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N \RODGC] RG\OR] OF

ER SGFSOR(WSEFH O\NK\)

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ER SGFSOR   2

EF]ROMWC]EOF

N rgkotg coftroa es n cokpofgft oi nf gagctrofecs mgvecg, kost cokkofay n tgagveseof sgt, MYM

 panygr nfm `okg t`gntrg systgks orehefnaay usgm ior opgrntefh t`g mgvecg wergagssay irok n s`ort aefg-

oi-seh`t mestnfcg. Rgkotg coftroa ̀ ns coftefunaay gvoavgm nfm nmvnfcgm ovgr rgcgft ygnrs to efcaumg

Baugtoot` coffgctevety, koteof sgfsor-gfnbagm cnpnbeaetegs nfm voecg coftroa. 

Cokkofay, rgkotg coftroas nrg Cofsukgr ER mgvecgs usgm to essug cokknfms irok n mestnfcg

to tgagveseofs or ot`gr  cofsukgr gagctrofecs suc` nstgrgo systgks, MYM panygrs nfm mekkgrs. Rgkotg

coftroas ior t`gsg mgvecgs nrg usunaay sknaa wergagss `nfm`gam obdgcts wet` nf nrrny oi buttofs ior

nmdustefh vnreous sgttefhs suc` ns tgagveseof c`nffga, trncj fukbgr, nfm voaukg. Ef inct, ior t`g

kndorety oi komgrf mgvecgs wet` t`es jefm oi coftroa, t`g rgkotg coftroa coftnefs naa t`g iufcteof

coftroas w`eag t`g coftroaagm mgvecg etsgai `ns ofay n `nfmiua oi gssgftena preknry coftroas. Kost oit`gsg rgkotg coftroas cokkufecntg to t`ger rgspgctevg mgvecgs ven efirnrgm sehfnas nfm n igw ven rnmeo

sehfnas. Gnraegr rgkotg coftroas ef t`g >58<s usgm uatrnsofec tofgs. ]`g rgkotg coftroa comg, nfm t`us

t`g rgquergm rgkotg coftroa mgvecg, es usunaay spgceiec to n promuct aefg, but t`grg nrg ufevgrsna

rgkotgs, w`ec` gkuantg t`g rgkotg coftroa knmg ior kost kndor brnfm mgvecgs.

]`g knef tgc`foaohy usgm ef `okg rgkotg coftroas es efirnrgm (ER) aeh`t. ]`g sehfna bgtwggf n rgkotg

coftroa `nfmsgt nfm t`g mgvecg et coftroas cofsests oi puasgs oi efirnrgm aeh`t, w`ec` es efvesebag to t`g

`uknf gyg.

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ER SGFSOR   3

CERCWE] XORJEFH

]RNFSKE]GR

Ior trnfskettefh ER rnys, nf ER agm es usgm. ]o mrevg t`nt AGM nf opnkp cercuetry es usgm w`ec`

 promucgs squnrg wnvgs. ]`g cercuet nroufm t`g opnkp 8=> es bnsecnaay n squnrg wnvg hgfgrntor cercuet.

]`es hgfgrntgm wnvgs haows t`g ER agm w`gfgvgr t`g voatnhg nroufm t`g AGM es posetevg nfm hogs ef

oii stntg w`gfgvgr t`g voatnhg es fghntevg. ]`g output oi t`g AGM es dust t`g rgpaecn oi t`g hgfgrntgm

squnrg wnvg. ]`g worjefh oi t`g AGM cnf naso bg mgtgctgm by wntc`efh et t`rouh` nfy mehetna cnkgrn.

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ER SGFSOR   =

RGCGEYGR

]`es ER sgfsor cercuet es mgsehfgm usefh > \`otomeomg. EC WN8=> es n opnkp nfm es usgm ns voatnhg

cokpnrntor komg. ]`es cercuet worjs of t`g rgiagcteof cretgren.

X`gf fo ER aeh`t inaas of t`g p`oto meomg t`g rgsestnfcg oi t`g meomg inaas ef t`g rnfhg oi Kghn o`ks

or npproxekntgay efiefety. Nt t`es cofmeteof t`g voatnhg nt t`g pef 3 oi EC WN8=> es nbout zgro voat.

Nfm t`g voatnhg nt \EF 2 oi EC WN8=> cnf bg sgt ef bgtwggf 7 voat to zgro voat. Nt t`es poeft oi tekg

t`g output oi t`g WN8=> es aow.

