Is the Bible Trustworthy in Areas Related to Science? by Walter Bradley
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Transcript of Is the Bible Trustworthy in Areas Related to Science? by Walter Bradley
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Is The Bible Trustworthy in
Areas Related to Science?
Walter L. Bradley, Ph.D., P.E.
Distinguished Professor of Engineering
Baylor University
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My Background in Faith-ScienceDialogue
Born in December 1943Dallas
Became a Christian at 12 at Baptist Camp (1956)
B.S.(UT) in Engineering-Physics (1965) Ph.D. (UT) in Materials Science (1968)
Colorado School of Mines (68-76); TAMU (76-2000)
Was a young earth creationist until (1975)
Invited to write and present one of 16 position papers forInternational Council on Biblical Inerrancy commission in1982 (our title for evening)
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Background Continued
Spoke (1978-1983) on many campuses on faith-science for Probe Ministries and CCC
Co-authored Mystery of Lifes Origin:
Reassessing Current Theories, PhilosophicalLibrary, 1984
Scientific Evidence of Existence of God
lectures >125 times on major universitycampuses to more than 75,000 students and
professors (1986-present)
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Background continued
8 book chapters on faith-science issues
Elected Fellow of American Scientific Affiliation
(ASA) in 1992 Interviewed by Lee Strobel in Case for Faith (p131)
Full-time staff ; CCC faculty ministry (2000-2002)
Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering,Baylor University (2002-present)
Executive Council of ASA since 2005
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What Have I Learned?
Humility!!
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Three QuestionsThree Perspectives
1. Why do so many children who are raised in
evangelical or fundamentalist homes lose their
faith in college?
2. Does modern science support or undermine
belief in God?
3. Can we harmonize discoveries of modernscience with Bible (especially Genesis 1-11)?
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1. Some reasons why..
Opinions based on my own life experience and my
observations of college kids for 43 years.
Three common observations
Circumstantial crisis (like Templeton [for me, 14])
Existential crisis (for me, 15-21)
Intellectual crisis (for me, 17-21)
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2. Does Modern Science Support
Belief in God (Theism) or Atheism? Big Bang and a universe that began
Apparent design seen in the universe inThe mathematical form nature takesUniversal constants that are just right
Highly specific initial conditions met
A Garden of Eden in this universe
Origin of Life complexity with highinformational requirements
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Important Disclaimer
One cannot scientifically proveor disprove the existence of
God.One can and should ask,What does the character or nature of
nature suggest?
Does it appear to be designed or justa natural accident or coincidence?
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2A. What is Big-BangCosmology?
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History of the Big Bang
The term big bang was a derisive namegiven by opponents of the concept.
1929-1965: Evidence favored a big bangbut the steady-state hypothesis was favored
for philosophical reasons (i.e., it supportsatheism).
1965: The discovery of background radiationpersuaded most cosmologists to accept the
Big Bang theory. 1992: Hubble and COBE discoveries
provided overwhelming support for a bigbang.
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Philosophical implications of
the Big Bang
So long as the universe had a
beginning, we could suppose it
had a creator.
Stephen HawkingA Brief History of Time
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Philosophical Implications of the
Big Bang
A universe that has eternally existed is
more compatible with atheism.A universe of finite duration, which the
Big Bang predicts, is more compatible
with deism or theism (or belief in aCreator God).
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God and the AstronomersDr. Robert Jastrow, Columbia U.
Robert Jastrows famous address to the
American Association for the Advancement ofSciences Annual Symposium in 1977
Subsequently published as a book by thesame title by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Jastrow was the director of the Goddard
Space Center and a Professor at ColumbiaUniversity at the time.
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Conclusion of Jastrows Talk
For the scientist who has lived byhis faith in the power of reason, thestory (of the big bang) ends like a
bad dream. He has scaled themountains of ignorance; he is aboutto conquer the highest peak; as hepulls himself over the final rock, heis greeted by a band of theologianswho have been sitting there forcenturies.
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2A. Summary of the Evidence
from Big-Bang Theory
Scientific evidence overwhelminglysupports the Big-Bang cosmology.
Big-Bang cosmology is one ofstrongest evidences for a creator God!!
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Recent experience at my church
Gwen shared talk she had with grandson
who had been learning about Big Bang in
science in elementary school and was soupset!
http://www.reasons.org/siteSearch/node/?ke
ys=big+bang&x=19&y=16Big Bang The Bible Taught it First
http://www.reasons.org/siteSearch/node/?keys=big+bang&x=19&y=16http://www.reasons.org/siteSearch/node/?keys=big+bang&x=19&y=16http://www.reasons.org/siteSearch/node/?keys=big+bang&x=19&y=16http://www.reasons.org/siteSearch/node/?keys=big+bang&x=19&y=16 -
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Why Some Christians Reject Big
Bang Cosmology Big Bang implies a beginning but also
implies a very old universe!!
