Is This Enough Money? Hardware Components Figure 2.1: Computer System Components System unit...
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Transcript of Is This Enough Money? Hardware Components Figure 2.1: Computer System Components System unit...
Is This Enough Money?
Hardware Components
Figure 2.1: Computer System Components
• System unit– Houses CPU and
memory
• All other devices are linked to the system unit
Hardware Components (cont)
Processing Characteristics and Functions
• Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase
• Clock speed: electronic ______ produced at a predetermined rate ( pc sales # 3 gigahertz )
• Wordlength: number of ______ that can be processed at one time 4-8-16-32-64
• Physical characteristics of the CPU– Digital circuits on chips– Electrical current flows through silicon
Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity
Table 2.1: Number of Bytes
Types of Memory
• Random access memory (______)– Temporary– Volatile
• ______ (read-only memory)– Usually nonvolatile
Multiprocessing
• Multiprocessing: simultaneous _________ of two or more instructions
• Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel
• Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a _________ problem
Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices
• Secondary storage– Also called _________ storage– Nonvolatile– Greater capacity and _________ economy than
memory
Secondary Storage Access Methods• Sequential access: _________ must be retrieved
in order
• Direct access: records can be _________ in any order
Secondary Storage Devices
• Magnetic tapes
• Magnetic disks
• Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)
• Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
• CD-recordable (CD-R) discs (CD-RW) discs
• Digital versatile disc (DVD)
• Memory cards
• Expandable storage
Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices– Keyboard– Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices
• Terminals
• Touch-sensitive screens
• Bar-code scanners
• Optical data readers
Input Devices (continued)• Point-of-sale (POS) devices
• Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices
• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
• Radio-frequency identification
Output Devices
• Display monitors
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
• Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
• Printers and plotters
Computer System Types
• Handheld computers
• Portable computers
• Thin client
• Desktop computers
• Workstations
• Servers
• Mainframe computers
• Supercomputers
Overview of Software
• Computer programs: _________ of instructions
• Documentation: describes program functions
• Systems software: coordinates the _________ of hardware and programs
• Application software: helps users solve particular _________
Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals
• Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a _________ organization– Personal– _________
– Enterprise
Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence
Systems Software: Operating Systems
Operating Systems are also responsible for the execution of the
following activities:
• Performing common _________ hardware functions• Providing a user _________ and input/output
management• Providing a degree of _________ independence• Managing system _________ • Managing _________ tasks• Providing _________ capability• Controlling _________ to system resources• Managing files
Current Operating Systems
Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence
Types and Functions of Application Software
• Proprietary software: unique _________ for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company
• Off-the-shelf software: _________ software
• _________ package
Personal Application Software
• Word processing programs
• spreadsheet programs
• database programs
• graphics programs
• ETC
Workgroup Application Software
• Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether _________ are in the same location or dispersed around the world
• Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more _________ and _________
Enterprise Application Software
• Software that benefits an entire organization
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization
Programming Languages
• Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements
• Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer
• Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language
• Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications
Software Issues and Trends
• Software bugs– Program defects that keep it from _________
correctly
• Copyrights and _________
• Global _________ support