half Iroquois accepted into thefamily. The truth will perhaps neverbe known. It is unsurprising that suchmatters, most especially in those days,went unrecorded. What is certain is

that Winston's mother, Jennie, and her sister Leonie, firmlybelieved the story to be true, having been told by theirmother, Clara: "My dears, there is something you shouldknow. It may not be chic but it is rather interesting...." Fur-thermore, the family portrait of his maternal grandmotherClara, which I have inherited from my grandfather, lendscredence to the suggestion that she may have been quarter-Iroquois, with her oval face and mysteriously dark features.

In recent years, genealogical researchers have soughtto cast scorn on the suggestion that Clara's descent is otherthan "American Colonial of English background" (see"Urban Myths," pages 31-32. -Ed.). But this fails to explainwhy, some 130 years ago, Clara would have told her daugh-ters the story, at a time when it would have been deeply un-fashionable to make such a claim. Nor does it explain the ev-idence of Clara's features which have little in common withthe Anglo-Saxon. Furthermore, it is undisputed that thedensely wooded country south of Lake Ontario aroundPalmyra, New York, where Clarissa Willcox was born, wasthe heartland of the Iroquois nation.

My cousin, Anita Leslie, in The Fabulous LeonardJerome, quotes her grandmother Leonie, remarking on herexceptional energy: "That's my Indian blood, only don't letMama know I told you!" While it is unlikely that the ques-

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR KM, / 23

tion of the family's native American heritage can be firmlyproved either way, I have little doubt as to the truth of thematter. For me physical features speak louder than any entryin a register of births, but I leave it to the reader to make hisor her own judgment of the matter.

WHILE compiling The Great Republic I read thatthe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints,better known as the Mormons, had made avail-

able thirty years of their researches on both sides of the At-lantic (www.familysearch.org), dumping on the Internet therecords of some 300 million individuals who had been born,been married or had died on either side of the Atlantic. Thesystem is somewhat quirky, in that it refused to recognise mygrandfathers name, but when I punched in the name of Jen-nie Jerome and her parents, suddenly an amazing family treesprouted forth, detailing some 255 ancestors on the Ameri-can side of my family, of whose existence I had previouslybeen unaware. Many of the branches run back to before thetime of Columbus, one even through twenty-eight genera-tions to the West Country to one Gervaise GifFord born in1122 at Whitchurch, Dorset. That particular branch of thefamily barely moved fifteen miles in the space of fifteen gen-erations before William GifFord, born in 1614 at MiltonDamerel, Devon, and who married at St. Martins, London,on 4 March 1683, sailed for America, dying soon afterwardsat Sandwich, Massachusetts in 1687.

Of these 255 ancestors I discovered no fewer than 26who were born in England but died in America. To me theyare true heroes—for these were the men and women whofounded the America of today. In the course of my re-searches, I suddenly stumbled on the fact that one of my an-cestors, John Cooke, who died in Plymouth, Massachusettsin 1694, had been born in Leyden, Holland, in 1607. Awarethat nearly half the Pilgrims on the Mayflower had beenknown as the "Leyden Community"—Walloon Protestantsescaping religious persecution—I was prompted to wonder ifany of my forebears had made that momentous voyage.

Within seconds, using an admirable Internet searchengine straight out of P. G. Wodehouse, appropriatelynamed www.askjeeves.com, I was able to call up via theMayflower website the full manifest of all 102 passengers andwas fascinated to discover (assuming the Morman databaseto be correct) that Winston Churchill, ten generations re-moved, had not one but three ancestors who sailed on theMayflowerand who, more importantly, were among the merefifty who survived the rigours of that first cruel winter on theshores of Massachusetts.

John Cooke, a lad of just 13, was one of those passen-gers, as was his father, Francis, and his future father-in-law,Richard Warren. I was further intrigued to learn thatthrough diem we may be linked to no fewer than three Pres-idents of the United States—Ulysses S. Grant, Franklin D.Roosevelt and George Bush—and to Alan Shephard, the firstAmerican in space and the fifth to walk on the moon.

The one question mark regarding this lineage iswhether John Cooke's and his wife Sarah Warren's daughterElizabeth was indeed the mother of Churchill's ancestor,Daniel Willcox, Jr., born c. 1656/57 at Dartmouth, Massa-chusetts. While the Morman database is clear on this point,the suggestion has been advanced that Elizabeth may havebeen the second wife of Daniel Willcox—therefore only thestep-mother of Daniel Jr.—in which case the direct link tothe Mayflower'would not be valid. There is here a conflict ofevidence as yet unresolved.

What is undisputed is that this injection of Americanblood, through my great-grandmother Jennie Jerome, kick-started to new triumphs the Marlborough dynasty whichhad slumbered through seven generations since JohnChurchill, First Duke of Marlborough, had won his series ofdazzling victories that had humbled France's "Sun King,"Louis XIV, at the turn of the 18th century. ¥>

CHURCHILL CENTER NEWS

• THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS has elected new offi-cers for 2000-2001: John Plumpton, President; Bill Ives,Vice-President; John Mather, Secretary; Craig Horn,Treasurer; and Richard Langworth, Chairman of theBoard of Trustees. We have also scheduled our secondstrategic planning session for our next board meeting, inLansdowne, Virginia during the last days of March 2000.For more information contact any of The Churchill Cen-ter officers listed on the inside front cover.

• THE RIVER WAR is to be republished! The Center iscompleting arrangements with the Churchill literary in-terests and St. Augustine's Press, publishers of classic andscholarly works, for a new two-volume unabridgedreplica edition of Churchill's most comprehensive andsought after early work, his history of the reconquest ofthe Sudan. Tentative plans call for a two-volume slip-cased set in identical binding to the original, replicationof all maps and photos, and a newly footnoted text show-ing where all the 1902 extractions and additions weremade. Expect to see it by the end of 2000.

• CHARTWELL and THE CABINET WAR ROOMSnow have their own websites, thanks to CC webmasterJohn Plumpton, who worked with both institutions topost information on opening times, exhibits and break-ing news. They are accessible from The Churchill Centerwebsite (www.winstonchurchill.org), where you'll findthem in our "Churchill's England" section.

• A NEW CHECKLIST OF WORKS ABOUTCHURCHILL has been completed by Curt Zoller andwill supersede the present edition, Churchill BibliographicData, in 2000. Watch for it! $

FINEST HOUR 104 / 24

ENGLISH-SPEAKING PEOPLES

DISARMAMENTFABLES

"False ideas nave teen spread about the

country that disarmament means peace."

-Churchill, House of Commons, 14 March 1934

RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

THE rejection of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty(CTBT) by the U.S. Senate resulted in a stampedefor Churchill quotes. Within hours of the Senate

vote Finest Hour had a call from the White House asking usto cite Churchill's famous, private remark during frustrationover U.S. recalcitrance in some wartime enterprise: "Ameri-cans can always be counted upon to do the right thing, afterall other possibilities have been exhausted." Had we foundthe citation, we were assured we would have heard it on theevening news. Treaty opponents didn't have to ask us; theymerely referred to Churchill's speeches during the late 1930s.

A similar flutter rustled through British politics in thelate Twenties and early Thirties over a plethora of treaties torestrict armaments. What was different was the wave of vitu-peration that followed the 1999 decision. CTBT opponentsaccused sponsors of placing the nation's safety in danger—asif anyone consciously wished that—while sponsors accusedopponents of isolationism—though many pro-treaty sena-tors had voted in the past against Desert Storm, the NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In Churchill'stime, hot words were exchanged across the House of Com-mons floor over disarmament treaties; but one reads littleabout outrageous or hypocritical accusations made afterwardat press conferences. It would have been more befitting "TheGreat Republic" for claimants to have recognized that eachside held honorable views and valid arguments.

This writer believes that the senators did the world afavor, while failing to explain themselves. Instead they"look[ed] at their shoes, muttering about procedural mattersand complaining about the attacks on them," as one editorialput it, failing "to explain unapologetically to the public whythe CTBT was harmful to American interests (and ulti-mately, of course, to world interests)."

"World interests" were well represented. Heads of

"English-Speaking Peoples" is a periodic opinion series on themes ofinterest to the English-Speaking Community Churchill loved. Com-ment pro and con is always welcomed.

Daily Worker, 2 March 1950, after it hadbeen announced that Churchill was onthe short list for the Nobel Peace Prize.

government in Europe,Canada, and countries on thePacific rim urged Americanacceptance. With all respect, itis the United States on whichthe hard choice will fall in anynuclear confrontation. In theTwenties and Thirties GreatBritain was the superpower;and Churchill insisted onBritain making her own deci-sions: "I am afraid," he said in1932, "that a large part of theobject of every country is tothrow the blame for an im-pending failure upon someother country while willing, ifpossible, to win the NobelPeace Prize for itself."

Britain, he held, as thecarrier of the major burden ina European war, could not dis-arm because "the expectationof general disarmament upona great scale has failed; thehope of one nation being able

to disarm its rival has been frustrated by the very stout andstubborn resistance which every nation makes to thatprocess." Disregarding Churchill, Britain disarmed anyway.What followed is well known.

The Senate testimony of former U.N. AmbassadorJeane Kirkpatrick summarized some points Churchill hadmade, and it is interesting to contrast their words. Americanstake treaties seriously, Kirkpatrick said, but not everybodydoes—particularly nations paranoid about security or con-vinced they are under threat. "I am very doubtful whetherthere is any use in pressing national disarmament," Churchillsaid in March 1933, "to a point where nations think theirsafety is compromised, while the quarrels which divide themand which lead to their armaments and their fears are stillunadjusted."

The credibility of the U.S. nuclear arsenal, she con-tinued, may ironically be even more important now, sincethe "nuclear family" is growing, yet real peace has not beenassured. "When you have peace you will have disarmament,"Churchill said in July 1934. "But there has been during theseyears a steady deterioration in the relations between differentcountries and a rapid increase in armaments that has gone onin spite of the endless flow of oratory, of well-meaning senti-ments, of perorations, and of banquets. Europe will be securewhen nations no longer feel themselves in danger, as many ofthem do now. Then the pressure and the burden of arma-ments will fall away automatically."

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR 104 / 25

The quality of a nuclear arsenal, Kirkpatrick went on,rests on its being tested to ensure that it works. Its mainte-nance is expensive; but what is the alternative? "The cause ofdisarmament will not be attained by mush, slush and gush,"wrote Churchill in May 1932. "It will be advanced steadilyby the harassing expense of fleets and armies, and by thegrowth of confidence in a long peace. It will be achieved onlywhen in a favourable atmosphere half a dozen great men,with as many first class powers at their back, are able to liftworld affairs out to their present increasing confusion." Weare still awaiting the arrival of "half a dozen great men" (andwomen). Let us hope the supply is not exhausted.

The CTBT was unverifiable, Ambassador Kirkpatrickconcluded, since it is impossible to detect the particular typeof nuclear tests as likely to be undertaken by rogue states runby madmen. This danger was foreseen by Churchill muchearlier, when the nuclear age had already dawned, in March1955, just before he resigned as Prime Minister: "It may wellbe that we shall by a process of sublime irony have reached astage in this story where safety will be the sturdy child of ter-ror, and survival the twin brother of annihilation....I mustmake one admission, and any admission is formidable. The[nuclear] deterrent does not cover the case of lunatics or dic-tators in the mood of Hitler when he found himself in hisfinal dug-out. That is a blank. Happily, we may find meth-ods of protecting ourselves, if we were all agreed, againstthat." Was he suggesting an anti-ballistic missile defense,long proposed in the United States and now being tested inRussia? Of course not: that was indeed a blank in 1955. Buthis proviso, "if we were all agreed," recalls the notion of Pres-ident Reagan fifteen years ago to share an ABM defense withthe Soviet Union.

Granted, in the 1930s Churchill was speaking aboutconventional disarmament, not international agreements tolimit the development, testing, production and deploymentof H-bombs. But his philosophy remains applicable. Whilehis remarks cannot be used to establish whether he wouldsupport or propose a particular modern treaty, we may nev-ertheless derive from them some general guidelines.

1) Churchill held it unreasonable to expect nations toabide by treaties prohibiting certain weapons while the rea-sons for which they developed or desired those weapons re-main unaddressed. ("I am very doubtful whether there is anyuse in pressing national disarmament to a point where na-tions think their safety is compromised while the quarrelswhich divide them and which lead to their armaments andtheir fears are still unadjusted.")

2) The apocalyptic nature of nuclear weapons was inChurchill's view a deterrent to war. Their sheer terror may wellexercise restraining influence over future nuclear powers, pro-vided that the superpower's arsenal remains credible. ("It maywell be that we shall by a process of sublime irony havereached a stage in this story where safety will be the sturdychild of terror, and survival die twin brother of annihilation.")

3) Even apocalyptic weapons may not deter lunatics

or dictators, against whom other defenses may be necessary.("Happily, we may find methods of protecting ourselves, ifwe were all agreed, against that.")

4) Churchill believed in principle over political expe-diency. Pro-CTBT politicians announced solemnly that 75or 80 percent of the public favored it, as if that relieved themof their duty, which has always begun with "providing for thecommon defense." (In 1936, arguing for rearmament in theface of Nazi Germany, Churchill said: "I would endure withpatience the roar of exultation that would go up when I wasproved wrong, because it would lift a load off my heart andthe hearts of many Members. What does it matter who getsexposed or discomfited? If the country is safe, who cares forindividual politicians, in or out of office?")

But "treaty" is a warm and fuzzy word. On its face itsignifies the cessation of hostilities, agreement among the na-tions, the dawn of peace. One recalls the fulsome praise ofthe Versailles Treaty. Churchill preferred to analyze treatieson their merits, and believed that absent security, a treatymay only succeed in making war more likely. To his con-stituents in 1928, he related a "Disarmament Fable" whichsummarizes his philosophy over banning certain weapons,but not others, without providing for the general security es-sential if disarmament is to work:

Churchill's Disarmament Fableupon a time all the animals in the Zoo decided

they would disarm, and they arranged to have aconference to settle the matter. So the Rhinoceros said whenhe opened the proceedings that the use of teeth was barbarousand horrible and ought to be strictly prohibited by generalconsent. Horns, which were mainly defensive weapons,would, of course, have to be allowed. The Buffalo, the Stag,the Porcupine, and even the little Hedgehog all said theywould vote with the Rhino, but the Lion and the Tiger took adifferent view. They defended teeth and even claws, whichthey described as honourable weapons of immemorial antiq-uity. The Panther, the Leopard, the Puma, and the wholetribe of small cats all supported the Lion and the Tiger.

