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Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to

information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,

and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest

to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of

education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the

timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

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Indian StandardUNDER-DRAINAGEOFLINEDCANALS-CODEOFPRACTICE

/ econd Revision

UDC 626 23*91 : 626.34 : 006.76

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHT 110002August 1995 Price Groop 3

( Reaffirmed 2001 )

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Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee, RVD 13

FOREWORDThus Indian Standard ( Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after thedraft finalized by the Irrigation Canals and Canal Linings Sectional Committee had been approved bythe River Valley Division Council.Where a lined canal crosses areas subject to seasonal high ground water or where the soil is sufficientlywater tight to prevent the free draining of the seepage or leakage from the canal, suitable underdrainage should be provided to protect the lining. Where the sub-grade is free draining but the area issubject to high ground water, excessive hydrostatic pressure sufficient to damage the lining maydevelop when the canal is empty or the water level in the canal is relatively low and ground waterlevel is high. A similar situation may occur in areas where the canal is lined for reasons other than toprevent seepage and leakage from the canal. The accumulation of water in the soil surrounding thecanal may result in localised high ground water table, which during a period of rapid drawdown ofwater level in canal may produce damaging hydrostatic back pressure. The water accumulated bymeans of the under-drainage arrangements used, should be disposed off preferably by means of naturaldrainage or if this is not available, by use of pressure release valves, into the canal.This standard was published in 1968 and revised in 1983. This revision has been prepared in the lightof experience gained during last six years. In this revision the principal modifications made are inrespect of giving specific recommendations for various situations of water table position and type ofsubgrade. Details of specification for pressure release valves have also been excluded in this revison.For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, thefinal value, observed or calculated expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off inaccordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ). The number ofsignificant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value inthis standard.

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IS 4558 : I995

I ndian St andardUNDER-DRAINAGEOFLINEDCANALS-CODEOFPRACTICE

econd Rev i si on )1 SCOPE1.1 This standard covers methods for under-drainage of lined canals.1.2 This standard does not cover under-drainage of canals in expansive soils which isgiven in IS 9451 : 1994.2 REFERENCESThe following Indian Standards are necessasyadjuncts to this standard:

JS No. Title4985 : 1988 Specification for UPVC pipes forpotable water supply9451 : 1994 Guidelines for lining of canals inexpansive soils3 VARIOUS CONDiTlONS OF WATERTABLE AND TYPES OF SUBGRADE3.1 The drainage arrangements to be providedwould depend mainly upon the position of thewater table and the type of subgrade.3.2 The water table may have the followingpositions:

a) Below canal bed level,b) Between canal bed and full supply level,andc) Above canal full supply level.

3.3 The subgrade may be of the followingtypes:Free drai ni ng - Soil comprising gravelwith sand, or sandy soil having permea-bility greater than IO-4 cm/set, that is,K > 10-4 cm/set.Poor draining - Soil comprising veryfine sand, admixlure of sand, silt andclay or soil having permeability betweenlo-* cm/set and 10-b cm/set, that is,10-a cm/set < K < IO-4 cm/set.Practi cal l y impervi ous - Soil comprisinghomogeneous clays with permeabilityless than 10-S cm/set, that is, K < 10-ecm/sac.

4 NECESSITY4.-l Drainage arrangements should be such thatthe pressure on lining does not increase beyondtha safe limit. Recommended provisions forvarious conditions are given in 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.4.2 Water Table Below Canal Bed Level

a)

b)

Subgrade free drai ni ng--- In this eondi-tion there will be no time lag in thedissipation of drawdown pore pressure inthe backfill and, as such, no drainagearrangement will be necessary.Subgradepoor drai ni ng - In this conditionbecause of poor draining subgrade, thebackfill will get saturated in course oftime due to seepage of water throughjoints and cracks, and should drawdolvnoccur, pressure will build up behind thelining. This will necessitate a welldesigned drainage arrangement.Subgrade practi call y imperv ious - Asin 4.2(b) backfill wi l get saturated incourse of time and in drawdown coiidi-tion, excessive pressure will build upbehind the lining. In this situation thesubgrade should be removed to a depthof 600 mm and replaced by sand, murramor suitable pervious material and a welldesigned drainage arrangement would benecessary.

4.3 Water Table Between Bed and FSL andSubgrade Either Free Draining Poor Drainingor Practically ImperviousIn this case, the soil behind the lining willremain submerged up to the level of the watertable, and in saturated condition above thewater table as in 4.2(a) or 4.2(b). The liningwill, therefore, be subject to hydrostaticpressure. Well designed drainage arrangementswill, therefore, be necessary. However, ifsubgrade is practically impervious, it should beremoved to a depth of 600 mm and replaced bysand, murram or suitable pervious material.

