IrDA .

• IrDA

https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

The Onion News Network - International airdates

1 * : Program premiered The Comedy Channel (Australia)|The Comedy

Channel in October 2011. It also airs on ABC2.


The Onion News Network - International airdates

1 * : Airs on Super Channel (Canada)|Super Channel. Confusingly, the front page of the Canadian edition of The Onion carries the same promotional

banner as the U.S. editions, incorrectly implying that ONN is

carried by IFC (Canada)|IFC Canada.


IrDA

1 The main reason for using IrDA had been wireless data transfer over the

“last one meter” using point and shoot principles


IrDA - IrPHY

1 The mandatory 'IrPHY' ('Infrared Physical Layer Specification') is the

physical layer of the IrDA specifications. It comprises optical

link definitions, modulation, coding, cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and the framer. Different data rates use

different modulation/coding schemes:


IrDA - IrPHY

1 * SIR: 9.6-115.2 kbit/s, asynchronous, RZI,

UART-like, 3/16 pulse


IrDA - IrPHY

1 * 5/10GigaIR: seems to be a new IrPHY coming

soon[http://irda.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1subarticlenbr=186] 2011-12-15, IrDA Creates a New Working

Group to Accomplish 5 and 10 Gigabit Optical Wireless

Communications


IrDA - IrPHY

1 * Range: standard: 1m; low power to low power: 0.2m; standard to low power: 0.3m, The 10 GigaIR also define new usage models that

supports higher link distances up to several meters.


IrDA - IrPHY

1 * Angle: minimum cone ±15°


IrDA - IrPHY

1 * Modulation: baseband, no carrier


IrDA - IrPHY

1 The frame size depends on the data rate mostly and varies between 64 Byte and 64

kByte. Additionally bigger blocks of data can be transferred by sending multiple

frames consecutively. This can be adjusted with a parameter called Window Size (1-

127). Finally data blocks up to 8 MByte can be sent at once. Combined with a low bit

error rate of generally 10E-9, that communication could be very efficient compared to other wireless solutions.


IrDA - IrPHY

1 IrDA data communications operate in half-duplex mode because while

transmitting, a device’s receiver is blinded by the light of its own

transmitter, and thus, full-duplex communication is not feasible


IrDA - IrLAP

1 * Discovery of potential communication partners


IrDA - IrLAP

1 * Distribution of the Primary/Secondary

device roles


IrDA - IrLAP

1 On the IrLAP layer the communicating devices are divided

into a Primary Device and one or more Secondary Devices. The Primary Device controls the

Secondary Devices. Only if the Primary Device requests a Secondary Device to send is it allowed to do so.


IrDA - IrLMP

1 First, the LM-MUX (Link Management Multiplexer) which lies on top of the

IrLAP layer. Its most important achievements are:


IrDA - IrLMP

1 * Provides multiple logical channels


IrDA - IrCOMM

1 The optional 'IrCOMM' ('Infrared Communications Protocol') lets the

infrared device act like either a serial port|serial or parallel port. It lies on

top of the IrLMP layer.


IrDA - IrLAN

1 As IrLAN lies on top of the Tiny TP protocol, the Tiny TP protocol must be implemented for IrLAN to work.


IrDA - IrSimple

1 'IrSimple' achieves at least 4 to 10 times faster data transmission

speeds by improving the efficiency of the infrared IrDA protocol. A 500 KB normal picture from a cell phone can be transferred within 1 second.[http://irdajp.info/irsimple.html] IrDA IrSimple Specifications (Infrared Data

Association - irda.org)


IrDA - IrSimpleShot

1 One of the primary targets of 'IrSimpleShot (IrSS)' is to allow the

millions of IrDA-enabled camera phones to wirelessly transfer pictures

to printers, printer kiosks and flat panel TVs.


IrDA - Reception

1 IrDA was popular on PDAs, laptops and some desktops during the late 90s through

the early 2000s. However, it has been displaced by other wireless technologies

such as WiFi and Bluetooth, favored because they don't need a direct line of

sight, and can therefore support hardware such as mice and keyboards. It is still used in some environments where interference makes radio-based wireless technologies

unusable.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IrDA - Reception

1 IrDA popularity is making a comeback with its highly efficient

IrSimple protocols by providing sub 1 second transfers of pictures between

cell phones, printers, and display devices. IrDA hardware is still less expensive and doesn't share the

same security problems encountered with wireless technologies such as

Bluetooth.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

IrDA - Reception

1 In addition, some Pentax DSLRs (K-x, K-r) use IrSimple for image transfer

and gaming.[http://www.pentaximaging.c

om/about-us.aspx?p=presspid=PENTAXANNOUNCESK-

rDIGITALSLRANDNEW35MMLENS20100908174223] Pentax K-r


Alexandre Skirda

1 His writing is in French language|French.Alexandre Skirda (translation

by Paul Sharkey), [http://books.google.com/books?

id=pMji9s9WOlwClpg=PP1pg=PP1#v=onepageq=f=false Nestor Makhno : Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for

Free Soviets in the Ukraine] back cover, AK Press, 2004 (ISBN

9781902593685)https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Alexandre Skirda - Books in French

1 * Alexandre Skirda, Kronstadt 1921 : prolétariat contre bolchévisme, Tête de feuille, Paris, 1971, 271 p. (ISBN

2-84621-002-0)



1 * Alexandre Skirda, Les Anarchistes dans la Révolution russe, Tête de feuilles, Paris, 1973,

186 p.



