IS-341INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Semester II (2010-11)Introduction: Chapter 1

IS- 341 Homepage

: http://sites.google.com/site/pnuis341/ Visit the web page for schedule, lecture notes,

tutorials, assignment, grading, office hours, etc.Textbook: S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial

Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall, 2003, Second Edition

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OutlineCourse overviewWhat is AI?A brief historyWhat AI can do today ?

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Intelligence? What do you believe what intelligence is?

Is it intelligent to think like a human? Is it intelligent to act like a human? Is “human” equivalent to “intelligent”?

Intelligence = Knowledge + feel, understand, process, communicate, judge, and learn

Characteristics of Intelligence Ability to Communicate� Internal Knowledge� Ability to Learn� Self Awareness�

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Artificial Intelligence Tasks Problem Solving

Find a solution to a given problem Find the shortest route from KFUPM to PNU Assign pilots to flights so that costs are minimized Devise a plan to get an A+ in IS 341

Reasoning Express your knowledge and derive hypotheses Proof mathematical theorems Make “justifiable” decisions in uncertain environments

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Artificial Intelligence Tasks Learning

Adjust an internal representation so that it is in accordance with observations made

Revise Newton’s idea of space and time after observing that light travels at a constant speed

InteractionCommunicate

Understand spoken languagePerceive

Look at a photo an identify TrinityAct

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AI in Action !!Applications of AI

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Acting humanly: Turing TestTuring (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":"Can machines think?" "Can machines behave

intelligently?"Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes

Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years

Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning

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AI prehistory Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical

system foundations of learning, language,rationality

Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms,computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,probability

Economics utility, decision theory Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control,

experimental techniques Computer building fast computers

engineering Control theory design systems that maximize an objective

function over time

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Abridged history of AI1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain1950 Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" 1956 Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence"

adopted1952—69 Look, Ma, no hands! 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers

program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine

1965 Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning1966—73 AI discovers computational complexity

Neural network research almost disappears1969—79 Early development of knowledge-based systems1980-- AI becomes an industry 1986-- Neural networks return to popularity1987-- AI becomes a science 1995-- The emergence of intelligent agents

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What AI Systems can do today?Planning:

DARPA's DART system used in Desert Storm and Desert Shield operations to plan logistics of people and supplies.

European space agency planning and scheduling of spacecraft assembly, integration and verification.

Speech Recognition:Computer Vision:

Face recognition programs in use by banks, government, etc.

Handwriting recognition.

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What AI Systems can do today? Game Playing:

Computer programs beat world’s best players in chess e.g Deep Blue by IBM

Playing “Jeopardy” – question answering

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