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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

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“Step Out From the Old to the New”

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“The Right to Information, The Right to Live”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता है”Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam

“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”

“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

है”ह”ह

IS 6663 (1972): Method for Determination of Angle of Reposeof Grains [FAD 16: Foodgrains, Starches and Ready to EatFoods]

i. IS : 6663 - 1972

Indian Standard METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF

ANGLE OF REPOSE OF GRAIN~S

Storage and Marketing Structures for Agricultural Commodities Sectional Committee, AFDC 28

Chairman Representing

SHRI SHRI KRISHNA Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Members

DR N. S. A~ARWAL Directorate of Storage & Inspection ( Ministry of Agriculture), New Delhi

SHRI 0. P. GARC (Alternate ) SHRI V. S. AGGARWAL Indian Produce Association, Calcutta

SHRI G. V. SWAIKA ( Alternate ) AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER ( IMPLE- Directorate of Agriculture,

MENTS ) Chandigarh DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF AGRICUL- Agriculture Department,

TURE ( MARKETING ) Nadu, Madras DISTRICT AGRICULTURE OFFICER

( GRADING ) ( Alternate ) COL G. D. JOSHI

COL M. C. SANYAL ( Alternate ) DR D. S. KATHURIA

Quartermaster General’s quarters

SHXU S. T. KHUSHALANI SHRI S. N. GUPTA ( Alternate )

DR K. KRISHNAMURTHY SHRI R. S. DUGGAL ( Alfcrnate )

SHRI K. K. MADHOK SHRI B. V. APTE ( Alternate )

SHRI J. N. MAHALANOBIS

Government of Punjab,

Government of Tamil

Branch, Army Head-

Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage ( Ministry of Agriculture ), Faridabad

Planning Commission

Indian Grain Storage Institute, Hapur

The Builders’ Association of India, Bombay

Agriculture Department, Government of West Bengal, Calcutta

SHRI T. K. MAZUMDER ( Alternate) SHRI S. K. MAJUMDER Central Food Technological Research Institute

( CSIR ), Mysore SHRI S. S. MONGIA The Punjab State Co-operative Supply and

Marketing Federation Limited, Chandigarh SHRI INDERJIT SINGH ( Alternate )

SHRI N. K. MURLIDHAR RAO Directorate of Marketing & Inspection ( Ministry of Agriculture ), Faridabad

SHRI R. N. CHATURVEDI ( Alternate ) SHRI H. D. NAITHANI Agriculture Department, Government of Uttar

Pradesh, Lucknow SHRI C. M. SHAH ( Alternate )

( Continued on page 2 )

INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC

NEW DELHI 1

IS:6663*1972

( Continued from page 1 )

Members

DR M. S. PRADHAN

SHRI J. P. MITAL ( Alternate) DR S. PRADHAN

DR RATTAN LAL ( Alternatc ) SHRI P. RAMDAS

SHRI HADI ALI ( Alternate ) SHRI S. R. ROESSLER

SHRI H. NANDI ( Alternats ) SHRI SHUMSHER SINCH

DR H. G. KHALSA ( Alternate ) SHRI ADUSUMILLI SUBBA RAO

SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER ( ELECTRICAL ) ( FOOD STORAGE ELECTRICAL CIRCLE )

SHRI P. P. GOYAL ( AItcvnate ) SUPERINTENDING SURVEYOR OP

WORKS ( FOOD ) SHRI V. K. ANAND ( Altematc )

SHRI M. L. TANEJA SI~RI M. V. TATKE

Rcprescnting

National Co-operative Development Corporation : New Delhi

Indian Agricultural Research Institute ( ICAR ), New Delhi

Central Warehousing Corporation, New Delhi

Howe ( India ) Private Limited, New Delhi

Defence Institute of Stores, Preservation and Packaging ( Ministry of Defence ), New Delhi

Andhra Pradesh Rice Millers’ Vijayawada

Association,

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

Ministry of Agriculture ( Department of Agriculture ) Agriculture Department, Government of

Maharashtra, Poona SHRI M. S. AYACHIT (Alternate)

SHRI S. VIJAYARAGHAVAN Food Corporation of India, New Delhi SHRI M. R. SIKKA ( Alternate)

SHR~ S. S. VXRDI National Seeds Corporation, New Delhi SHRI A. THOMAS ( Alternate)

SHRI S. P. VIRMANI Roller Flour Millers’ Federation of India, New Delhi SHRI S. M. MAZUMDAR ( Al/ernatc )

DR HARI BHAGWAN, Director ( Agri & Food)

Director General, IS1 ( Ex-ojicio Member )