1 * Alexandre Skirda, Autonomie individuelle et force collective : les

anarchistes et l’organisation de Proudhon à nos jours, Publico, Skirda,

Spartacus, 1987, 365 p. (ISBN 2-9502130-0-6)



1 * Alexandre Skirda, Nestor Makhno : le cosaque libertaire, 1888–1934 ; La Guerre civile en Ukraine, 1917–1921,

Éd. de Paris, Paris, 1999, 491 p. (ISBN 2-905291-87-7)



1 * Alexandre Skirda, Les Anarchistes russes, les soviets et la révolution de 1917, Éd. de Paris, Paris, 2000, 348

p. (ISBN 2-84621-002-0)


Alexandre Skirda - Translations in English

1 * Alexandre Skirda (translation by Paul Sharkey),

[http://books.google.com/books?id=nznVNAW0lbAClpg=PP1ots=rNZF-

GdrsTdq=facing%20the%20enemy%20skirdapg=PP1#v=onepageq=f=false Facing the enemy : a history of

anarchist organization from Proudhon to May 1968], AK Press, 1er janvier

2002, 292 p. (ISBN 9781902593197)https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Alexandre Skirda - Translations in English

1 * Alexandre Skirda (translation by Paul Sharkey),

[http://books.google.com/books?id=pMji9s9WOlwClpg=PP1pg=PP1#v=onepageq=f=false Nestor Makhno : Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for

Free Soviets in the Ukraine], AK Press, 2004, 415 p. (ISBN

9781902593685)


History of Lithuania - Algirdas and Kęstutis

1 Algirdas fought the Golden Horde Tatars and the Principality of Moscow,

Kęstutis took upon himself the demanding struggle with the

Teutonic Order.



1 Secured by those alliances, Algirdas and Kęstutis embarked on the

policies of Lithuania's great power and further expansion.



1 In 1368, 1370 and 1372 Algirdas invaded Muscovy and each time approached Moscow

itself



1 The two brothers and other Gediminas' offspring left many

ambitious and endowed sons. Their rivalry weakened the country facing

the Teutonic expansion and the newly assertive Grand Duchy of

Moscow, buoyed by the 1380 Battle of Kulikovo victory over the Golden

Horde and intent on unification of all Rus' lands under its rule.


Algirdas Klimaitis

1 'Algirdas Jonas Klimaitis' (1923 in Kaunas

[http://books.google.com/books?num=100id=A4S0AAAAIAAJq=algirdas+klimaitis+pgis=1 Iš naujausios Lietuvos istorijos By D. Kuodytė,

Lietuvos Politinių kalinių ir tremtinių sąjunga] – 1988 in Germany) was a

Lithuanians|Lithuanian para-military commander.


Algirdas Klimaitis

1 When the Nazi Germany|Nazi Germans entered Lithuania, in 1941, at the start of Operation Barbarossa, he formed a military unit of roughly

600 members, which was not subordinate to the Lithuanian Activist Front or the Provisional Government

of Lithuania,[http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/13/bubnys.htm Arūnas Bubnys


Algirdas Klimaitis

1 On the night of 25–26 June, a pogrom led by Klimaitis unit was instigated by Sicherheitspolizei|Nazi Security

Police (Sipo) and SD (Sicherheitsdienst or Security

Service, the intelligence arm of the Nazi Party), under SS Brigadeführer

Franz Walter Stahlecker


Algirdas Klimaitis

1 After the war, Algirdas Klimaitis, moved to Hamburg, Germany, where

he died in 1988. [http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/20

07/12/05/poz_01.html Vestuvių generolai ir Lietuvos saugumas]


Firdausi

1 'Hakim Abu ʾl-Qasim Ferdowsi Tusi' (940–1020 CE), highly revered

Persian people|Persian poet and the author of the epic of Shahnameh - the Persian Book of Kings - which is

the world's longest epic poetry created by a single poet, and the

national epic of Iran and the Persian language|Persian speaking Greater

Iran|worldhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Firdausi - Name

1 Except for his Kunya (Arabic)|kunya and his laqab (Abu'l-Qāsim - ابوالقاسم)

Ferdowsī, meaning - فردوسی)Paradise|paradisic in Arabic), nothing is known with any certainty about his full name. From an early period on, he has been referred to by different

additional names and titles, the most common one being / Ḥakīm

(philosopher).https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Firdausi - Name

1 Due to the non-standardized transliteration from Persian alphabet|Persian into English language|English, different spellings of his name are used in English works, including Firdawsi, Firdusi, Firdosi, Firdausi, etc.The Encyclopaedia of Islam uses the spelling

Firdawsī, based on the standardized transliteration method of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft|German Oriental Society.Huart/Massé/Ménage:

Firdawsīhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Firdausi - Name

1 The modern Tajik language|Tajik transliteration of his name in Cyrillic

script is Ҳаким Абулқосим Фирдавсӣ Тӯсӣ.


