Irish Monarchy

8/3/2019 Irish Monarchy

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Monarchy of Ireland 1

Monarchy of Ireland

A monarchical polity has existed in Ireland during three periods of its history, finally ending in 1801. The

designation King of Ireland (Irish:R na hireann) and Queen (regnant) of Ireland was used during these periods.

Since 1949, the only part of Ireland that retains a monarchical system (as part of the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Northern Ireland) is Northern Ireland.

Gaelic Kings and Kingdoms

Gaelic Ireland consisted of as few as five and as many as nine main kingdoms, subdivided into dozens of smaller

kingdoms. The primary kingdoms were Connacht, Ailech, Airgalla, Ulster, Mide, Leinster, Osraige, Munster and

Thomond. Until the end of Gaelic Ireland they continued to fluctuate, expand and contract in size, as well as

dissolving entirely or being amalgamated into new entities. The role of High King of Ireland was primarily titular

and rarely (if ever) absolute.

The names of Connacht, Ulster, Leinster and Munster are still in use, now applied to the four modern provinces of

Ireland. The following is a list of the main Irish kingdoms and their kings.

Kings of Ailechdivided into Tr Eghain and Tr Conaill in twelfth century

Kings of Connachtall the land west of the Shannon except Thomond.

Kings of LeinsterIts last de facto king died in 1632.

Kings of MideIreland's central kingdom, annexed by Connacht in the 11th century.

Kings of Munsteran overkingdom of late prehistoric origins

Kings of Ulsterproperly, Ulster east of the lower and upper Bann.

Ard Ri co febressa:High-Kings with Opposition

Maire Herbert has noted that Annal evidence from the late eighth century in Ireland suggests that the larger

provincial kingships were already accruing power at the expense of smaller political units. Leading kings appear in

public roles at church-state proclamations ... and at royal conferences with their peers. (2000,p. 62). Responding to

the assumption of the title ri hErenn uile (king of all Ireland) by Mael Sechlainn I in 862, she furthermore states that

... the ninth-century assumption of the title of "ri Erenn" was a first step towards the definition of a

national kingship and a territorially-based Irish realm. Yet change only gained ground after the

stranglehold of Ui Neill power-structures was broken in the eleventh century. ...The renaming of a

kingship ... engendered a new self-perception which shaped the future definition of a kingdom and of its

subjects.

(Herbert, 2000, p. 72)

Nevertheless, the achievements of Mael Sechlainn and his successors were purely personal, and open to destruction

upon their deaths. Between 846-1022, and again from 10421166, kings from the leading Irish kingdoms made

greater attempts to compel the rest of the island's polity to their rule, with varying degress of success, until the

inauguration of Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Connor) in 1166,
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of Ireland.

The Lordship of Ireland:1198-1542

By the time of Ruairi's death in 1198, two English kings, Henry II and Richard I, had exercised rule over the areas

inhabited by the Anglo-Normans, and claims of allegiance from various Gaelic kings and lords. Successive kings of

England did so as lords of Ireland. By the mid-13th century much of the island was under the direct and/or indirect

rule of the king of England, but from c.1260 the size of the actual lordship began to recede, as various families died

out in the male line while the Gaelic-Irish began to reclaim lost territory. The problem was recognised as significant

at the parliament of 1297, yet successive English kings did little to stem the tide, instead using Ireland to draw upon

men and supplies in the wars in Scotland and France.

By the 1390s the king's lordship had effectively shrunk to small enclaves on the coasts with the rest of the island

under the control of independent Gaelic-Irish or rebel Anglo-Irish. Richard II of England made two journeys to

Ireland during his reign to rectify the situation; as a direct result of his second visit in 1399 he lost his throne to

Henry Bolingbroke. This was the last time that a medieval king of England visited.

For the duration of the 15th century, royal power in Ireland was weak, the country being dominated by the various

clans and dynasties of Gaelic (O'Neill, O'Brien, McCarthy) or Anglo-Norman (Burke, FitzGerald, Butler) origin.

Affairs closer to London ensured, well into the 1530s, that Irish affairs remained at best a secondary concern.