"Then the Bear spoke. He proposed that both teethand horns should be banned and never used again for fight-ing by any animal. It would be quite enough if animals wereallowed to give each other a good hug when they quarrelled.No one could object to that. It was so fraternal, and thatwould be a great step towards peace. However, all the otheranimals were very offended with the Bear, and the Turkey fellinto a perfect panic.

"The discussion got so hot and angry, and all thoseanimals began thinking so much about horns and teeth andhugging when they argued about the peaceful intentions thathad brought them together that they began to look at oneanother in a very nasty way. Luckily the keepers were able tocalm them down and persuade them to go back quietly totheir cages, and they began to feel quite friendly with one an-other again." $

FINEST HOUR 104 / 26

ENGLISH-SPEAKING PEOPLES

"WESTWARD, LOOK,

THE LAND IS BRIGHT"Adding Britain Is a Logical Extension or

the North American Free Trade Agreement

PAUL H. ROBINSON, JR.

IN April 1941, Winston Churchill broadcast to his nationand the world a report on the war, which was still goingbadly for Britain. Nevertheless, he offered hope and he

noted, "Nothing that can happen in the East is comparableto what is happening in the West." He closed with the fol-lowing lines, "...which seem apt and appropriate to our for-tunes tonight and I believe they will be so judged whereverthe English language is spoken or the flag of freedom flies:"

And not by eastern windows only,When daylight comes, comes in the light;In front the sun climbs slow, how slowly.But westward, look, the land is bright!

As Britain contemplates Europe's Economic Monetary Union,this sentiment has implications today. Should Britain join theEMU, there would almost certainly be a negative effect onBritain's sovereignty as well as elimination of the pound.

Before World War II Churchill said, "We are bound tofurther every honest and practical step which the nations ofEurope may make to reduce the barriers which divide themand to nourish their common interests and their commonwelfare....But we have our own dreams and our own task. Weare with Europe, but not of it. We are linked, but not ab-sorbed." After the war, while calling for European unity, henever suggested that Britain's sovereignty should be absorbedinto the continent or that its institutions or currency shouldbe subordinated to the interests of the continent.

The purpose of this article is to suggest that the bestcourse for Britain, which is also in the best interests ofCanada and the United States, would be to join with NorthAmerica on a trilateral basis or as a regular or associate mem-ber of the North American Free Trade Agreement.

This would not interfere with Great Britain's existingobligations under the Maastricht Treaty, but would expandher trade horizon greatly. The UK could become the tradelinchpin of the Atlantic between Europe and the WesternHemisphere. "A rising tide lifts all boats." This market couldbe expanded to include other European countries as well askindred nations such as Australia and New Zealand.

Paul Robinson was U.S. Ambassador to Canada, 1981-85. He is cur-rently chairman of Robinson International, Chicago and Washington,and chairman of the International Council of Churchill Societies.

U.S. Senator Phil Gramm, chairman of the SenateBanking Committee and member of the Finance Commit-tee, has directed the International Trade Commission to pre-pare a report analyzing the impact on the U.S. economy, in-cluding the impact on American consumers, producers, ser-vice providers and exporters, of including Great Britain in afree trade area with the United States, Canada and Mexico.

This report must be submitted to the Senate FinanceCommittee within 180 days. I hope that the British peoplewill agree this additional trade incentive should be pursued,and that they will make their views known to their Membersof Parliament and other appropriate political leaders.

Senator Gramm has stated: "I would like to see GreatBritain joining NAFTA to expand trade relations betweenthe U.S. and the U.K. Being in the free trade agreement withus would not prevent their being in a currency agreementwith Europe. But it would make good sense because we haveso much British capital here and we are close in terms of fi-nancial development and historic ties. It would be a checkon both protectionism within America and Europe....It is upto the British to respond."

European parliamentary elections show there is onlypassive interest in that body and suggests that further gov-ernmental connection with the European Union—whichjoining the euro would mean—is not universally acceptablein Britain. Prime Minister Tony Blair has commented: "Wehave got to listen and reflect on the lessons of the election."

While United States Ambassador to Canada, I wascalled the "Godfather of Free Trade" between the two coun-tries, which has now evolved into NAFTA. Adding Britain isthe logical extension of that effort. In this endeavour, I havespoken to political and governmental leaders who have ex-pressed a genuine interest. Conrad Black, owner of The Na-tional Post and 400 other newspapers in four countries, hasalso strongly supported this effort in several articles that ap-peared in his and other publications.

Trade between the United States and Canada is thelargest in the world, last year totaling $504 billion. U.S. Di-rect investment in Canada has increased from approximately$85 billion in 1991 to $130 billion in 1997. Canadian directinvestment in the United States has gone from $63 billion to$99 billion in the same period. In 1998, British investmentin the United States was $142 billion: Great Britain is Amer-ica's largest foreign investor.

These statistics show the already-great interrelation-ship between our countries. By comparison, the euro hasslipped 8% against the pound, and 12% against the U.S. dol-lar, since its inception at the beginning of 1999. The Ameri-can-Canadian trade increase shows what can be done under atrade agreement, particularly in light of the fact that two-waytrade has more than doubled since 1989. Between 1992 and1998, two-way trade increased by more than 13.7% per year,or approximately $1.5 billion per day. Britons must awake tothis greatly increased additional trade opportunity: historycommends it, economics demand it, reason endorses it. Mi

FINEST HOUR 104/27

100-75-50-25 YEARS AGO

mmi C

—-

Michael McMenamin

One hundred years ago:Autumn 1899-Age 25"World Famous Overnight"

Autumn 1899 began with war corres-pondent Churchill traveling by ship

to South Africa to report on the Anglo-Boer War. It ended with escaped prisonerChurchill traveling by train surreptitiouslyout of South Africa into Portuguese EastAfrica. In between these two journeys,Churchill became famous throughout theworld.

Churchill had accompanied an ar-mored train which was ambushed by theBoers on its way to Ladysmith. Whiletechnically a non-combatant, he had beenarmed with his Mauser pistol and hadvolunteered his services to the train's com-mander, Captain Aylmer Haldane, afterthe train came under fire. Several rail carshad been derailed by Boer artillery, pre-venting the engine from retreating tosafety. Under constant machine gun andartillery fire from the Boers, Churchill di-rected the clearing of the line, helped loadwounded onto the engine's tender andthen accompanied the engine to safety atFrere Station. After doing so, he returnedon foot to the action to assist the remain-ing wounded and was captured. The dri-ver of the train was quoted in contempo-rary accounts as saying of Churchill that"there is not a braver gentleman in thearmy." One wounded officer whomChurchill helped lead to safety called him"as brave a man as could be found."

Brave, but forgetful. In returning tohelp the wounded, Churchill had left hisMauser on the engine, so that he was un-

armed when confronted by a Boer rifle-man on a horse. Churchill described themoment of his capture in My Early Life:

I thought there was absolutely nochance of escape, if he fired he wouldsurely hit me, so I held up my handsand surrendered myself a prisoner ofwar. "When one is alone and un-armed," said the great Napoleon, inwords which flowed into my mind inthe poignant minutes that followed,"a surrender may be pardoned."

Unfortunately for Churchill, his daringexploits in rescuing the train were widelyreported in the press by his fellow corre-spondents, undermining his efforts topersuade the Boers to release him on thegrounds that he was a non-combatant.Churchill claimed in a letter to the BoerSecretary of State for War that he hadtaken "no part in the defence of the ar-moured train" and was "quite unarmed."

The Boers weren't fooled. They read thenewspapers too. Contemporary corre-spondence from South African govern-ment officials gave Winston completecredit for the train's escape:

...but for [Churchill's] presence on dietrain, not a single Englishman orsolider would have escaped. After thetrain was forced to a standstill the of-ficers and men would definitely havefallen into enemy hands had he notdirected proceedings in such a cleverand thorough way, whilst walkingalongside die engine, that die train to-gether with its load escaped capture.

Having failed in his efforts to secure hisrelease voluntarily, Churchill determinedto escape. He joined a plot conceived byCaptain Haldane and a British sergeantwho spoke Afrikaans and a native lan-guage. The plan was to escape throughthe window of a latrine. Churchill wasthe first out the window and over thewall. He was also the only one to make it,because patrolling sentries made it impos-sible for the other two. After waiting anhour and a half and conversing with Hal-dane through the latrine window,Churchill determined to go it alone and,as he later described it, "got up withoutany attempt at concealment and walkedstraight out at the gate" into the streets ofPretoria.

Churchill's escape made headlinesaround the world and one Boer officialposted a £25 reward for him "dead oralive." He had walked through Pretoriaunrecognized until he came to the railwayleading to Portuguese East Africa andhopped aboard die train, concealing him-self beneath empty coal bags. Churchillwas lucky to make it as far as Witbank,75 miles from Pretoria and still 200 milesfrom the frontier. He was luckier still tohappen upon the house of John Howard,British manager of coal mines in Wit-bank, who hid him in one of the minesand engaged the local storekeeper,Charles Burnham, to smuggle him bytrain out of the country concealed in aconsignment of cotton bales Burnhamwas shipping to Delagoa Bay, PortugueseEast Africa. He made it across the border21 December and to Durban by die 23rd.His son wrote in the Official Biography,"Churchill arrived to find that he had be-come world-famous overnight...."

FINEST HOUR 104 / 28

100-75-50-25 YEARS AGO

Seventy-five years ago:Autumn 1924* Age 50"This Fulfills My Ambition"

In October Churchill returned to thecampaign trail, standing for a seat at

Epping as a "Constitutionalist," but giv-ing "wholehearted support" to the Con-servative Party. During the campaign, heattacked the Socialist government's pro-posal to loan the Soviet Union £40 mil-lion: "Why should we do that? Duringthe war we lent Russia £600 millionswhen they were fighting bravely on ourside, but the Bolshevists, when they madethe revolution, deserted the Allied causeand repudiated the debt. At the sametime they stole £120 millions of Britishproperty in Russia, and we are at presentwhistling for our money....But it is notonly a question of money—it is a ques-tion of honour. Russia is a tyranny, thevilest tyranny that ever existed. The greatmass of the Russian people are gripped bya gang of cosmopolitan adventurers, whohave settled down on the country likevultures and are tearing it to pieces."

On October 29th Churchill returnedto Parliament with a substantial majority.The Conservative Party won in a land-slide, 419 seats against 151 for Labour. Asa consequence, Churchill wrote to afriend, "I think it is very likely that I shallnot be invited to join the Government, asowing to the size of its majority it willprobably be composed only of impeccableConservatives."

Churchill was wrong, however, andthe man he had attacked in strong per-sonal terms only a year earlier, now PrimeMinister Stanley Baldwin, invited him tojoin the government as Chancellor of theExchequer: the second-highest post in thegovernment. Churchill readily accepted,telling Baldwin, "This fulfills my ambi-tion. I still have my father's robe as Chan-cellor. I shall be proud to serve you in thissplendid Office." The appointment wasnot well received by the ConservativeParty. The Times was critical and AustenChamberlain said in a letter to Baldwin,"I am alarmed at the news that you havemade Winston Chancellor, not because Ido not wish Winston well but because Ifear that this particular appointment willbe a great shock to the Party."

Churchill promptly produced a bud-get, which included substantial tax re-forms, notably lower income taxes. Hestrongly opposed the Admiralty's requestof over £27 million to be spent for theconstruction of new ships, ridiculing theclaim that this was necessary to preparefor a possible war with Japan: "A war withJapan! But why should there be a warwith Japan? I do not believe there is theslightest chance of it in our lifetime."

Fifty years ago:Autumn 1949 • Age 75"Chickenham Palace"

Churchill was still recuperating fromthe minor stroke he had suffered

while on holiday in France. He continuedto work on his war memoirs, submittingdraft chapters for comment to a wide va-riety of people including his wife,Clementine, who told him one night atdinner: "...I hope you will pay some at-tention to the little notes I have made inthe margins. You must make a great manychanges. I got so tired of the endless detailabout unimportant battles and incidents.So much of the material is pedestrian."

Kept informed by Prime MinisterClement Attlee of significant defense andforeign policy developments, Churchillprivately gave advice, writing Attlee: "Adefenceless Britain can play no part in thedefence of Europe. Her power to help inthe past has arisen from an integral, insu-lar security. If this falls, all falls. If it en-dures, all may be defended or regained.Mere contributions, however generous, toEuropean schemes of defence will be use-ful to Europe if Britain is herself nolonger a living military entity. It is notisolationism to set this first objective first.On the contrary it is the only foundationupon which effective help can be given toEurope and to other parts of the Empire."

By mid-December, Churchill wentto Chartwell where one of his guests, SirArchibald Sinclair, later wrote about hisvisit: "Clemmie was younger, more activeand agile in supervising everything, moreexquisitely neat than ever and in excellentqueenly looks. Winston was recoveringfrom a very bad cold but he was in grandform—as lively and incessant in his con-versation as he was in Cabinet in the old

days, eating, drinking and smoking as vo-raciously as ever. He took me round thefarms, showed me short-horns and Jer-seys, and then a huge brick hen-housewhich he had built himself—'Chicken-ham Palace.' Alongside was a noisome &messy little piece of bare ground—'Chickenham Palace Gardens.'"

Twenty-five years ago:Autumn 1974"Never Give In...."

In mid-October editor Dalton Newfieldstruggled to produce the second and

final issue of Finest Hour of the year, an-nouncing that the annual subscriptionhad been raised from $5 to $6: "FinestHour is irregular because we want tobring you as fine a bulletin as possible,and this means, among other things thatit should be offset printed, with illustra-tions. But we cannot afford the plates [so]a friend who does this for a living hasgiven us the plates! The only thing thathe asks is that he not be given a deadline."Dal was spread too thin, and there wasnobody to take his place. "We were relax-ing in the knowledge that the editorshipwas in good hands when, abruptly, SteveKing reported he could no longer con-tinue. We have no details to give you."