Firdausi - Family

1 Ferdowsi was born into a family of Iranian landowners (dehqans) in 940 C.E


Firdausi - Family

1 Ferdowsī was a Shi'ite Muslim, which is apparent from the Shahnameh

itself(ed. Khaleghi, I, pp.1o-11) and confirmed by early accounts.(Neẓāmī

ʿArūżī, text, pp.80, 83; Naṣīr-al-Dīn Qazvīnī, pp.251–52) In recent times, however, some have cast doubt on

his religion and his Shi'ism, and have suggested that he was a deist.


Firdausi - Background

1 Ferdowsi belonged to the class of dehqans



1 The Muslim conquests of the seventh century had been a watershed in Iranian history, bringing the new

religion of Islam, submitting Iranians to the rule of the Arab caliphate and

promoting Arabic culture and language at the expense of Persian



1 Details about Ferdowsi's education are lacking. Judging by the

Shahnameh, there is no evidence he knew either Arabic or Pahlavi.

[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ferdowsi-i Iranica article on Ferdowsi:

sub-section on Education]



1 Although New Persian was permeated by Arabic vocabulary by Ferdowsi's time, there are relatively

few Arabic loan words in the Shahnameh. This may have been a deliberate strategy by the poet.Frye

p.233


Firdausi - Life as a poet

1 It is possible that Ferdowsi wrote some early poems which

have not survived


Firdausi - Tomb

1 Ferdowsi was buried in his own garden, burial in the cemetery of Tus having been forbidden by a local cleric. A Ghaznavid

governor of Khorasan constructed a mausoleum over the grave and it became a revered site. The Tomb of Ferdowsi|tomb, which had fallen into decay, was rebuilt

between 1928 and 1934 by Society for the National Heritage of Iran on the orders of

Reza Shah and has now become the equivalent of a national shrine.


Firdausi - Legend

1 According to legend, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni offered Ferdowsi a gold

piece for every couplet of the Shahnameh he wrote


Firdausi - Works

1 Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is the most popular and influential national epic in Iran and other Persian-speaking

nations


Firdausi - Influence

1 Ferdowsi is one of the undisputed giants of Persian literature. After Ferdowsi's

Shahnameh a number of other works similar in nature surfaced over the centuries

within the cultural sphere of the Persian language. Without exception, all such works

were based in style and method on Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, but none of them could quite achieve the same degree of

fame and popularity as Ferdowsi's masterpiece.



1 Ferdowsi has a unique place in Persian history because of the strides

he made in reviving and regenerating the Persian language

and cultural traditions



1 Ferdowsi in fact was a motivation behind many future

Persian figures



1 Ferdowsi's influence in the Persian culture is explained by the Encyclopædia Britannica:



1 :The Persians regard Ferdowsi as the greatest of their poets


Paris Hilton's Dubai BFF - Legal issues delayed airdates

1 Legal issues delayed the airing of this series for over a year.



1 A suit was filed against producers by an American woman with no official

connection to the program, Lisa Miceli, in June after she felt the show, including

Hilton and Ish Entertainment, had attempted a hostile takeover of her life, including attempts to interfere with her alleged personal relationship with Sheik

Ahmed Bin Saeed Bin Al Maktoum, of Dubai, whom she said she plans to marry



1 While it was originally expected to air in Winter 2010, Lionsgate Television executives

claim producers at Uniqon Emirates, LLC signed a written agreement, worth US$8 million, to co-produce and distribute Paris

Hilton's Dubai BFF in the Middle East. Uniqon Emirates failed to pay more than $4.7 million to cover the production and distribution costs and Lionsgate filed a federal suit for breach

of contract in U.S. District Court in Los Angeles on February 2, 2010.



1 No official outcome for the suit was announced, however the series failed

to air on Dubai TV, the announced original network for this version



1 Despite rumors suggesting Hilton may be shooting a second season of

the Dubai BFF series in mid-2011, she has since clarrified that she will not be shooting any further seasons of the BFF franchise and that she has

moved on.


Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal - Irda Copper Plate (Tamrapatra)

1 The Kamboja-Pala kings of Irda Copper plate had ruled north-west

Bengal in 10th or 11th century.Ancient Kamboja, People and

the Country, 1981, p 315, Dr J


L.A. Heat (TV series) - Worldwide Airdates

1 Although L.A. Heat premiered in the United States|US on March 15, 1999, it premiered earlier in other parts of

the world.


L.A. Heat (TV series) - Worldwide Airdates

1 * Estonia - February 15, 2001


Galaxy High - Airdates

1 Galaxy High originally aired at 11:00am EST/10:00am CST after

Teen Wolf (1986 TV series)|Teen Wolf and before CBS Storybreak in the 1986-1987 season on CBS. It was also given a timeslot for the 1987-

1988 CBS season in the expectation of a second season, but upon the show's retirement the 1987-1988

schedules re-ran episodes of the first season.


