ISGOTT 2006

International Safety Guide for


Oil Tankers and Terminal

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2006

IMO



International Chamber of ShippingOil Company International Marine Forum

International

i


2006



International Chamber of Shipping Oil Company International Marine Forum

International Association of Ports and

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ISGOTT

International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminal

Fifth Edition

International Chamber of Shipping Oil Company International Marine Forum

International Association of Ports and Harbors

ICS/OCIMF/IAPH

2006

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, International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT), , - , (). (ICS). (OCIMF) (IAPH) .

, , , , - . , -74 73/78. , , . - : , , - . - , - () - ISGOTT, -.

-. ISGOTT - , , .

ISGOTT. -, - , , - . . ISGOTT -, - , , . - . , .

, ISGOTT , , . ISGOTT

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.................................................................................................................................................................... iii ...................................................................................................................................................................... iv ........................................................................................................................................... xxii ............................................................................................................................................................. xxiv ............................................................................................................................................................... xxvii

1 ........................................................................................................................................ 1

1 .................................................................................. 2

1.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 2

1.1.1 .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 ........................................................................................................................... 2

1.2 .................................................................................................................................. 3

1.2.1 ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.3 .............................................................................................. 3 1.2.4 .............................................................................................................. 4 1.2.5 ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2.6 .............................................................................. 5

1.3 ................................................................................................. 6

2 .................................................................................................... 7

2.1 .................................................................................................................................. 7

2.2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

2.3 ................................................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2 ............................................................................................................................. 7

2.3.2.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.2.2 .......................................................................................................................... 7

2.3.3 ............................................................................................................................................ 8

2.3.3.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3.3.2 ................................................................................................... 8 2.3.3.3 ..................................................................................................................... 8

2.3.4 / (MSDS) ....................................... 9 2.3.5 ........................................................................................ 9

2.3.5.1 ........................................................................................................ 9 2.3.5.2 ............................................................................................................................................... 9

2.3.6 (H2S) ..................................................................................................................................... 10

2.3.6.1 , (H2S) ................................................................................ 10 2.3.6.2 ............................................................................................................ 11 2.3.6.3 ............................................................................................................ 11 2.3.6.4 , H2S ................. 11 2.3.6.5 ,

H2S .................................................................. 13 2.3.6.6 ......................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.6.7 ............................................................................................ 13

2.3.7 ............................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.8 , () () .................................. 14 2.3.9 ............................................................................................................................................. 14

2.3.9.1 ......................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.9.2 ................................................................................................................ 14 2.3.9.3 .................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.9.4 ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.9.5 .............................................................................................................................. 15

2.3.10 .............................................................................................................................. 15

2.4 ........................................................................................................ 16

2.4.1 .................................................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.2 ................................................................................................. 16

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2.4.3 () ...................................................................... 16

2.4.3.1 ......................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.3.2 .............................................................................................................. 18 2.4.3.3 ......................................................................................... 18 2.4.3.4 ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.3.5 ............................................................................................ 19

2.4.4 () ..................... 19

2.4.4.1 ......................................................................................................................... 19 2.4.4.2 ........................................................................................................... 19 2.4.4.3 ...................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.4.4 ....................................................................................... 20

2.4.5 ( ) ........................................................................ 20

2.4.5.1 ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.5.2 ........................................................................................................... 20

2.4.6 .................................................................................................. 21

2.4.6.1 ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.4.6.2 ........................................................................................................... 21

2.4.7 ............................................................................... 21

2.4.7.1 .............................................................................................. 21 2.4.7.2 ........................................................................................................ 22

2.4.8 .......................................................................................... 23 2.4.9 ...................................................................................................... 23 2.4.10 ........................................................................... 23

2.4.10.1 ............................................................................................................... 23 2.4.10.2 ........................................................................................................ 24 2.4.10.3 , .................................................... 24

2.4.11 ............................................................................................................ 25 2.4.12 .............................................................................................................. 25 2.4.13 .................................................................................... 25

2.4.13.1 ................................................................................................................ 25 2.4.13.2 ..................................................................................................................... 25 2.4.13.3 .................................................................................................... 26

2.5 .............................................................. 26

2.5.1 .................................................................................................................................................... 26 2.5.2 ......................................................................................................................... 27