Finest Hour was packed with all thematerial we had come to enjoy: "As Oth-ers Saw Him" (Mortimer Menpes onYoung Winston in South Africa), "Im-mortal Words" ("Never Give In..."), a bigfeature about new Churchill Centenarypostage stamps, a jumbo column "AboutBooks," and a report of another meetingof the UK branch at London's RegentPalace Hotel: "I wish that we could havesuch meetings in the USA and Canada, asthere is no one benefit to be derived fromICS so valuable as meeting, face to face,the wonderful people who compose theSociety....a bit of business was discussed.Altogether, it was fun." How gratified DalNewfield would be twenty-five years laterto know that we closed out the 125th an-niversary of Winston Churchill's birthwith two meetings, one in England andone in America, attracting a combined350 people; and helped launch a newnaval vessel bearing the great man's name,which drew a crowd of 8000. $

FINEST HOUR 104 / 29

FRED FARROW I 906-1999RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

FRED Farrow was the most unfor-gettable Churchillian I ever met.His uniqueness lay not so much in

his numerous accomplishments, but inthe way he continued accomplishing at avery old age. "I am blessed by comingfrom a line of long-lived people," he saidfour years ago, behind his desk at Cen-tury Instruments in Livonia, Michigan,the company he founded and built upfrom nothing. "I come in every day andkeep an eye on things, and I intend tokeep right on doing so." He was then 89.

The phone rang. It was 7PM. "Ex-cuse me," he said, and, picking up thephone: "Century Instruments....I'm sorry,you'll have to call back tomorrow. We'rehaving a meeting right now. Mr. Farrowisn't available."

What corporation can you ring up inthe middle of the evening and find your-self talking to the president, who is toobusy to chat?

Fred arrived in the United Statesfrom England with an engineering degreeand not much else in 1929, of all years.Three years earlier, loading BritishGazettes on London docks during theGeneral Strike, he had met WinstonChurchill. Hearing Fred talking to hismates, the Chancellor of the Exchequerwalked over to him: "Young man, youdon't sound like a Londoner—what partof the country do you come from?" Fredpitched his bundle of newspapers into thetruck, stood as tall as he could and said,"County Durham, Sir!" The grin onChurchill's face widened and he steppedcloser, put his hand on Fred's shoulderand said, "Jolly good. Carry on. God blessyou." Fred was hooked.

His other hero was Henry Ford, forwhom he did engineering work at theFord Rouge Plant and Greenfield Village("Henry's Ford Museum," as wags call it).One day during a glass-blowing demon-stration for a Greenfield Village crafts ex-hibit, Mr. Ford signaled to Fred who wasstanding nearby. "Farrow, why can't wesee the blessed thing?" "Because, Mr.Ford, there's too much light streamingthrough that big window."

"Follow me," said Henry Ford, andthe great industrialist marched off downRouge corridors with Fred in tow. Finallyhe stopped in front of a closet and ges-tured: "In there." Fred entered and foundan enormous black tarpaulin, which to-gether they hauled back to block the lightin the glass-blowing room. "What aston-ished me was that Henry Ford, of all peo-ple, knew exactly where to look in thathuge factory for the thing he needed."

Century Instruments manufacturesindustrial measuring devices. Fred's mottowas: "If it can be measured, we can con-trol it." He didn't talk much about hisbusiness; we were there to talk Churchill.But I couldn't help but notice the bigmap covering one wall of his tiny office,sprouting dozens of red-headed pins. "Arethose all your customers?" I asked. "Yes,"he said. "I'm particularly proud of MexicoCity." Mexico City?

"We were flustered trying to developa market in Mexico," Fred explained, "soI went down myself to have a look. Iasked, 'How many sausage makers arethere here?' The Yellow Pages listed six-teen. So I made up a little brochure, inSpanish, explaining how much our in-struments would save the sausage makersby measuring quantities and reducingwaste. I would have been astonished if we

got two replies—flabbergasted if we gotfour. We got seven! Today almost all thesausage makers in Mexico City are usingCentury Instruments!"

TIME is running out and I haven'ttold you the half of it. After hisbeloved wife died, Fred refused to

grieve. "I was not going to become arecluse, eating TV dinners every night,"he said, "so every night I go home andcook myself a full dinner." He drove him-self in his beautifully maintained, 18-foot-long 1991 Cadillac Brougham ("Idon't like the new round ones"), whichscared me because he was, after all, push-ing 90. Later I learned that his majorhandicap was hearing. I never realized it,because Fred had taught himself enoughlip-reading to make you think he couldhear every word you said.

Fred believed deeply in TheChurchill Center, particularly its workwith young people. His generosity wasmanifest, but he asked no acknowledge-ment, no praise, no glory. "I am only acatalyst," he said. "I just want to get theball rolling." How good it was that helived long enough to see the endowmenthe helped start roll on up and over its firstmillion dollars. If there is still a long wayto go, the road is that much shorter, notonly because of his generosity, but that ofothers he inspired.

Like his hero, Winston Churchill,Fred never feared death. But I do regretthat more of our people, besides thosewho met him at conferences and tours,were not aware of this giant among us.The first thing I turned to after learningof his death, on November 11th, wasChurchill's piece about Arthur Balfour inGreat Contemporaries. It could have beenwritten for Fred Farrow:

"As I observed him regarding withcalm, firm and cheerful gaze the approachof Death, I felt how foolish the Stoicswere to make such a fuss about an eventso natural and so indispensable tomankind. But I felt also the tragedywhich robs the world of all the wisdomand treasure gathered in a great man's lifeand experience, and hands the lamp tosome impetuous and untutored stripling,or lets it fall shivered into fragments uponthe ground."

Fare thee well, my gifted, true andmany-sided friend. $

FINEST HOUR 104/30

URBAN MYTHS-. INDIAN FOREBEARSELIZABETH CHURCHILL SNELL

LONG before the age of politi-cal correctness, someChurchills delighted in ex-

tolling the legend of their NativeAmerican blood, believed to havebeen introduced through JennieJerome's maternal grandmother,Clarissa Willcox. Despite the much-mooted Indian features of some ofClarissa's descendants, there is nogenealogical evidence to support In-dian ancestry in the Jerome lineage.

In Jennie: The Life of LadyRandolph Churchill, Vol. I,1 RalphG. Martin wrote that Randolph S.Churchill in his biography of his fa-ther noted that the mother of Jen-nie's grandmother Clarissa was oneAnna Baker, whose "mother'smaiden name is not recorded in thegenealogies" and "is believed to havebeen an Iriquois [sic] Indian." Al-though Randolph did write some-thing like this2 it is ironic that any Churchills orChurchillians give credence to Jennie, which was withdrawnin Britain over its false allegation that Sir Winston's brotherJack was not Lord Randolph's son. In any case, the fact isthat we now know not only Anna Baker's mother's name butsomething of her background—thanks to an unearthed1951 typescript on the descendants of the Baker family.3

Joseph Baker, born at Jamestown, Rhode Island on12 February 1738 or 1739, married Experience Martin inSwansea, Massachusetts on 4 September 1760. Experiencewas the daughter of Eleazer Martin of Swansea (died 1749)and his wife, also named Experience, who, as a widow, wasrecorded in a land transaction of 30 March 1776.4 Circa1761 Joseph and Experience Baker, together with Joseph'sbrother William and two male cousins, George Sherman Sr.and Jr., migrated to Sackville in the newly created BritishProvince of Nova Scotia, 5 where Anna reputedly was born.They were all living at Sackville in 1770, but later returned

Mrs. Snell is a Churchill Center Associate who divides her time be-tween Halifax, Nova Scotia and Devon, England. She is the author ofThe Churchills: Pioneers and Politicians (reviewed in Finest Hour 85).

S H _ - | THINK

1CAN HEAR.A LITTLE WAR.COMING-THE

Churchill made no secret of his belief that one of hisancestors was native American. If the press knew about it in

1920, it would explain this cartoon in the Daily Express,ridiculing his attempts to fight Bolsheviks in Russia.

to New England. The ancestry ofJoseph Baker is well documented.6

In these pre-Revolutionary dayswhen Nova Scotia was often regarded asa 14th American colony, the 1748Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle7 restored theisland of Cape Breton and its mightyLouisbourg fortress to France, and Cap-tain John Gorham was sent by Gover-nor Shirley of Massachusetts to organizeNova Scotia's defence. In 1749, with thefounding of the British fortress of Hali-fax to counterbalance Louisbourg,Gorham's assignment was to constructthe first outpost fort from Halifax at themouth of the Sackville River—the chiefartery into the interior—to protect thesettlement from the French and their al-lies, the Micmac Indians.8

A crack militiaman and powerfulIndian fighter, John Gorham installedhis band of sixty to 100 Rangers, mostof them Mohawk Indians from New

England, at the new Fort Sackville. By 1761, when AnnaBaker was born in Sackville, Gorham had died and the com-mand rested with his brother Joseph, who undertook somereorganization. The former militia became a unit in the reg-ular army and a blockhouse was erected. It may have beenthat Anna's father, uncle and male cousins became soldiers inthe new command or were attached in another capacity.

After the Baker family returned to New Englandaround 1787, Anna Baker married David Willcox (born 10January 1762 at Dartmouth, Massachusetts). By 1791 thecouple had moved to Palmyra in northern New York State,where Willcox purchased a 100-acre farm and also set up ablacksmith shop. The building believed to have been theirdwelling was still in existence in 1970, when Anita Leslie,grand-niece of Jennie Jerome, visited Palmyra on a book pro-motion tour for her life of Lady Randolph Churchill.9 AnnaBaker Willcox's daughter Clarissa was born 30 September1796. David and Anna Willcox are buried together inPalmyra, where their headstones may still be seen. Anna's fa-ther, Joseph Baker, died 15 June 1796 and in his will namedhis daughter, "Anne Willcocks."10

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR 104/31

Hall-Jerome-Churchill Line of Descent

Eleazer Martin marriedd. 1749, will named a minor daughter, Experience

Experience Martinb. [a minor in 1749]d. before 11 Feb 1795

married(4 Sep 1760,

Swansea, Mass.)

Anna Bakerb. 27 May 1761, Sackville, N.S.d. 28 Dec 1813, Palmyra, N.Y.

ried

Clarissa Willcoxb. 30 Sep 1796, Palmyra, N.Y.d. Jul 1827, Palmyra, N.Y.

married

Clarissa ("Clara") Hallb. 16 Jul 1825, Palmyra, N.Y.d. 2 Apr 1895, Tunbridge Wells, Kent

married

Jennie Jeromeb. 9 Jan 1854, Brooklyn, N.Y.d. 29Jun 1921, London

ried

Experience, recorded in aland transaction, 30 Mar 1776

Joseph Bakerb. 12 Feb 1739, Jamestown, R.I.d. 15 Jun 1796, Ira, Vt.

David Willcoxb. 10 Jan 1762, Dartmouth, Mass.d. 23 Aug 1828, Macedon, N.Y.

Ambrose Hallb. 29 Aug 1774, Lanesboro, Mass.d. 14 Oct 1827, Palmyra, N.Y.

Leonard Walter Jeromeb. 3 Nov 1817, Pompey, N.Y.d. 3 Mar 1891, Brighton, Sussex

Lord Randolph Churchillb. 13 Feb 1849, Woodstock, Oxon.d. 24 Jan 1895, London

Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

Biographer Martin's suggestion, "the possibility that

Anna Baker may have been raped by an Indian and that [her

daughter] Clarissa Willcox may have been half-caste"11 is

quite a stretch, even for prurient writers. There were no Iro-

quois Indians in Nova Scotia where Anna likely spent much

of her young womanhood. While there were certainly Iro-

quois in upper New York State, where she moved as a 25-

year-old wife and mother, her husband's will mentions their

daughter "Clarind [sic] Willcox" and her sisters, which in it-

self seems definitive.12 Of course it is possible that Clarissa

may have been an illegitimate half-Indian, the Willcoxes

bringing her up as a daughter; but this is harder to believe

than the simple, forthright facts as recorded by her colonial

family in their probate records. The absence of proof does

not make a story untrue; but it does not establish it, either.

In the absence of any real proof, what we are left with

are the stories passed on through the Jerome family over the

years, of some ancestor's supposed Indian blood. That these

stories existed and were believed by the Jeromes is undeni-

able—but they could have any number of origins. It is just as

possible that other children, confronted with a dark com-

plexioned Anna Baker, teased and even convinced her that

she had Indian blood, as that she really was, however im-

probably, part-Indian.

The Churchill world does not easily give up its

myths, no matter how fanciful. Sir Winston, to whose ro-

mantic nature the story appealed, was known to believe it, as

did some members of his family, including all the writing

Leslies beginning with Anita Leslie's father.13 Sir Winston's

grandson, in his preface to The Great Republic, his new book

of his grandfather's writings on America, while stating his

continued bias to believe, leaves it to the reader to decide if

there is Native American blood in the Jerome line.

FOOTNOTES1While Martin states, "There are no genealogical facts to support any

Indian ancestry," he goes on to note "marked Indian features of Clara Jeromeand her sisters and their children," suggesting that Anna Baker "may have beenraped by an Indian" and that "Clarissa Willcox may have been a half-caste. Cer-tainly it was a Jerome family legend." (Jennie, Vol. I The Romantic Years, Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 1969, pp. 340-1.)

2 Ibid. Although Randolph Churchill did believe the Indian story, Mar-tin misspells and somewhat misrepresents what Randolph wrote: that Jennie'smother Clara was the daughter of "Clarissa Willcox...grand-daughter of EleazurSmith, of Dartmouth, Massachusetts, and Meribah (no maiden name recorded),who is believed to have been an Iroquois Indian."(Winston S. Churchill, Vol. I,Boston: 1967, pp. 15-16.) Meribah has since been identified as the daughter ofBenjamin and Sarah (Tompkins) Gifford, born in Dartmouth 30 June 1722.("Notable Kin," by Scott C. Steward \nNEXUS, journal of the New England His-toric Genealogical Society, Vol. XIII, No. 5, Boston: 1997, p. 167.)

3 Typescript by Bertha W. Clark on the descendants of Francis Bakerof Yarmouth, pp. 119-20. This document was found by Michael J. Wood ofLondon. See NEXUS, Vol. V, No. 3, 1988: "Notable Kin" by Gary BoydRoberts and Michael J. Wood, pp. 94-95.

4 NEXUS, Vol. XIII, No. 5 (1997), "Notable Kin" by Scott C. Stew-ard, pp. 171-2.

' By 1761 the French menace had subsided and a lasting peace hadbeen achieved with Indians in Nova Scotia. There was a large migration by NewEnglanders to Nova Scotia in the period 1760-68.