Galaxy High - Airdates

1 Later airdates: 2 January 1988 - 27 August 1988 on CBS, January 2,

1994-?, July 2, 1994-September 24, 1994, October 8, 1994-December 31, 1994-early 1995, 7 February 1996 -

23 February 1996, April 2, 1996-April 19, 1996, May 27, 1996-June 17, 1996 on the Syfy|Sci Fi Channel.


Blairdardie

1 'Blairdardie' is a district in the Scotland|Scottish city of Glasgow. It is situated north of the River Clyde.


Blairdardie

1 The main A82 road|A82 Great Western Road runs right through the middle creating a South Blairdardie (99% Keal Avenue, Keal Crescent, Keal Drive) which extends to the

Forth and Clyde canal and a North Blairdardie which extends to

Drumchapel Road in the North.


Blairdardie

1 There are two well-regarded primary schools in Blairdardie, Blairdardie Primary http://www.blairdardie-

pri.glasgow.sch.uk/ and St. Ninian's Primary.


Blairdardie

1 The district of North Blairdardie consists of mostly terraced houses,

which were council built and are now a mixture of owner-occupied and

rented.


Blairdardie

1 The district of South Blairdardie is made up of mostly council built low rise flats of up to five storeys. There are however four landmark multi-

storey flats situated along the Great Western Road. Built in the late 50s early 60s, they still overlook the

entire west end of Glasgow. These multi-storey flats underwent

extensive renovation in 2007.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Blairdardie

1 The area is served by Drumchapel Train Station.


Blairdardie

1 Blairdardie Pavilion hosts football pitches, a skateboarding club and various youth and children's clubs.


Blairdardie

1 Blairdardie has an active community council.


Blairdardie

1 The area is within Drumchapel/Anniesland Ward (Ward

14), Glasgow City Council and is represented by Cllr Judith Fisher, Cllr Paul Carey, Cllr Malcolm Balfour and

Bailie Jonathan Findlay.


Blairdardie

1 The Westminster constituency is Glasgow North West and is

represented by John Robertson MP. The Holyrood constituency is Glasgow Anniesland and is

represented by Bill Kidd MSP.


Algirdas Butkevičius

1 'Algirdas Butkevičius' (born 19 November 1958) has been Prime

Minister of Lithuania since December 2012. He was Minister of Finance from 2004 to 2005 and Minister of

Transport and Communications from 2006 to 2008. He has led the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania since

2009.


Algirdas Butkevičius - Political career

1 Butkevičius was born at :lt:Paežeriai (Šeduva)|Paežeriai village in

Radviliškis district municipality. Since 1992 he is member of the Social

Democratic Party of Lithuania (SDPL). He was Chairman of Vilkaviškis

Department of the SDPL in 1995–1997, Deputy Chairman of the SDPL in 1999–2005 (re-elected in 2001),

and Chairman of the SDPL since 2009.



1 In 1996 and 2000, he was elected to the Seimas (parliament). From 2004

to 2005 he served as Ministry of Finance (Lithuania)|Minister of

Finance and from 2006 to 2008 as Ministry of Transport and

Communications (Lithuania)|Minister of Transport and Communications.



1 Butkevičius was the SDPL candidate in the Lithuanian presidential

election, 2009|2009 presidential election, placing second with 11.83%

of the votes. As of 2010, he is the chairman of the SDPL.



1 During the Lithuanian parliamentary election, 2012|2012 parliamentary

election, Butkevičius was among the few candidates who were elected in the first round of the popular vote.



1 On 22 November 2012 he was elected by the Seimas to be Prime Minister-designate. He was

appointed as Prime Minister by presidential decree on 7 December

2012[http://www.lrv.lt/en/government/apie-vyriausybe/ministras-pirmininkas/prime-minister-

biography/ Prime Minister biography] at the government website (retrieved 13 December

2012) and his cabinet was sworn on 13 December, following the approval of the governmental

program by Parliament.[http://rulers.org/2012-12.html Rulers.org]


Algirdas Butkevičius - Education and career timeline

1 *1977 graduation from Šeduva

Secondary School, district of

Radviliškis.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 *1977-1979 Military service in Signals-Communications Troops of Soviet Army, rank

Efreitor.



1 *1984 Diploma of Engineering Economist, Faculty of Economics, Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute

(currently Vilnius Gediminas Technical University)



1 *1990–1991 Diploma of Technical Manager, Lithuanian

Management Academy



1 *1995 Master's Degree in

Management, Kaunas University of

Technologyhttps://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 *1994 Traineeship, Management Academy in Würzburg, Germany.

1998, 1999, 2001 – traineeships in the United States of America and

Denmark.



