BIS 2003

B U R E A U O F I N D I A N S T A N D A R D SMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

IS : 1956 (Part V) - 1976(Reaffirmed 1998)

Edition 2.2(1989-03)

Price Group 3

Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO

IRON AND STEELPART V BRIGHT STEEL BAR AND STEEL WIRE

( First Revision )(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1 & 2)

UDC 669.14-422/-426 : 001.4

IS : 1956 (Part V) - 1976

BIS 2003

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

This publication is protected under the Indian Copyright Act (XIV of 1957) andreproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of thepublisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO

IRON AND STEELPART V BRIGHT STEEL BAR AND STEEL WIRE

( First Revision )Metal Standards Sectional Committee, SMDC 1

Chairman Representing

SHRI A. K. BHATTACHARYYA Ministry of Railways

Members

JOINT DIRECTOR (M & C)ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (MS) ( Alternates to Shri A. K. Bhattacharyya )

SHRI M. ANJANEYULU Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation Ltd,Durgapur

SHRI N. V. RAGHAVAN ( Alternate )DR A. S. BHADURI National Test House, CalcuttaSHRI D. D. BHUPTANI Indian Tube Co Ltd, Calcutta

SHRI O. N. AGARWAL ( Alternate )SHRI P. K. CHAKRAVARTY The Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur

SHRI M. C. KUMARASWAMY ( Alternate )SHRI G. CHATTERJEE

SHRI K. C. SOM ( Alternate )Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi

SHRI P. K. CHATTERJEE Ministry of Defence (DGI)SHRI N. S. CHAUDHARY

SHRI J. S. SEHMI ( Alternate )Instrumentation Ltd, Kota

SHRI K. V. CHINNAPPA International Nickel (India) Pvt Ltd, BombaySHRI B. N. DAS National Metallurgical Laboratory (CSIR),

JamshedpurSHRI N. T. GEORGE Ministry of Defence (R & D)SHRI A. K. GUHA Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals

(Inspection Wing), New DelhiSHRI P. C. MUSTAFI ( Alternate )

DR S. S. KHANNASHRI A. N. RAO ( Alternate )

Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd, Ranchi

DR D. M. LAKHIANI Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, BurnpurSHRI T. K. DUTTA ( Alternate )

( Continued on page 2 )

}

IS : 1956 (Part V) - 1976

2

( Continued from page 1 )

Members Representing

SHRI U. MOHAN RAO Heavy Electricals (India) Ltd, BhopalSHRI B. K. MURTHY Indian Aluminium Co Ltd, Calcutta

SHRI N. GOPALKRISHNAN ( Alternate )SHRI S. K. OHRI Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, HardwarDR S. R. PRAMANIK Ministry of Steel and Heavy EngineeringSHRI M. K. RAO The Binani Metal Works Ltd, Calcutta

SHRI A. K. CHATTERJEE ( Alternate )SHRI S. ROY Indian Non-Ferrous Metals Manufacturers

Association, CalcuttaSHRI A. K. BASU ( Alternate )

SHRI V. K. WAZIRHON SECRETARY ( Alternate )

Institute of Indian Foundrymen, Calcutta

SHRI C. R. RAMA RAO,Director (Struc & Met)

Director General, ISI ( Ex-officio Member )

SecretarySHRI VIJAY KUMAR

Assistant Director (Metals), ISI

Subcommittee for Terminology, Classificationand Designation of Steels, SMDC 1 : 1

Convener

SHRI K. V. CHINNAPPA International Nickel (India) Pvt Ltd, Bombay

Members

SHRI R. M. BALANI Directorate General of Technical Development,New Delhi

SHRI B. G. BASAVRAJ Mysore Iron & Steel Ltd, BhadravatiSHRI K. B. D. BEERARISH ( Alternate )

SHRI S. K. BASU Guest, Keen, Williams Ltd, HowrahSHRI D. D. BHUPTANI Indian Tube Co Ltd, CalcuttaSHRI P. K. CHAKRAVARTY The Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur

SHRI M. C. KUMARASWAMY ( Alternate )SHRI P. K. CHATTERJEE Ministry of Defence (DGI)CHEMIST AND METALLURGIST Ministry of RailwaysSHRI M. K. DUTTA Hindustan Steel Ltd, DurgapurSHRI R. DUTTA

SHRI T. K. DUTTA ( Alternate )Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Burnpur

SHRI S. K. GHOSHAL Central Board of Excise and Customs, New DelhiSHRI A. K. GUHA Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals

(Inspection Wing), New DelhiSHRI P. C. MUSTAFI ( Alternate )

SHRI R. M. KRISHNAN Iron & Steel Control, CalcuttaDR V. RAMASWAMY Research & Development, Hindustan Steel Ltd,

RanchiSHRI S. R. MEDIRATTA ( Alternate )

SHRI M. M. SHENOY Hindustan Steel Ltd, CalcuttaSHRI R. N. SINGH Mahindra Ugine Steel Co Ltd, BombaySHRI Y. C. SUBRAMANYA Directorate General Ordnance Factories (Ministry of

Defence), Calcutta

IS : 1956 (Part V) - 1976

3

Indian StandardGLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO

IRON AND STEELPART V BRIGHT STEEL BAR AND STEEL WIRE

( First Revision )0. F O R E W O R D

0.1 This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the IndianStandards Institution on 10 February 1976, after the draft finalized bythe Metal Standards Sectional Committee had been approved by theStructural and Metals Division Council.0.2 The standard on glossary of terms relating to iron and steel wasfirst published in 1962. As a result of experience gained during theseyears, certain modifications have been made in some of the meaningsof the various terms. The Sectional Committee while issuing thisrevision felt it desirable to issue the standard in separate parts.0.3 This part is one of a series of Indian Standards on glossary of termsrelating to iron and steel. Other parts in the series are as follows:

Part I General metallurgy, heat treatment and testingPart II Steel makingPart III Hot rolled steel products (excluding sheet and strip)Part IV Steel sheet and stripPart VI Forgings (including drop forging)Part VII Wrought ironPart VIII Steel tubes and pipes

0.4 This standard has been prepared for the guidance of themanufacturers and users to assist them in the uniform interpretationof the common terms used in the iron and steel industry.0.5 This edition 2.2 incorporates Amendment No. 1 (September 1987)and Amendment No. 2 (March 1989). Side bar indicates modification ofthe text as the result of incorporation of the amendments.

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard (Part V) is intended to convey the meanings of theterms commonly used in the field of bright steel bar and steel wire.

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2. BRIGHT STEEL BAR AND STEEL WIRE2.1 Annealed, Cleaned and Limed Wire Annealed wire, pickledto remove scale, washed in water and dipped in hot lime water anddried ( see 2.72 ).2.2 Bad Cast See 2.23.2.3 Baking (Stoving) Heating after pickling/or pickling andcoating to remove hydrogen.2.4 Bands See 2.10.2.5 Bar and Rod Finished product of solid section generallysupplied in straight length, which may be rectangular, square, roundor half round, or polygonal. The bars may be supplied in coil form also.The dimensions generally conform to the following ( see also 2.5.1 ):

a) Rounds and Half-Rounds Minimum diameter 5 mm.b) Squares and Polygonals Minimum 6 mm side.

2.5.1 Flat Bar ( Flat ) A finished product, generally of cross section,with edges of controlled contour and thickness 3 mm and over, width400 mm and below and supplied in straight lengths. The product shallhave rolled edges only (square or slightly rounded). This group alsoincludes flat bars with bulb that has swelling on one or two faces of thesame edge and a width of less than 400 mm.2.6 Base Size (Common Drawn Size) The intermediate size inwhich wire is annealed or patented before final drawing; in the case ofdrawn galvanized or drawn tinned wire, the size in which it isgalvanized or tinned.

NOTE Also used for the finished product to denote the range of sizes sold atminimum price.