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IS .4558 19954.4 Water Table Above Canal FSL and SubgradeEither Free Draining Poor Draining orPractically ImperviousIn this case, pressures on canal lining will belarger. Therefore, elaborate drainage arrange-ments will be required. However, inth;as;a;Epractically impervious subgrade,should be removed to a depth of 600 mm andreplaced by sand, murram or suitable perviousmaterial.5 METHODS OP UNDER-DRAINAGE5.1 Filter Below Lining5.1.1 Water Table Bel ow Canal Bed and SubgradeFree DrainingAs mentioned in 4.2(a) no drainage arrangementis required.5.1.2 Wat er Table Bel ow Canal Bed and SubgradePoor DrainingIn this case 150 to 200 mm thick layer of welldesigned filter should be provided.5.1.3 Water Table Bel ow Canal Bed and SubgradePract ical ly ImperviousAfter removal of subgrade and its replacementby suitable pervious material, as mentionedin 4.2(c), no additional filter need be provided.5.1.4 Water Tabl e Betw een Canal Bed and FSLand Subgrade Free D rai ni ng, Poor Dr ai ni ng orPract ical ly ImperviousI n free draining, as also in poor draining sub-grade, 150 mm to 200 mm thick layer of welldesigned filter as in 4.3 should be provided.However, in case of practically impervious sub-grade provisions similar to 5.1.3 should bemade.5.1.5 Wat er Tabl e Abov e Canal FSL andSubgrade Free D rai ni ng, Poor D rai ni ng orPract ical ly Impervious111 ree draining subgrade, 150 mm to 200 mmthick, while in poor draining subgrade, 200 mmto 300 mm thick, layer of well designed filtershould be provided.However, in case of practically impervioussubgrade provisions similar to 5.1.3 should bemade.5.2 Pressure Relief Arrangements5.2.1 Water Tabl e Bel ow Canal Bed and SubgradeFree DrarningNo pressure relief arrangement is required.5.2.2 Water Tabl e Bel ow Canal Bed and SubgradePoor Draini ngBed - Longitudinal and transverse drains

3

see 7 ) with pressure relief valves( see 8 ) should be provided.Sides - Pressure relief valves in pockets( see 8 ) filled with filter materialshould be provided.

5.2.3 Wat er Tabl e Bel ow Cana l Bed and SubgradePract i cal l y Impervi ousProvisions similar to 5.2.2 should be provided.5.2.4 Wat er Tabl e Betw een Canal Bed and FSL,and Subgrade Free Dr ai ni ng, Poor Dr ai ni ng orPract ical ly ImperviousProvisions similar to 5.2.2 should be provided.5.2.5 Water Table A bove Canal FSL and SubgradeFree Dr ainhg, Poor Dr aini ng or Practi call yImpervious

Bed - Longitudinal and transverse drains( see 7 ) with pressure relief valves( see 8 ) should be provided.Sides - Transverse drains ( see 7 ) withpressure relief valves ( see 8 ) shouldbe provided.

7 LONGITUDINAL AND TRANSVERSEDRAINS7.1 Longitudinal DrainsThe section of the drain should be trapezoidalwith bottom width 500 mm, depth 525 mm andsides as steep as practicable. The drain shouldbe carefully filled up to the bottom of thelining with graded filter with pipe as shownin Fig. 1 and properly compacted so as to forman even bedding for lining. The pipe may beasbestos cement pipe or PVC pipe. It shouldbe perforated. Usually 150 mm dia pipes areused. The perforations/holes should be 12 mmin diameter and should be done by drilling. Onan average there should be a minimum of100 perforations/holes per metre length of pipeand the perforations/holes in adjacent rowsshould be staggered. The pipe should beproperly shrouded with suitable filter.The number of longitudinal drains shoulddepend on the bed width of canal. In the bedof canal, at least one drain for every 10 mwidth should be provided. The drains should beplaced symmetrically with reference to thecentre line of canal.Care should be taken that the filter does notget clogged during lining.7.2 Transverse DrainsTransverse drains, where necessary, should beprovided in the bed and on the side slopes upto free board level. Section of transverse drains

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IS 4558 : 1995TOP OF LINING 7

TAR PAPER TO PREVFNT CLOGGINGOF FILTER DURiNG LINING FILTER MATERIAL t5Q TO 300BOTTOM OF LININ,,, /

LINING HFORATED AC /PVC PIP

FILTER 150 TO 30.GHADED GRAVEL

GRADED GRAVEL 5 TO 20 mm SUBGRADECOARSE SAND OF FM I-5 OR ABO

OR SrEEPERAll dimensions n millimetres.