1 *1982–1985 Industrial Association

“Žemūktechnika”, Vilkaviškis district



1 *1985–1990 Architect, Executive Committee of Vilkaviškis district; Inspector, State Construction and

Architecture Unit, Vilkaviškis district



1 *1991–1995 Deputy Governor, Vilkaviškis

district



1 *1995–1996 Director of Market Research and Marketing, Joint Stock Company AB Vilkauta



1 *1996–2008 Member of the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th Seimas, elected in

Vilkaviškis electoral constituency No 68 as candidate of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party. He has

served in the following committees: Committee on Budget and Finance

(Chairman in 2001–2004), Committee on European Affairs (2005–2006) and Committee on

Economics (2006–2008)https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 *2004–2005 Minister of Finance, 12th and 13th Governments of the Republic of

Lithuania



1 *2006–2008 Minister of Transport and Communications, 14th Government of the

Republic of Lithuania



1 *1990–1997 and 2000–2002 Member of the Municipal Council of Vilkaviškis district



1 *1995–1997 Member of the Municipal Board of Vilkaviškis

district


Algirdas Butkevičius - Personal

1 In addition to his native Lithuanian, he speaks Russian and English. His wife is Janina, and they have one

daughter, Indrė.


Algirdas Saudargas

1 In 1992, Algirdas Saudargas, together with 9 other Baltic Ministers

of Foreign Affairs and an EU commissioner, founded the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and

the EuroFaculty.Kristensen, Gustav N


Algirdas Saudargas

1 He was elected to the European

Parliament in 2009.



1 *1984 Diploma of Engineering Economist, Faculty of Economics, Vilnius Engineering Construction

Institute (currently Vilnius Gediminas Technical University)


Tekirdağ Province

1 'Tekirdağ Province' (, ) is in East Thrace, the European part of northwestern Turkey.


Tekirdağ

1 'Tekirdağ' (; see also its #Name|other names), is a city in Turkey. It is a part of the region

historically known as Eastern Thrace. Tekirdağ is the capital of Tekirdağ Province. The city

population as of 2009 was 140,535.http://report.tuik.gov.tr/reports/rwservl

et?adnksdb2=report=idari_yapi_09sonrasi.RDFp_il1=59p_yil=2009p_dil=1desformat=htmlENVID

=nufus2000db2Env There are honorary consulates of Hungary and Bulgaria in Tekirdağ.


Tekirdağ - Name

1 In time, the name mutated into the Turkish Tekirdağ, and this became the official name under the Turkish

Republic


Tekirdağ - Location

1 Tekirdağ is situated on the northern coast of the Sea of Marmara, west of

Istanbul. The picturesque bay of Tekirdağ is enclosed by the great

promontory of the mountain which gives its name to the city, Tekir Dağı

(ancient Combos), a spur about 2000ft. that rises into the hilly plateau to the north. Between Tekirdağ and Şarköy is another

mountain, Ganos Dağı.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Tekirdağ - Climate

1 Tekirdağ has a borderline mediterranean climate|

mediterranean/humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate

classification: Csa/Cfa). Summers are long, hot and humid whilst winters are cool and wet. Snowfall is quite common between the months of

December and March, snowing for a week or two.


Tekirdağ - History

1 The history of the city of Tekirdağ dates back to around 4000 BC. The ancient Greek city of Rodosto is said

to have been founded by Samos Island|Samians. In Xenophon’s

Anabasis (Xenophon)|Anabasis it is mentioned to be a part of the

kingdom of the Thrace|Thracian prince Seuthes II|Seuthes. It is also

mentioned as Bisanthe by Herodotus (VII, 137).


Tekirdağ - History

1 Its restoration by Justinian I in the 6th century AD is chronicled by

Procopius. In 813 and again in 1206 it was sacked by the Bulgarians after

the Battle of Rodosto, but it continued to appear as a place of

considerable note in later Byzantine Empire|Byzantine history. It was also ruled by Republic of Venice|Venetians

between 1204-1235.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html

Tekirdağ - History

1 The 11th-century Byzantine historian Michael Attaleiates owned property in Raidestos which he describes in

his will.


Tekirdağ - History

1 In the Ottoman period the city was successively a part of the vilayet

(province) of Rumelia, Kaptanpaşa (centered at Gelibolu), Silistra|Silistre

and Edirne.


Tekirdağ - History

1 In 1905, the city had a population of about 35,000; of whom half were

GreeksVolume V23, Page 448 of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF

_demovol=23page=ED3A470 who were exchanged with Muslims living in Greece under the 1923 agreement for Exchange of populations between

Greece and Turkey|Exchange of Greek Orthodox and Muslim Populations between the two

countries.


Tekirdağ - History

1 Tekirdağ was for many years a depot for the produce of the Edirne

province, but its trade suffered when Alexandroupolis became the

terminus of the railway up the river Maritsa.


Tekirdağ - History

1 Tekirdağ Museum-12.JPG|A Pot which was shaped as mother

goddess


Tekirdağ - History

1 Orta Cami.JPG|Orta Mosque 1855


Tekirdağ - History

1 Tekirdağ Valilik.JPG|Government House


Tekirdağ - Tekirdağ today

1 The Tekirdağ area is the site of many holiday homes, as the city is only two hours drive from Istanbul via a new four-lane highway. The villages of Şarköy, Mürefte and Kumbağ are particularly popular with Turkish

tourists. Much of this holiday property has been built in an

unregulated and unplanned manner and thus much of the coast looks

over-built. The Marmara Sea is polluted but there are still a number

of public beaches near Tekirdağ, especially the Yeniçiftlik beaches.