2.5.2.1 .............................................................................................. 27 2.5.2.2 .......................................................................................... 27 2.5.2.3 .................................................................................................. 28 2.5.2.4 ............................................................................................................ 28 2.5.2.5 ....................................................................................................................................... 29

2.5.3 ....................................................................................................................................... 29 2.5.4 , ............................................................................... 29

2.5.4.1 ..................................................................................................................... 29 2.5.4.2 ............................................................................................................................... 30 2.5.4.3 ........................................................................................................... 30 2.5.4.4 ........................................................................................... 32 2.5.4.5 ................................................................................... 32 2.5.4.6 ..................................................................................... 33 2.5.4.7 ................................................................................... 33

2.5.5 , .......................................................... 34 2.5.6 ............................................................................. 36

2.5.6.1 .............................................................................................................................. 36 2.5.6.2

............................................................................................................................ 36

2.6 ........................................................................................................... 38

2.6.1 ............................................................................................................................ 38 2.6.2 .......................................................................................................................... 38

2.6.2.1 ......................................................................................................................... 38 2.6.2.2 ............................................................. 38


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2.6.2.3 .......................................................................... 38 2.6.2.4 ......... 39

2.7 , , ........... 39

2.7.1 .................................................................................................................................... 39 2.7.2 ...................................................................................................................... 40 2.7.3 ....................... 40

2.7.3.1 .................................................................................................................. 40 2.7.3.2 ............................................................................... 40

2.7.4 ......................................................................................................................... 40

2.7.4.1 ........................................................................................... 40 2.7.4.2 ................................................................................................ 40 2.7.4.3 ................................................................................... 41 2.7.4.4 ....................................................................................................... 41 2.7.4.5 ........................................................ 41

2.7.5 ................................................................................... 41

3 ................................................................................................................... 42

3.1 ..................................................................................................................... 42

3.1.1 ................................................................................................................................... 42 3.1.2 ..................................................................................................................................... 42 3.1.3 .................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.4 ........................................................................................................ 43

3.1.4.1 ............................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.4.2 ................................................................................................................................ 45

3.1.5 ...................................................................................... 46

3.2 ......................................................................................................... 47

3.2.1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2.2 ................................................................................................................ 48 3.2.3 ................................................................. 48

3.3 .................................... 48

3.3.1 .................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.2 ................................................................................... 49 3.3.3 .................................................................................................. 49 3.3.4 ......................................................................................................................................... 49 3.3.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.6 ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.7 ......................................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.8 ....................................................................................................................... 51

4 ..................................................................................... 52

4.1 ...................................................................................................................................... 52

4.2 ................................................. 52

4.2.1 ...................................................................................................................... 52 4.2.2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 53

4.2.2.1 .............................................................................................................................. 53 4.2.2.2 ................................................................................. 53 4.2.2.3 , ........................................................................... 53 4.2.2.4 ...................................................................................................................... 54 4.2.2.5 ............................................................................................................. 54

4.2.3 ....................................................................... 54 4.2.4 ....................................................................................................... 54

4.2.4.1 ................................................................................................................ 54 4.2.4.2 ............................................................................................................. 54

4.3 ............................................................................................... 55

4.3.1 ........................................................................................................................................ 55 4.3.2 ( ) .......... 55 4.3.3 ............................................................................................................................ 55 4.3.4 (), , ........................... 55 4.3.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 56 4.3.6 ........................................................................................................ 56

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4.4 ............................................................................................................................................................... 56

4.4.1 ........................................................................................................................................ 56 4.4.2 ........................................................................................................... 57

4.4.2.1 ............................................................................................................. 57 4.4.2.2 .................................................................................................... 57 4.4.2.3 , .............. 57

4.4.3 .............................................................................................................................. 57

4.4.3.1 ........................................................................................... 57 4.4.3.2 ................................................................................................................. 57 4.4.3.3 ....................................................... 57 4.4.3.4 ........................................................ 58

4.4.4 ............................................................ 58

4.4.4.1 ......................................................................................................................... 58 4.4.4.2 ..................................................................................................................... 58 4.4.4.3 ...................................................... 58 4.4.4.4 ..................................................................................................................... 58 4.4.4.5 , ............................................... 58 4.4.4.6 ........................ 59