6 NEXUS, Vol. V, No. 3, p. 95.' Marlborough was out of favour when the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713

allowed France to keep Cape Breton and Louisbourg. New Englanders capturedthe fortress in 1745 but to their chagrin it was returned to France in 1748.

" Fort Sackville recently celebrated the 250th year of its founding on11 September 1749, with a reenactment of the landing of John Gorham, at-tended by the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia and dignitaries representingall government jurisdictions. The historic house and fort-site are the author'sformer family home, where she grew up.

9 Lady Randolph Churchill: The Story of Jennie Jerome (New York:Scribner 1969). Information supplied by William E. Beatty from the news arti-cle, "Churchill's Ties to Upstate N.Y.," 9 May 1940.

10 NEXUS, Vol. V, No. 3, p. 95.11 Martin, Jennie, Vol. I, p. 341.12 NEXUS, Vol. XIII, No. 5, p. 172.13 Sir Shane Leslie, Long Shadows, London: Murray 1966, p. 19. S

FINEST HOUR 104 / 32

Britain's GirtKirk Emmert

Scottish Life: Sir John Martin,Churchill and Empire, byMichael Jackson, ed. byJanet Jackson. New Yorkand London: RadcliffePress 1999, 280 pages,illus. Reg. price $40, mem-ber price $32 + shipping,

Churchill Center Book Club, PO Box385, Contoocook NH 03229.

Michael Jackson has written a po-litical biography of his wife's

uncle, Sir John Martin, who twiceserved in the Colonial Office (1927-40and 1945-64), ending up as DeputyUndersecretary of State and, in his lasttwo years, high commissioner to Malta.

During the war years, 1941-45,Martin was "a key figure in Churchill's'secret circle'" in his position of princi-pal private secretary (PPS) to the PrimeMinister. Jackson's account is based onSir John's private correspondence, "pa-pers and documents from his ColonialOffice days," public interviews andwriting after he retired, and the author'sown interviews with those who workedwith Martin as well as his own long ac-quaintance with his distinguished fam-ily relation.

Three major themes inform his ac-count of Martin's life of public service:Martin's work with, and later defenseof, Winston Churchill; his approach topublic affairs—a form of prudentialChristianity; and, much the greater partof his biography, Sir John's part in the

Dr. Emmert is a professor of Political Scienceat Kenyon College and an academic adviser toThe Churchill Center. He is the author ofChurchill on Empire (1989).

itooics, AKYS

& CURIOSITIESruling and decolonization of the BritishEmpire, an institution which he viewedas Britain's "good gift to the world."

During the War, the primary tasksof PPS Martin were to manage the vastvolume of wartime business that cameto the Prime Minister's private office, totravel with Churchill, and to preparethe yearly Honours List. Churchill ex-pected his secretaries to be available atall hours when he needed them, to un-derstand his way of doing things, to beloyal and discreet, to possess and set anexample of "robust character," to have athinking and discerning intelligence,and to be good humored and "agreeablepersons who could relate to him andenjoy the experience of working forhim." The particular quality he re-quired in his PPS was the understand-ing and judgment to discern whichitems required his attention and whichcould be handled by someone else.

Following Sir John's death, hisspare, discreet account of his work withChurchill was published in DowningStreet: The War Years (reviewed in FinestHour 74). Jackson adds to that accountby describing more fully, with the aid ofthe published observations of and inter-views with his colleagues, Martin's skill-ful conduct of his office and by relatinghis subsequent part in defendingChurchill from critics. Jock Colville'sobservation is representative of his col-leagues' high praise for Sir John's workwith Churchill: "Under Martin's leader-ship Private Office was both cheerfuland effective. It was so well attuned toChurchill's personal predilections andhis unusual methods of work that noneof its members succumbed, thoughthey may occasionally have wilted, be-neath the stresses and anxieties of war."

After he retired, Martin likeColville contributed an essay to ActionThis Day: Working with Churchill, a vol-ume intended to correct what its au-thors viewed as the misleading opinionsand improper revealing of confidences

by Lord Moran in his WinstonChurchill: The Struggle for Survival.Through his writing, letters and inter-views Martin sought, in his retirement,to correct the "misunderstandings, dis-tortions, and plain errors aboutChurchill's decisions and actions."Commenting on these efforts, LadySoames observed that "the quietnessand authoritative calm of the tone ofJohn's interviews were of the utmostvalue." She remembered Martin amongthe "answerers for the honour of my fa-ther's name." For his part, many yearsearlier, Martin referred to "the agreeableand charming presence" of Churchill'syoungest daughter, Mary, whom hecame to know during her wartime trav-els with her father.

Jackson concludes that Sir JohnMartin's "whole life was an expressionof Christianity in action." The depthand though tfulness of Martin's faith wasevidenced in his extensive, unpublishedcommentaries on the New Testament.Jackson is less clear, however, abouthow more precisely Martin's life wasguided by Christian principles. He iscontent to suggest that in a general waythe influence of Martin's Scottish Chris-tianity was seen in his sense of worldlylimits, his devotion to public service,and his friendly, gracious, unassumingdemeanor. Martin's Christian principleswere mediated by his prudence andgood judgment. Our author does notexplore whether this prudence was in-herent in his Christian sense of worldlylimits or was imported from an externalsource such as his extensive educationin the Ancients. He does note, however,that in his view of empire and of "theprocesses of colonial rule" Martin wasin "the Burkean tradition....He was notone to lose sight of principles or fail tobe guided by circumstances...." Thusunlike many of the academic theoristsand political critics who pressed for im-mediate decolonization, Martin "wasnot swayed by grand ideological theo-ries, but looked for reasonable solutionsto difficulties...."

We are presented with impressiveinstances of Martin's intelligence, pru-dence, fairness, patience, persistence,courage, and capacity for friendship ashe struggles with questions of partition

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR 104 / 33

in Palestine and Cyprus; of federationin Malaysia and Nigeria; of indepen-dence in Malta, Africa and theCaribbean. Jackson's picture of Sir Johnportrays a man of moral and politicalexcellence who aspired to the higheststandards for himself and his country.He has presented a not unfamiliar por-trait of the British civil servant at hisbest, reminding us that political leader-ship is a high human calling requiringgreat skill and character.

Given the direction and scope ofSir John Martin's career, this book nec-essarily focuses on many of the most in-tractable problems of decolonizationconfronted by the British Empire in thepostwar world. The author provides aconcise, informative account of theseproblems, including Sir John's actionsand views on specific issues. But per-haps the most illuminating part of theseaccounts is the author's presentation ofMartins broad perspective that preciselybecause he admired the Empire heshould, given postwar circumstances,dedicate his life to its responsible decol-

onization, an outlook shared by hiswartime leader. In a private letter, writ-ten in 1932, Martin observed that "it isof critical importance to ourselves andto the world that we should actworthily of and maintain the dominat-ing position to which the efforts of theVictorians brought us. This is not jin-goism: it is simply the realization of ourresponsibilities....If the power of theBritish Empire were to crumble itwould mean taking the keystone fromthe arch of civilization and the loss ofpowers for good which are tremendousbeyond calculation and which wouldnot be replaced."

In another letter, written in 1966,he wrote: "It has not been fun to havehad to play a part over the last few yearsin the dismemberment of the oldBritish Empire, though I believe that inits broad lines the process was inevitableand, given the circumstances, right. ButI was in the Colonial Office longenough to know that the old Colonialrule was one of the best British gifts tothe world." $

"This is a very great country my dear Jack..."Richard M. Langwortn

The Great Republic: A History of Amer-ica, by Sir Winston Churchill, edited

and arranged by WinstonS. Churchill, 460 pp., illus.Published at $25.95, mem-ber price $19 + shippingfrom Churchill CenterBook Club, PO Box 385,

Contoocook NH 03229.

Recently I received in the post a newbook, The Great Republic, by Sir

Winston Churchill. Attached was acard: "With the compliments of the au-thor." This certainly demonstrates SirWinston's long reach—all the more im-pressive when we think that, 99 yearsago, Winston Churchill was first intro-duced to a Boston audience.

Churchill was on a lecture tour inwhich he gamely engaged American au-

This review is based on an introduction ofSir Winston's grandson by the editor at TheBoston Athenasum on October 12th.

diences on the Boer War from theBritish point of view—a view notshared by his listeners. Whenever hedisplayed a magic lantern slide of aBoer cavalryman, they would break outinto applause—but Churchill woulddisarm them, saying, "You are quiteright to applaud him; he is the mostformidable fighting man in the world."

In New York he was introducedby Mark Twain, patriarchal with hisflowing white hair, seen by Churchill as"very old"—Twain was in fact 65—andcombining "with a noble air a most de-lightful style of conversation. Of coursewe argued about the war...I think how-ever that I did not displease him, for hewas good enough to sign at my requestevery one of the twenty-five volumes ofhis works for my benefit, and in thefirst volume he inscribed, I daresay, agentle admonition: 'To do good isnoble; to teach others how to be good isnobler, & no trouble.'"

Alas there is no Mark Twain tointroduce Winston Churchill now, so

you'll just have to settle for me. But Ihave dug out and will shortly read ex-actly what Mark Twain said that nightin 1899, because it is relevant to theWinston Churchill of 1999.

The "author" of The Great Repub-lic is indeed Sir Winston Churchill—but the person who had the imagina-tion to assemble it is his grandson—who has had a remarkable career of hisown. If we allow that his mother, thelate Pamela Harriman, later became anaturalized American citizen, we mightstretch a point and say he is like hisgrandfather half-American! Like SirWinston, his grandson earned earlyfame as a journalist and war correspon-dent, writing with his father Randolphone of the best accounts of the 1967Arab-Israeli conflict, The Six-Day War.Like his grandfather, Winston set off asa young man on a tour of Africa—SirWinston rode around on elephants andsteam engines, his grandson flew an air-plane. Winston is a more accomplishedpilot than his grandfather, having flownSt. John Ambulance emergency medicalflights around Europe for many years,whereas his grandfather abandoned fly-ing after urgent remonstration from hiswife following several near-misses in thefields around Kent and Sussex.

Like his grandfather, Winston ranfor and was elected to Parliament—not,mind you, for a safe seat, but for a sub-urb of Manchester which he had tofight hard to win and hold. Running asa Conservative in the Davyhulme con-stituency is rather like running as a Re-publican in Maryland, or a Democratin Alaska. It's really great, but you'renever sure you've got the hang of it.Winston held his seat for twenty-sevenyears until it was yanked from underhim by what Americans call redistrict-ing. Politically we find him today in hisWilderness Years—which, like hisgrandfather's, are anything but aWilderness for Winston the journalistand writer.

The Great Republic is not the firstposthumous book by Sir WinstonChurchill, who has managed to publisha dozen new titles since his death in1965. But I think this may be the bestso far. Not only does it contain every-thing Sir Winston wrote about Americain his History of the English-Speaking

FINEST HOUR 104 / 34

Peoples, but another twenty-six articlesand essays including his three speeches(unique among foreigners) to joint ses-sions of Congress; and perhaps thegreatest speech he ever gave abroad, onAnglo-American unity, at Harvard in1943. And there is my own favoriteessay, "If Lee Had Not Won the Battleof Gettysburg," in which I was pleasedto see my remarks, which I'd cut andpasted and e-mailed to Winston whenhe was planning the book—which inturn he cut and pasted and e-mailed toRandom House!

In short I cannot recommend TheGreat Republic more. Think of it—only$19 (for members) to experience the ac-cumulated wisdom of Sir WinstonChurchill with regard to America. Thiswisdom is perhaps best summarized inyoung Churchill's letters to his motherand brother after first arriving in theUnited States in 1895: "What an extra-ordinary people the Americans are!Their hospitality is a revelation tome....They make you feel at home andat ease in a way that I have never beforeexperienced....This is a very great coun-try my dear Jack."

Mark Twain's 1900 Introduction

"I shall presently have the plea-sure of introducing to you an honoredfriend of mine, Winston Churchill,Member of Parliament, and althoughhe and I do not agree as to the right-eousness of the South African war,that's not of the least consequence, forpeople who are worth anything neverdo agree.

"For years I have been a self-ap-pointed missionary for the joining ofAmerica and the motherland in friend-ship and esteem [Applause.] Wherever Ihave been and whenever I have stoodbefore a gathering of Englishmen orAmericans, I have urged my missionand have warmed it up with compli-ments to both countries.

"Mr. Churchill will tell you aboutthe South African war, and he is com-petent to tell you about it. He was thereand fought through it and wrotethrough it, and he will tell you his per-sonal experiences. I have an inkling ofwhat they are like, and they are very in-teresting to those who like that kind of

thing. I don't like that kind of thingmyself. I saw a battlefield—once. It wasraining, and you know they won't letyou carry an umbrella, and when shellsare added to the rain it becomes un-comfortable.

"I think that England sinnedwhen she got herself into a war inSouth Africa which she could haveavoided, just as we have sinned by get-

ting into a similar war in the Philip-pines. Mr. Churchill by his father is anEnglishman, by his mother he is anAmerican, no doubt a blend that makesthe perfect man. England and America;we are kin. And now that we are alsokin in sin, there is nothing more to bedesired. The harmony is perfect—likeMr. Churchill himself, whom I nowhave the honor to present to you."

Churchill Center Book Cluh Recap

An avalanche of new books by andabout Churchill has been thunder-

ing off the presses over the past sixmonths. Our New Book Service offersmember discounts (substantially belowAmazon.com in most cases) on the fol-lowing, but Finest Hour's reviews arenot all in. This is a recap to let youknow what's available. There are a lotmore than this, but here's a start...

• All books may be ordered from CCBook Club, PO Box 385, ContoocookNH 03229. Mastercard and Visa ac-cepted. Shipping anywhere in theworld (surface bookpost outside NorthAmerica) costs $6 for the first book,$1 for each additional. E-mail: book-club@churchiilbooks.com or tele-phone (603) 746-4433.

REVIEWED ON PAGES 33-34:1008. The Great Republic, by Sir Win-ston Churchill, 460pp., illus. Publishedat $26. Member price $19.

1025. A Scottish Life: Sir John Martin,Churchill and the Empire, by MichaelJackson, 280pp. illus. Published at $40.Member price $32.

