XXIron: the hidden elementIron: the hidden element

The world at the turn of the century

Railways

Source: Steam Railways in Britain

The world at the turn of the century

Firth-of-Forth rail bridge, 18892.640 m, 56.000 tonnes of steel

The world at the turn of the century

Poor housing: London, ca. 1880

Drawing:Gustave Doré

The best of iron technology

Cast and forged iron house, made in Russia, exposed at world fair 1887-89(now in city museumYekaterinburg)

Photograph: D. Hamels

Well-known names

Alexandre GustaveEiffel

Well-known names

Sir Henry Bessemer

Source: Bessemer’s autobiography

Well-known names...

Andrew Carnegie Steel town Pittsburgh

Source:USA: Geography…, NL-America Inst., 1972

Carnegie for peace...

Palace of Peace The Hague

Well-known names...

Alfred KruppEssen steel plant, ± 1910

Source: Sir Henry Bessemer, Father of the Steel Industry

Iron ore production per capita

0

75

150

225

300

1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920

Year

United Kingdom

Germany

France

kg

Steel for electricity

Generator room of melting plant, 1895

Well-known names...

Henry Ford

Source: Time-Life WorldHistory 1900-1925

The world at the turn of the century

Titanic

Mauretania

Source: CaptainGrant Tobacco

Pictures

Warfare: battle ships

Hr. Ms. Brabant

Source:Winkler PrinsEncyclopedia

Warfare: tank

Use of tank in the battle of Cambrai, 1917

Source: Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

Steel on sea

Hoogovens site, ca. 1925

Source: HoogovensJubilee book

Warfare: battle ships

Hr. Ms. Hood

Source: Report on the 2nd World WarAmsterdam, 1970

Tall ships

Queen Mary

Queen Elizabeth

Source: Captain GrantTobacco Pictures

Well-known names...

Josef Stalin

Source:Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

Closed to foreigners: Magnitogorsk

Source: Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR, Berkeley, 1991

Closed to foreigners: Magnitogorsk

Female steel workers

Source: Stephen Kotkin, Steeltown USSR, Berkeley, 1991

Closed to foreigners: Yekaterinburg

Remains of old metals plant

Photographs: D. Hamels

Development of steel production in Germany

Crude steel production

0

5

10

15

20

1870 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1913 1925

Mt

Production of steel in Germany

Crude steel production

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1870 1900 1927 1933 1939 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994

in Mt

Source: Wirtschatfsvereinigung Stahl, Düsseldorf 1999

Steel for Liberty

Building Liberty ships

Source: Report on the 2nd World WarAmsterdam, 1970

Steel properties

Well-known names...

Sir Winston ChurchillThe iron curtain

Source: Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

Well-known names...

George Marshall

Source: Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

Steel on sea

Hoogovens No. 1 hot strip mill1953

Source: Hoogovensarchives

Changing philospophy of the winners

American engineers at Yawata works

Source: Iron and SteelInstitute ofJapan

Employment effects

Production (o) andemployment (x) in the Japanese steel industry(175 = 100)

Source: The steel industryin the new millennium(Inst. of Materials)

Well-known names...

Robert Schuman

Source: Hoogovens Jubilee book

ECSC R&D expenditureECSC STEEL RTD PROGRAMME - Funding from 1955 to 1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

FU

ND

ING

/ M

euro

Research Projects Pilot/Demonstration Projects

Source: ECSC, Bruxelles

Silicon age, 1968 -

5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1000 2000 3000

STONE AGE

BRONZE AGE

IRON AGE

SILICON AGE

BC AD

3000 BC 1200 BC 1968

(~ 35000 years)

(~ 1800 years)

(~ 3200 years)

Source: S. Sze, L.C. Feldman, private communication

Publications on silicon and iron

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985

20,000

400

1,000

10,000

1,000

10,000

Year

Pu

blic

atio

ns/

Yea

r

1968

Well-known names...

Lady Margaret Thatcher

Source:PPl Photoagency, London

Scarce natural resources

Club of Rome report1972

Relationship GNP and steel consumption

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

1969

1960

1950

1940

1930

1920

1910

1900

1890

Tonnes of steel

GNP per capita (1958 US dollars)

Source: Club of Rome report

Steel consumption per capita

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

US

Sweden

France

VarChina

India

Mexico

West-Germany

UK

Japan

USSR

ItalyPoland

Spain

Brazil

Turkey

Kg/a 1968

GNP per capita-1968 ($ per person per year)

Source: Club of Rome report

Source: IISI Web page

Recycling potential of Steel

Get the oil where it is!

North Sea drilling platform

Source:Winkler Prins Encyclopedia

Get the oil where it is!

Tanker portand refinery nearRotterdam

Source: Rotterdam650 years

Energy consumption per tonne of finished steel

100

88 8379 78 75 76 75 72 70 70 68 67 66 63 65 64 61 61

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1975

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

Year

Source of data: EUROFER

Employment effects

Employment inthe steel industry in various countries(1975 = 100)

Source:The steel industryin the new millennium(Inst. of Materials)

Source: IISI Web page

World crude steel production in the 20th century

Mt/a

Year

Shifting the limits: cars

ULSAB prototype car

Shifting the limits: ships

Nuclear submarine Nautilus

Source: Captain GrantTobacco Pictures

Shifting the limits: bridges

Forth road and rail bridges

Source: ‘Bridges’ by D.J. Brown, London 1996

Shifting the limits: bridges

Golden Gate bridge

Source: ‘Bridges’by D.J. BrownLondon, 1996

Shifting the limits: bridges

Akashi Strait Bridge (Japan)3.910 m longcentre span1990 m

Source: ‘Bridges’by D.J. BrownLondon, 1996

Shifting the limits: bridges

Kurushima Kaikyo Bridges:3 linked bridges with centre spans of 600, 1020 and 1030 m

Source: Nippon Steel news

Steel for fun

Source: Meccano catalogue

Steel for fun

Photograph: Ed Louwen, Corus R&D

Steel for fun: the London Eye

Source: PPL Photoagency, London

Iron: the key elementIron: the key element