X`gf nfy rgiagctefh surincg cokgs fgnr to ER AGM nfm p`oto meomg pner t`g rgiagctgm aeh`t oi ER AGM

inaas of t`g p`otomeomg w`ec` rnpemay mgcrgnsgs t`g rgsestnfcg oi t`g \`otomeomg nfm p`otomeomg stnrtscofmuctefh. Nt t`es poeft oi tekg t`g voatnhg nt \EF 3 oi EC WN8=> es npproxekntgay 8.7 voat. X`ec`

gxcggms t`g voatnhg agvga nt pef 2 oi WN8=> nfm t`g output nt pef > hogs `eh`.

]`g sgfsetevety oi t`g ER sgfsor cnf bg coftroaagm by vnrenbag rgsestgr.

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ER SGFSOR   7

\OXGR SW\\AU WFE]S

Ef kost oi t`g hgfgrna bnttgregs t`nt nrg nvneanbag ef t`g knrjgt, et cofsests ofay oi posetevg nfm n

hroufm tgrkefna. But ef t`es prodgct to mrevg t`g O\NK\ WN8=> , posetevg, hroufm ns wgaa ns fghntevg

voatnhgs nrg rgquergm.

]o kggt t`g snkg probagk, KNPEK EC 899< es usgm w`ec` cnf promucg gquevnagft fghntevg outputvoatnhg ns t`g efput posetevg voatnhg es suppaegm. ]`es EC `ns to bg coffgctgm ef cgrtnef komg to knjg

et worj ns n fghntevg voatnhg cofvgrtgr.

N ><·I cnpncetor es coffgctgm bgtwggf t`g 2fm nfm =t` pef oi EC 89<<. \ef fukbgr 3rm nfm 9t` nrg to

 bg hroufmgm. ] g̀ posetevg voatnhg es to bg nppaegm nt t`g 0t` pef. ]`g gquevnagft fghntevg voatnhg es to

 bg tnjgf nt pef 7 nitgr coffgctefh pef 7t` wet` n ><·I cnpncetor ns s`owf ef iehurg.

@gfcg ef t`es knffgr +>7Y, ->7Y nfm hroufm nrg sekuatnfgousay provemgm to bot` t`g cercuets by

usefh n sefhag sekpag powgr suppay.

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ER SGFSOR   9

N\\AECN]EOFS

HNS MG]GC]ORS / HNS AGNJ MG]GC]EOF  –  By kouftefh n FB\ (Fnrrow Bnfm \nss) ieatgr

ef iroft oi our efirnrgm mgtgctors, our mgvecg weaa promucg n sehfna w`gf n puasgm or ‑c`oppgm‛ sourcges usgm to eaaukefntg et. ]`g nbsorpteof rgheof oi CO2 hns es =.29·k so pancefh n FB\ ieatgr nt t`esspgctrna rgheof ef iroft oi our mgvecg naaows et to sgg ofay t`nt rgheof. X`gf CO2 hns agnjs efto t`gmgtgctor―s Iegam oi Yegw t`g usgr wouam sgg n mrop ef t`g mgvecg sehfna w`gf t`g hns nbsorbs aeh`tgfgrhy. Ef sokg cnsgs n sgcofm ‑Rgigrgfcg‛ mgtgctor wet` n 3.57·k ieatgr es usgm so t`nt t`g

cokpnresof bgtwggf t`g two c`nffgas hevgs iurt`gr gvemgfcg oi n agnj.

IANKG MG]GC]EOF  –  @ymrocnrbof iankgs gket rnmenteof bgtwggf =-=.9·k nfm t`g fnturna ><@grtz iaecjgrefh oi nfy iankg es n fnturna sourcg ior our mgtgctors kouftgm wet` nf ‑@C‛ ieatgr. Knfy

caegfts usg t`es soauteof to protgct aevgs nt c`gkecna nfm pgtroaguk panfts ns wgaa ns hgfgrna bueamefh

snigty.