1 Tekirdağ is a Turkish commercial town centre with a harbour for

agricultural products; the harbor is being expanded to accommodate a new rail link to the main freight line

through Thrace. Tekirdağ is the home port of Martas and the BOTAŞ

Terminal, both of which are important for trade activities in the Marmara

Region.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 One reason to visit is the local delicacy, the small spicy cylindrical

grilled meatballs called köfte|Tekirdağ köftesi, traditionally

followed by courses of a sweet local cheese and semolina pudding.



1 The inland areas are fertile farmland, growing crops including winter wheat, sunflowers, cherries and

grapes for wine-making: thus the high quality Raki (alcoholic

beverage)|rakı for which Tekirdağ is noted. The distilleries were state-

owned until the 1990s but are now in private hands and the wine and rakı industries are undergoing a renewal. Local red wines are inexpensive and

worth a taste.



1 Both the east-west highway (the Via Egnatia from Roman times) and the highway north toward Muratlı and

Lüleburgaz are four lanes. There is a prison next to the rakı distillery and another north of the city on the road

to Muratlı.



1 Tekirdağ is the home of Namık Kemal University, which was founded in

2006 with three faculties. It is located at the eastern edge of the

city.


Tekirdağ - Notable people

1 *Phaedimus of Bisanthe, ancient Greek poet (3rd or 2nd century BC)



1 *Namık Kemal (1840–1888), Turkish nationalist poet



1 *Francis II Rákóczi (1676–1735),

Hungarian prince and national hero



1 *Bekri Mustafa Pasha, Ottoman

Grand Vizier (1688–1698)



1 *Khachadour Paul Garabedian, Armenian American United States Navy officer during the American

Civil War



1 *Barsegh Kanachyan, Armenian composer and

musicologist



1 *Ardashes Harutunian, Armenian poet, a self-educated translator from French and literary

critic



1 *Rifat Karlova, Turkish comedian and actor (b.

1980) residing in Taiwan.


Tekirdağ - Places of interest

1 *The Rákóczi Museum, Tekirdağ|Rakoczi Museum, an 18th-century Turkish house, where the Hungary|Hungarian national hero, Francis II Rákóczi lived during his exile, from 1720 till his death in 1735. Today, the museum is a property of the

Republic of Hungary and is widely visited, having become a place of

national pilgrimage.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 *The church of Panagia (Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary)

Rheumatocratissa contains the graves, with long Latin inscriptions,

of other Hungarians who took refuge here with their leader.



1 *The birthplace of 19th-century poet, Namık Kemal, now a Namık Kemal

House Museum, Tekirdağ|museum to his life and work.



1 *Of all the statues of Atatürk in Turkey, the town centre of Tekirdağ holds the only one that was made

exactly life-size.


Tekirdağ - Namesakes

1 * TC-JGE, a Turkish Airlines Boeing 737-800 which crashed as Turkish

Airlines Flight 1951|Flight 1951 on 25 February 2009


Kabirdas

1 (c. 1440 – c. 1518)[http://www.britannica.com/EBc

hecked/topic/309270/Kabir Encyclopædia Britannica ] was a

Mysticism|mystic poet and saint of India, whose writings have greatly

influenced the Bhakti movement. The name Kabir comes from Arabic language|Arabic al-Kabīr which

means The Great – the 37th Names of God in Islam|name of God in Islam.


Kabirdas

1 Kabir's legacy is today carried forward by the Kabir panth (Path of Kabir), a religious community that

recognises him as its founder and is one of the Sant Mat sects. Its

members, known as Kabir panthis, are estimated to be around 9.6

million. They are spread over north and central India, as well as

dispersed with the Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin|

Indian diaspora across the world, up from 843,171 in the 1901 census.


Kabirdas

1 His writings include Bijak, Sakhi Granth, Kabir Granthawali and

Anurag Sagar.[http://web.archive.org/web/20091028091505/http://www.geocities.com/anulbird/anuragindex.html The Ocean of Love– The Anurag Sagar of

Kabir]


Kabirdas - Early life and background

1 Kabir's early life is not firmly

established



1 According to one traditional version of his parentage, Kabir was born to a

Brahmin widow at Lahartara near Kashi (modern day Varanasi). The widow abandoned Kabir to escape dishonour associated with births

outside marriage. He was brought up in a family of poor Muslim Weaving|weavers Niru and Nima. Vaishnava saint Swami Ramananda accepted Kabir as his disciple. When Swami

Ramananda died, Kabir was 13 years old.



