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है”ह”ह

IS 4410-11-7 (1984): Glossary of Terms Relating to RiverValley Projects, Part 11: Hydrology, Section 7: Quality ofWater [WRD 3: Ground Water and Related Investigations]

1 7 ) - 1( Reaffirmed 2001 I

11

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IS : 4410 ( Part ll/Sec 7 ) - 1984

Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS

RELATING TO RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

PART 11 HYDROLOGY

Section 7 Quality of Water

Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Committee,EDG 46

Chairman

SHRI K. K. FRAMJI

Representing

Consulting Engineering Services (India) PrivateLimited, New Delhi

Army Headquarters, Engineer-in-Chief's Branch,New Delhi

Members

SHRIP.ANANTHARAM

MAJ C. S. BAJAJ ( Alternate)CHIEF ENGINEER ( IRRIGATION) Public Works Department,

Tamil Nadu, MadrasGovernment of

SF..N'IOR DEPUTY CHmFENGINEEIt ( IRRIGATION) ( Alternate)

CHIEF ENGINEER (T.D.D. ) Irrigation Works, Government of Punjab, ChandigarhDIRECTOR S.P.K. ( T.D.a. ) ( Alternate)

SHRI S. M. DEB Irrigation and Water Works Department, Govern-ment of West Bengal, Calcutta

DIRECTOR Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra,Bombay

DIRECTOR, C.D.a. Irrigation Department, Government ofMadhya Pradesh, Bhopal

DIRECTOR (Alternate)DIRECTOR ( HYDROLOGy-I) Central Water Commission, New Delhi

DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( H YDRO-LOGY-I) (Alternate)

SHRI N. K. DWIVEDI Irrigation Department, Government ofUttar Pradesh, Lucknow

JOINT COMMISSIONER Ministy of Agriculture and Irrigation, New DelhiSHRI K. V. KRISHNAMURTlIY Hydro-Consult International Pvr Ltd, New Delhi

SHRI P. N. KU~iRA ( Alternate) I

MEMBER ( IRRIGNl'ION ) Bhakra Beas Management Board, ChandigarhSn ur J. K. BHALI.A ( Alternate)

( Continued on page 2 )

© Copyright 1984INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION

This publication is protected under the Itld;'t1 Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) andreproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the

. publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.i

IS: 4410 ( Part lljSec 7 ) - 1984

( Continued from page I

Irrigation and Power Department, Government ofOrissa

University of Roorkee, RoorkeeDirector General, lSI ( Ex-offioi» Member)

DR P. P. SEHGALSHIU G. RAMAN,

Director ( Civ Engg )

Members RepresentinKPROF P. NATAltAJAN Indian Institute of Technology, New DelhiSHRl G. S. OBEROI Survey of India, Debra Dun

SHRI K. N. SAXENA ( Alternate )SHRI G. PANT Geological Survey of India, Calcutta

SHRI R. P. SINGH ( Alternate)SHRl DAMODAR SAHU

Secretaries

SHRI S. K. CHAUDHURlDeputy Director ( Civ Engg ), lSI

SHRl HEMAN'r KUMARAsstt Director ( Civ Engg), lSI

Panel for Glossary of Terms Relating to Hydrology, BDC 46 : P6

Indian National Committee for InternationalHydrological Programme, New Delhi

Indian Institute of Techology, New Delhi

Irrigation Department, Government of UttarPradesh, Lucknow

Soil and Water Conservation Division, Ministry ofAgriculture, New Delhi

SHRI S. SUBRA:Y:ANlAM ( Alternate)SHRl A. D. MOHILE Central Water Commission, New DelhiDR V. V. N. MURTHY Punjab Agricultural University, LudhianaDR V. V. Drrntrvx NARAYANA Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, KarnalDR B. D. PATHAK Central Ground Water Board, New DelhiDR S. M. SETH National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee

SHRI D. C. DAS

SHRl V. B. LAL ( Alternate)SHRl MAHESH CHANDER

Convener

DR P. N. KAPOOR

Members

SHRl S. BANERJl

2

IS: 4410 ( Part ll/Sec 7 ) - 1984

Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS

RELATING TO RIVER VALLEY PROJECTSPART 11 HYDROLOGY

Section 7 Quality of Water

o. FOREWOR D

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part II/Sec 7 ) was adopted by the IndianStandards Institution on 28 February 1984, after the draft finalized bythe Terminology Relating to River Valley Projects Sectional Committeehad been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council.

0.2 A number of Indian Standards have already been printed coveringvarious aspects of river valley projects and a large number of standardsare in the process of formulation. These standards include technicalterms, the precise definitions of which are required to avoid ambiguityin their interpretation. To achieve this end, the Institution is bringingout glossary of terms relating to river valley projects ( IS : 4410 ) whichis being published in parts. The other parts of this standard so farpublished are given on page 8.

