A Review of Hardware Security Modules Fall 2010 - OpenDNSSEC
IS 2101---Fall 2009 Chapter 2: Hardware 1/14/2010.
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Transcript of IS 2101---Fall 2009 Chapter 2: Hardware 1/14/2010.
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IS 2101---Fall 2009
Chapter 2: Hardware1/14/2010
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Objectives
•What exactly is a computer, and what are its four main functions?•What is the difference between data and information?
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Objectives
•What are bits and bytes, and how are they measured?•What devices do you use to get data into the computer?
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Objectives
•What devices do you use to get information out of the computer?•What’s on the front of your system unit?
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Objectives
•What’s on the back of your system unit?•What’s inside your system unit?
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Objectives
• How do you set up your computer to avoid strain and injury?
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Data Processing
• Input• Process• Output• Store
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Information vs. Data
• Information is organized– Phone book
• Information is more valuable than data
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Bits and Bytes
• Representing information– Electrical flow: on or off– A bit has two possible values– Put bits together to represent more
complex information (alphabet of two letters)
• Measuring information
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Input Hardware
• Text input: keyboard• Pointer input: mouse and stylus• Sound: microphones• Light: cameras• Measurements: thermometer
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Connecting
• Wire connections• Wireless– Infrared (line of sight)– Radio (subject to interference)
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Keyboards
• Variety of arrangements–Major: QWERTY vs. Dvorak–Minor: specialized keys and function
keys– Numeric pads– Special functions
• Special characters: beyond English
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Pointers
• Detecting motion–Mechanical– Optical (not good on clear glass)
• Buttons• Scroll wheel• Joysticks• Trackballs• Touchpads1/19/2010 IS 2101/07---Spring 2010 14
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Everything’s Customizable
• What each button on a keyboard or mouse does can be customized
• You probably wouldn’t want to change most of them
• Utilities are provided to map various extra buttons to different functions
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Output Devices
• Video: Monitor, projector• Printer• Speakers• Motors
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Monitors
• Pixels– Resolution– Color depth• RGB
• Aspect ratio
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Printers
• Technology– Impact– Inkjet– Laser
• Quality• Cost• Speed
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System Unit
• Power• Processor• Memory• Storage• Peripheral connectors
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Processor
• Central Processing Unit• Directs the operations of the
computer and carries out computations
• Computers generally have several special purpose processors as well, such as for graphics– These may be more powerful than the
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Processor Design
• Different processors operate differently
• Programs for computers usually have to be designed for a particular process– And for other characteristics we’ll talk
about later
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Processor Characteristics
• Number of cores• Clock speed• Data width and bus width
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Heat
• Computers use a great deal of energy when running
• Almost the only output for that energy is heat– Very few moving parts
• Computers can overheat and damage themselves without adequate cooling
• The CPU is particularly vulnerable
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Memory
• Used by the computer to store data and programs in active use
• Fast, relatively expensive, volatile• Usually called RAM (Random Access
Memory)
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Price changes
• My first computer: 16 K memory was $300
• Today: 2 G memory is $100• In price per Meg:– Old: $19,200– New: $0.10
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System Unit
• Main board• Extension cards plug in to main
board• Memory plugs into main board
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Storage
• Relatively cheap• Slower• Large volume• Not volatile• Read-only vs. Read-write
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Storage Technology
• Generally, data stored on disks in concentric circles
• Terminology– Platters, tracks, cylinders
• Read/Write heads• Speed– Rotation speed– Seek speed– Data transfer speed
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Connectors
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Connectors
• Video• Mouse and Keyboard• USB• Parallel• Serial• Firewire• Ethernet
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Ergonomics
• Chair height• Monitor height• Wrist support• Repetitive stress• Hearing damage
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