ALSO AVAILABLE1023. Five Days in London: May 1940,by John Lukacs, 236pp, will be re-viewed for Finest Hour by Michael Mc-Menamin. It concerns the five daysLukacs believes settled the outcome ofWorld War II. Although the authoroften assumes he knows what Churchillwas thinking, his book excels in provid-ing an inside account of War Cabinetdebate about what to do after France'sfall—and debate there was! Halifax,though he dropped appeasement beforeChamberlain, soon became defeatist,arguing that Britain should approachMussolini to arbitrate. Once evenChurchill seemed to lean toward a deal.Lukacs takes the discussion deeper andfurther than Sheila Lawlor's excellentChurchill and the Politics of War(1994)—proving that the differencesbetween Halifax and Chamberlain weremuch greater than the differences be-tween Chamberlain and Churchill.Published at $20. Member price $14.

1024. Burying Caesar: Churchill,Chamberlain and the Battle for theTory Party, by Graham Stewart, 534pp.

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR 104 / 35

Churchill Center Book Club...

illus., asks: What were the politicalmachinations that kept Chamberlain inoffice during the late 1930s andChurchill out? Published at $45. Mem-ber price $34.

1027. Winston Churchill, by RobertBlake, 110pp., trade paperback, re-viewed FH 103. In just 20,000 words,Lord Blake produces all the undisputedfacts while puncturing hoary myths andairing both sides of the more debateablequestions. (On Churchill and FDR:"Their relationship, under a veneer ofcandid friendship, was uneasy and theirstrategic objects divergent.") Worth aplace on your library shelf, this good lit-tle book makes a nice gift for a youngperson who wants a rapid-fire Churchilleducation. Published at $10.95. Mem-ber price $8.

1028. Architects of Victory: Six Heroesof the Cold War, by Joe Shattan, 374pp., will be reviewed for Finest Hour byCraig Horn. Along with Harry Truman,Ronald Reagan, Konrad Adenauer,Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Pope JohnPaul, the author includes Churchillamong those who helped win the great-est confrontation of the century.Churchill "seized the initiative" at Ful-ton and thereafter in laying down theconstructs for Western response toworld Marxism. Published at $25.Member price $22.

1029. Churchill, Munitions and Me-chanical Warfare, by Eugene Bereiger,188pp, will be reviewed for Finest Hourby Chris Bell. This is the first book toconcentrate on Churchill's role as Min-ister of Munitions (July 1917-January1919), examining the development ofhis strategic thought and administrativeactions in the last years of the war. Atthe Munitions Ministry, WinstonChurchill's greatest contribution was hiscomprehensive approach to the supplyand strategy of mechanical warfare,trench mortars, tanks, and airplanes.His penchant for details allowed him tooffer technical and tactical apprecia-tions that challenged traditional mili-tary thought. Published at $40. Mem-ber price $37.

JUST PUBLISHED:

1038. Pol Roger, by Cynthia Parzych &John Turner, 168pp. illus. As masterfulas their Champagne, this elegant bookprinted on coated stock is laden withcolor and b&w photos, recounting thestory of the Pol-Roger family and theirfamous wine, with much on Churchillof course. For connoisseurs, ICS UKmember Bill Gunn, Pol Roger's UK dis-tributor, provides an index of the greatvintages dating back to 1893. Highlyrecommended. Published at $42. Mem-ber price $34.

1030. Churchill's "Iron Curtain"Speech, Fifty Years Later, James W.Muller, ed., 250pp. Published in associ-ation with The Churchill Center, thisimportant work collects the papers ofscholars attending the Center andChurchill Memorial colloquium on the50th Anniversary of the speech thatwent down as the opening salvo of theCold War. Excellent papers view politi-cal, strategic and diplomatic aspects ofthe speech. Margaret Thatcher providesthe epilogue—her Fulton speech on the50th anniversary of Churchill's. Pub-lished at $27.50. Member price $23.

SOME COPIES STILL LEFT...

1021. Resolution, Defiance, Magna-nimity, Good Will, Crosby Kemper,ed., 244pp, reviewed in Finest Hour 9\.A superlative scholarly collection with aforeword by Crosby Kemper that isalone worth the price. Gilbert, Colville,Soames and other respected expertslook at Churchill the man; Churchillon history, the Tory Party, India, de-tente, rhetoric; and how he might seethe world today. Published at $25.Member price $21

1099. Winston and Clementine: ThePersonal Letters of the Churchills, byMary Soames, 702pp., illus., was re-viewed in Finest Hour 102. A masterfulcompilation of Winston and Clemen-tine's personal letters to each other withinterwoven commentary by theirdaughter. A brilliant and importantcontribution to history which is a mustfor every Churchill library. Published at$35. Member price $26.

1022. Under Two Flags: The Life ofLouis Spears, Egremont, 370pp. illus.Spears wrote superlatively of both wars;his friendship with WSC began duringGermany's attacks in 1914 and carriedthrough WW2 when he was C's liaisonto France and wrote "Assignment toCatastrophe." Reviewed in FH 102.Published at $50. Member price $38.

1064. The Young Churchill, by CeliaSandys. First US Edition. NY: Dutton1995, 224pp illus., was reviewed inFinest Hour 85. The most colorful andinteresting book on Churchill's youth,with many fascinating new color andblack and white illustrations, written byhis granddaughter. Published at $27.50.Member price $19.

1078. His Father's Son: The Life ofRandolph Churchill, by Winston S.Churchill, 514pp. illus., was reviewedin Finest Hour 92. By far the latest andbest biography of Randolph, con-structed largely from his own archives.An authoritative, balanced and wellwritten story of a bittersweet career,with insight into Churchill via his nu-merous letters to his son. Published at$40. Member price $29.

1045. A Harmony of Interests: Explo-rations in the Mind of Sir WinstonChurchill, by Manfred Weidhorn,192pp., reviewed in FH 80. The deanof scholars on the literary Churchillconsiders WSC as polemicist, conserva-tive, warhorse, dreamer, semi-Americanand Great Man. Published at $32.50.Member price $26.

1050. Churchill on the Home Front, byPaul Addison, 494pp. trade paperback,illus., reviewed in Finest Hour 78. Thestandard work on Churchill's domesticpolicies, elections & politics, coverseverything through his last term as PM.Published at $25- Member price $17.

1080. Wartime Missions of Harry Hop-kins, by Matthew Wills, 92pp. illus., re-viewed in Finest Hour93. An outstand-ing look at the go-between who fash-ioned the Roosevelt-Churchill partner-ship during WW2, and attempted tomollify Stalin while he was at it. Pub-lished at $17.95. Member price $15. &

FINEST HOUR 104 / 36

CHURCHILL ON LINE

ht tp : / /www.winstoncnurc l i i l l .org

Ckurckill's Luck and tke WW2 Trenck EffectLISTSERV WINSTON^ >Subscribe free to our discussion forum. Sendthe two-word email message SUBSCRIBEWINSTON with your name to •Listserv@vm.marist.edu—you'll receive a;

confirmation and will then be able to sendand receive comments on Churchill throughour online community by e-niailing Win-ston@vm.marist.edu. In case of problemscontact pur List Manager, Jonah Triebwasser:7ZML@maristB.marist.edu

From Brandon R. Sanders(brs89@aol.com)

I have been in a debate with friendsat a dinner party who believed unbiasedChurchill admirers might agree thatChurchill's success was owed to a luckyroll of the dice more than any superiorleadership qualities he possessed overothers. Churchill was a very young manwhen he ran the Admiralty during WorldWar I, while men of similar age werebeing slaughtered in France. They believethat the pool of men who offered great-ness after WW1 was of such a dilutedstate that men like Churchill had a freerein to mark their spots.

The shadows of the "Lost Genera-tion" lay across the postwar Europe. Asettled, secure way of life had been de-stroyed. The way was clear for greatchanges, since the German guns made somany vacancies in the seats of power.Someone of Churchill's age and calibrewas now rare, and a long, empty void fol-lowed that Churchill filled by default.

I think I defended against this hy-pothesis well enough, but I ask: do theyhave any argument? Was Churchill luckyenough to have no one of similar talentlooking over his shoulder because of thehorrors of WW1?

Finest Hour happily publishes interestingsnippets from "Listserv Winston," but youreally need to subscribe. See box above. Also,if we publish your e-mail address here, "youmight get mail..."

From: Scott Palmer(nspalmer@hotmail.com)

The question is impossible to an-swer. Great achievements depend bothon personal qualities and circumstances.We can never know what might havebeen achieved by those who fell in theGreat War, many of whom were men ofremarkable ability. Your friends' argu-ment brings to mind an old "SaturdayNight Live" skit which argued thatWorld War II would have gone differ-ently "if Eleanor Roosevelt could fly,"like Superman.

From Mark A. Gallmeier(enigma@exit33. com)

Churchill was 39 in 1914, not veryyoung. Young Churchill the soldier hadalready campaigned and survived inIndia, the Sudan and South Africa (a ca-sualty-intensive event for its time) by1901. Death had many more chances toclaim him than his peers. Following hisdismissal from the Admiralty, Churchillwent back to the Army in France in late1915 and served nearly a year. So yourfriends' theory collides with the facts.WW1 was his fourth war, or fifth count-ing Cuba where he was a correspondent.While WW1 certainly claimed many,Churchill was well established as a firstrank politician long before it started. Thedominant post-WWl political personali-ties, such as Lloyd George, Ramsay Mac-Donald, Stanley Baldwin, Neville Cham-berlain and John Simon, had all enteredpolitics long before WW1. Eden was a

THE CHURCHILL WEBSITE:Aim your browser at the wwwaddress

www.wmstonchurchill.org and tke ChurchillHome Page will appear. Click on any of thebuttons to connect to the latest information

on The Churchill Center and Churchill Soci-eties. The Finest Hour button produces theearliest publication of the next issue. If youexperience any difficulty please email web-

master John Plumpton:Savrola@winstonchurchill.or9

veteran of the war, as was Attlee. TheWW1 generation didn't start coming tothe first rank of power en masse until the1940s and 1950s. Most of them wereunder-secretaries during WW2.

Simple arithmetic shows this: Ayoung subaltern of 21 in 1917 + 20 yearswas 41 in 1937, when Eden became For-eign Secretary. Here's the leading edge ofthe WW1 generation Bell Curve: +30years = 1947 (Attlee is Prime Minister)and +40 years = 1957 (Eden has resignedin the wake of Suez). Certainly "lack ofgreatness" is a hallmark of the latter twodecades. Look back to the barbed wire ofthe German trenches and I agree you'llfind the bodies of the men who shouldhave sat where Attlee and Eden sat in thelate 1940s and 1950s.

Churchill's leadership and adminis-trative talents were recognized even byhis most hostile opponents, and long be-fore WW1. Churchill's selection byChamberlain as First Lord of the Admi-ralty in 1939 was like being chosen asU.S. Secretary of Defense, since the Navywas the vital British service.

When I think of all the young regi-mental officers and soldiers wasted byHaig from the Somme forward, the laterimpact on Parliament's back benches isobvious. The bravest, most energetic andpatriotic spirits were dead and most seatswere occupied by the "Second Eleven."Kitchener's Armies (slaughtered in Haig'soffensives of 1916 and 1917) were filledwith volunteers of "yeomanry" class,

continued overleaf...

FINEST HOUR 104 / 37

CHURCHILL ON LINE

the middle class, and the prewar "Terri-torials" (same classes). Here were theConservative and Liberal parties' back-bones. The loss of 800,000 such menhad a decisive impact both directly andindirectly via the effect on surviving rela-tives' opinions and the subsequent cli-mate of opinion and politics.

I think this demographic disastercleared the way both for Labour directly(their first government came on a two-fifths minority) and also left thetwo older parties in "shell shock." Thisaffected Churchill's political standingfrom the mid-1920s onwards. His tal-ents, tempered by his known Victorianand Imperial predilections, were nolonger wanted. The "Wilderness Years"were not entirely self-imposed. IfChurchill hadn't broken with the elitesover India and Edward VIII he wouldhave over other issues, including Germanrearmament.

I think your friends' talent-draintheory had more direct impact on theBritish Army in the mid-1920s and later.Here's one place where Churchill's fa-mous impatience compounded the prob-lem. When one looks at the string ofmediocrities (Gort, Ironside, Auchinleck,Percival, Wavell and so on) who filled theregimental and higher levels in WW2,and also the general staff, the impact ofthe WW1 trench holocaust on Armyleadership is obvious. Germany, with alarge martial class, didn't suffer from thisas much since its base population pool ofofficers was much larger. The USA, witha small volunteer professional army likeBritain's, was in the war just long enoughto blood the officer corps and weed outthe weaklings, a kind of military "naturalselection." But for the British ArmyWWI was like being hit by the "Di-nosaur Killer." Fit, unfit and all in be-tween went into the charnel house.

Consider what would have hap-pened to Americans like Patton, Bradley,MacArthur, Lightning Joe Collins, How-land Smith, Matthew Ridgeway and ahost of others, had the United Statesbeen in WWI as long as Britain. All ofthem were noteworthy "Leaders Fromthe Front." How many British "LeadersFrom the Front" died at the Somme andafter? How many of the USA's topflightWW2 leaders would have survived a sim-ilar four years in the trenches?

Consider also the effects on the vitalnon-commissioned officer (sergeants)leadership, who don't get the historicalrecognition generals do; but they werethe men who actually trained and led thefollowing generations of soldiers. With-out them a situation arises similar tomedical students trying to train them-selves without experienced doctor-profes-sors to supervise. The actuarial tableswould have scythed through them also,leaving the United States with second-raters like the British had followingWWI. The string of morale-based cata-strophes that fell on the British Army in1942 (Singapore, Tobruk, Burma) was adelayed Trench Effect.

I believe Churchill's impatiencecompounded the problem thusly: Facedin 1940 with a low will to fight in hisArmy, the Prime Minister respondedwith his "Commando" policy, creating"nimble, lightly armed" raiders. TheCommandos certainly performed sensa-tional exploits at the Lofoten Islands (al-though the level of resistance didn't war-rant their skills), Dieppe, the Balkansand at St. Nazaire, where they did theRoyal Marines' job for them (destroyingthe only Atlantic drydock capable ofhandling large German warships). Butthe price tag was to drain the entireArmy of men whose martial instinctswould have made them squad leadersand platoon sergeants in "line" battalionsand instead send them for service as pri-vate soldiers in the Commandos.