Ironically, opposition to the big bang unitesatheist and young earth creationists
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2A. An Orderly Universe Is One
Described by Mathematics Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton all wroteadmiringly about our orderly, mathematicaluniverse.
They believed that God designed the universe, andit was to be expected that all phenomena of naturewould follow one master plan. The universe wasorderly and thus described by mathematicsbecause God fashioned it that way.
It is the orderliness in nature that makes it possibleto describe it with mathematics and not themathematics that makes it orderly!
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Nobel Laurete Expresses HisWonder
The enormous usefulness of mathematics is
something bordering on the mysterious.
There is no rational explanation for it. The
miracle of the appropriateness of the languageof mathematics for the formulation of the laws
of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither
understand nor deserve.E. Wigner, 1960, The Unreasonable Effectiveness
of Mathematics in Physical Sciences.
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Internationally Renown Astrophysicist
Expresses His Wonder ?
All the evidence so far indicates that manycomplex structures depend most delicately
on the existing forms of these laws. It is
tempting to believe, therefore, that acomplex universe will emerge only if the
laws of physics are close to what they
areThe lawsseem to be the product of
exceedingly ingenious design.
Paul Davies
Internationally Renown Astrophysicist
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Internationally Renown AstrophysicistExpresses His Wonder
A common reaction among physicists to remarkable
discoveries of the sort discussed above is a mixture ofdelight at the subtlety and elegance of nature, and ofstupefaction: I would never have thought of doing it thatway. If nature is so clever it can exploit mechanismsthat amaze us with their ingenuity, is that not persuasiveevidence for the existence of intelligent design behindthe physical universe? If the worlds finest minds canunravel only with difficulty the deeper workings ofnature, how could it be supposed that those workings are
merely a mindless accident, a product of blind chance?
Paul Davies
F A t
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Famous AstronomerExpresses His Wonder
I do not believe that any scientist whoexamines the evidence would fail to draw
the inference that the laws of nuclear
physics have been deliberately designed
with regard to the consequences they will
produce inside stars. If this is so, then my
apparently random quirks have become part
of a deep-laid scheme. If not then we areback to a monstrous sequence of accidents.
Sir Fred Hoyle
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2B. What Are the 19 Universal Constants andwhat do they contribute to design
requirements?
Speed of light c = 3.0 x 108 m/s
Plancks constant h = 6.63 x 10-34 J-s Boltzmanns constant k = 1.38 x 10-23 J/oK
Unit charge e = 1.6 x 10-19 coulombs
Gravity force constant G = 6.67 x 10-11N-m/kg2 Rest masses (in kg) Neutron1.69 x 10
-27
Electron9.11 x 10-31 Partial list of 19 total
Proton1.67 x 10-27
Req irements for ni ersal constants
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Requirements for universal constants
to match photon (light) energy fromsun to chemical bonding energies
6.3 mp2 G/[h c]>~[6.3e2/{hc}]12[me/mp]4
Substituting for h, c, G, me, mp, e
5.9 x 10-39 > 2.0 x 10-39
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Design Requirements for
Universal ConstantsThere are over 35 requirements like the 3
we have just discussed that are required forlife of any imaginable type to exist.
To satisfy all of these conditions requires a
very special set of universal constants to
give a universe such as ours, which seems
in so many ways to be designed for us.
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Design Requirements for Universal
ConstantsWhat Scientists SaySlight variations in physical laws such as
gravity or electromagnetism would make life
impossibleThe necessity to produce life liesat the center of the universes whole
machinery and design.
John Wheeler, Professor of Physics, Princeton
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Design Requirements for Universal
ConstantsWhat Scientists SayAs we look out into the universe and
identify the many accidents of physics and
astronomy that have worked to our benefit,it almost seems as if the universe must in
some sense have known that we were
coming.Freeman Dyson, 1979
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Design Requirements for Universal
ConstantsWhat Scientists Say
Astronomy leads us to a unique event, a universewhich was created out of nothing, and delicatelybalanced to provide exactly the conditionsrequired to support life. In the absence of anabsurdly-improbably accident, the observationsof modern science seem to suggest an underlying,
one might say supernatural, plan.