Lords of Ireland 11711541

Henry II of England, (11711189)

Richard I of England, (11891199)

John of England, (11991216)

Henry III of England, (12161272)

opposed by: Brian O'Neill, 12581260

Edward I of England, (1272

1307)

Edward II of England, (13071327)

opposed by: Edward Bruce, (13151318)

Edward III of England, (13271377)

Richard II of England, (13771399)

Henry IV of England, (13991413)

Henry V of England, (14131422)

Henry VI of England, (14221461 and 14701471)

Edward IV of England, (14611470 and 14711483)

Edward V of England, (1483)

Richard III of England, (14831485)

Henry VII of England, (14851509)

Henry VIII of England, (15091542)
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The Kingdom of Ireland:15421949

The Kingdom of Ireland:15421801

Henry VIII claimed the title "King of Ireland" in

1542.

The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the Irish Parliament

in 1541, replacing the Lordship of Ireland, which had existed since

1171, with the Kingdom of Ireland. The Crown of Ireland Act 1542

established a personal union between the English and Irish crowns,

providing that whoever was king of England was to be king of Ireland

as well, and so its first holder was Henry VIII of England. This

followed the failure of the plan to make Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of

Richmond and Somerset, the King of Ireland. Although FitzRoy was

made Lord-Lieutenant, the King's counselors feared that making a

separate Kingdom of Ireland, with a ruler other than that of England,

would create another threat like the King of Scotland. (J.J. Scarisbrick,

English Monarchs: Henry VIII, University of California Press)

For a brief period in the 17th century, during the Wars of the Three

Kingdoms from the impeachment and execution of Charles I to the

Restoration of the monarchy in England, there was no 'King of Ireland'

in fact, only in name. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Irish Catholics,

organised in Confederate Ireland, recognised Charles I and later

Charles II as legitimate monarchs, in opposition to the claims of the

English Parliament, and signed a formal treaty with Charles I. But in

1649, the Rump Parliament, victorious in the English Civil War, executed Charles I, and made England a republic, or

"Commonwealth". The Parliamentarian general Oliver Cromwell came across the Irish sea to quash any attempt to

restore the monarchy by temporarily

though illegally

uniting England, Scotland, and Ireland under onegovernment, styling himself "Lord Protector" of the three kingdoms. (See also Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.)

After Cromwell's death in 1658, his son Richard emerged as the leader of this pan-British-Isles republic, but he was

not competent to maintain it. Parliament at London voted to restore the monarchy and Charles II returned from exile

in France in 1660 to become King of England, King of Scotland and King of Ireland.

The Acts of Union 1707 merged the kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. This

entity was also known as the British Crown. The effect was to create a personal union between the Crown of Ireland

and the British Crown. Later, on 1 January 1801, an additional merger took place between the two Crowns. By the

terms of the Act of Union 1800, the Kingdom of Ireland merged with the Kingdom of Great Britain creating the

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the separation of the southern part of Ireland from that

political entity, the remaining constituent parts were renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern

Ireland in 1927, five years after the establishment of the Irish Free State).
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Irish Free State (19271936)

Leinster House, decorated for the visit of King

George V and Queen Mary in 1911.

Within a decade it was the seat of the Oireachtas

of the Irish Free State.

In 1922, 26 of Ireland's 32 counties left the United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Ireland as the Irish Free State (renamed Ireland in 1937), a

self-governing Dominion of the British Empire. (Ireland's six

northeastern counties opted to remain in the UK.) As a Dominion, the

Free State was a constitutional monarchy with the monarch as its head

of state.

The King's title in the Irish Free State was exactly the same as it was

elsewhere in the British Empire, being:

From 19221927 -By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of

Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the

Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India

From 19271937 -By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland

and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India

The change in the King's title was effected under an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom called the Royal

and Parliamentary Titles Act, 1927. The Act was intended to update the name of the United Kingdom as well as the

King's title to reflect the fact that most of the island of Ireland had left the United Kingdom. The Act therefore

provided that:[1]

"It shall be lawful for His Most Gracious Majesty by His Royal Proclamation under the Great Seal of the Realm,

issued within six months after the passing of this Act, to make such alteration in the style and titles at present

appertaining to the Crown as to His Majesty may seem fit";

"Parliament shall hereafter be known as and styled the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland"(instead of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland);

"In every Act passed and public document issued after the passing of this Act the expression "United Kingdom"

shall, unless the context otherwise requires, mean Great Britain and Northern Ireland."