Elite units like Commandos look forvolunteers with physical stamina, aggres-siveness, initiative and above par intelli-gence (among the soldier population).These traits also describe the ideal in-fantry sergeant. Just one "Commando"contained 470 enlisted men: 470 poten-tial squad leaders and platoon sergeants.There were at least ten "Commandoes."

Now consider this communique toChurchill from Wavell at Singaporein early 1942: "He [Percival] shouldhowever have quite enough to deal withenemy who have landed if the troops canbe made to act with sufficient vigour anddetermination. "(The Second World War,The Hinge of Fate, p88, emphasis mine.)That transmission documents a systemiccrisis in low level leadership. Making thetroops "act with sufficient vigour and de-termination" is sergeants' business.

Now look at 4700 potential topflight small unit leaders segregated off ina few "nimble, lightly armed" units. Howdid they get there and who put themthere? Were they as productive as lightlyarmed private soldiers as they would havebeen as sergeants making ten other heav-ily armed men at Singapore, Burma andTobruk "act with sufficient vigour anddetermination"? A few months later50,000 fully supplied British and Imper-ial troops surrendered at Tobruk to25,000 Germans and Italians at the tetherof their supply line. Here again is a lackof "sufficient vigour and determination."

Meanwhile Auchinleck was trying torun the Desert War from an office inCairo. Here's yet another deficit of "suffi-cient vigour and determination." All thetruly great generals of WW2, like Rom-mel, von Manstein, MacArthur, Mont-gomery, Alexander, Wingate, Slim, Stil-well, Patton and Bradley routinely ledfrom the front—not the rearheadquarters. Patton saw his chief supplyofficer (the Third Army G-4) exactlytwice in ten months in the EuropeanTheater of Operations. Rommel wassimilarly incommunicado with his AfrikaKorps Quartermaster. These two are agreat contrast to people like Wavell andAuchinleck, who saw their supply officerstwice a day at staff meetings and again inthe evening at the officers' mess.

So the Trench Effect, at both thebottom and top levels of the BritishArmy, was very pronounced. Churchillin this instance compounded the prob-lem by taking away what quality re-mained. It was not his finest hour.

From Simon Riordan(eensjpo@electeng.leeds.ac.uk)

Auchinleck and Wavell were medi-ocrities? Really. What then were the Ital-ians when Wavell infiltrated two divi-sions behind them and took out an Ital-ian army five times more numerous? Iguess your Tobruk reference is to the sec-ond siege, when the Middle East hadbeen stripped of resources precisely be-cause the Japanese had attacked in theEast. As for the other Far East losses,where would you have sent the best andworst troops if you were Churchill? ToAfrica, where there was a war, or to garri-son towns? As for Gort, he practicallyinvented Blitzkrieg in 1918. It worked. $5

FINEST HOUR 104/38

WOODS CORNER

MY AFRICAN JOURNEY VARIANTS

EUROPE UNITE'S RAMPANT TYPOSBRIAN HARDY & DAVID TURRELL

MY AFRICAN JOURNEYBrian Hardy offers us a discovery we

hadn't noticed. In Churchill's Africantravelogue (first editions, including theAmerican issue), the map plate oppositepage 2 appears two ways: neatly trimmedto page size and mis-trimmed, with alarge white portion at the bottom andthe top folded down to compensate.Brian asked if this constitutes a "state"and which would be first. We don't be-lieve plates, which like errata slips wereinserted by hand, are reliable guides toprecedence, since in those days they wereinserted by hand and by different people.We think this is a case of different work-ers inserting the map in different ways.

EUROPE UNITEDave Turrell writes: I finally got

around to finishing up my list of erratafrom Europe Unite. As you may remem-ber, I wrote to you a couple of monthsago expressing surprise at the number oftypographical errors in the book, giventhe high standards Churchill usually de-manded for his publications, and thatRandolph Churchill was editor. By nomeans do I claim that the following isthe result of an exhaustive examinationwith a fine toothcomb, but rather theyare the errors that jumped off the page atme while reading with, what I would as-sume to be, the level of attention appliedby the average reader.

While I have not read all ofChurchill's first editions I have covered areasonable number of them, includingmost of the postwar output. None of theother firsts has struck me as being such asloppy production.

Notation guide:"40.36" means page 40, line 36.

40.36 'month' for 'months'57.19 'influencce' for 'influence'60 Note for 14th April Line 2 'formaly'

for 'formally

62.17'is?'for'it?'63.17 'of for 'or'78.31 'paying-off' for 'paying-off of88.36 'however' for ', however,'114. 34 'houses already' for 'houses as

already'119 Note for 6th August line 5: 'quilty'

for 'guilty'119 The last two lines are reversed150.15'hand'for'and'152. 37 "sterlings'-" for "sterling's-"153.7 'quack' for 'quick'. This is con-

ceivably correct.208.2 'guoting' for 'quoting'216.17 'threequarters' for 'three-quarters'218.8 'however' for ', however,'224.19 'of fair for 'fair'235.6 'Nazigang' for 'Nazi gang'243.7 'interst' for 'interest'282.39 'Socialist' for 'die Socialist'285.17 'favourable' for 'favourably330.17 'for instance' for ', for instance,'330.26/7 'for instance' for ', for instance,'336.2: Line is repeated340.15 is overlaid by line 18. This one is

interesting because on line 15 "poli-tical" has been uncaptalized indicat-ing that the error is not simply amisplaced line repeat.

356.24/5 'Com-mmunist' for'Com-munist'

359.6 Antlarctic' for 'Atlantic'378.1 'Scoialists' for 'socialists'401.28 'Independant' for 'Independent'404.6 'is' for 'it'414.6 'of for 'or'415.12'do'for'to'438.43 'who who' for 'who'450.35 '1930' is incorrect; not sure whatthe correct date is—1939?452.35 'ysterday' for 'yesterday' !!!!455A3 ysterday' for 'yesterday'!!!!!!!!456.38 ysterday' for 'yesterday'!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!459.12 'believed' for 'believe'463.22 'listened' for 'listened to'466.30 superfluous comma483.22 Apposition for 'Opposition'490.9 'reporaches' for 'reproaches'498.38 'possible' for 'possibly'

Ronald Cohen replies:Your good turn deserves another: I

compared the ultimate re-setting of thevolume in the Collected Works. Leavingout your "for instance" examples withoutparenthetical commas (a taste matter, inany event, I believe), "quack" is uncor-rected in the C.W. and in the CompleteSpeeches. I incline toward your view thatit is incorrect (though "quack" is a nice ifdubious touch). Of the thirty-nine re-maining corrigenda, thirty-four were cor-rected in the C.W. and I have no doubtthat you would agree that the five whichwere not corrected should have been andwere simply missed. The C.W. editionmissed 62.17, 63.17, 152.37, 450.35and 463.22.

LENIN AND KITCHENERDana C. Niendorf asks, What did Chur-chill write about Lenin and Kitchener?

Ronald Cohen replies (quoting num-bers in his developing Bibliography):

Churchill's principal Lenin essay was"Lenin: The Mummified Symbol ofCommunism" in Everybody's, 13Apr57,pp. 10-11 (Cohen C695; not in Woods).A likely less biographical piece was "Rus-sia and Lenin: Grand Repudiator" in TheAftermath serialisation in The Times,18Feb29, pp.13-14 (Cohen C319.7; notbroken out under Woods C135).

WSC's Kitchener articles include"The Real Kitchener: Fatal Dilemma ofHis War Administration," Illustrated Sun-day Herald, 25Apr20, p. 5 (Cohen C260;Woods C75); "Kitchener—The Empire'sMan of Destiny," News of the World,12Jan36, p. 5 (Cohen C486.1; WoodsC284/1); and "Kitchener," SundayChronicle, 31Oct37, pp. 6, 14 (CohenC556; Woods C357). The last two are inthe Collected Essays (London: 1975).

Less biographical is "My Differencewith Kitchener," Cosmopolitan, Nov. 1924,pp. 601, 1357, reprinted in Nash's-PallMall, Jan. 1925, pp. 467, 1114, as "A Dif-ference with Kitchener" (Cohen C300aand C300b; Woods Cl 18 logs both ofthese but incorrectly applies the Nosh's tideto the Cosmopolitan article). "The Eve ofOmdurman" (Cohen C303b.l) in the fol-lowing issue of Nash's-PallMall, Feb. 1925,pp. 467, 1247, described Kitchener's 1898campaign. There are also two letters in TheTimes and several other articles touchingon Kitchener. $5

FINEST HOUR 104 / 39

Churchill in Stamps:Calf of Man to Iso

Pages 289-94: FURTHER APPENDICESCatalogue numbers are from Gerald Rosen, A Catalogue ofBritish Local Stamps, published 1975. A slash mark (/) indicatesa set with a common design from which any value is usable.Carus and Minkus catalogue numbers, when mentioned, areidentified by name.

A NYBODY who wants to stump U.S. presidential candidatesxVwi th the names of holes-in-the-wall and out-of-the-wayplaces has only to turn to the issuers of "locals," those "stamps"purportedly produced to cover the cost of transporting mail tothe nearest regular post office. Four of the six represented hereare British islands, but except for Herm, the use of these labelsfor genuine postal purposes is doubtful. A lot of these "govern-ments" also seemed to share the same stamp artists, which willbecome apparent as we sift through the list.

289. Calf of Man is a 1 1/2x1 mile islet off the southwest coastof the Isle of Man, and the Manx government did authorize theissuance of carriage labels. But the Calf people took advantageand produced hundreds of different varieties and overprints, andalso used an odd currency. The "Murrey" (24 to an Englishshilling) was named for John Murrey, who issued the first Manxcoinage in 1668. Shown are rosen CA36-39.

290. Travel down the Argyll peninsula and you'll find the isle ofDavaar, which issued a few Churchill overprints starting in 1965like most everybody else... Rosen D19-22 and D22a are shown.

291. Dhufar is altogether too far, but the irony here is that it wasa leftist province of Muscat and Oman which declared indepen-dence from the Sultan—and immediately issued "stamps" hon-oring Western leaders and space technology. Go figure.

292. Lindisfarne or Holy Island produced unholy bogus localspicturing Scottish soldiers, some with Churchill overprints.

293. Herm Island, off Guernsey, had a thriving local post ser-vice, mostly for the tourists who flocked to the place after it hadbeen revived and built up as a sunny summertime attraction bythe Tenant of Herm, Major Wood. The Major worked hard on hisstamp operation, commissioning many original designs, all ofwhich hold their own with the stamps of independent countries.Herm's May 1965 issue of five values (Rosen H86-91) markedChurchill's death; the same stamps were overprinted on the firstanniversary of his passing, 24th January 1966 (Rosen H92-97).

294. One of the few issuers of European locals outside theBritish Isles, Iso is a Swedish offshore island which did have amail service ferrying the post to the mainland. Churchill was thefirst of their four famous statesmen issue of 1970, joiningKennedy, Hammarskjold and Adenauer.

(To be continued)

FINEST HOUR J04/40

289.

290.

K.2 O A I J OP MAN

An islet ljx 1 mlle3 long and wide off the southwest coasl oftne Isle of Man. Ihc Manx government legalized a carriage ser-

lar postal facilities on tne Island. The vast quantity of Issuessuggests that In any case, most examples were spurious.

J'lrst Churchill Commemoratlves, March 1966 (Kosen CA36-38)Also extant as imperforates.

.. J ' i C P A IV*". *•"•-•«

4.3 DAVAAR

At the mouth of the Cambeltown Loch, Argyllshire, Davaar Islandhas a permanent population of under ten, but hosts summer visi-tors. Mail Is conveyed to the mainland by a private boat, andsome early locals may have been used on it. The vast number ofcommemoratives and overprints does, however, make Davaar a verydoubtful claimant of postal genuinity.

Churchill Commemoratives, 8 April 1965 (Rosen D19-22)Double overprint: Europa 1964, Churchill 1965.Also extant imperforate.

• • , . • I I I !

3"

Churchill Miniature Sheet, 8 April 1965 (D22a)Double overprint with bust of WSO.

4.35 DHUFAR

Temporarily, this waa a leftist-controlled province of Muscatand Oman in revolt against the Sultan, who put down the uprisingwith the help of the Shah of Iran. With this claim to legitimacyDhufar Issued several topical stamps, most of them: tying-lnseveral disparate themes. Postal validity highly doubtful.

Space Definitives, circa 1972 (DF9-12)Produced in ,se-tenant miniature sheets of eight, with WSCoccupying the lower left quarter. A label-tribute to NATOspace technology by a left-leaning rebellion. Note pressflaw on De Oaulle's cheek, 4B value.

291. 293.

4.6 HERM ISLAND

Located off the east coast of Guernsey, Herm is populated by 50residents permanently, 250 from March to October, and severalthousand dally visitors in the summer. Local stamps covering thecost of transporting mails to Guernsey were issued from 1949through 1969, when they were suppressed by the new Guernseypostal service. With Lundy, Herm has a reputation for legitimacyin its local issues, all of which have been used on mail.

Churchill & Liberation Commemoratives, 9 May 1965 (Rosen H86-91)Also extant as proofs and imperforates.

Anniversary of Churchill's Death (overprints), 24 January 1966Also extant with proof overprints. (Rosen H92-97).

4.4 EYNHALLOW (HOLY ISLAND OR LINDISFARNE)

A large island off the coast of Northumberland In the Scottishborder area, just south of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Here in theSeventh Century, monks built a castle and brought Christianityto England. The island is connected to the mainland at low tide,and local postage stamps, though attractive, were spurious.

292.

"1 HAVE NOTHING TO OFFER BUf BLOOD, TOIL, TE/{RS AND SWEAT.'

pcsfiae

:m

294.

4.7 ISO

One of the few local-issuing entities in Europe outside of theBritish Isles, the Swedish offshore island of Iso has producedits own stamps to prepay the cost of ferrying mall to the main-land for some time. Nevertheless, this entity has Indulged ina plethora of issues obviously aimed at the topical philatelicmarket, and there is considerable doubt about their validity.

Famous Statesmen Commemoratives, 1970Issued In se-tenant strips of four, these designs depictedChurchill, Kennedy (with a quote from Patrick Henry), DagHammarsk,1old and Konrad Adenauer. Also known as imDerforates.