Arno Penzias, Nobel laureate in Physics
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Requirements for universal
constants What Scientist SaySuch properties seem to run through the
fabric of the natural world like a thread of
happy coincidences. But there are so manyodd coincidences essential to life that some
explanation seems required to account for
them.Sir Fred Hoyle, The Intelligent Universe,
1984
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Initial Conditions for Velocity after Big-
Bang to Give Stars and ElementsInitial velocity after the big bang
Ratio of gravity (potential) energy and kineticenergy must be equal to 1 part in 100,000.
Two components of expansion drivingcosmological constant must cancel to 1 part in
10123
Scientific American, 1999
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Atheist Stephen Hawkings
Why is the universe so close to the dividing linebetween collapsing again and expanding
indefinitely?...If the rate of expansion one second
after the big bang had been less by one part in 1010 ,
the universe would have collapsed in a few million
years. If it had been greater by one part in 1010 , the
universe would have been essentially empty.One
has either appeal to the anthropic principle or findsome physical explanation for why the universe is
the way it is.
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What distinguishes living from
non-living systems?All living systems.
Process energyStore information
Replicate
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The characters in our
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The characters in ourstory:
Francis Crick James Watson
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Lysine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Serine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Isoleucine
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Now what I find profoundlydisturbing is that I cannot conceiv
of anystructure (for either nuclei
acid) acting as a direct templatefor amino acids, or at least as aspecific template....I dont think
anybody looking at DNA or RNAwould think of them as templatesfor amino acids.
Crick (1955) grasps the difficulty:
C i k h i l h b
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Crick then triangulates to what must bethe case from biological necessity:
DNA carries information,
but is chemically non-specific.Yet amino acids have
specific geometries.
Therefore, mediating (adaptor) molecules must exist, toenable specifying information to pass from DNA to amino acids.
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Lysine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
Serine
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Isoleucine
adaptor
bind to
nucleic acid
bind to a specific
amino acid
working with a
special dedicated
enzyme (protein)
And, by the way we need20 of these molecules, with 20specially dedicated adaptors, ortRNAs: one for each amino acid.
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transfer RNA
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Watson (2002, 139) explains why he
doubted the adaptor hypothesis:I did not like the idea at all....
More to the point, the adaptor
mechanism seemed to metoo complicated to have ever
evolved at the origin of life.Watsons biological intuition was constrained
by his materialistic worldview.
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The Enigma of the Origin of
LifeThe largest stumbling block in bridging the gapbetween nonliving and living still remains. All livingcells are controlled by information stored in DNA,which is transcribed in RNA and them made into
protein. This is a very complicated system, and eachof these three molecules requires the other two--eitherto put it together or to help it work. DNA, forexample, carries information but cannot put thatinformation to use, or even copy itself without the
help of RNA and protein.Kenneth R. Miller and Joseph Levine,Biology: The
Living Science (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:Prentice Hall), 1998, p.406-407.
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What other say about the
origin of life? A profound difficulty exists, however, with the
idea of RNA, or any other replicator, at the start oflife. Existing replicators can serve as templates for
the synthesis of additional copies of themselves,but this device cannot be used for the preparationof the very first such molecule, which must arisespontaneously from an unorganized mixture. The
formation of an information-bearing homopolymerthrough undirected chemical synthesis appearsvery improbable.
Robert Shapiro, Prof. Of Biochemistry NYU
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What others say about the
origin of life? The chemistry of the first life is a nightmare to
explain. No one has yet developed a plausibleexplanation to show how the earliest chemicals of
lifethought to be RNAmight have constructedthemselves from the inorganic chemicals likely tohave been around on early earth. The spontaneousassembly of a small RNA molecule on the
primitive earth would have been a near miracletwo experts in the subject (Joyce and Orgel)helpfully declared last year.
Nicholas Wade
New York Times
F A h i N B li i
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Famous Atheist Now Believes inGod, Associated Press,
12/9/2004 A British philosophy professor who has been a
leading champion of atheism for more than a half-
century has changed his mind. He now believes in
God, more or less based on scientific evidence.
Anthony Flew says that biologists investigation
of DNA has shown by the almost unbelievable
complexity of the arrangements which are neededto produce life that intelligence must have been
involved.
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Summary
Evidences that the universe is precisely designed
The BIG BANG Beautiful MATHEMATICAL FORM that nature takes
Remarkable coincidence that the 19 UNIVERSAL
CONSTANTS are exactly what they must be
Remarkable requirement for ORIGIN OF LIFE
argue persuasively that we do not live in an accidental
universe but in one carefully crafted for our benefit.