According to The Times the "Imperial Conference proposed that, as a result of the establishment of the Irish Free

State, the title of the King should be changed to "George V, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and the

British Dominions beyond the seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India."[2] The change did not mean that

the King had now assumed different Styles in the different parts of his Empire. That development did not formally

occur until 1953, four years after Ireland had left the Commonwealth.

Irish Free State / Ireland (19361949)

From 1936 to 1949 the role of the King in the Irish Free State was greatly reduced and ambiguous. An amendment to

the Constitution of the Irish Free State in 1936 eliminated all but one of the King's official duties. Under the External

Relations Act of the same year he continued to represent the Free State in international affairs. This purely external

role continued when the new Constitution of Ireland was introduced in 1937.

The position of the King in the Irish state ended with the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, which came into force in

April 1949. This Act repealed the External Relations Act and declared the state was a republic.[3]

The Crown of

Ireland Act was formally repealed in the Republic of Ireland by the Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes)

Act, 1962.

The monarchy continues in Northern Ireland, which remains a part of sovereign state of the United Kingdom of

Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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List of monarchs of Ireland

Monarchs of Ireland

An Irish groat depicting Philip and Mary, joint sovereigns of Ireland

Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, inauguraged at Dublin,

spring 1166. Died 1198.

Henry VIII of England (1542

1547); Lord ofIreland, (15091542)

Edward VI of England, (15471553)

disputed claimant: Lady Jane Grey, (1553)

Mary I of England, (15531558)

Philip II of Spain,jure uxoris (15541558)

Elizabeth I of England, (15581603)

James I of England, (16031625) (James VI of Scotland, I of England and of Ireland)

Charles I of England, (16251649)

Interregnum

Charles II of England, (16601685)

James II of England, (16851688)

William III of England, (16891702) & Mary II of England, (16891694)

Anne of Great Britain, (17021714)

George I of Great Britain, (17141727)

George II of Great Britain, (17271760)

George III of Great Britain (17601801)

Monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (18011922)

George III (18011820)

George IV (18201830)

William IV (18301837)

Victoria (18371901)

Edward VII (19011910)

George V (19101927)
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Monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland (19221949)

George V (19271936)

Edward VIII (1936)

George VI (19361949)

Monarchs of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1949)

The royal arms of Ireland.

George VI (19491952)

Elizabeth II (1952)

Kings George I, II, and III had reigned as "King of Ireland"; after a

constitutional change Georges III & IV had reigned as "King of the

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." Edward VIII was the

first monarch to accede to the British throne with the Northern Ireland

designation attached to his title. His brother, George VI was the first

actually so crowned. He was also the last Monarch to reign as King in

all of the island of Ireland.

Monarchs' names in Irish

Below is a list of the names of the monarchs and ruling Lord Protectors

of Ireland in the Irish language.

Henry:Einr

Richard:Risterd

John: Sen orEoin

Edward:adhbhardoramonn

Jane: Sinad

Mary:Mire Elizabeth:Eils

James: Samas or Samus

Oliver Cromwell: Oilibhar Cromail

Richard Cromwell:Risterd Cromail

Charles: Cathal or Sarlas

William:Liam or Uilliam

Anne:ine

George: Seirse

Victoria: Victeoiria

References

[1] The Times, March 4, 1927

[2] The Times, March 4, 1927

[3] Section 1 (http://www.irishstatutebook. ie/1948/en/act/pub/0022/sec0001. html#zza22y1948s2) of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948.

Synchronismen der irischen Konige, Rudolf Thurneysen,ZCP 19, 1933, pp. 8199

The Ui Brian Kingship in Telach Oc, James Hogan, inFeil-Sgrighinn Eoin Mhic Neill, pp. 406444, ed. John

Ryan, Dublin, 1938

Early Irish History and Mythology, T.F. O'Rahilly, 1946

The heir-designate in early medieval Ireland, Gearoid mac Niocaill,Irish Jurist3 (1968), pp. 32629.