1 In his hymns, Kabir does not call himself born as Brahmin, but he refers to himself as born a Julaha

many times in his hymns.Page 328 Adi Granth. Page 524, Line 16, ਓਛੀ� ਮਤਿ�

॥ ओछी� मति� मरी� जा ति� जा�ला हा ॥ ਮ�ਰੀ� ਜਾਤਿ� ਜਾ�ਲਾਹਾOcẖẖī maṯ merī jāṯ julāhā. My

intellect is lowly - I am a weaver by birth Bhagat Ravidas, the

contemporary of Kabir, also mentioned in his hymn that Kabir

was born to Muslims who were cow killers. Adi Granth, Bhagat Ravidas,

Page 1293, Line 11



1 And he whose family used to kill cows at the festivals of Eid and

Bakareed, who worshipped Shayks, martyrs and spiritual teachers,



1 whose father used to do such things - his son Kabeer became so successful

that he is now famous throughout the three worlds. ||2||



1 Kabir was initiated by Swami Ramananda- a major exponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy who

considered lord Rama as Iṣṭa-devatā. Kabir too often refers to Rama as his lord. He did not become a sadhu, nor did he entirely abandon worldly life.

Kabir chose instead to live the balanced life of a householder and mysticism|mystic, a tradesman and contemplative. However, there are

conflicting views of whether he actually entered into a formal

marriage or not.



1 Kabir's family is believed to have lived in the locality of Kabir Chaura in

Varanasi. Kabīr matha|maṭha (), a maṭha located in the back alleys of Kabir Chaura, celebrates his life and times. Accompanying the property is

a house named Nīrūṭīlā () which houses Niru and Nima's graves. The house also accommodates students

and scholars who live there and study Kabir's work.


Kabirdas - Philosophies

1 Kabir's legends describe his victory in trials by sultan, a Brahmin, a Qazi, a merchant and God. The ideological

messages in Kabir's legends appealed to the poor and oppressed.

David Lorenzen describes primary purpose of his legends as a protest against social discrimination and

economic exploitation.



1 His greatest work is the Bijak (the Seedling), an idea of the fundamental one



1 Kabir calls his God by the name of Rama. However, his Rama is not the Rama of Ayodhya born of Dashratha. His Rama is Niranjan (without taint),

Nirakar (formless) and Nyara (omnipresent, extraordinary). Here, his views are in line with the best ideals exposed in the upanishads.



1 His Hindi was a vernacular, straightforward kind, much like his

philosophies. A major part of Kabir's work as a bhagat was collected by the fifth Sikhism|Sikh guru, Guru

Arjan Dev, and incorporated into the Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib.

The hallmark of Kabir's works consists of his two line couplets,

known as the 'Kabir ke Dohe'.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 Hence, it is correct to say that Kabir is a unifying factor across the three

major religions in India.


Kabirdas - Poetry

1 Kabir composed in a pithy and earthy style, replete with surprise and inventive imagery. His poems

resonate with praise for the true guru who reveals the divine through direct

experience, and denounce more usual ways of attempting god-union such as chanting, austerities, etc.

Kabir, being illiterate, expressed his poems orally in vernacular Hindi, borrowing from various dialects

including Avadhi, Braj, and Bhojpuri.


Kabirdas - Legacy

1 A considerable body of poetical work has been attributed to Saint Kabir.

And while two of his disciples, Bhāgodās and Dharmadās, did write

much of it down, ...there is also much that must have passed, with

expected changes and distortions, from mouth to mouth, as part of a well-established oral tradition.The Vision of Kabir: Love poems of a

15th Century Weaver, (1984) Alpha Omega, p. 47


Kabirdas - Legacy

1 Poems and songs ascribed to Kabir are available today in several

dialects, with varying wordings and spellings as befits an oral tradition


Kabirdas - Legacy

1 Kabir and his followers named his poetic output as bāņīs

(utterances)


Kabirdas - Legacy

1 Kabir's influence was so great that, similar to how different communities argued to cremate the Buddha upon his death, after Kabir died, both the

Hindus and Muslims argued to cremate his body in Varanasi or bury

it in Maghahar them according to their tradition.The Strides of Vishnu:

Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective by Ariel Glucklich p. 192


Kabirdas - Kabir's poetry today

1 There are several allusions to Kabir's poetry in mainstream Indian film music. The title song of the Sufi

fusion band Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean's album Jhini is an

energetic rendering of Kabir's famous poem The intricately woven blanket, with influences from Indian folk, Sufi

traditions and progressive rock.



1 Noted classical singer, late Kumar Gandharva, is widely recognized for his wonderful rendering of Kabir's

poetry.



1 Documentary filmmaker Shabnam Virmani, from the Kabir Project, has produced a series of documentaries

and books tracing Kabir's philosophy, music and poetry in present day

India and Pakistan. The documentaries feature Indian folk singers such as Prahlad Tipanya, Mukhtiyar Ali and the Pakistani Qawwali|Qawwal Fareed Ayaz.



1 The album No Stranger Here by Shubha Mudgal, Ursula Rucker draws heavily from Kabir's poetry. Kabir's poetry has appeared prominently in

filmmaker Anand Gandhi's films Right Here, Right Now (Anand Gandhi film)|

Right Here Right Now (2003) and Continuum. Pakistani Sufi singer

Abida Parveen has sung Kabir in a full album.