2.7 Bench Drawn (Rack Drawn) Bars bright drawn in straightlengths on a draw bench.2.8 Best Patented Steel Wire Rope wire drawn to tensile strengthof 1 255 to 1 460 N/mm2 (128 to 147 kgf/mm2) ( see also 2.83 ).2.9 Best Plough Steel Wire Patented rope wire drawn to a tensilestrength of 1 520 to 1 665 N/mm2 (155 to 170 kgf/mm2) ( see also 2.92 ).2.10 Binders (Bands, Tie Wires) Soft wires used for tying bundlesor coils of wire.2.11 Black Annealed Wire Wires annealed without protectiveatmosphere.2.12 Block Drawn Wire drawn in coil on a block.2.13 Blue Annealed Wire (Turned Bar) Wire with a scale-freesurface, but oxidized to a blue temper colour during annealing.

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2.14 Bright Annealed Wire (White Annealed Wire) Wire whichhas been annealed in a controlled atmosphere to prevent surfaceoxidation.2.15 Bright Bar Bars of bright finish produced from hot rolledproducts by cold drawing, turning (peeling) or grinding, or acombination of these processes to attain a comparatively smoothsurface and considerably higher standard of dimensional accuracy. Inthe bright drawing process reduction in cross-section or removal ofmetal from a section are not very large. These are supplied only instraight lengths.2.16 Bright Drawing See 2.31.2.17 Bright Ground (Ground Bar) Bar or wire ground betweenabrasive wheels which give a bright finish to the material.2.18 Bright Machined Material which has been turned, ground,shaped or milled to size and finished with a smooth bright surface.2.19 Bright Turned Rounds

a) Round hot rolled material which has been reduced in size bycentre-less turning and finished with a smooth bright surface.

b) Round hot rolled material which has been turned betweencentres and finally polished. Turned material is generally coldrolled to remove tool marks.

2.20 Broken Back (Cracked Back) A band of transverse cracksalong a drawn wire.2.21 Bundle Two or more coils or a number of lengths securelybound together.2.22 Burr The sharp fringe of metal left on a sheared or saw-cutbottom edge.2.23 Cast (of Wire) The behaviour of waps of wire in a coil.2.23.1 Bad Cast A coil in which the waps when released do notconform to the desired shape.2.23.2 Dead Cast A coil in which the wire lies in circles of uniformdiameter.2.23.3 Helical Cast A coil in which the waps tend to spring out fromthe coil in spirals.2.23.4 Straight Cast A coil in which the wire when unwound willrun out approximately straight.2.24 Catchweight Coil A coil of non-standard weight.2.25 Chilled Spring Wire Wire drawn from quenched and age-hardened mild steel.2.26 Clink A crack either internal or external caused by unevencontraction or expansion during heating or cooling of steel.

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2.27 Coatinga) Covering the wire with a film to act as vehicle for the lubricant

used in drawing, for example, hydrated lime or sull ( see 2.124 ).b) Covering the surface of wire with a protective film, for example,

zinc, tin, etc ( see also 2.78 ).

2.26 Coil One continuous length of rod or wire in the form of a coil.

2.29 Coiled Bar A long length of hot rolled bar produced in acontinuous rolling mill and coiled in a manner similar to a wire rod.

2.30 Coiling The process of laying or winding the product (usuallywire rods and wires) in the form of coils.

2.31 Cold Drawing (Drawing, Bright Drawing) Reducing thecross-sectional area by pulling, when cold, through a die. The processproduces a bright surface on the material.

2.32 Commercial Quality Material of normally good quality forwhich the limits of chemical composition and mechanical propertiesare more relaxed.

2.33 Coppered Wire A wire produced by wet drawing with acopper sulphate or copper-tin sulphate solution for improvingdrawability. The colour depends upon the chemicals used and thedrawing operation imparts a lustre to the wire, resulting in improvedappearance and a limited amount of corrosion resistance.

2.34 Cropping (Cutting, Shearing) Shearing off discard from theends of an ingot or bloom or forged products prior to further working.End discard shearing of semi-finished or finished products is alsocalled cropping ( see also 2.114 ).

2.35 Cuppiness or Cupping An internal transverse crack in wire,which may eventually result in fracture of the cup and cone type. Itmay be caused by excessive cold work (over drawing) or by segregationwhere the harder centre is less ductile than the surface.