RIDDLES,

MYSTERIES,

ENIGMASSend your questions tothe Editor

In the recipe for "Potatoes Anna"r(FH 103), Barbara Langworth saidJTdn't know who "Anna" was...

AIn Julia Child's Mastering the Art of7rench Cooking, Vol. 2, I found this

historical note about Pommes Anna: "Itwas created during the era of NapoleonIII and named, as were many culinary tri-umphs in those days, after one of thegrandes cocottes of the period. Whether itwas an Anna Deslions, an Anna Judic, orsimply Anna Untel, she has also immor-talized the special double baking dish it-self, la cocotte a pommes Anna, which...youcan still buy..." -ClarenceMartin

• Note: Mrs. Landemare baked thepotatoes in an omelette pan, not the tight-fitted, lidded pot or casserole mentioned inother recipes I've seen. -BFL

QA visit to Chartwell torched my in-terest in Churchill's library. I wanted

to stay and look through the books. Isthere an inventory or published bibliogra-phy of the books that he owned there atChartwell—as well as those books that arestill at Chartwell, but obviously not avail-able for research? -Pat Walker

A Unfortunately the books atxVChartwell are mostly not books SirWinston owned. His own collection waswilled to his son Randolph, who sold offsome and presented some to his son Win-ston, who has them still. (The ones Ran-dolph sold regularly crop up on the sec-ondhand market bearing Randolph'sbookplate and another plate reading"from the library of Sir WinstonChurchill.") ChartweU's books todaynumber many foreign language editionsand duplicates, used to fill up shelves. Irecall for example a row of the same issueof The Anglo-Saxon Review. However,

The _SECOND

SSTHE^I''the leii-itf"

The Churchill Center provided this Chartwell display.

many very fine books have been acquiredby Chartwell over the years—notably dis-played in the handsome glass fronted cab-inet in the study. Also, The ChurchillCenter and Societies have provided thepermanent exhibit of his books, many indust jackets, in the display area locatednext to the kitchen as you leave the build-ing at the end of your tour.

2Aside from the worthy archives atChurchill College Cambridge (fromI I have recently received almost 150

copies of letters relating to one of mycousins, a friend of Sir Winston's), whatare some other major repositories/collec-tions of Churchill correspondence, docu-ments, etc. (unpublished)? -Pat Walker

A www.winstonchurchill.org, our web-.ZjLsite, offers "Links" to various othersources of material, including Chartwell,the Cabinet War Rooms, the BeaverbrookArchives in Canada and the ChurchillMemorial in Missouri. Other possibilities(which may have websites) are the Presi-dential Libraries (Roosevelt, Truman,Eisenhower) and, if you're interested inhis books, certain publishers archives. Forinstance, the Firestone Library at Prince-ton houses the Charles Scribner paperswhich include quite a lot of correspon-dence between Churchill and his major'tween-wars American publisher. Finally,check with the Churchill Archives at

Cambridge for any leads they might pro-vide in areas you are interested in; theirholdings include the papers of a numberof Churchill contemporaries, and theyundoubtedly know of other UK archivesin allied areas.

GINNING THINGS UPSuzanne Sigman (ssigman@me-

diaone.net) brought our attention tothe~Xugust 1999 issue of Food & Wine,which included an article, "The GinCrowd" by Pete Wells, detailing gin's dis-covery, early usage and current popular-ity. Suzanne quoted this passage, asking ifWells had it right:

"Churchill's Choice:...One of theoldest English gins is Plymouth, whichwas created in 1791. One authority statesthat Plymouth was used to mix the firstdry martini. It's a controversial point, butPlymouth certainly became a martinistandard. It was the gin preferred by Win-ston Churchill, who, when supplies ofFrench vermouth ran short during WorldWar II, would respectfully bow in the di-rection of France when mixing his drinks.Because I'm the kind of person who liesawake at night wondering what WinstonChurchill's martinis tasted like, I searchedfor Plymouth gin for years. Finally I con-cluded that the company that makes itmust have gone out of business. But itturns out that Plymouth had simply beenneglected. Until two years ago, that is,when a couple of British entrepreneursbought the brand and brought it back tomarket. (It's now available in [the USA]for the first time in twenty years). Thenew owners redesigned the bottle, butthey haven't changed the formula—whichmeans that now I know what Churchill'smartinis were like. They were fantastic."

AWe referred this story to Sir Win-ston's grandson, who replied: "I never

saw WSC drink gin, nor indeed CSCwhose tipple, at least in later life, wasDubonnet. Have just bounced this oneoff Lady Soames, who thunders: Absoluteb—s; and you may quote me! [But wewill not!] Of course he would have hadthe odd Martini, especially when stayingwith the Roosevelts—FDR mixed a meanone—but he was certainly not a gin-drinker by habit.'" So once again themedia has it wrong and Food and Wine iscontributing nonsense. M>

FINEST HOUR 104/42

CHURCHILLIANA

LONGER, SHORTERA Skort List of Artkur Skorter's Ckinaware; A LongerSkort List of UK Ckurckill Puks, Hotels and RestaurantsDOUGLAS J. HALL

Arthur Shorter worked as an artistfor Minton before establishing his

own workshop in Hanley in the year ofChurchill's birth, 1874. The businessbecame Shorter & Son in 1906 andShorter & Sons Ltd. in 1933.

Shorters specialised in middle mar-ket novelty wares and Mabel Leigh'swork as an adventurous designer dur-ing the 1930s has become very collec-table. In 1939 Shorter's were one of thefirst potteries to commemorate Win-ston Churchill's reappointment as FirstLord of the Admiralty in the form of alarge size character jug with an anchorfor a handle. Although quite crisplymoulded, the jug was very inaccuratelypainted with jet black hair and eye-brows.

Later S. Fielding & Co., anotherShorter family company which usedthe trade name "Crown Devon," reis-sued the jug with a musical movementincorporated in the base. Fielding's ver-sion was much more sympathetically

decorated with Churchill given red-dish-brown hair and eyebrows.

Fielding's closed down in 1982 andmany of their moulds were acquired byStaffordshire Fine Ceramics. The latterspecialise in exporting to the USA andin 1989 they marked the 50th anniver-sary of the commencement of WorldWar II by reissuing the Churchill jugin a limited edition of 1000!

Making the most of their purchaseStaffordshire then adapted the Shortermoulds to make a quite grotesqueteapot in their collectors' range.

But sixty years on and Shorter'soriginal moulds are still seeing service.From an unknown source, freshly pot-ted and often crudely painted in a vari-ety of colourways, or with an "aged"finish (illustrated), the Churchill char-acter jug bearing Shorter's impressedmark is widely available. It is usuallypriced at a probably reasonable £20-30but, for the unwary, sometimes asmuch as £225.

PUBS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTSThis list is not necessarily exhaustive.

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL,Annersley Woodhouse, Nottinghamshire.

CHURCHILL'S BAR and WIN-STON'S RESTAURANT,Babbacombe, Devon.

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL,Bamford, Lancashire.

CHURCHILL'S,Bingham, Nottinghamshire.

THE WINSTON CHURCHILL,Madingley Road, Cambridge.

CHURCHILL'S, Chatham, Kent(has 'Winnys Bar,' 'Randolph's Room').

THE CHURCHILL,Churchill, Somerset.

THE WINSTON CHURCHILL,Debden, Essex.

WINSTON CHURCHILL,High Street, Dunstable, Bedfordshire.

CHURCHILL'S,Wharf Road, Grantham, Lincolnshire.

WINSTON'S,Osborne Street, Grimsby, Lincolnshire.

SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL,Rayleigh Road, Hutton, Essex.

WINSTON'S,Henrietta Street, Leigh, Lancashire.

THE LORD WARDEN,London Road, Liverpool. (Fine por-trait inn sign).

THE CHURCHILL ARMS,Kensington Church Street, London.

WINSTON'S,Coptic Street, Bloomsbury, London.

THE CHURCHILL HOTEL,Portman Square, London.

CHURCHILL'S,Silvertown, Woolwich, London.

THE CHURCHILL ARMS,Long Crendon, Oxfordshire.

WINSTON CHURCHILL,Chorlton Street, Manchester.

THE CHURCHILL INN,Paxford, Gloucestershire.

WINSTON CHURCHILL,Ide Hill, Sevenoaks, Kent.

THE CHURCHILL ARMS,Sturminster Marshall, Hampshire.

THE CHURCHILL,West Lavington, Wiltshire.

CHURCHILL'S,Wisbech, Cambridgeshire.

THE SIR WINSTON CHUR-CHILL, Wretton, Norfolk. $

FINEST HOUR 104 / 43

DESPATCH BOX

continued from page 4...

EUROPE UNITE?Wendell Mauter's "Churchill and the

Unification of Europe" (FH 102, "Insidethe Journals") takes a highly measured viewof Churchill's position on European Unionwhen he called for a "United States of Eu-rope" after World War II. ActuallyChurchill coined the phrase as early as1930, but it makes no reference to a singlecurrency, the question which will likely de-fine Britain's future role in the world, partic-ularly in Europe and North America.

Churchill was not nearly so equivocal.He saw Britain's commitment to Europeanunity strategically as limited. Despite thefact that as early as 1940 (albeit in difficultcircumstances) he mentioned Franco-British political alignment, from then on-wards his public utterances saw Britain asstanding independent, one of the "friendsand sponsors of the new Europe."

In Churchill's memo to his cabinet of29 November 1951, Mauter does not in-clude that part of the quote which indicatesthat Churchill never contemplated the UK'sjoining the Schuman plan on the sameterms as the continental states: "Our atti-tude towards further economic develop-ments on the Schuman lines resembles thatwhich we adopt about the European Army.We help, we dedicate, we play a part, butwe are not merged with and do not forfeitour insular or commonwealth character."

Churchill did foresee a single currency,and as early as 1933: the pound/dollar orthe dollar/pound.

ELIZABETH SNELL, HALIFAX, N.S.

ROBERT RHODES JAMESThank you for sending Finest Hour

103 with your tribute to Robert and thequotes from his letters to you. We appreci-ated what you had to say about Robert andare glad that, after a rocky beginning, youand he found much to agree about.

LADY RHODES JAMES, SANDY, BEDS.

I must thank you for your very kindreference to me in your admirable tribute toRobert Rhodes James. Although I knew hewas terminally ill, it was a great shock to methat he died so quickly. My wife and I wentto visit him just after Easter, found him ingood if slightly feeble form, and left feelingthat he had another year or two and onemore book in him. As you probably know Ihave embarked (which I never thoughtlikely a year ago) on the very rash project ofa single volume new life of Churchill, seeing

it as to some extent a companion volume tomy 1995 life of Gladstone: the greatestPrime Minister of the 20th Century tomatch the greatest of the 19th. This makesme even more interested in the fascinatingdetail of Finest Hour than I was previously.Every number gives me something new andof value.THE RT. HON. LORD JENKINS OF HILLHEAD, OM

HOUSE OF LORDS, LONDON

Congratulations on your CBE, welldeserved. Congratulations also on the articleon Robert Rhodes James. I knew Robert atthe University of Sussex in the early 1970sand I was most impressed with him. He wascertainly outspoken. But he always hadsomething worthwhile to say and he was akeen observer. And he never bore a grudgeagainst someone who disagreed with him.He died far too young. I am sure that therewere plenty of books left in him to write.

KEITH SUTER,

UNIV. OF NEW SOUTH WALES, SYDNEY

USS WINSTON S. CHURCHILLTo experience the unique affinity

among our members at the 16th Interna-tional Churchill Conference was mostheartening and enduring, thanks largely toChairman Nigel Knocker and his commit-tee. But the highlight to me was your pre-sentation of a USS Winston S. Churchillcommander's cap. Though unexpected andundeserved, it was very much appreciated.

I had sometime previously expressedthe view that it would be only right andproper to include the middle initial "S" inthe ship's name, and I remain convincedthat through his good office and assertive-ness, together with that of Ambassador PaulH. Robinson, Jr., the Secretary of the U.S.Navy was persuaded to take the suggestionon board, thereby heeding the maxim toavoid "spoiling a ship for a ha'porth of tar."

Furthermore, Lady Soames kindlywrote after the launch that the capital "S"incorporated in the ship's name was "ab-solutely right" (FH 102). In conclusion,may I take this opportunity to wish USSWinston S. Churchill every possible goodfortune and success in all her endeavourswith, I trust, quiet waters and always a safeanchorage.

ARMIDO I. VALORI, NORWICH

• We forwarded Mr. Valori's letter toWinston S. Churchill's commanding officer,Cdr. Mike Franken, who wrote him, "I seethat we think along the same lines. Thankyou for being part of the Churchill Team."

NOMINATIONS TIMETo the editors o/Time

I would like to submit the name ofWinston Spencer Churchill in nominationfor Person of the Century. I have only onereason to make that nomination. We couldhave done without the likes of Hitler, Stalin,Hideki Tojo, and the lesser evils of Khadafiand Saddam Hussein. Certainly there aregood and famous people who have made adifference: Roosevelt, Gandhi, Eisenhower,MacArthur, Einstein, Salk, Teller, MotherTeresa and many others, and nothingshould be said to minimize their contribu-tions. For Churchill, however, one has onlyto think for five minutes along the lines ofwhat would the world be like today had henot lived. I have many times thought ofwriting a book along that thesis. I wouldbegin in early to mid-Thirties and carry usthrough today. As the recipient of this letter,you can second my nomination by simplyreflecting for a few minutes on the centuryas it would appear had there been no suchperson as Winston Churchill.

J. W. BRASHER, VICE PRESIDENT

INGALLS SHIPBUILDING, PASCAGOULA, MISS.

• Editor's note: Mr. Brasher's firm recentlylaunched the predecessor to the USS WinstonS. Churchill, the USS Roosevelt (DDG-80).

By 1901, Churchill had served gal-lantly in battles on two continents; was cap-tured and then escaped; published threebooks; and joined Parliament. Over thenext six decades, he led several importantministries, including the top military postin World War I; wrote numerous acclaimedbooks; and won the Nobel Prize. But thesedeeds pale to his early recognition of theevils of Hitlerism and Stalinism, and thehorror they would spawn, before nearly anyother prominent person, while, at the sametime, those who would have made peacewith the devil laughed at him. Then in theirdarkest hour, as Prime Minister, he ralliedhis people to make a stand, alone, against aseemingly invincible Nazi foe, while cajol-ing supplies from the U.S. two years beforeU.S. forces participated directly in the war.He is this century's indispensable man,

continued opposite...