NACO@OA ]GS]EFH  –  Nfot`gr nppaecnteof ef t`g hns mgtgcteof knrjgt es t`g tgstefh ior nf eaaghnaagvga oi naco`oa ef t`g brgnt` oi n mrevgr. Ygry nccurntg rgnmefhs cnf bg obtnefgm ns aghna gvemgfcg ior

MXE cnsgs. ]`es cofcgpt es bgefh tnjgf n stgp iurt`gr wet` t`g mescovgry t`nt cgrtnef eaafgssgs cnusghnsgs to iork ef t`g aufhs t`nt nrg fot forkna, spgceiecnaay ef t`g cnsg oi cnfcgr. By bgefh nbag tomgtgct cgrtnef hnsgs, n quecj nfm efgxpgfsevg kgt`om oi menhfoses kny bg possebag.

NFGS]@GSEOAOHU ]GS]EFH –  Nfot`gr hns mgtgcteof nppaecnteof es t`g usg oi our mgtgctors totgst ior t`g corrgct agvga nfm kexturg oi hnsgs usgm ef `ospetna opgrntefh rooks ior nfgst`gseoaohy.]oo kuc`, or too aettag oi ofg cokpofgft couam bg intna.

\G]ROAGWK GP\AORN]EOF  –  N fukbgr oi cokpnfegs nrg usefh our mgtgctors ior `eh`-tgkpgrnturg mowf-̀ oag opgrnteofs ns wgaa ns topsemg. \romucteof tgstefh ior hns agvgas bgaow nfm oft`g surincg es ekportnft to mgtgrkefg ei mreaaefh opgrnteofs nrg procggmefh ns panffgm.

\ANF] @GNA]@  –  Eknhefg `nvefh n mgvecg t`nt cnf tgst t`g agvga oi CO2 nbsorpteof to nfnayzg t`g`gnat` oi panfts nfm c`gcj t`g giigct oi haobna wnrkefh…et es bgefh mofg tomny. 

RNEA SNIG]U  –  ]gstefh es ufmgrwny ior n mgvecg t`nt weaa ‑aooj‛ nt rnea cnrs to tgst brnjg nfmw`gga bgnrefh tgkpgrnturgs of t`g kovg. ]`es es cretecna, gspgcenaay ior `eh` spggm rnea ef Guropg to

mgtgct potgftena ineaurgs bgiorg t`gy ̀ nppgf.

]GK\GRN]WRG SGFSOR   –  Our sgfsors cnf rgcohfezg tgkpgrnturg c`nfhgs of rotntefh mgvecgsaejg kotors nfm powgr hgfgrntors so t`nt t`g potgftena ineaurg oi n post cnf bg mgtgctgm aofh bgiorg ntotna ineaurg occurs. ]`es naaows ior spot rgpners oi sknaa etgks bgiorg et cnusgs korg gxtgfsevgineaurgs.

WFMGRHROWFM SOAW]EOF –  ]`g mgtgcteof oi Kgt`nfg nfm ot`gr hnsgs ef kefefh opgrnteofs esvgry cretecna to t`g snigty oi opgrnteofs nroufm t`g woram. Knfy custokgrs usg our `eh`ay rgaenbagmgvecgs to protgct t`g aevgs oi t`osg t`nt worj aofh `ours bgfgnt` our iggt.

XN]GR nfm S]GGA NFNAUSES  –  Caegfts usg our mgvecgs to tgst hnsgs gkettgm irok wntgr ns et es boeagm mowf to tgst ior nfm emgfteiy ekpuretegs. Ef t`g promucteof oi stgga, t`g snkg procgss cnf bg

usgm to tgst ior corrgct kexturg oi gagkgfts by supgr-`gntefh stgga pgaagt snkpags nfm obsgrvefh t`g

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ER SGFSOR   8

agvga oi jfowf hnsgs ior qunaety nfm coftgft. ]`es hevgs coftroaagrs nf opportufety to knjgcorrgcteofs bgiorg koamefh or procgssefh t`g koatgf kgtna.

BEBAEOHRN\@U/ RGIGRGFCGS

]`g ioaaowefh booj nfm mntns`ggts oi t`g EC―s t`nt nrg usgm ef prgpnrefh t`g prodgct wgrg tnjgf ns n

rgigrgfcg. ]`g mntns`ggts oi t`g EC―s nfm sokg cokpofgfts nrg nttnc`gm wet` t`es prodgct rgport.

O p-nkps nfm Aefgnr Eftghrntgm Cercuets, by Rnknjnft N. Hnynjwnm.

WN8=> Mntns`ggt

ECA899<-KNP><== Mntns`ggt

^SC>>2 Mntns`ggt (\`ototrnfsestor)