2.36 Cut Length Wire straightened and cut to a given length ( seealso 2.54 ).

2.37 Cutting See 2.34.

2.38 Dead Cast See 2.23.

2.39 Descaling Removal of surface scale from a hot worked or heattreated product by pickling, shot-blasting, etc. Also removal of scaleduring hot working by the application of water, coal dust, brushwood,oil, etc.

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2.40 Die A tool having a prepared hole, for cold drawing.

2.41 Die Mark (Die Score, Die Scratch) Scratch marks madeduring drawing due to poor condition of dies or gritty material beingdrawn in the die along with the wire.

2.42 Die Score See 2.41.

2.43 Die Scratch See 2.41.

2.44 Discard Those portions corresponding to the top and bottom ofthe ingot which are removed to ensure that the remainder of thematerial is of satisfactory quality. Also defective material produced inrolling or forging, to be cut off from one or both ends of thesemi-finished or finished product ( see also 2.34 ).

2.45 Draft (or Draught) The amount of reduction in thecross-sectional area during drawing.

2.46 Drawing See 2.31.

2.47 Drawing Quality Property (ductility) of hot rolled bars whichpermits cold drawing.

2.48 Drawn Coppered Wire Wire coppered at the base size anddrawn to the final size ( see also 2.33 ).

2.49 Drawn Galvanized Wire Wire galvanized at the base sizeand drawn to the final size.

2.50 Drawn-In Scale Local patches of scale which the pickling hasfailed to remove and which have consequently become embedded in thesurface by cold drawing.

2.51 Drawn Tinned Wire Wire tinned at the base size and drawnto the final size.

2.52 Electrogalvanizing Zinc coating by electrodeposition.

2.53 Electrotinning Tin coating by electrodeposition.

2.54 Exact Length Material cut to specified length and agreedtolerance.

2.55 Fash (Burr) See 2.22.

2.56 Fin (Overfill) A protruding rib of metal runninglongitudinally along a rolled product, as results from overfilling a pass.

2.57 Galvanizing Process of depositing zinc on a metallic surface( see 2.52 and 2.64 ).

2.58 Gauge Thickness in terms of a standard wire gauge number orany accepted unit.

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2.59 Ground Bar See 2.17.2.60 Ground Finish Wire or rod bright finished by grinding togiven limits.2.61 Guide Mark (Guide Score, Guide Scratch, Guide Shearing) A surface defect resulting from abrasion between the steel/iron and aguide used for ensuring location in rolling.2.62 Hard-Drawn Wire Wire drawn with a relatively largereduction (over 10 percent) from the rod without heat treatment ( seealso 2.74 ).2.63 Helical Cast See 2.23.2.64 Hot-Dip Galvanizing Coating with zinc by immersion in abath of molten zinc.2.65 Hot-Dip Tinning Coating with tin by dipping into a bath ofmolten tin.2.66 Inclusions Particles of oxides, sulphides, silicates,refractories, etc, embedded in the metal. These are products ofdeoxidation.2.67 Interannealed Wire Wire drawn to an intermediate stage,annealed and drawn to the size required.2.68 Lathe-Turned See 2.113.2.69 Lacquer-Drawn wire See 2.135.2.70 Lap (Overlap) A surface defect caused by the folding of ametal surface against itself.2.71 Length A straight piece of wire or bar cut to a specified orrandom length.2.72 Liming The application of a film of hydrated lime to pickledmaterial prior to drawing, to neutralize any traces of acid and toprotect from rusting.2.73 Machine Straightening Straightening by reeling, spinningor other mechanical means ( see 2.122 ).2.74 Mild-Drawn Wire (Soft-Drawn Wire) Wire drawn from therod or annealed base with a reduction of area of less than 10 percent( see also 2.62 ).2.75 Multiple Lengths Length from which a given number ofpieces of specified lengths can be cut with minimum waste.2.76 Music Wire See 2.86.2.77 Oiled Finish Material immersed or otherwise coated with oilafter cold working or annealing.