4.4.5 , . 59

4.4.5.1 ......................................................................................................................... 59 4.4.5.2 .......................................................................................................................... 59 4.4.5.3 .............................................................................................................................. 59

4.5 ................................................................................ 59

4.5.1 ............................. 59 4.5.2 ................................................................................................................................ 60

4.6 , ......................................................................... 60

4.7 ......................................................................... 60

4.8 ............................................................................................................ 61

4.8.1 ........................................................................................................................................ 61 4.8.2 ................................................................................................................... 61

4.8.2.1 ......................................................................... 61 4.8.2.2 ........................................................................................................................ 61 4.8.2.3 ................................................................................. 61

4.8.3 ............................................................................................ 62 4.8.4 () ........................................................................ 62 4.8.5 ................................................................................................................................................... 62 4.8.6 .............................................................................................................................. 62 4.8.7 .................................................................................................................................................. 63

4.9 ...................................................................................................... 63

4.10 ............................................................................................................................ 63

4.11 ............................................................................................................................................................. 64

5 .......................................................................................................................................... 65

5.1 ....................................................................................................................... 65

5.2 ........................................ 65

5.2.1 - () ................................................................. 65 5.2.2 - ........................................... 65 5.2.3 - .............................................................. 66 5.2.4 D - .................................................................................. 66

5.3 ....................................................................................................................... 66

5.3.1 .......................................................................................................................... 66

5.3.1.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 66 5.3.1.2 ................................................................................................................................................ 67

5.3.2 ..................................................................................................... 67

5.3.2.1 ................................................................................................................................................ 67 5.3.2.2 .......................................................................................................................... 68 5.3.2.3 .................................................................................................................................................. 68


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5.3.2.4 .............................................................................................................................................. 69

5.3.3 ............................................................................................................................... 69

5.3.3.1 ........................................................................................................ 69 5.3.3.2 () ........................................................................................... 69

6 .................................................................................................................................................................. 70

6.1 ................................................................................................................................... 70

6.2 .......................................................................................................................................... 70

6.3 ............................................................................... 70

6.4 ........................................................................................................................................... 70

2 ............................................................................................................................... 72

7 .......................................................................................................................................... 73

7.1 .................................................................................. 73

7.1.1 .................................................................................................................................... 73 7.1.2 ....................................................................................................................... 73 7.1.3 ........................................................................................................... 73 7.1.4 ................................................................................................... 74 7.1.5 ............................................................................. 74

7.1.5.1 .......................................................................................................... 74 7.1.5.2 ................................................................ 75 7.1.5.3 ........................................................................................... 75

7.1.6 , .......................................... 75

7.1.6.1 .................................................................................................... 75 7.1.6.2 .............................................. 76 7.1.6.3 .......................................... 76 7.1.6.4 ................................... 76 7.1.6.5 ............................................................................................................................. 77 7.1.6.6 ....................................... 77 7.1.6.7 ........................................................................................................................ 77 7.1.6.8 ....................................... 77 7.1.6.9 , .................................................................................... 78 7.1.6.10 ........................................................................................................................................ 78 7.1.6.11 ....................................................................................................................................... 78 7.1.6.12 ............................................................................................................ 78

7.1.7 , ..................... 79

7.1.7.1 ................................................................................................................ 79 7.1.7.2 .......................................... 79 7.1.7.3 .................................................................................................................. 79 7.1.7.4 ........................................................................................... 79

7.1.8 / .................................................... 79

7.1.8.1 / ................................................................................................... 80 7.1.8.2 / .......................................................................................................... 80 7.1.8.3 / .................................... 80 7.1.8.4 ............................................. 80

7.1.9 ......................................................................................................... 80 7.1.10 , ......................................................................... 81

7.1.10.1 ......................................................................................................................... 81 7.1.10.2 , 60........................................ 81 7.1.10.3 ....................................................................................... 81

7.1.11 , ........................................................................................................................................... 81

7.1.11.1 ........................................................... 81 7.1.11.2 .............................................................................................................................. 81 7.1.11.3 , ............................................................................... 81 7.1.11.4 ...................................................................................................................... 82

