IPv6 Acceptance - Rocky Mountain IPv6 Taskforce...071 Reserved 068 Reserved 049 Reserved 050...
50
1 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Tony Hain IPv6 Forum Fellow Cisco Systems Technical Leader [email protected] IPv6 Acceptance (The Stages of Grief) IPv6 Forum Beijing April 15, 2008
Transcript of IPv6 Acceptance - Rocky Mountain IPv6 Taskforce...071 Reserved 068 Reserved 049 Reserved 050...
1© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tony Hain
IPv6 Forum Fellow
Cisco Systems Technical Leader
IPv6 Acceptance(The Stages of Grief)
IPv6 Forum Beijing April 15, 2008
2© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Denial
Anger
Negotiation
Depression
Acceptance
IPv4 to IPv6 transition and the stages of grief
3© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Observation
• Most Network Managers will not ask for IPv6 until they run into a problem getting IPv4 space. It is simple human nature
to ignore a problem until it becomes a crisis.
4© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2000
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085Reserved
084Reserved
083Reserved
080Reserved
079Reserved
078Reserved
065Reserved
086Reserved
087Reserved
082Reserved
081Reserved
076Reserved
077Reserved
066Reserved
064ARIN
063ARIN
060Reserved
067Reserved
062RIPE
061APnic
089Reserved
088Reserved
093Reserved
094Reserved
075Reserved
072Reserved
071Reserved
068Reserved
049Reserved
050Reserved
090Reserved
091Reserved
092Reserved
095Reserved
074Reserved
073Reserved
070Reserved
069Reserved
101Reserved
100Reserved
099Reserved
096Reserved
117Reserved
118Reserved
121Reserved
122Reserved
102Reserved
103Reserved
098Reserved
097Reserved
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123Reserved
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125Reserved
124Reserved
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126Reserved
059Reserved
058Reserved
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Reserved
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041Reserved
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189Reserved
188Reserved
213RIPE
214US DoD
217Reserved
218Reserved
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219Reserved
211APnic
210APnic
221Reserved
220Reserved
208ARIN
209ARIN
222Reserved
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200Reserved
201Reserved
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190Reserved
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AfrNIC
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
5© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2001
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085Reserved
084Reserved
083Reserved
080Reserved
079Reserved
078Reserved
065ARIN
086Reserved
087Reserved
082Reserved
081Reserved
076Reserved
077Reserved
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060Reserved
067Reserved
062RIPE
061APnic
089Reserved
088Reserved
093Reserved
094Reserved
075Reserved
072Reserved
071Reserved
068Reserved
049Reserved
050Reserved
090Reserved
091Reserved
092Reserved
095Reserved
074Reserved
073Reserved
070Reserved
069Reserved
101Reserved
100Reserved
099Reserved
096Reserved
117Reserved
118Reserved
121Reserved
122Reserved
102Reserved
103Reserved
098Reserved
097Reserved
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123Reserved
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125Reserved
124Reserved
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126Reserved
059Reserved
058Reserved
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Reserved
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041Reserved
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189Reserved
188Reserved
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219Reserved
211APnic
210APnic
221Reserved
220Reserved
208ARIN
209ARIN
222Reserved
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
236Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200Reserved
201Reserved
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190Reserved
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AfrNIC
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
6© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2002
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085Reserved
084Reserved
083Reserved
080RIPE
079Reserved
078Reserved
065ARIN
086Reserved
087Reserved
082Reserved
081RIPE
076Reserved
077Reserved
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060Reserved
067Reserved
062RIPE
061APnic
089Reserved
088Reserved
093Reserved
094Reserved
075Reserved
072Reserved
071Reserved
068Reserved
049Reserved
050Reserved
090Reserved
091Reserved
092Reserved
095Reserved
074Reserved
073Reserved
070Reserved
069Reserved
101Reserved
100Reserved
099Reserved
096Reserved
117Reserved
118Reserved
121Reserved
122Reserved
102Reserved
103Reserved
098Reserved
097Reserved
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123Reserved
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125Reserved
124Reserved
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126Reserved
059Reserved
058Reserved
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041Reserved
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189Reserved
188Reserved
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221Reserved
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222Reserved
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200Reserved
201Reserved
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190Reserved
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AfrNIC
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
7© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2003
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085Reserved
084Reserved
083Reserved
080RIPE
079Reserved
078Reserved
065ARIN
086Reserved
087Reserved
082RIPE
081RIPE
076Reserved
077Reserved
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060Reserved
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089Reserved
088Reserved
093Reserved
094Reserved
075Reserved
072Reserved
071Reserved
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090Reserved
091Reserved
092Reserved
095Reserved
074Reserved
073Reserved
070Reserved
069ARIN
101Reserved
100Reserved
099Reserved
096Reserved
117Reserved
118Reserved
121Reserved
122Reserved
102Reserved
103Reserved
098Reserved
097Reserved
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123Reserved
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125Reserved
124Reserved
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126Reserved
059Reserved
058Reserved
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041Reserved
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189Reserved
188Reserved
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222Reserved
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200Reserved
201Reserved
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190Reserved
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AfrNIC
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
8© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2004
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085Reserved
084Reserved
083Reserved
080RIPE
079Reserved
078Reserved
065ARIN
086Reserved
087Reserved
082RIPE
081RIPE
076Reserved
077Reserved
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060Reserved
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089Reserved
088Reserved
093Reserved
094Reserved
075Reserved
072Reserved
071Reserved
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090Reserved
091Reserved
092Reserved
095Reserved
074Reserved