The rise of the Ui Neill and the high-kingship of Ireland, Francis John Byrne, O'Donnell Lecture, 1969; published

Dublin, 1970
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Irish regnal succession - a reappraisal, Donnchadh O Corrain, Studia Hibernica 11, 1971, pp739

Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland, Kenneth Nicholls, 1972

Ri Eirenn, Ri Alban, kingship and identity in the night and tenth centuries, Maire Herbert, inKings clerics and

chronicles in Scotland, pp. 6272, ed. S. Taylor, Dublin, 2000

Irish Kings and High Kings, Francis John Byrne, 1973; 3rd reprint, Dublin, 2001

Dal Cais, church and dynasty, Donnachadh O Corrain,Eiru 24, 1973, pp. 169

Nationality and kingship in pre-Norman Ireland, Donnchadh O Corrain, inNationality and the pursuit of national

independence, pp. 135,Historical Studies 11, ed. T.W. Moody, Belfast, 1978

The Irish royal sites in history and archeology, B. Wailes, CMCS3, 1982, pp. 129

A New History of Ireland vol. ix:maps, genealogies, lists:a companion to Irish history part II., edited T.W.

Moody, F.X. Martin, F.J.Byrne, Oxford, 1984

The archaeology of early Irish kingship, Richard B. Warner, inPower and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and

Ireland, pp. 4768, ed. S.T. Driscoll and M.R. Nieke, Edinburgh, 1988

From Kings to Warlords:The Changing Political Structure of Gaelic Ireland in the Later Middle Ages, Katharine

Simms, Dublin, 1987

The King as Judge in early Ireland, Marilyn Gerriets, CMCS13 (1987), pp. 39

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Bhreathnach, Four Courts Press, Dublin, 2005

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Article Sources and ContributorsMonarchy of Ireland Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=400208602 Contributors: A930913, Alai, Andrensath, Andrew L (2005), Astrotrain, BD2412, Barrelofoil, Barryob,Bencey, Bensisko95, Biruitorul, Bobo192, Boundarylayer, Brennen1, BrownHairedGirl, Bryan Derksen, Caltas, Cameron, Carlaude, Chrisjwmartin, Chuunen Baka, Citicat, Cllum, Cripipper,

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Icairns, Improv, Instantnood, Iota, Irishunity32, J.J., J.delanoy, JW1805, JackofOz, Jamespeterka, Jdforrester, Jdorney, Jiang, Jmac1962, John K, Johnleemk, Joyous!, Jtdirl, Kaid100, Kathar,

Kbdank71, Kenguest, KevinP, Kingboyk, Kusma, Kwiki, Laurel Lodged, Lightmouse, Lizzie Harrison, MacEochaidh, Madhero88, Mais oui!, Man vyi, Mattis, Miesianiacal, Mild Bill Hiccup,

Minimac's Clone, Modulatum, Mooretwin, Morwen, NellieBly, Nicknack009, Nsaa, Osioni, PFHLai, Palmiro, Penwhale, Peridon, Peripitus, Pgan002, Philip Trueman, Pigman, Psmith, Quadell,R'n'B, ROBBIHU, Randee15, RandomCritic, Rannphirt anaithnid (old), Red Hurley, Red King, Redfarmer, Redking7, RegRCN, Regiment, Rockhopper10r, Ronhjones, Rst20xx, Rumping,

SE7, Sageofwisdom, SarekOfVulcan, Scolaire, Seneschally, Shoreranger, SirFozzie, Skomorokh, Snappy, StAnselm, Sunquanliangxiuhao, SuperJumbo, Surtsicna, Tainter, Timrollpickering,

TriniSocialist, Vancouveriensis, Westmidlands, Wik, WikieWikieWikie, Wikiperson1234, Wotapalaver, YouWillHateMe, , 218 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Henry8England.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Henry8England.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Andreagrossmann, Anne97432, Balbo, Dbenbenn,Dierker, Gryffindor, Krschner, Muriel Gottrop, Qp10qp, Rdsmith4, 5 anonymous edits

File:Leinster House - 1911.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ardfern, KTo288, Zanaq

File:Philip & Mary Irish groat 602446.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Philip_&_Mary_Irish_groat_602446.jpg License: unknown Contributors: CNG

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