7.1.12 ................................................................................................................. 82

7.1.12.1 , .................................................................................................................................................. 82

7.1.12.2 ............................................ 82 7.1.12.3 - ................................................................. 82

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7.1.13 ........................................................................................................... 83

7.2 ....................................................................................................................... 83

7.2.1 .................................................................................................................................... 83 7.2.2 ................................................................... 83

7.2.2.1 ......................................................................................................................... 83 7.2.2.2 .................................................. 84 7.2.2.3

........................................................................................................... 84 7.2.2.4 .................................................... 85 7.2.2.5

........................................................................................................ 85

7.3 ................................................................................................... 85

7.3.1 ................................................................................................................. 85 7.3.2 .......................................................................................... 86 7.3.3 .......................................................................................................................... 86

7.3.3.1 .......................................................................................................... 86 7.3.3.2 .................................................................... 87 7.3.3.3 .............................................................. 87 7.3.3.4 ................................................................ 87

7.3.4 ............................................................................................ 88

7.4 ......................................................................... 88

7.5 () ...................................................................... 88

7.6 .................................................................. 88

8 .............................................................................................................................. 89

8.1 .............................................................................. 89

8.1.1 .................................................................................................................................... 89 8.1.2 ............................................... 89 8.1.3 ................. 89

8.1.3.1 ............................................................................................... 89 8.1.3.2 .................................................................................................................. 89 8.1.3.3 ............................................................................................................................... 89 8.1.3.4 ............................................................................................................................... 90 8.1.3.5 ................................................................................................................ 90

8.1.4 ...................................................................................................................... 90

8.1.4.1 ............................................................................................... 90

8.2 ........................................................................... 91

8.2.1 .................................................................................................................................................... 91 8.2.2 ............................................................... 91

8.2.2.1 ............................................................................... 91 8.2.2.2 ........................................ 91 8.2.2.3 .......................................................... 91

8.2.3 ............................................................................................ 91 8.2.4 ..................................................... 92 8.2.5 ................................................................................................................................... 92 8.2.6 ...................................................................................................................................................... 92 8.2.7 ............................................................................................. 93 8.2.8 .................................................... 93

8.3 .................................................................................................................. 93

8.3.1 ................................................................................................. 93 8.3.2 .............................................................................................................................. 94

9 ......................................................... 95

9.1 () ............................... 95

9.2 ........................................................................................ 95

9.2.1 ............................................................................................................................................. 96

9.3 ...................................................... 97

9.3.1 .................................................................................................................................... 97 9.3.2 ......................................................... 97


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9.3.3 ................................... 97 9.3.4 ........................................................................................... 98 9.3.5 ....................................................................................................... 98

9.4 ......................................................................................................................................... 99

9.4.1 .......................................................................................................... 99 9.4.2 ................................................... 99 9.4.3 ............................................... 99

9.4.3.1 ......................................................................................................................... 99 9.4.3.2 .......................................................... 100 9.4.3.3 ..................................................... 101 9.4.3.4 .......................................................... 102 9.4.3.5 ..................................................... 102

9.4.4 ............................................ 102

9.4.4.1 ....................................................................................................................... 102 9.4.4.2 ......................................................................... 104 9.4.4.3 .............................. 105 9.4.4.4 ............................................... 106 9.4.4.5 ......................................................................... 106

9.5 ............................................................................................... 106

9.6 .................................................................................................................. 106

9.7 ............................................................................................................. 107

9.8 , , ................. 107

9.8.1 .................................................................................................................................................. 107 9.8.2 .................................................................................................................................. 107 9.8.3 .................................................................................................................................. 107 9.8.4 ............................................. 108 9.8.5 ........................................................................................................................ 108 9.8.6 ........................................................................................................................... 108 9.8.7 ............................................. 109 9.8.8 ...................................................................................................... 109 9.8.9 ...................................................................................................................................... 109 9.8.10 ........................................................................................................................ 109 9.8.11 ........................................................................................................................ 110

9.8.11.1 ............................................................................................. 110 9.8.11.2 ...................................................................................................................... 110