F d i B B h i
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Frederic B. Burnham, science
historian, on ABCs Nightline,
4/24/1992The scientific community is
prepared to consider the ideaGod created the universe a more
respectable hypothesis today
than at any time in the last 100years.
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Intelligent Design.
Is Not an alternative to evolution.
Is an alternative to materialism.
Claims natural processes are inadequate to
explain the complexity and wonder of the
natural world.
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Intelligent Design
Requires less faith than
materialism, a lot less faith !
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Modern science seems to confirm
claim of 1st century religious leader.
Apostle Paul, writing to church in Rome in 1st
Century
For since the creation of the world, His(Gods) invisible attributes, His eternal
power, and divine nature have been clearly
seen, being understood through what hasbeen made, so that they are without
excuse.
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What About Evolution?
Do I believe in evolution? Yes, no, and
maybe
Microevolution.yes
Evolution by chance mutations and natural
selection (alla Stephen Gould).no
Evolution directed in some way to humanbeings at the pinnacle.maybe
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My Bottom Line on Evolution
Design is inherently about purpose, as any
engineering professor (or dictionary) can attest. And
at the core of Christian belief is a theistic God who
purposely created a universe with conscious, complex
life, whatever one may believe about the details of
how He did it.
Chance or Purpose? Creation, Evolution and a
Rational Faith, 2007, Christoph Cardinal Sohonborn
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Ways to Increase Information
Non-random mutations
Fitness landscape has a very special shape,
which is to say the necessary information isencoded in the fitness landscape.
Other things we havent imagined to
achieve the purposeful outcome God has inmind.
3. Can we harmonize discoveries
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3 Ca e a o e d sco e esof modern science with Bible
(especially Genesis 1-11)?Three options:
1. God did it all through miracles in one week. (young earthcreationist)
2. God did it all with a combination of miracles and
processes, which requires a long time. (old earth creationist)
3. God did it all through processes which requires a longtime. (theistic evolutionist)
3 Harmonizing
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3. Harmonizing
Two important things to note
A. Argument is not about whether God did
it but how he did it.
B. Argument is also about what is the
proper interpretation of Genesis.
How much should science influence our in
interpretation of scripture?
3 Harmonizing
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3. Harmonizing..
Comments about interpretations of scripture
Historically, generally assumed to be either solar days or
instantaneous.
Early Jewish scholars were less insistent it was solar days
What kind of days before day four?
What about the 6th day as described in Genesis 2?
Augustine gave good advice for the future and refused to
be too specific in the 5th Century Calvins principle of accommodation in 16th Century
Dr. Bruce Waltke (DTS), Dr. Gleason Archer (Trinity
EDS), Dr. Walter Kaiser (Trinity EDS)
3 Harmonizing
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3. Harmonizing.
Comments about science Strong support for Genesis 1:1-3 in Big Bang
Generally good correspondence between progressive
unfolding of Gods creative work and what we know
from historical sciences
Biggest contention has to do with time of creation
and death before the fall, which YEC deny is
Biblical. Recent six-day creation makes no death in animal
kingdom before the fall possible.
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3. Harmonizing
Possible options for solving time issue
Yom = period of time 24 hour day
Einsteins theory of relativity (D.R.Humphreys, Gerald Schrodinger)
14 different approaches mentioned by Norman
Geisler while at Dallas Theological Seminary
Conservative Christian Scholars
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Generally Support Old Earth View International Council on Biblical Inerrancy
(Hermeneutics Conference, 1982)
Yom might be interpreted either way
Presbyterian Church of America
Recent task force of theologians (~2006) also changedfrom yom = day to yom = either day or long period of
time (4.5 billion for earth, 13.7 for universe okay)
C. John Collins, Covenant Seminary
Genesis 1-4: A Linguistic, Literary and TheologicalCommentary
Francis SchaefferNo Final Conflict
Gleason ArcherTrinity SeminaryOld
Testament Surve
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Scientific Evidence and Age of
Universe Big Bang and Astronomy
Radiometric Dating
Perspectives on Science & Christian Faith(June 2007, pp. 143-146). See ASA3.org
Coral Reefs
Ice drilling
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How could the following
scientist be so wrong? Copernicus Galileo
Kepler Newton
Boyles Pascal
Faraday Maxwell
Kelvin etc.
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Summary
Be careful to not be too dogmatic about things that
are uncertain (including my interpretation of
scripture and science).
Be confident we will one day know exactly how
God did it and how long it took.
Be encouraged to see how much God reveals
himself with the fingerprints he has left in naturethat have become even more unmistakable signs
of His existence. Modern science overwhelmingly
supports belief in a creator God
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