Firdaus

1 'Jannah' ( ), an eternal place for Muslims, is the Islamic conception of paradise


Firdaus

1 The highest level of Paradise is Firdaus| (Arabic: ), which is where the prophets, the

martyrs and the most truthful and pious people will dwell. In contrast to Jannah, the words Jahannam| and are used to refer to the concept of hell. There are many words

in the Arabic language for both Heaven and Hell and those words also appear in

the Quran and Hadeeth and most of them have become part of the Islamic traditions.


Firdaus - Descriptions of Paradise

1 The descriptions of paradise are mentioned in significant detail in the Qur'an, hadiths and traditional tafsir|

(exegesis)



1 Quote|Gardens of perpetual bliss: they shall enter there, as well as the righteous among their fathers, their

spouses, and their offspring: and angels shall enter unto them from

every gate (with the salutation):Peace unto you for that

ye persevered in patience! Now how excellent is the final home!|Qur'an, sura 13 (Ar-Ra'd|), Ayah|ayat 23-24



1 The List of Islamic texts|Islamic texts describes life for its immortal

inhabitants as: one that is happy — without hurt, sorrow, fear or shame

— where every wish is fulfilled



1 They will take eructation which will digest the food and there will be

perfumed sweating for the digestion of water. Inhabitants will rejoice in

the company of their parents, spouses, and children (provided they

were admitted to paradise) — conversing and recalling the past.



1 The food in Jannah is reported by the companions of Muhammed as never rotting and so sweet it will make any person on earth live without feeling

hunger forever.



1 The dwellings for inhabitants will be pleasant, with lofty gardens, shady

valleys, fountains scented with camphor or ginger; rivers of water, milk, honey and Sharabun Tahoora (pure drink); delicious fruits of all seasons without thorns; texts also relate pure consorts , created in

perfection, with whom carnal joys are shared — a hundred times greater

than earthly pleasure.https://store.theartofservice.com/itil-2011-foundation-complete-certification-kit-fourth-edition-study-guide-ebook-and-online-course.html


1 The names of four rivers are Saihan (Syr Darya), Jaihan (Amu Darya), Furat (Euphrates) and Nil (Nile).

Salsabil is the name of a spring that is the source of the rivers of Rahma

(mercy) and Al-Kawthar (abundance).



1 Sidrat al-Muntaha is a Lote tree that marks the end of the Seven Heavens|seventh heaven, the boundary where

no creation can pass.



1 In spite of the goodly dwellings given to the inhabitants of paradise, the

approval of God and nearness to him is considered greater. According to the Qur'an, God will bring the elect

near to his throne (), a day on which some faces shall be shining in

contemplating their Lord. The vision of God is regarded as the greatest of all rewards, surpassing all other joys.


Firdaus - Conditions of going to Paradise

1 According to the Qur'an, the basic criterion for salvation in afterlife is the belief in monotheism|one God

(Tawhid|), Last Judgment, good deeds, and in all the Messengers of Islam|messengers of God, as well as believing that Muhammad is the Last

prophet|final prophet of God.



1 Though one must do good deeds and believe in God, salvation can only be

attained through God's judgement.Moiz Amjad.

[http://renaissance.com.pk/juntitl2y1.html Will Christians enter Paradise or go to Hell?]. Al-Mawrid|Renaissance - Monthly Islamic journal 11(6), June,

2001.



1 Conditions of going to Paradise according to the Qur'an:



1 As in life there are many trials which one must face. This is also a

condition individuals must encounter in order to enter Jannah.



1 The Qur'an also asserts that those who reject the Prophets of Islam|Prophets of God with their best

knowledge are damned in afterlife and if they reject in front of the

Messenger of God, then they also face dreadful fate in this world and in

afterlife (see Itmam al-hujjah). Conversely, a person who discovers

monotheism not having been reached by a messenger is called

Hanif.


Firdaus - Qur'anic names of Paradise

1 * — The Highest Gardens of the

Paradise (al-Kahf|, Al-Mu’minoon)



1 * — The Home in the Hereafter (al-Ankabut|)



1 * — This is the most commonly used term in the Qur'an and Hadith. (, Āl ‘Imran, )



1 * — The House of Security (Ad-Dukhan|)


Firdaus - Non-Muslims in Jannah

1 A few hadith, for example those narrated by Sahl bin Sad, Abd Allah

ibn Abbas, and Abu Hurairah, suggest that some who were born before Islam, during the period of ignorance would be allowed into

heaven without a full reckoning of their behavior. The period of

ignorance is believed to be those Monotheism|monotheists who lived between the time of Jesus in Islam|Prophet Isa's ascension and before

the time of Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad' prophethood., , ,


Firdaus - Non-Muslims in Jannah

1 Another hadith states that one certain sect of Christians and one sect of Jews will enter

Jannah


Firdaus - Doors of Jannah

1 #: For those who were punctual in prayer.



1 #: For those participated in the annual pilgrimage.



1 #: For those who by virtue of their faith are saved from reckoning and chastisement.


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