Irrigation Management Reforms: The Asia Experience, by Madar Samad, IWMI
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Transcript of Irrigation Management Reforms: The Asia Experience, by Madar Samad, IWMI
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Water for a food-secure world
Madar Samad International Water Management Institute
Irrigation Management Reforms: The Asian Experience
GWP -IWMI Workshop on Climate Change, Food, and Water Security
24-25 February 2011
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Water for a food-secure world Water for a food-secure world
COUNTRIES WHERE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT REFORMS HAVE BEEN IMPLEMENTED
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Water for a food-secure world Water for a food-secure world
Are schemes that have been transferred to Water
User Associations performing better than when
they were under agency management ?
A Key Question
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Performance Indicators:
• Improve the quality of irrigation service to farmers.
• Improved maintenance of irrigation facilities.
• Improve the agricultural production performance.
• Financial viability of WUAs
•
• User fee collection and increase in WUAs share of the cost of
irrigation O&M.
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STUDY SITES OF IWMI 1990-2000
Mexico Philippines
China
Indonesia
Sri Lanka
Bangladesh
India Sudan
USA Nepal Pakistan
Colombia
Nigeria
Burkina
Faso
Niger
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Water for a food-secure world Water for a food-secure world
Recent Review of Case Studies: Distribution and location of cases
- Mukherji et al, 2010
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Selection of case studies
– Cases post 1994 period
– Only public owned irrigation schemes
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Some Results (from Mukherji et al, 2010)
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Finding patterns in success: Success by type of scheme
PIM in Lift and pump
schemes are marginally
more successful than canal
systems
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Success by size of system
Schemes serving lesser number of farmers succeed marginally more
Small schemes perform
marginally better
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Success by complexity
PIM is marginally
more successful in
Simple schemes
more
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Success by crops grown
PIM in Non-paddy systems
succeed significantly more than
paddy systems
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Rehabilitated systems fare better than non-rehabilitated ones
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Cases where full O&M is transferred perform better
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Higher Failure of PIM in Schemes Implemented by Government Agencies
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Distribution of success/failure as per CSS
Region Success Failure
S Asia 18 20
E Asia 7 2
SE Asia 12 24
C Asia 4 14
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Overall Assessment
• The recent results are largely consistent with earlier
research findings – mixed performance
• Service provision has largely improved and arrested
the anarchy of the pre 1990s era
• Despite uncertainties IMT continues to be a major
component of institutional reform programs
worldwide.
• Some loss in the momentum of the early 1990s
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Why has PIM/IMT has largely a limited Impact?
1. Conceptual Problem?
2. Implementation Failure?
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Conceptual Problem?
1. Central concept of PIM is collective action by farmers
2.
1. Collective action by user/beneficiary groups have succeeded in many areas of NRM: Community forestry, fisheries, watershed management, milk producers, small tank irrigation systems
3 Lin Ostrom was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics primarily for her work on collective action in NRM
4 “tragedy of the commons” has been avoided and
communally managed irrigation systems have
stood the test of time (Ostrom et al)
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Key Questions ? If Collective Action has largely succeeded in many areas
of NRM, why has there been limited success in large scale government management irrigation schemes?
Implementation Failures? − Reforms only at the lowest level − Irrigation agency intact
Partial Reforms, Partial Success!
Neglect of Main system Management? – David Mosse: Rule of Water
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Throw the Baby and the Bathwater?
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Four key lessons about WUAs:
Lesson 1:
Enabling environment + support = Capable WUA
(Ex: Mexico, Indonesia & Paliganj, Bihar)
Lesson 2: WUA w/o empowerment = common, but not productive or sustainable
WUA w/ empowerment = rare, but productive & sustainable (Mexico, places in Andhra Pradesh & Indonesia)
Lesson 3:
Rehabilitation/Construction = incentive to form WUA, but is risky (Many Asian cases vs Madagascar, USA )
Lesson 4:
PIM should be integrated with broader reforms in irrigation, agriculture & environment (Ex: Mexico)
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The Way Forward
• Need to focus on evolving a strategy that addresses
the entire complex of constraints that farmers in irrigation schemes are facing.
• The first step must be to enhance the income
creation potential of smallholder irrigated farming:
– strengthening market access,
– promoting high-value crops
– improving extension and technical support to smallholder
irrigators.
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• Irrigation schemes should be run as enterprises (public or private)
• Replace administrative systems with service delivery arrangements
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OPTIONS
Reform and Strengthen Public Irrigation Agencies – difficult but not impossible
• Persist with PIM and provide effective
support systems to WUAs • PIM Support Units In Andhra Pradesh
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• Look for Institutions beyond State, Parastatals
or Farmer Organizations
Contractual arrangements between private
irrigation service providers and irrigators (WUAs)
⁻ China, Kyrgyzstan
⁻ Contract between agency and private providers for main
systems management.
Political Acceptability of private sector engagement ?
- Bangladesh water policy states that the management of
large scale irrigation systems will handed over to private
sector
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• Sri Lanka – Farmer companies:
Companies undertake input supply, credit and marketing commitments
• Lessons other institutions in the Agricultural Sector:
– Farmer Cooperatives
– Dairy coops in India
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Andhra Pradesh: Mobile Phone based
Information System for Efficient Water
Management
1. First one is Reservoir Storage Monitoring System
(RSMS)
2. Canal Network Flow Monitoring System
(CNFMS).
Mobile phone technology used to develop two
applications:.
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Mobile Phone Based Information System for Main Canal Management – Andhra Pradesh
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Mobile technology enabled actual assessment of water
flows in each distributary on a daily basis which helps
to identify the water flows against the planned and
actual design discharge.
Timely information dissemination helped farmer
organizations to undertake timely flood management
measures.
Low Cost (Rs 0.20/SMS)
This enhanced transparency and accountability
between irrigation officials and FOs and
resulted in judicious use of water.
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Thank you