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2.78 Oiling Coating with oil as a temporary rust preventive.2.79 Oil Tempered Wire Continuously oil hardened and temperedcarbon steel spring wire.2.80 Overfill See 2.56.2.81 Overlap See 2.70.2.82 Over-Pickled Pickled longer than necessary resulting inpronounced chemical attack causing pitting and roughness on thesurface.2.83 Patented Steel Wire Carbon steel wire, hard drawn afterpatenting the rod or suitable intermediate size of wire.2.84 Patenting Heating to an appropriate temperature abovetransformation range, and then cooling at a controlled rate in thedesired medium (for example, air, lead or a salt bath) to produce astructure desirable for subsequent cold working and to improve theproperties of finished product. The process is used in the manufactureof cold drawn high tensile medium and high carbon steels.2.85 Phosphide Streak An elongated area of phosphides which isrevealed on etching.2.86 Piano Wire (Music Wire) A very high quality high carbon(usually 0.80 to 0.95 percent), patented drawn and polished wirehaving a tensile strength in excess of 1 865 N/mm2 (190 kgf/mm2) andgenerally in sizes of 1.6 mm and finer. The term music wire alsoincludes wire intended for mandolins.2.87 Pickling The removal of scale by chemical or electro-chemicaltreatment with dilute acids or other chemicals followed by washing.2.88 Pipe (Contraction Cavity, Shrinkage Cavity) An axialcavity caused by contraction during solidification of an ingot. Also thedefects arising from the axial cavity in the semi-finished or finishedproducts. It may also refer to tubular sections.2.89 Pitted Surface A surface containing small pits or depressionsresulting from unsatisfactory processing.2.90 Planishing Improving the surface by the action of chill cast orhardened steel rolls by hammering with smooth faced hammer ( seealso 2.94 ).2.91 Plate (Wire Drawers) A steel tool containing a series oftapered holes through which wire is drawn.2.92 Plough Steel Wire2.92.1 Best Plough Steel Wire Patented rope wire drawn to a tensilestrength of 1 570 to 1 665 N/mm2 (155 to 170 kgf/mm2).

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2.92.2 Special Improved Plough Steel Wire Patented rope wire drawnto a tensile strength of 1 665 to 1 815 N/mm2 (170 to 185 kgf/mm2).2.92.3 Extra Special Improved Plough Steel Wire Patented rope wiredrawn to a tensile strength of 1 765 to 1 910 N/mm2 (180 to195 kgf/mm2).2.93 Pointing See 2.126.2.94 Polishing Producing a scratch free or mirror like finish.2.95 Precision Ground Material ground to very accuratedimensions.2.96 Punch A tapered tool used by wire drawers for imparting thecorrect contour and size to the hole in a wire drawers plate or wortle.2.97 Rack Drawn See 2.7.2.98 Reduction of Area Difference in the cross-sectional area beforeand after drawing or rolling, normally expressed as a percentage of theformer.2.99 Reed A local internal discontinuity containing non-metallicmatter.2.100 Reeling Straightening (and planishing) a round bar by feedingit between contoured steel rolls in a direction approximately parallel tothe principal axes of the rolls.2.101 Rod Crack A longitudinal defect in wire rod or wire due tounsatisfactory rolling technique.2.102 Wire Rod It is generally square, round, half round,rectangular, or polygonal, hot rolled product in the coiled form. It isgenerally intended for conversion into wire.2.103 Roke (Roak) A longitudinal surface defect, an elongatedfissure caused by a blow hole which is not welded up during rolling andhas perforated the surface and become oxidized.2.104 Rolled-In Scale Local areas of scale pressed into the surfaceof the stock during rolling.2.105 Rolling The shaping of metal by passing it between tworotating rolls.2.106 Rolling Margin See 2.129.2.107 Running Out (Non-sizing) An excessive progressive increasein the size of wire during drawing, due to abnormal wear of the die.2.108 Rusting See 2.124.2.109 Scab Irregular shaped patches of metal on ingot surfacearising from cavities in mould walls or caused by loosely adhering layersof metal.2.110 Screw Stock Free-cutting steel bars suitable for themanufacture of bolts and screws.