FINEST HOUR 104/44

DESPATCH BOX

without whom the world would be un-speakably more terrible, and to whom hun-dreds of millions of its inhabitants owe theirfreedom. No one—not Hitler, not Stalin,not even the great Franklin Roosevelt—hasbeen more significant than the man whosaved the future, Winston Churchill.

MICHAEL E.BERUMEN, LAGUNA NIGEL, CALIF.

Much has been written aboutChurchill the soldier, correspondent, NobelPrize winner and, of course, the man whosaved Europe and the Free World. But Iwould put forth a word for Churchill theordinary man, who excelled only because ofsheer desire and tenacity in the face of allthe heavens could throw at him: an ordi-nary man who wrung every ounce of "I willachieve" out of every waking moment—anaverage man, placed by fate into above-aver-age situations of unconscionable gravity.Volumes about him continue to flow andChurchill's accomplishments shine everbrighter. The world as we know it is a muchbetter place because he passed brieflythrough it. Clarify the past. InstallChurchill in the prominent roll as represen-tative of all humankind: for this century, inwhich his life encompassed sixty-five fruit-ful years.

JOSEPH L. JUST, BURR RIDGE, ILL.

MALKUS, COWLES, IRON CURTAINIn FH 103, George Richard mentions

that Winston Churchill: The Era and theMan by Virginia Cowles included "therarely mentioned rescue of a Sudanese babyafter the Battle of Omdurman." Coinciden-tally, the same day that I read this I was alsoleafing through a juvenile biography, TheStory of Winston Churchill, by Alida SimsMalkus (1957) and was surprised by a half-page description of the same incident! Thepleasures of small coincidences....

In FH 102 you discuss origins of the"iron curtain" phrase, which you've donebefore. However, you didn't mentionChurchill's use of the words in his 16 Au-gust 1945 speech in the House of Com-mons, in which he said: "...it is not impossi-ble that tragedy on a prodigious scale is un-folding itself behind the iron curtain whichat the moment divides Europe in twain."

STEVE WALKER (VTA INTERNET)

FIGURES IN THE PANELINGPhilip Battaglia in "Despatch Box" in

FH 94 asked if anyone knows whose facesare depicted in the paneling behind LordRandolph Churchill in the painting byEdwin A. Ward (not Edward Ward). Thispainting, now at Chartwell, was commis-sioned with other portraits around 1887 by

Sir Henry Luce, who gave them to the Re-form Club. A 1927 black and white imageof the painting, forty years after its creation,clearly shows that behind Randolph are fourwindow panes reflecting drapes on the op-posite side of the room, giving the impres-sion of linen-fold paneling. Also reflectedare the face and figure of Lady Randolphwith young Winston, then aged thirteen, ather shoulder. More recent images do notseem to show the window clearly, but with-out examining the painting personally Icannot say whether it has been altered.Winston himself was painted by Ward in1901 at the same desk. He is depicted fromthe front, allowing the viewer to see theother side of the room. The background be-hind him shows the same drapery.

JEANETTE GABRIEL, SANTA MONICA, CALIF.

"LOYAL NEIGHBOURS"In FH 94, page 36, was a photo of a

picture of Roosevelt and Churchill promot-ing Stanfield's underwear, a Canadian prod-uct. I have the same picture but this onestates, "Loyal Neighbours...The Hotel Oak-wood." I have no idea where this hotel wasor is, although Toronto does have an Oak-wood Avenue and an Oakwood Crescent.Perhaps other readers may have insights?

TERRY REARDON, ETOBICOKE, ONT. M>

Recipes irom No. 10: Fruit Cakeby Georgina Landemare (Churchill Family Cook, c. 1940s-50s)

Updated & annotated by Barbara Langworth <b_langworth@conknet.com>

D a recentvisit to

Chartwell I pickedup the restaurant'scatering brochureand found this noteinteresting: "WhenSir Winston knewthat visitors would

eventually have the opportunity to visit Chartwell, he wasanxious to provide them with the appropriate facilities andhimself laid plans for a tearoom and visitor centre." Amongthe offerings was "Mrs. Landemare's fruit cake as served atNo. 10."

In Recipes From No. 10 Mrs. Landemare offersthree recipes for fruitcake, each with slightly different in-gredients. I've made Fruit Cake #2 since the ingredients areusually available year round and it would make a delightfuladdition to afternoon tea.

FRUIT CAKE #21 Ib. butter6 eggs1 Ib. currants2 oz. ground almonds6 oz. glace (candied) cherries1 Ib sultanas (or white raisins)1 Ib. (2 cups) caster (granulated) sugar1 112 lbs. (5 cups) plain (all-purpose) flour

Cream butter and sugar together, beat in the eggs one at atime with a little of the flour. Mix in the fruit with the re-mainder of the flour. Add to the mixture and beat well.

Line two 8 112" x 4 112" loaf pans with parchment paper let-ting it hang over the edges for easy removal. Divide mixturebetween pans.

Bake in a 350° oven for 1-1 1/4 hours. Use a cake tester tomake sure the center is done. $5

FINEST HOUR 104 / 45

CHURCHILLTRIVIABy Curt Zoller (zcurt@earthlink.net)

T est your knowledge! Most questions can beanswered in back issues ofFinest Hour or

other Churchill Center publications, but it's notreally cricket to check. 24 questions appear eachissue, answers in the following issue. Questionsare in six categories: Contemporaries (C), Liter-ary (L), Miscellaneous (M), Personal (P),Statesmanship (S) and War (W).

985. When Churchill first went to America in1895 he was met at the quay by what friendof his American relations? (C)

986. Who wrote the introduction to theabridged (1968) edition of Marlborough? (L)

987. Lord Randolph Churchill placed all hispapers under a trusteeship. To whom werethese papers consigned upon his death? (M)

988. In 1943 Roosevelt and Churchill met inCasablanca. What was Churchill's code nameduring the first part of the trip? (P)

989. What did WSC see as the two main ob-jectives of Boer strategy in the Boer War ? (S)

990. In one of his articles, Churchill wroteabout a war: "The French not yet revised, theBritish water-logged, the Americans remote.Thus the year closed." What year was it? (W)

991. About which one of his friends did WSCcomment: "He had all the canine virtues in aremarkable degree—courage, fidelity, vigi-lance, love of chase." (C)

992. The River Warwas generally praised, butwhich weekly said: "Only this astonishingyoung man could have written these two pon-derous and pretentious volumes..."? (L)

993. What were the horse racing colours ofLord Randolph Churchill (and his son)? (M)

994. In one of his early writings, published byPall Mall, Churchill described a day at Sand-hurst. He signed it with what pseudonym? (P)

995. What was WSC's opinion of Ladysmithstactical position during the Boer War? (S)

996. Young Churchill wrote to his motherabout a sham battle he participated in withabout 12,000 regular troops. His "army" con-sisted of 3500 men, two batteries of guns anda regiment of cavalry. Did they win? (W)

997. Why did T. E. Lawrence refuse theCommandership of the Bath and the Distin-guished Service Order from the King? (C)

998. In January 1947 Churchill wrote an arti-cle on the chance of another world war. Whatwas its title and where did it run? (L)

999. Churchill's biographer, Sir MartinGilbert, is credited with over 46 books in hislatest publication, History of the TwentiethCentury. How many did he write entirelyabout Churchill: 10, 16, 26 or 46> (M)

1000. Accepting leadership of the Conserva-tive Party in 1940, Churchill claimed to have"always faithfully served two public causes."What were they? (P)

1001. In what year did Churchill say in aCommons speech: "A European war cannotbe anything but a cruel, heart-rending strug-gle, which if we are ever to enjoy the bitterfruits of victory, must demand, perhaps forseveral years, the whole manhood of the na-tion, the entire suspension of peaceful indus-tries, and the concentration to one end ofevery vital energy in the country"? (S)

1002. Which famous battle was Churchill re-ferring to when he wrote about "the loosenessand flexibility of all formations...and the en-circling movement of the Allies, foreshadow-ing [the battle of] Tannenberg"? (W)

1003. What newspapers did Lord Beaver-brook control? (C)

1004. In what year did the American popularmagazine Collier's Weekly publish Churchill'sfirst article, and what was its title? (L)

1005. Before extracts of Churchill's books ap-peared in Life, he wrote many articles forwhat other popular American weekly? (M)

1006. In Thoughts and Adventures (AmidThese Storms) Churchill expresses his opinionof people who get drunk. What was it? (P)

1007. In Marlborough, Churchill commentson the interaction of military and political in-struments of power in grand strategy, declar-ing, "His life is a ceaseless triple struggle."What were the three struggles? (S)

1008. In his speech in Liverpool on 23 April1901, what were Churchill's three critiques ofSt. John Brodrick's Army Reform? (W)

ANSWERS TO LAST TRIVIA (#961-984)

(961) Churchill never spoke with PresidentKennedy. Anthony Montague Brown spokewith JFK. (962) The revolutions discussed inHESPare the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in

Britain, the American Revolution of1776 and the French Revolution of 1789.(963) The statue unveiled by Queen Eliza-beth and President Jacques Chirac is in Paris,beside the Seine. (964) Winston's brother'sname was John Strange Spencer Churchill.(965) The only major Cabinet post WSCdidn't fill was Foreign Secretary. (966) USSWinston S. Churchill(DDG 81), is a guidedmissile destroyer.

(967) Prime Minister Mackenzie King metChurchill in 1900 during WSC's tour ofCanada. (968) The "locust years" commentwas based on the Bible, Joel 3:25: "...and Iwill restore to you the years that the locusthath eaten." (969) Churchill's coffin was car-ried up the Thames on the launch Havengore.(970) Churchill London residences with theblue historical plaque are: 33 EcclestonSquare; 2 Sussex Square; 11 Morpeth Man-sions; and 28 Hyde Park Gate. (971)Churchill said at Teheran, "In war-time, truthis so precious that she should always be at-tended by a bodyguard of lies." (972) WSCcommented about Admiral John Jellicoe'scontributions to the success of World War I.

(973) "It would have been better had henever lived" referred to Stanley Baldwin,whom WSC blamed for Britain's lack of pre-paredness at the outset of WW2. (974) A let-ter under "flying seal" was a Foreign Officenotation, meaning the recipient should read itand send it on. (975) Churchill's complaintabout America was "...toilet paper too thin,newspapers too fat." (976) His prescriptioncalled for "the use of alcoholic spirits at mealtime...the minimum requirement to be 250cc." (977) Churchill declared, "I believe fromthe bottom of my heart that no Socialist sys-tem can be established without political po-lice," which allegedly contributed to his 1945defeat. (978) The quotation is from "Shall WeAll Commit Suicide?" in Thoughts and Adven-tures (Amid These Storms), page 245.

(979) The first woman Member of Parliamentwas Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor (Vis-countess Astor). (980) Churchill referred tohis father, Lord Randolph, as a boy and as aman. (981) The three government leaderswho met at the 1953 Bermuda Conferencewere President Eisenhower, Prime MinisterChurchill and French Prime Minister JosephLaniel. (982) Churchill's dark moods werecalled "Black Dog." (983) In 1937, Churchillspoke in support of non-intervention in theSpanish Civil War. (984) The "ZuckermanPlan" stressed concentrated, precise attackson rail targets in France prior to the D-Dayinvasion. $S

FINEST HOUR 104 / 46

AMPERSANDMoments in Time: Coventry,Friday, 26 September 1941Photographs courtesy Dale Weber

Churchill spent the night of Sep-tember 25th, 1941, "in a quietsiding, half a mile from a stone

marking the centre of England and afew miles short of Coventry," his pri-vate secretary, Jock Colville, wrote inhis diary, later published as Fringes ofPower. "The PM dictated half of hisspeech for the House of Commons nextTuesday. It promises to be his best."(On the 30th Churchill would say:"Only the most strenuous exertions, aperfect unity of purpose, added to ourtraditional unrelenting tenacity, will en-able us to act our part worthily in theprodigious world drama in which we

are now plunged. Let us make surethese virtues are forthcoming.")

On the morning of the 26th,Churchill's train pulled into Coventry,where he was met by a receptionheaded by the Lord Mayor, J. A. Mose-ley. Colville continued: "the PM wasnot dressed. He always assumes he canget up, shave and have a bath in 1/4hour whereas in reality it takes him 20minutes. Consequently he is late foreverything. Mrs C seethed with anger....We went to the centre of the town....The PM will give the V sign with twofingers in spite of the representations re-peatedly made to him that this gesturehas quite another significance!

"We toured very thoroughly theArmstong Siddeley factory, where air-craft parts and torpedoes are made, andthe PM had a rousing reception. As weentered each workshop all the menclanged their hammers in a deafeningwelcome. I drove with Jack Churchillwhom some of the crowd took for [So-viet Ambassador Ivan] Maisky! The

REMEMBERWINSTON CHURCHILL

Will future generations remember?Will the ideas you cherish now be sus-tained then! Will someone articulateyour principles? Who will guide your

grandchildren, your faithand your country?

There is an answer.

With your help, The Churchill Centerwill endure as a powerful voice, sustain-

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For more information contact:The Churchill CenterRichard M. Langworth

Chairman, Board of Trustees(888) 454-2275

Whitley bomber factory is a hotbed ofcommunism and there was some doubtof the reception the PM would get. Buthis appearance with cigar and semi-top-hat quite captivated the workers whogave him vociferous [sic] applause.

"We saw the lines of finishedbombers and amongst them a ricketybiplane built in the same factory duringthe last war. A new Whitley took offand flew past, a Hurricane pilot didstunts, and No. 605 squadron of Hurri-canes flew over in astonishingly tightformation. When we drove away themen and women of the factory quiteforgot their communism and rushedforward in serried ranks to say good-bye. But I was disgusted to hear thattheir production-tempo had not reallygrown until Russia came into the war."

Dale Weber sent us the accompa-nying photographs capturing that mo-ment fifty-nine years ago. In the topphotograph, from left to right: LordMayor of Coventry J. A. Moseley(wearing chain), Armstong-Siddeleymanaging director Cyril Woodhaus,WSC, chief test pilot Charles TurnerHughes, chief designer A. Lloyd (inraincoat) and RAF Captain W. S.Strickland. $

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