0.3 (Part 11) covers the important field of hydrology which is aseparate science by itself. In view of the vastness of this subject, thesubject is being covered in different sections. Other sections will be thefollowing:

Section I General termsSection 2 Precipitation and runoffSection 3 Infiltration and water lossesSection 4 HydrographSection 5 FloodsSection 6 Ground waterSection 7 Quality of water

0.4 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given tointernational co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailingin different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the

3

IS 4410 ( Part llJSec 7 ) - 1984

field in this country. This has been met by deriving assistance from thefollowing publications:

UNITED NATIONS. ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR ASIA AND THEFAR EAST.Glossary of hydrologic terms used in Asia and the Far East.1956. Bangkok.

INDIA. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE.Multilingual technical dictionary on irrigation and drainage.1967.

INDIA. CENTRAL BOARD OF IRRIGATION AND POWER. Glossary ofirrigation and hydro-electric terms and standard notations usedin India. 1954. Manager of Publications, Delhi.

Nomenclature for hydraulics. 1962. American Society of CivilEngineers. New York.

0.4.1 All the definitions taken from 'Multilingual technical dictionaryon irrigation and drainage' are acknowledged by asterisk(*) in thestandard.

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard (Part 11JSec 7) covers the definitions of termsrelating to quality of water in hydrology.

2. QUALITY OF WATER

2.1 Acidic - A solution is acidic when its pH value is less than 7.

2.2 Alkaline - A solution is alkaline when its pH value is more than 7.

2.3 Alkalinity* - A term used to represent the content of carbonates,bicarbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally borates, silicates and phos­phates in water. It is expressed in parts per million or mg!l ofequivalent calcium carbonate.

2.4 Anion* - A negatively charged ion.

2.5 Brackish Water

a) Water rendered unpalatable due to an excessive chloride content.

b) A mixture of sea water and surface run off which occurs, invarious proportions, at the lower reaches of streams that debouchinto an ocean.

2.6 Cations - A positively charged ion.

4

IS : 4410 ( Part lllSec 7 ) - 1984

2.7 Concentration - Amount of solid matter contained in liquidusually expressed in mass of solid per unit volume of liquid.

2.8 Critical Concentration - The level of concentration of animpurity in water above which it adversely affects its use for specificpurpose, such as drinking, industrial and agriculture.

2.9 Hardness (of Water) - A measure of calcium, iron andmagnesium salts ( carbonates, nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, etc) express­ed as parts of equivalent calcium carbonate per million parts of wateror mg/L

2.10 Ions* - Acids, bases and salts ( electrolytes) when dissolved incertain solvents are more or less dissociated into electrically chargedunits or parts of the molecules called ions. Ions carry charges ofelectricity and in consequence have different properties from theuncharged radicals.

2.11 pH (Value) - The pH value of an aqueaous solution is thelogarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration( expressed in gIl) of the solution. Distilled water, which is neutral, hasa pH value of 7.

2.12 Quality of Water - A term used to describe the chemical,physical and biological characteristics of water in respect to its suitabilityfor a particular purpose, such as drinking, irrigation, industrial use, etc.

2.13 Salinity - The relative concentration of salts, usually sodiumchloride, in a given water. It is usually expressed in terms of thenumber of parts per million or mgll of equivalent chlorine.

2.14 Salinometer - An instrument for measuring the amount of saltin a solution; a hydrometer especially graduated so as to indicatedirectly the percentage of a particular salt ( especially sodium chloride )in a solution.

2.15 Salt Balance - The complete salt balance is expressed by thefollowing equation:

6. S + 6 d = (n1+ ct 1"{1 ~ 0(2"{2 + 131Q.l P ~2Q.2 - n2 )6. t

where6.S = change in salt storage in the natural ground water

system for the time interval t::.t,6.d = change in salt storage in the top I to 5 m layer soil,

n1 = quantity of salt introduced from the atmosphere in theform of solid or liquid salt particles,

n2 = quantity of salt lost to the atmosphere,5

IS : 4410 ( Part ll/Sec 7 ) - 1984

0(1, 0(2 = concentration of salts in surface water inflow andoutflow,

~1, ~2 = concentration of salts in ground water inflow andoutflow,

Y1, Y2 = quantities of surface water inflow and outflow,Q,1, Q,2 = quantities of unconfined ground water inflow and

outflow,b.t = time interval for which data are taken, and

F = area of the plot on which the data are taken.

2.15.1 The quantity of salt, that may develop in conjunction withweathering and soil forming process is neglected. While studying saltbalance of irrigated areas, it is advisable in studies of moisture balanceto include balance of the salt totals for the soils, the zone of aeration andthe ground water system using the following equation for total saltbalance:

8°2 -8°1 = 8 0

s + 8°4 + 8°5 + 8°6 + 8°7 - 8°8 - 8°9 - 8°10

where

8°1' S02 = initial and final amounts of salts stored in surfacestreams and reservoirs, in the zone of aeration andin the groundwater reservoir down to the under­laying impervious bed ( tonnesfhectare );

SOs = quantity of salt introduced with precipitation;SO4 = quantity of salt introduced with irrigation water;8°5 = quantity of salt introduced with groundwater inflow

(comprised of lateral inflow in the unconfinedreservoir and possible vertical leakage from deeperartesian aquifers );

So6 = quantity of salt introduced by process of cultivation;8° 7 = quantity of salt introduced with fertilizers;8°8 = quantity of salt removed by groundwater outflow;8°9 = quantity of salt removed by drainage water; and

8°10 = quantity of salt removed by crop harvesting.