9.8.12 , ......................................................... 110 9.8.13 ....................................................................................................................................... 110

9.9 .................................................................... 111

9.9.1 .................................................................................................................................. 111 9.9.2 ....................................................................................................................... 111

9.9.2.1 .................................................................................................................................... 111 9.9.2.2 ................................................................... 111 9.9.2.3 ........................................................................................................ 112 9.9.2.4 ............................................................................................ 112 9.9.2.5 .............................................................................................. 112 9.9.2.6 .................................................................................... 112 9.9.2.7 .......................................................................................... 112

9.9.3 ...................................................................................................................... 112

9.9.3.1 , .............................................. 112 9.9.3.2 ............................................................................................................................ 113 9.9.3.3 ..................................................................................................................... 113 9.9.3.4 ............................................................................................................ 113

10 ............................................................................................................................. 114

10.1 ................................................................. 114

10.2 ............................................................................................... 114

10.2.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 114 10.2.2 ........................................................................................................... 114 10.2.3 ............................................................................................................................ 115 10.2.4 ....................................................................................................................................... 115

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10.2.4.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 115 10.2.4.2 ................................................................................................................................ 115 10.2.4.3 ................................................................................................................................. 116 10.2.4.4 ................................................................................................................. 116

10.2.5 ................................................................................................ 116

10.3 .......................................................................... 116

10.4 .............................................................................. 117

10.5 .................................................. 118

10.6 ................................................................................................................... 118

10.6.1 ..................................................................................................... 118 10.6.2 ....................................................................................................... 119 10.6.3 .............................................................................................................................. 119

10.7 .......................................................................................................................... 119

10.8 .......................................................................................... 120

10.8.1 ...................................................................................................... 120 10.8.2 .......................................................................... 121 10.8.3 - ................................................................................... 121 10.8.4 ............................................. 122 10.8.5 ( ) ............................................ 122 10.8.6 ......................................................................... 122 10.8.7 ................................................................................................................................................. 122 10.8.8 ............................................................................................................................ 122

10.9 .................................................................................................. 123

10.9.1 .................................................................................................................................. 123 10.9.2 ....................................................................... 123 10.9.3 ................................................................................................................ 123 10.9.4 ....................................... 123 10.9.5 , .............................................................................................. 123 10.9.6 ..................................................................................................................................... 123

10.10 ........................................ 124

10.10.1 .............................................................................................................................................. 124 10.10.2 ................................................................................................... 124

10.11 ................ 125

10.11.1 ........................................................................................................... 125 10.11.2 ............................................................... 125 10.11.3 , .............. 125 10.11.4 ......................... 126 10.11.5 ................................... 126 10.11.6 ........................................ 126 10.11.7 ...................................................................................................................................................... 127

11 .................................................................................................................................... 128

11.1 ............................................................................................................................... 128

11.1.1 .................................................................................................................................. 128 11.1.2 .................................................................................................. 128 11.1.3 ............................................................................................................................ 128 11.1.4 ........................................................................................................................... 128 11.1.5 () .............................................................. 129 11.1.6 ................................................................................................................................ 129

11.1.6.1 ....................................................................................................................... 129 11.1.6.2 .................................................................... 129 11.1.6.3 ............................................................................................. 129 11.1.6.4 ................................................................................................................................. 129 11.1.6.5 .................................................................................... 129 11.1.6.6 .................................................................................................... 130 11.1.6.7 ...................................................................... 130 11.1.6.8 ....................................................................... 130 11.1.6.9 ................................................................ 130 11.1.6.10 .................................................................................... 131 11.1.6.11 ............................................................... 131


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11.1.6.12 ................................................................................. 131 11.1.6.13 ............................................................................ 131 11.1.6.14 ......................................................................................... 132 11.1.6.15 .......................................................................................... 132 11.1.6.16 ........................................................................................ 132 11.1.6.17 ........................................................................................................... 132

11.1.7 , ........................................................ 132

11.1.7.1 ....................................................................................................................... 132 11.1.7.2 ....................................................... 133 11.1.7.3 ...................................................................................... 133 11.1.7.4 , .............................................................. 134 11.1.7.5 ....................................................................................................................................... 135 11.1.7.6 ........................................................................................................ 136 11.1.7.7 ........................................................................................................ 137 11.1.7.8 ( )