FIG. 1 TYPICAL SECTIONOF LONGITUDANA-L/TRANSVERSE RAINPRESSURERELIEFVALVE NOT SHOWN )

should be same as that of longitudinal drainsshown in Fig. 1. The drain should be carefullyfilled up to the bottom of the lining with gradedfilter as shown in Fig. 1 and properly compact-ed so as to form an even bedding for lining.The pipe may be asbestos cement pipe or PVCpipe. It should be perforated. Usually 150 mmdia pipes are used. The perforations/holesshould be 12 mm in diameter and should bedone by drilling. On an average there shouldbe a minimum of 100 perforation/holes permetre length of pipe and the perforations/holesin adjacent rows should be staggered. Thepipe should be properly shrouded with suitablefilter.r 5 TO 1000 mm

Spacing of transverse drains should depend onthe size, location and efficiency of pressurerelief valves. However, in general, transversedrains should be provided at 10 m interval.Care should be taken that filter does not getclogged during lining.8 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES (PRV)8.1 Pressure relief valves should be provided onthe longitudinal/transverse drains, if suchdrains are provided ( see Fig. 2 ), and onslopes, if there are no transverse drains, thePRV may be provided in pockets filled withgraded filter underneath the lining. Pockets

PRV LOCATIONS(IN CASE NO TRANSVERSE

DRAIN ON SLOPE 1 RSE DRAIN IN PRV LOCATION ( IN CASESVERSE DRAINS ON SLOPESI

LONGITUDINAL DRAITRANSVERSE DRAIN ON SLOPE

FIG. 2 ARRANGEMENTSHOWING DRAINS AND PRV LOCATIONS3

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IS 4558 : 1995may be square with sides of 600 mm or cylin-drical with diameter 600 mm.Pockets on slopes should be excavated withtheir sides at right angles to the slope. Theperforated PVC housing pipe for the PRVshould be 750 mm long for sides and 430 mmlong for bed and should conform to class-2 ofIS 4985 : 1988. It should be placed in thecentre of the pocket. Graded filter as shownin Fig. 3 should then be carefully placed in thepocket and compacted to form an even beddingfor canal lining. Perforations in the housingpipe should be as shown in Fig. 4.8.2 Placing of PRVs8 2 1 owsIn general, one row at every 4 m should be

PRVSOmmQ-7;

provided on the sides. The first row should beabout 50 cm above curve line and top rowat 50 cm to 100 cm below full supply level. Ifthe water depth is less than l-5 m, one rowshould be adequate. Valves in adjacent rowsshould be staggered.

8.2.2 SpacingIn general, one pressure relief valve for every100 ma should be provided in the canal bed;while on the sides, one pressure relief valve forevery 40 rns should be provided. However, thespacing should be decided on this generalconsideration, keeping in view the siteconditions.

GRADiD GRAVEL \20 TO 40GRADED GRAVEL 5 TO 20

COARSE SAND OF F Ml-5 OR ABOVE

TOP OF LINING

50TTOM OF LINING

160 mm 0 D PVC HOUSINGPIPE (PERFORATED) _/

All dimensions in millimetres.FIG* 3 PRV POCKETON SLOPS

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12

LANGE OF PRVFLANGE OF HOUSING PI

8 ROWS ALONG PERIPHERYEQUIDISTANT \

R Y HOUSING PIP

ROWS ALONG PERIPHEEQUIDISTANT _ ~ PERFORATED CAP

DETAIL A

I-

IS 4558 : 1995

- x OD

_ All dimensioix in millimetres.FIG. 4 ~IBTAIL OF PERFORATIONS IN PRV HOUSING PIPE DETAIL OF PRV NOT SHOWN )

P/I END CAP

5

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Bnreao of Indira StandardsBIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of I ndi an St andards Act, 1986 to promoteharmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goodsand attending to connected matters in the country.CopyrightBIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in anyform without the prior-permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the courseof implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or gradedesignations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director ( Publications ), BIS.Review of Indian StandardsAmendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are alsoreviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates thatno changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision.Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments oredition.This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot No: RVD 13 (63).

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