Irrigation Efficiency in Chihuahua, Mexicocnas.tamu.edu/Presentations/RioGrandePresentation.pdf ·...
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Irrigation Efficiency in Chihuahua,
Mexico
Parr Rosson, Flynn Adcock, Michelle Niemeyer,
Emmy Williams, and John Robinson
Center for North American Studies
Department of Agriculture Economics
Texas A&M University, College Station
Based on work done by Aaron Hobbs, unpublished paper “The U.S./Mexico Water Dispute: Impacts of
Increased Irrigation in Chihuahua, Mexico” May 2003
U.S./Mexico WaterU.S./Mexico Water
• Allocations of Rio Bravo/Rio Grande Under 1944 Treaty
• Mexico Water Deficit
– 726,153 acre-feet
– Lost LRGV Business Activity from Withheld Minimum Annual Inflows: $135 Million (John Robinson)
• Issues/Problems
– Drought Conditions and Greater Water Demand
– Low Irrigation Efficiency (40%)
– Population & Trade Growth Along Border
– Ground Water Depletion
ObjectivesObjectives
• Overview of Water Treaty Provisions
• Review Cropping Patterns in Chihuahua, MX
• Estimation of Irrigation Water Use in Chihuahua & Savings from Improved Irrigation Efficiency
• Discuss Potential Policy Options to Mitigate Impacts of Water Debt with Mexico
1944 Water Treaty1944 Water TreatyAdministered by International Boundary & Water
Commission (IBWC-El Paso)
Delimits Rights to International Waters of Tijuana, Colorado, and Rio Grande (Rio Bravo)Rivers from Fort Quitman, Texas to the Gulf of Mexico
U.S. Receives 1/3 of Total Flows or Minimum of 350,000 Acre Feet (af)/Year from Rio Grande River Below Fort Quitman
Mexico Receives 1.5 million af/Year from the Colorado
Mexico Receives 2/3 of Rio Grande, ALL of Waters from San Juan & Alamo Rivers & Half of the Flow from Rio Grande Below Falcon Dam
1944 Water Treaty1944 Water Treaty
Contingencies for DroughtContingencies for Drought• Extraordinary Drought-What is it?
– When Mexico has Difficulty Delivering Run-off of 350,000 af/Year
• Any Deficiencies at the End of 5 Year Cycle SHALL Be Made Up in Following Cycle
• Whenever Conservation Capacities of U.S. in Two International Reservoirs Are Filled, a Cycle SHALL Be Terminated & All Debits Fully Paid
Tributaries & ReservoirsTributaries & Reservoirs
Chihuahua
Nuevo
Leon
Tamaulipas
LRGV
Rio Conchos
Coahuila
•Amistad Reservoir
•Falcon Reservoir
Presidio
Chihuahua
Delicias
Rio San Juan Basin
Pecos River
Rio Grande
•Ft. Quitman
65% of Inflows65% of Inflows
80% Capacity43% Capacity
100%Capacity
Rio Bravo del Norte
Study AreaStudy Area
Francisco I. Madero Reservoir, Delicias
282,000 acre-feet capacity, 134,000 acre-feet
on July 20, 2004
Present level: 1,002,464 acre-feet (1//12/05)
Francisco I. Madero Reservoir, Delicias
282,000 acre-feet capacity, 134,000 acre-feet on
July 20, 2004
Present level: 1,002,480 acre-feet (2/14/05)
Irrigated Crop Production,
Chihuahua, Mexico, 1980-2003
SAGARPA
1.04
1.63
2.21
2.72
3.12
4.26
3.06 3.02
3.32 3.49
3.61 3.54
0.55 0.65 0.75 0.73 0.73
1.11 0.83 0.75 0.79 0.80 0.78 0.80
'80 '85 '90 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 '03
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Area (Million H. Acres) and Production (Million Metric Tons)
1
2
3
4
5
6 Yield (MT/HA)
Yield Area Production
Irrigation Crop Acreage in
Chihuahua, MX 2003
Estimates: CNAS; Total of 27 crops included in study.
Corn
19.6%
Alfalfa
18.6% Dry Beans
6.8%
Pecans
8.1%
Apples
7.2%
Cotton
10.9% Cut Oats
4.0% Veg/Melons
9.5%
Others
15.3%
Total Acreage: 797,289 Top 5 Crops, 66.7%
PenmanPenman--Monteith Irrigation Monteith Irrigation
Water Use ExampleWater Use Example
• Alfalfa ETo: 56.45 inches
• Crop Coefficient: 0.8833
• Seasonal ETo: 56.45 * 0.8833 = 49.86
• Annual Rainfall: 13.78 inches
• Estimated Irrigation Water Use:
49.86 – 13.78 = 36.08 acre-inches
• Estimated Irrigation Water Use in Acre-
Feet for Year: 36.08 / 12 = 3.01 acre-feet
Irrigation Water Use in Chihuahua, MX
2 2.2
3.2 3.1 3.1
4.5
3.6 3.3
3.5 3.5 3.5 3.6
1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Million Acre-Feet
Author's Estimates, CNAS
Estimated Irrigated Water Use in
Chihuahua, MX 2003 (1,000 acre foot)
Estimates: CNAS; Total of 27 crops included in study.
Alfalfa 1116
Corn 612
Apples 404 Pecans 360
Veg/Melons 337
Cotton 333
Wheat 83
Others 386
Apparent Irrigation EfficiencyApparent Irrigation Efficiency
--Delicias Irrigation DistrictDelicias Irrigation District--
Crop Percent
Alfalfa 38
Pecans 36
Peanuts 14
Corn 32
Wheat 58
Furrow & Flood Irrigation Dominant, Some
Center Pivot, Sprinkler Systems in Use
What is Value of Chihuahua What is Value of Chihuahua
Irrigation Water?Irrigation Water?
• $424/acre-foot ($652/ac in LRGV)
– Total Value of Irrigated Production/Total Water
Used Net of Rainfall
• Improving Irrigation Efficiency from 40 to
60% in Chihuahua
– Saves 1.1 million acre-feet/year
– Valued at $472 million/year
Policy OptionsPolicy Options
• Retaliatory Duties on Mexican Agricultural
Products
• Direct Compensation for Texas Producers
• Divert Flows from Colorado River
• Construct New Water Delivery System
• Improve Existing Water Delivery Systems &
Adopt More Efficient Irrigation Technology
in U.S. and Mexico
ConclusionsConclusions
• Irrigation Water Use Has Increased
• Switch from Surface Water to Aquifer
• Switch to More Water Intensive Crops &
Higher Yields
• Antiquated Institutional Framework?
• Extraordinary Drought Needs Rigorous
Definition
• Stakeholder Input Crucial to Future
• Environmental Consequences of Population
& Trade Growth Are Important