() ............................................................................ 137 11.1.7.9 ......................................................................................................... 138 11.1.7.10 ( ) ............... 138

11.1.8 ........................................................................... 139 11.1.9 , (2S) ............................................................................... 139

11.1.9.1 ....................................................................................................................... 139 11.1.9.2 , H2S .......................................... 139

11.1.10 , ................................................................................................... 140 11.1.11 ............................................................................................................... 140 11.1.12 ( " ") ............................................................... 140 11.1.13 , () ........... 141

11.1.13.1 ....................................................................................................................... 141 11.1.13.2 , .............. 141 11.1.13.3 / .............................................................................. 142 11.1.13.4 .................................................................................................. 143 11.1.13.5 ....................................................................................... 143 11.1.13.6 // .............................................................................................................. 143 11.1.13.7 .................................................................... 143 11.1.13.8 ........................................................................................... 144 11.1.13.9 ................................................................................................................. 144 11.1.13.10 ............................................................................................................................. 144

11.1.14 ................................................................................................................................ 144

11.1.14.1 ................................................................... 144 11.1.14.2 ............................................................................................. 144 11.1.14.3 .................................................................................................... 144 11.1.14.4 ........................................................................................ 145 11.1.14.5 ................................................................ 145 11.1.14.6 .................................................................................................................. 145 11.1.14.7 , .................................................................... 145 11.1.14.8 .................................................................................. 145 11.1.14.9 ................................................................................. 146 11.1.14.10 ........................................................................... 146 11.1.14.11 ......................................................................................... 146 11.1.14.12 .............................................................................. 146 11.1.14.13 ........................................ 146 11.1.14.14 ...................................................................................... 146

11.1.15 ...................................... 147

11.1.15.1 ....................................................................................................................... 147 11.1.15.2 .................................................................... 147 11.1.15.3 ............................................................................................................. 147 11.1.15.4 .......................................................... 147 11.1.15.5 ................................................................ 148 11.1.15.6 .......................................................................... 148 11.1.15.7 ...................................................................................................... 148 11.1.15.8 ........................................................................................................ 148 11.1.15.9 ......................................................................................................................... 149

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11.2 , , , ....................................................................................... 149

11.2.1 .................................................................................................................................. 149 11.2.2 .......................................................................................................... 149 11.2.3 ................................................................................................................................ 150 11.2.4 ............................................................................................... 150

11.3 ......................................................................................................................................... 150

11.3.1 .................................................................................................................................. 150 11.3.2 .................................................................................................. 150 11.3.3 ..................................................................................................... 151

11.3.3.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 151 11.3.3.2 ......................................................................................................... 151

11.3.4 .......................................................................................................... 151

11.3.4.1 .................................................................................................................... 151 11.3.4.2 ................................................................................................................ 152

11.3.5 ............................................................................................................................................ 152

11.3.5.1 ..................................................................................................... 152 11.3.5.2 ................................................................................................. 152

11.3.6 .......................................................................................... 155

11.3.6.1 .................................................................... 155 11.3.6.2 ,

.................................................................................................................................. 155 11.3.6.3 .................................................................................. 155 11.3.6.4 ............................................. 155 11.3.6.5 ............................................................................................................ 156 11.3.6.6 ......................................................................................................................... 156 11.3.6.7 "" .................................................................. 156 11.3.6.8 .................................................................................. 156 11.3.6.9 ............................................................................................................ 157 11.3.6.10 , ................................................................................... 157 11.3.6.11 ..................................................................... 157

11.4 ................................................................................................................................................... 157

11.4.1 .................................................................................................................................. 157 11.4.2 ............................................................ 158 11.4.3 ..................................................................................... 158 11.4.4 ................................................................... 159 11.4.5 ........................................................................................ 159 11.4.6 ...................................................................................................................... 159 11.4.7 .......................................................................... 160 11.4.8 ................................................................... 160

11.5 .......................................................................................................................... 160