NOTE - In most irrigated areas, values of So., S°6> S07 and S\o may be neglected,thereby shortening and simplifying the expression.

2.16 Salt Index - A formula for ascertaining whether water is suitablefor irrigation

Salt Index = ( Total Na - 24'5 ) [ Total Ca - Ca in{ CaCOs+ + Ca ( HCOs )2} X 4'85 ]

6

IS : 4410 ( Part ll/Sec 7 ) • 1984

All quantities in the formula refer to parts per 100000. The saltindex is negative for all good waters and positive for those unsuitable forirrigation.

2.17 SodiuDl Adsorption Ratio ( SAR ) - A ratio for soil extractsand irrigation waters used to express the relative activity of sodium ionsin exchange reaction with soil:

SARNa!

( Ca++ + Mg++ )_2

Where the ionic concentrations are expressed in m. eql/l.

2.18 Toxic ( Water) - Poisonous; tending to reduce the yields of cropsbelow the normal. It may also damage the soil.

:2.19 Turbidity - Reduction of transparency of water due to presenceof suspended particles. It is evaluated by comparison with standardsuspension in a standard light intensity and expressed in terms ofconcentration of the material used in standard suspension, commonlysilica or mg (silica )/litre. Alternatively it may also be expressed jnterms of mg/l or parts per million of the suspended material present inthe actual water sample.

7

INDIAN STANDARDS

ON

GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

IS:

40410 (Part 1 )-1967 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects:Irrigation practice

4410 (Part 2 )-1967 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects:Project planning

Part I

Part 2

4410 (Part 3 )-1967 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 3 Riverand river training

4410 (Part 4 )-1967 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 4­Drawings

4410 (Part 5 )-1968 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 5 Canals.

4410 (Part 6 )-1968 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part I)Reservoirs

4410 (Part 7 )-1982 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 7Engineering geology

4410 (Part 8 )-1968 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 8 Dams.and dam sections

4410 (Part 9 )-1982 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 9­Spillways and syphons

4410 ( Part 10 )-1969 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 10Civil works of hydro-electric generation system including water conductor­system

4410 ( Part II/Sec I )-1972 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part IIHydrology, Section I General terms

4410 ( Part II/Sec 2 )-1972 Glossary of terms relatiag to river valley projects: Part 11Hydrology, Section 2 Precipitation and runoff

4410 ( Part II/Sec 3 )-1973 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 11Hydrology, Section 3 Infiltration and water losses

4410 ( Part II/Sec 4 )-1973 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 11Hydrology, Section 4 Hydrographs

4410 ( Part ll/Sec 5 )-1977 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 11Hydrology, Section 5 Floods

4410 ( Part II/Sec 7 )-1984 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 11Hydrology, Section 7 Quality of water

+410 ( Part 12 )-1973 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 12Diversion works

+410 ( Part 14/Sec 1 )-1977 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 14­Soil conservation and reclamation, Section 1 Soil conservation

4410 ( Part 14/Sec 2 )-1977 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 14Soil conservation and reclamation, Section 2 Reclamation

4410 ( Part IS/Sec 1 )-1973 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 15Canal structures, Section 1 General terms

4410 ( Part 15/Sec 2 )-1973 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part ISCanal structures, Section 2 Transitions

4410 ( Part IS/Sec 3 )-1977 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part ISCanal structures, Section 3 Flumes

4410 ( Part 15/Sec 4 )-1977 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 15Canal structures, Section 4 Regulating works

4410 ( Part 15/Sec 5 )-1977 Glossarv of terms relating to river valley projects: Part ISCanal structures, Section 5 Cross drainage works

4410 ( Part 16/Sec 1 )-1979 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 16Gates and valves, Section I Gates

4410 ( Part 16/Sec 2 )-1982 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part It.iGates and valves, Section 2 Valves

4410 ( Part 17 )-1977 Glossary of terms relating to river valley projects: Part 17Water requirements of crops

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS ( SI UNITS)

Base Units

QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second

Electric current ampere A

Thermodynamic kelvin Ktemperature

Luminous intensity candela cd

Amount of substance mole mol

SupplelDentary Units

QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL

Plane angle radian rad

Solid angle steradian sr

Derived Units

QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL DEFINITION

Force newton N N = I kg.m/s 2

Energy joule J J= I N.mPower watt W I W = I JlsFlux weber Wb I Wb = I v,sFlux density tesla T I T = I Wbjm2

Frequency hertz Hz I Hz = I cl« (S-I)Electric conductance siemen S I S = I AIVElectromotive force volt V I V = I WjAPressure, stress pascal Pa I Pa = I N/m 2

F IN lA STA nARDSI D I N STA 0

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