Secretary SHRI MANOHAR T. SANTWANI

Assistant Director ( Agri & Food ), IS1

Grain Storage Data Subcommittee, AFDC 28 : 10

Convener

Da K. KRISHNAMURTHY Indian Grain Storage Institute, Hapur

Members

SHRI V. D. LONDHE SHRI P. J. MEHTA

The Concrete Association of India, Bombay

SHRI A. MADHUKAR (Alternate ) Larsen and Toubro Limited, Bombay

SHRI H. C. PARVATIIAPPA

DR B. S. PATHAK STIRI V. SUBRAMANIAM SUPERINTENDING SURVEYOR OF

WORKS ( FOOD )

Central Food Technological Research Institute ( CSIR ), Mysore

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana Triveni Structurals Limited, Naini ( Allahabad ) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi

2

IS : 6663 - 1972

Indian Standard METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF

ANGLE OF REPOSE OF GRAINS

0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 6 October 1972, after the draft finalized by the Storage and Marketing Structures for Agricultural Commodities Sectional Committee had been approved by the Agricultural and Food Products Division Council.

0.2 Angle of repose is important in designing a structure for storage of grains in bulk. Several methods are currently being used to measure the angle of repose. Because of different methods used by agicultural scientists, it is not possible to have reproducible figures of-angles of repose of various food grains. Thus the designing of bulk storage structures is handicapped. This standard, therefore, prescribes a method for measur- ing the angle of repose. Adoption of this standard would enable the compilation of data from all research workers on a uniform basis.

0.3 For the convenience of design engineers, some of the observed values of angles of repose of grains supplied by the Indian Grain Storage Insti- tute, Hapur are given in Appendix A for guidance. The angle of repose varies with moisture content, variety of grains, etc, and, therefore, caution should be exercised in adopting the figures of angle of repose given in the appendix.

0.4 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard prescribes the method for determination of angle of repose of grains for bulk storage purposes.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the following definition shall apply.

*Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised).

3

IS : 6663 - 1972

2.1 Angle of Repose -When a granular material is allowed to flow freely from a point into a pile, the angle which the side of the pile makes with horizontal plane is called the angle of repose.

3. APPARATUS

3.0 The apparatus as given in Fig. 1 shall be used.

3.1 Cylindrical Container - The internal dimensions of the cylindrical container shall be 200 mm diameter and 300 mm depth, so that the capa- city of the container would be slightly more than the capacity of the funnel to avoid the overflow of the cylindrical container during dropping of the grain through funnel. It shall be open at the top end.

3.1 .l Muterial - Glass or transparent plastic of suitable thickness, to retain the shape when completely filled with grain, shall be used. Alter- natively, the material may be mild steel or brass.

3.1.2 The wall should be graduated in millimetres externally in case of plastic and glass, and internally in case of mild steel or brass. Graduation shall be at least at two diagonally opposite places with zero mark at the top.

3.2 Container Stand - In order to facilitate keeping the cylinder in the central position below the funnel during its use, a properly designed timber base as shown in Fig. 1 may be used underneath the cylinder. The steel base for the stand may also be mounted on the same timber base at specific distance apart so that the funnel and cylinder will remain in central position when mounted on the base in their respective positions.

3.3 Funnel - A standard funnel having the inside diameter of 250 mm at the top, a stem of 50 mm inside diameter and stem length of 60 mm and fitted with a standard sliding gate to regulate the flow of the grain as shown in Fig. 1, shall be provided. The total struck volume of the funnel shall be 6 520 f 100 cm3.

3.4 Funnel Stand- A suitable stand to hold the funnel approximately 250 mm above the top level of the container shall be provided. This dis- tance shall be determined and standardized through repeated experiments. The stand shall be equipped with a freely rotating sleeve so that the funnel along with sleeve can be rotated in different positions without any obstruc- tion while using the depth gauge at the top of the container.

3.5 Depth Gauge - In order to measure the depth of the central piling tip of the grain when it is allowed to flow freely from the funnel into the container, a depth gauge as shown in Fig. 1 shall be used. A semicir- cular lid with depth gauge mounted on it, fits over the half portion of the top of the cylinder. A moveable graduated scale is allowed to slide till its bottom end touches the piling tip of the grain in the cylinder. Then the thumb screw provided should be tightened and the measurements for depth may be read on the scale against the index arm.

4

7FUNNEL TOP

lO$,MS ROD RING,

T WELDED WITH FUNNEL

SLIDING GATE

15~,1000mm LONG ROD --I

II II ‘PO III

r STAND

THUMB SCREW

L SEMICIRCULAR LID

+ DEPTH GAUGE

PLAN OF BASE

rM15

SOCKET

E

All dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 1 DETAILS OF APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF ANGLE OF REPOSE OF GRAINS

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

i . IS : 6663 - 1972

4. GRAIN

4.1 The quantity of grain for which angle of repose is required to be measured shall be approximately 12 kg for wheat, jowar and maize; 13 kg for raw rice and whole pulses; 12.5 kg for bajra, 11 and 10.5 kg for barley and paddy, respectively.