11.5.1 .................................................................................................................................. 160 11.5.2 ............................................................................................................. 160 11.5.3 .................................................................................................................... 160 11.5.4 ............................................................................................. 160 11.5.5 .......................................................... 161 11.5.6 ...................................................................... 161 11.5.7 ....................................................................... 161 11.5.8 ........................................................................................................... 161 11.5.9 ...................................................................................................................................................... 162 11.5.10 ........................................................................................................... 162

11.6 ........................................................................................................................ 162

11.6.1 .................................................................................................................................................. 162 11.6.2 .................................................................................................................................. 162 11.6.3 ......................................................................................................... 162

11.6.3.1 ................................................................................................ 162 11.6.3.2 / .......................................................... 163

11.6.4 ........................................................................................................... 163 11.6.5 ............................................................................................................................ 163

11.6.5.1 .......................................................................................... 163


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11.6.5.2 , ......................................... 163

11.6.6 ............................................................................................................. 163

11.6.6.1 ............................................................................ 163 11.6.6.2 ................................................................................... 164

11.6.7 .......................................................................................................... 164 11.6.8 ............................................................................................ 164

11.7 ........................................................................................ 164

11.7.1 .................................................................................................................. 164 11.7.2 ..................................................................................................... 165

11.8 , ...................................................... 166

11.8.1 .................................................................................................................................. 166 11.8.2 ............................................... 167

11.8.2.1 ....................................................................................................................... 167 11.8.2.2 ........................................................................................................ 167 11.8.2.3 , .............................................................. 169 11.8.2.4 , ......................................................... 169 11.8.2.5 ............. 170

11.8.3 .................................................. 171

11.8.3.1 - ........................................................................................................................................... 171

11.8.4 , ............................ 172 11.8.5

.................................................................................................................................................. 172

11.9 ................................................................................................................ 173

11.9.1 ........................................................................................ 173 11.9.2 ................................................................................. 173 11.9.3 ............................ 173 11.9.4 .......................... 173 11.9.5 ............................................................ 173

12 ........................................................................... 175

12.1 .................................................................................................................................... 175

12.2 ..................................................................................................................................... 175

12.2.1 .................................................................................................................................. 175 12.2.2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 176 12.2.3 ............................................................................................................................ 176 12.2.4 ........................................................................................................................... 176 12.2.5 ........................................................................................................... 176

12.3 ................................................................................................................... 176

12.4 ................................................................................................................................ 176

12.4.1 , ................................................................................... 176 12.4.2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 177

12.5 ................................................................................................................................... 177

12.5.1 .................................................................................... 177

12.5.1.1 ................................................................................................................... 177 12.5.1.2 ........................................................................ 177

12.5.2 ........................................................................................................................................ 178

12.5.2.1 () () ............................................................... 178 12.5.2.2 (, , , 2S) ............. 178

12.5.3 .......................................................................................................................................... 179 12.5.4 ........................................................................................................ 179 12.5.5 .................................................................................. 179 12.5.6 ........................................................................................................................ 179 12.5.7 .............................................................................. 179 12.5.8 ........................................................................................................................................ 179 12.5.9 ....................................................................................................................................................... 179

13 .................................................................................................... 181

13.1 ................................................................................................... 181

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13.2 ............................................................................................................................... 181

13.3 ........................................................................................................................................... 181

13.3.1 ...................................................................................................................... 181 13.3.2 ................................................................................................................................................. 182

13.4 ............................................................... 182

13.4.1 ........................................................................................................................ 182 13.4.2 .................................................................................................. 182 13.4.3 ............................................................ 182

13.5 ................................................................................................................. 183

13.6 ..................................................................................................................................... 183

14 .................................................................................................. 184

14.1 .................................................................................................................... 184

14.1.1 ...................................................................................................................................... 184 14.1.2 .............................................................................................................. 184

14.1.2.1 - ( ) ................................................................................... 184 14.1.2.2 ( /)................................................................................................. 185

14.1.3 .............................................................. 185

14.1.3.1 ....................................................................................................................... 185 14.1.3.2 .................................................................................................................. 185