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2.111 Seam Long shallow groove or striation formed duringworking by the elongation of oxidized surface or subsurface blow holes.Seams may also be caused by rippled surfaces or by recurrent teeminglaps.2.112 Segregation A non-uniform distribution of someconstituents and/or impurities, in a cast product characterized by themode of solidification of alloys. Segregation usually persists throughsubsequent hot and cold working. Generally the concentration of lowmelting point constituents tend to be higher in the centre than thesurface. Sometimes, the reverse of this phenomenon takes place and isknown as inverse segregation.2.113 Shafting (Lathe-Turned) Bright material usually producedby lathe turning, polishing and hand setting (that is handstraightening) to given limits of dimensions and straightness.2.114 Shearing This term is often used for cropping which is donewith shears. Also cutting approximately given lengths not within anygiven tolerance ( see 2.34 ).2.115 Shell (Scab, Silver, Spill) A relatively thin film or tongue ofmetal imperfectly attached to the surface of steel. The defect on thesides of the ingot caused by metal splashed during teeming, havingsolidified and struck to the mould wall is also called shell or splash.2.116 Shrinkage Cavity See 2.88.2.117 Snarl A kink which has been drawn tight in a wire.2.118 Soap-Drawn Wire A wire drawn to the finished size usingsoap as lubricant.2.119 Soft-Drawn Wire See 2.74.2.120 Spinning Straightening by feeding through rotating rollersor dies. The bar or wire does not rotate ( see also 2.100 and 2.122 ).2.121 Stoving See 2.3.2.122 Straightening Straightening either by machine or by hand.2.123 Straight Cast See 2.23.2.124 Sulling (Rusting) Formation of a thin coating of hydratedoxide of iron on a coil of wire or rod obtained by keeping the coil wet byspraying water in fine jets after pickling.2.125 Swift A rotating device on which the coils of wire are placedfor unwinding.2.126 Tagging (Pointing) Tapering one end of a rod or wire beforedrawing.2.127 Tie Wires See 2.10.

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2.128 Tinned Wire Finished wire tinned by electrotinning orhot-dip tinning process.

2.129 Tolerance (Rolling Margin) The permitted deviation froma specified dimension or weight usually expressed as plus or minus onthat quantity.

2.130 Tramlines An overfill or lap usually occurring in parallelpairs of lines. Long straight marks due to drawn out inclusions onrolled sheet are also called tramlines.

2.131 Turned Bar See 2.13.

2.132 Turned Finish The bright finish on a bar produced byturning.

2.133 Underfill A cross section which has not filled up the rollpass, so that it is inaccurate in both shape and dimensions.

2.134 Wap The single turn in a coil.

2.135 Wet-Drawn Wire (Lacquer-Drawn Wire) A wire passingthrough a liquid lubricant. This imparts a bright surface to the wire.

2.136 White Annealed Wire See 2.14.

2.137 Wiped Galvanized Wire Wire which has been hot-dipgalvanized and drawn through suitable wipers while the zinc is in themolten state. The term is also applied to electro-galvanized wire ofuniform coating.

2.138 Wire A product in coil form obtained from wire rod, generallyin round, half round, square, hexagonal, flat or of any other sectionincluding grooved section, characterized by the fact that it has beensubjected to cold drawing through a die or by other mechanical means.It is usually more severely cold drawn than bright bars.

2.139 Wire Drawing Reducing cross-sectional area of a wire bypulling through a die or plate.

2.140 Wire Rod See 2.102.

2.141 Wortle A hard plate for wire drawing containing series ofstraight lines.

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Review of Indian StandardsAmendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are alsoreviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicatesthat no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up forrevision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latestamendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of BIS Catalogue and Standards : MonthlyAdditions.This Indian Standard has been developed by Technical Committee : SMDC 1

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of IssueAmd. No. 1 September 1987Amd. No. 2 March 1989

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Title Page0. Foreword1. Scope2. Bright Steel Bar and Steel Wire