4.1.1 The grain shall be cleaned so that it does not have refractions [see IS : 4333 ( Part 1 )-1967* ] more than 0.5 percent. It should also be free from insect pests.

4.1.2 .The grain shall be of the same variety.

4.1.3 The moisture content of the different grain shall be not more than that given in Table2 of IS : 6151 ( Part II )-1971t within a tolerance of 0.5 percent. The moisture should be measured in accordance with IS : 4333 ( Part II )-1967x and stated in the test report.

5. PROCEDURE

5.1 Place the timber base on a flat and level surface. Fix up the stand along with funnel on the steel base already provided on the timber base so as to keep the funnel outlet 250 mm above the top edge of the container. Place the cylindrical container into a fixed position on the timber base.

5.2 With the container removed and the funnel outlet gate closed pour in the~grain sample until the funnel is full and overflowing. Strike off the heaped cone of grain above the funnel inlet with a ruler. A suitable container may be used to collect the overspill of the grain.

5.3 Open the funnel outlet gate fully and allow the grain to fall freely into the measuring container.

5.4 Care shall be taken while filling the container not to move or disturb it so as to avoid any chance for packing or settling of the grain.

6. OBSERVATION

6.1 Read both scales on the container which are diagonally opposite each other so as to give two readings ‘ d,, ’ and ‘ dlb ’ in millimetres of the dis- tance from the top of the cylinder to the level of the grain at the container wall. Take the average of these two readings to give the reading dl ( see Fig. 2 ).

*Methods of analysis of food grains : Part I Refractions.

tStorage management code : Part II General care in handling and storage of agricul- tural produce and inputs.

IMethods of analysis for food grains : Part II Moisture.

7

IS : 6663 - 1972

GRAIN PILE

CONTAINER

FIG. 2 ILLUSTRATION OF ANGLE OF REPOSE OF GRAIN

6.2 Measure the distance in millimetres from the top of the grain by means of the depth gauge to give the reading ‘ d, ‘.

6.3 Care shall be taken that while undertaking the measurements dl and d,, the container shall not be moved or disturbed so as to avoid any chance for packing or settling of the grain.

7. CALCULATION

7.1 Calculate the height of the pile ( da ) by the formula: d, = dl - d,

where

7.2 Calculate the tangent of the angle ( tan 4) by the formula:

7.3 Obtain the value of & in degrees from tan $ by means of standard tables of values of tangents. For convenience a table of tangents in the

8

c. IS : 6663 - 1972

grange of values of + commonly encountered in dry grain is given in Table 1.

TABLE 1 ANGLE IN DEGREES TANGENT VALUE

( Clause 7.3 )

ANGLE IN DEGREES, @ TAN 0

21 0,384

22 0.404

23 O-424

24 0.445

25 0.466

26 0.488

27 0.509

28 0.532

29 0.554

30 o-577

31 0.60 1

32 0.625

33 0.649

34 0.674

35 0.7

36 O-726

37 o-754

38 O-781

39 0.81

40 0.839

8. TEST REPORT

8.1 The test report should indicate all the characteristics of the grain ( see 4.1 ) and whether the grain has been graded or not before undertaking the measurement of angle of repose.

9

IS : 6663 - 1972

APPENDIX A

( Clause 0.3 )

OBSERVED VALUES OF ANGLES OF REPOSE OF DIFFERENT GRAINS

Sl Commodig VariegV

JVb.

(1) (2)

i) Paddy Basmati, Tsl, IRs Tichungnative

ii) Rice

iii) Wheat

Hansraj ( Deshi ) Hansraj (Yellow ) Gajraj, Anjana Sannalu

Larmarajo S-64

iv) Maize Local

v) Bajra Local Deshi

(3)

vi) Barley Local

r

(4)

percent

8.0 - 8.5 1O~O-10*9 10%12*7 14.0-145

8.5 - 9*0 lO~O-10*7 PI-12.7 14’0-14.5

8.2 - 8.5 10.1-10.5 12-O-12’6 l&o-1+1

296-32.5 31.5 30.3-33.3 32.2 3 l-O-35.6 33.5 33’3-360 34.8

29.2-35.0 32.2 31.5-35.0 33.5 34.0-35.3 34.6 35.5-36.9 36.2

30.1-33.6 31.3 31&l-34% 32.8 31.3-34.8 33.0 31.3-34.9 33.1

8.3 - 8.8 29.2-31.3 30.0 10*4-10.9 32’3-32’6 32.5 12%12*5 32.0-34.3 33.1 14.5-14.7 35.3-36.3 35.1

8.5 - 28’0 10.47 - 28.5 12.7 - 31.6 14.5 - 32.5

10.8 - 28.5 12.7 - 31.0 14.4 - 32.3

Angle <f Repose in Degree .--_*-_----~

Range Average

(5) (6)

10