14.1.4 .......................................................................................................................... 186 14.1.5 ........................................................................................................................ 186 14.1.6 .......................................................................................................... 186 14.1.7 ........................................................................................................................................... 187 14.1.8 ................................................................................................................................. 187 14.1.9 ............................................................................................................................................ 188 14.1.10 ........................................ 188 14.1.11 ......................................................... 188 14.1.12 ................... 189 14.1.13 .................................................................. 189

14.2 , , ....................................................................................................................................... 190

14.2.1 .................................................................................................................................. 190 14.2.2 .......................................................... 190 14.2.3 .................................................................................... 191 14.2.4 ....................................................................................................... 191 14.2.5 .................................................................................................................................... 191 14.2.6 , ............................................................................................ 192 14.2.7 ................................................ 192

3 ....................................................................................................................... 193

15 ............................................ 194

15.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 194

15.2 ................................................................. 194

15.3 .................................................................................................... 195

15.4 , , , ............................................................................................................................................................. 195

15.5 ..................................................................................................................... 195

15.5.1 ........................................................................................................... 195 15.5.1 ............................... 196 15.5.2 ...................................................................... 196 15.5.3 ............................................................................................................................ 196

15.6 ................................................................................................ 196

15.6.1 ............................................................................................................................. 197 15.6.2 ............................................................................................................. 197 15.6.3 .................................................................................................................................. 197 15.6.4 .................................................................................................................................. 197

15.1 ......................................................................................................................................... 198

16 .................................................................................................................... 199


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16.1 ....................................................................................... 199

16.2 ................................................................................................................................................. 199

16.2.1 .................................................................................................................... 199

16.3 ............................................................................................... 199

16.4 .................................................................................................................... 200

16.4.1 .................................................................................................................................. 200 16.4.2 .................................................................................. 200 16.4.3 .................................................................................................................................... 201

16.4.3.1 ......................................................................................................................... 201 16.4.3.2 ............................................................................................................................ 201 16.4.3.3 ............................................................................................................................ 201

16.4.4 ................................................................................................................................. 201 16.4.5 ..................................................................................................................... 201 16.4.6 .......................................................................................................................... 201 16.4.7 .................................................................................................................................. 202 16.4.8 , .................................................................. 202

16.5 ....................................................................................................................... 202

16.6 / ............................................................... 202

16.6.1 / ...................................................................................................... 202 16.6.2 / ....................................................................................................... 202

16.7 , ................... 203

16.8 ......................................... 203

16.8.1 .................................................................................................................................................. 203 16.8.2 ................................................................................................ 203

16.9 ................................................................................................... 205

16.9.1 .............................................................................................. 205 16.9.2 ............................................................................................ 205 16.9.3 .......................................................................................................................... 205

16.10 ................................................................... 206

16.10.1 ........................................................................................................... 206 16.10.2

..................................................................................................... 206

16.11 - ........................................... 206

16.11.1 .................................................................................................................................. 206 16.11.2 .............................................................................. 206 16.11.3 .............................................................................................. 206 16.11.4 ........................................................................................................ 207

17 ............................................................................................ 208

17.1 ........................................................................................................................ 208

17.2 ................................................................................................................................ 208

17.3 ................................................................................................................ 208

17.3.1 ............................................................................................... 208 17.3.2 .................................................................. 209

17.4 ................................................................................................................................................. 209

17.5 .............................................................................. 209

17.5.1 .................................................................................................................................. 209 17.5.2 .......................................................................... 209 17.5.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 211 17.5.4 ................................................................... 211 17.5.5 ............................................................................................................................ 211

17.5.5.1 ............................................................................................................ 211 17.5.5.2 ............................................................................................ 212 17.5.5.3 ................................................................................................................................ 213

17.6 ...................................... 213

18 ....................................................................................... 214

18.1 ........................................................................................... 214

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18.1.1 .......................................................................................................................................... 214 18.1.2 , .................................................................................................... 214 18.1.3 ........................................................................ 215 18.1.4 ................................................................ 215 18.1.5 ............................................................................................................................................ 215 18.1.6 ...................................................................................... 215 18.1.7 ................................................................................................................................. 215 18.1.8 ....................................... 215 18.1.9 ................................................................. 215 18.1.10 () (PERCs) ....................................................... 215

18.2 ................................................................................................................................... 216

18.2.1 ..........................................

ISGOTT 2006

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