Iron and Steel Industries

Iron and Steel Industry

Iron and Steel Industry in India is on an upswing because of the strong global and domestic demand. India's rapid economic growth and soaring demand by sectors like infrastructure, real estate and automobiles, at home and abroad, has put Indian steel industry on the global map. According to the latest report by International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI), India is the seventh largest steel producer in the world.

History of Iron and

Steel Industry in India

Iron and Steel industry in the country has

experienced a sustainable growth since the

independence of the country. A humble beginning

of the modern steel industry was reached in

India at Kulti in West Bengal in the year 1870.

But the outset of bigger production became

noticeable with the establishment of a steel

plant in Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1907. It started

production in 1912. The new township was

named after Jamshed ji Tata.

It was, however, only after

Independence that the steel

industry was able to find a

strong foothold in the country.

Excluding the Jamshedpur plant

of the Tatas, all are in the public

sector and looked after by Steel

Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL).

Some other Industries

Bhilai and Bokaro Steel

plant were set up with

Soviet alliance. Durgapur

and Rourkela came up

with British and West

German technical

expertise, respectively.

India’s export of Iron and Steel

(In m

illion t

ons)

Tata Steel

Tata Steel is a top ten global steel maker and the world’s second most geographically diversified steel producer.

Tata Steel was founded in India in 1907. Since 2004 the Company has expanded globally, acquiring Asian steel producers NatSteel and Millennium Steel (now called Tata Steel Thailand) as well as Europe’s second largest steel producer Corus (now called Tata Steel Europe Limited).

Tata Steel is part of the Tata Group, India’s largest industrial conglomerate. Both Tata and Tata Steel have a long history of charitable donations and social responsibility, with Tata spending approximately 4% of the Company’s profit after tax on corporate social responsibility initiatives.

Tata Steel endeavors to improve the quality of life in the communities in which the Company operates. Tata Steel’s charitable projects have touched the lives of over 800,000 people in India.

Facts about Tata Steel

Tata Steel is the world's 6th largest steel company.

An existing annual crude steel capacity of 28 million tons. Asia's first integrated steel plant and

India's largest integrated private sector steel company is now the world's second most geographically diversified steel producer.

Tata Steel plans to grow and globalise through organic and inorganic routes.

Its 5 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) Jamshedpur Works plans to double its capacity by 2010..

JAMSHEDHJI TATA

The Iron and steel Industry in India has 2

separate divisions:

Integrated producers

Secondary producers

Amongst the Integrated producers, the

major producers include Tata Iron and

Steel Company Limited (TISCO),

Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited

(RINL) and Steel Authority of India

Limited (SAIL), who generate steel by

converting iron ore.

The Secondary producers like Ispat

Industries, Lloyds steel and Essar

Steel, create steel through the process

of melting scrap iron. These are mainly

small steel plants and produce steel in

electric furnaces, using scrap and

sponge iron. They produce both mild

steel and alloy steel of given

specifications.

World War II impact on

Steel Industries

• During World War II, industry production increased

sharply because of steel's importance to war mobilization.

Some of this increase was a result of production returning

to full capacity after the depression.

• India pushed forward for making Iron and Steel for

Japanese Army.

• Meanwhile, the United States controlled 60 percent of the

world's steelmaking potential.

Iron and Steel industries of USA

The first iron works in America, called

Hammersmith, began operation in 1647 in

Saugus, Massachusetts, but lasted only

five years. When Americans switched fuels

from charcoal or wood to coal in the early

nineteenth century, larger operations

became possible. The discovery of huge

iron ore deposits in the northern Great

Lakes region during the 1840s gave a

further boost to production.

American iron-masters developed their own variations of these English techniques, depending on local resources like the quality of their iron and the efficiency of their fuel. A means of automating iron production was not developed until the 1930s.

In the nineteenth century, the American iron market produced a wide variety of products. Stoves, gun parts, cannons, and machinery were among key early uses for iron. Iron also played a crucial role in the development of railroads.

U.S. Steel was the first business in history to be valued by the stock market at over one billion dollars U.S. Steel's ten divisions reflected the diversity of steel products made at that time, including steel wire, steel pipe, structural steel (for bridges, buildings, and ships), sheet steel (which would go largely for automobile bodies in subsequent decades), and tin plate (once used for roofing shingles, it would increasingly go to make tin cans).

A LOOK AT GLOBAL PRODUCTION (I

n m

illio

n m

etric

tons)

Based on study: 2009-2011

MINING

Mining is the first step in the production of

iron and steel.

Earth is excavated deep in search of iron

ore.

Breaking and cutting of iron ore takes place

to receive raw iron.

*

Raw Materials from the iron ore are

put in a particularly hot fire lead in

the embers of the fire. This is done to

get the mixture of Iron Ore and

Charcoal that is burnt with the help of

a blast of air from hand worked

bellows.

THE FINERY & CHAFERY

Iron tapped from the blast furnace is pig iron, and contains

significant amounts of carbon and silicon. To produce

malleable wrought iron, it needs to undergo a further

process. In the finery, remelting of pig iron takes place so

as to oxidise the carbon (and silicon). This produces a lump

of iron known as a bloom. This is consolidated using a

water-powered hammer. The next stages were undertaken

by the hammering, because the bloom is highly porous, and

its open spaces are full of slag, it is to be beaten with a

hammer, to drive the molten slag out of it, and then to

draw the bloom out into a bar to produce bar iron. In the

course of doing so, reheating of the iron, takes place in

chafery to remove any impurities as such impurities in any

mineral fuel would affect the quality of the iron.

The puddling furnace is a metalmaking technology used to create steel from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace. The furnace is constructed to pull the hot air over the iron without it coming into direct contact with the fuel, a system generally known as a reverberatory furnace or open hearth furnace. The major advantage of this system is keeping the impurities of the fuel separated from the charge.

The Puddling

Separation of quality

OAfter the bar iron is refined. It is

ready to be classified. Iron is

separated according to its qualities.

Such as Cementation, Crucible,

Bessemer steel.

• A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally iron.

• In a blast furnace, fuel and ore and flux (limestone) are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while air is blown into the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions take place throughout the furnace as the material moves downward. The end products are usually molten metal and slag phases tapped from the bottom, and flue gases exiting from the top of the furnace. The downward flow of the ore and flux in contact with an upflow of hot, carbon monoxide rich combustion gases is a countercurrent exchange process.

WHAT IS A BLAST FURNACE?

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A Presentation by Kavaj Burdak and Abhinav Nain.