073Reserved
070Reserved
069ARIN
101Reserved
100Reserved
099Reserved
096Reserved
117Reserved
118Reserved
121Reserved
122Reserved
102Reserved
103Reserved
098Reserved
097Reserved
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123Reserved
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125Reserved
124Reserved
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126Reserved
059Reserved
058Reserved
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041Reserved
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189Reserved
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190Reserved
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AfrNIC
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
9© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2005
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085Reserved
084Reserved
083Reserved
080RIPE
079Reserved
078Reserved
065ARIN
086Reserved
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076Reserved
077Reserved
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089Reserved
088RIPE
093Reserved
094Reserved
075Reserved
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090Reserved
091Reserved
092Reserved
095Reserved
074Reserved
073Reserved
070Reserved
069ARIN
101Reserved
100Reserved
099Reserved
096Reserved
117Reserved
118Reserved
121Reserved
122Reserved
102Reserved
103Reserved
098Reserved
097Reserved
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123Reserved
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125Reserved
124Reserved
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126Reserved
059APnic
058APnic
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041Reserved
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189Reserved
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190Reserved
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AfrNIC
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
10© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2006
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085RIPE
084RIPE
083RIPE
080RIPE
079Reserved
078Reserved
065ARIN
086RIPE
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076ARIN
077Reserved
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089RIPE
088RIPE
093Reserved
094Reserved
075ARIN
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090RIPE
091RIPE
092Reserved
095Reserved
074ARIN
073ARIN
070ARIN
069ARIN
101Reserved
100Reserved
099Reserved
096Reserved
117Reserved
118Reserved
121Reserved
122Reserved
102Reserved
103Reserved
098Reserved
097Reserved
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123Reserved
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125APnic
124APnic
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126APnic
059APnic
058APnic
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041Reserved
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189LACnic
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190LACnic
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AfrNIC
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
11© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2007
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085RIPE
084RIPE
083RIPE
080RIPE
079RIPE
078RIPE
065ARIN
086RIPE
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076ARIN
077RIPE
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089RIPE
088RIPE
093Reserved
094Reserved
075ARIN
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090RIPE
091RIPE
092Reserved
095Reserved
074ARIN
073ARIN
070ARIN
069ARIN
101Reserved
100Reserved
099ARIN
096ARIN
117Reserved
118Reserved
121APnic
122APnic
102Reserved
103Reserved
098ARIN
097ARIN
116Reserved
119Reserved
120Reserved
123APnic
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115Reserved
114Reserved
125APnic
124APnic
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126APnic
059APnic
058APnic
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041AFRNic
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186Reserved
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187Reserved
179Reserved
178Reserved
189LACnic
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190LACnic
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AFRnic
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
12© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2008
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085RIPE
084RIPE
083RIPE
080RIPE
079RIPE
078RIPE
065ARIN
086RIPE
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076ARIN
077RIPE
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089RIPE
088RIPE
093RIPE
094RIPE
075ARIN
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090RIPE
091RIPE
092RIPE
095RIPE
074ARIN
073ARIN
070ARIN
069ARIN
101Reserved
100Reserved
099ARIN
096ARIN
117APnic
118APnic
121APnic
122APnic
102Reserved
103Reserved
098ARIN
097ARIN
116APnic
119APnic
120APnic
123APnic
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115APnic
114APnic
125APnic
124APnic
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126APnic
059APnic
058APnic
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014PDN
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041AFRNic
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186LACnic
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187LACnic
179Reserved
178Reserved
189LACnic
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190LACnic
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AFRnic
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
13© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Today
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085RIPE
084RIPE
083RIPE
080RIPE
079RIPE
078RIPE
065ARIN
086RIPE
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076ARIN
077RIPE
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089RIPE
088RIPE
093RIPE
094RIPE
075ARIN
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090RIPE
091RIPE
092RIPE
095RIPE
074ARIN
073ARIN
070ARIN
069ARIN
101Reserved
100Reserved
099ARIN
096ARIN
117APnic
118APnic
121APnic
122APnic
102Reserved
103Reserved
098ARIN
097ARIN
116APnic
119APnic
120APnic
123APnic
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Reserved
115APnic
114APnic
125APnic
124APnic
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Reserved
112Reserved
113Reserved
126APnic
059APnic
058APnic
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014Reserved
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041AFRNic
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Reserved
174Reserved
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186LACnic
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187LACnic
179Reserved
178Reserved
189LACnic
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Reserved
176Reserved
177Reserved
190LACnic
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AFRnic
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
14© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2009
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085RIPE
084RIPE
083RIPE
080RIPE
079RIPE
078RIPE
065ARIN
086RIPE
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076ARIN
077RIPE
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089RIPE
088RIPE
093RIPE
094RIPE
075ARIN
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090RIPE
091RIPE
092RIPE
095RIPE
074ARIN
073ARIN
070ARIN
069ARIN
101Next
100Next
099ARIN
096ARIN
117APnic
118APnic
121APnic
122APnic
102Reserved
103Reserved
098ARIN
097ARIN
116APnic
119APnic
120APnic
123APnic
105Reserved
104Reserved
109Reserved
110Next
115APnic
114APnic
125APnic
124APnic
106Reserved
107Reserved
108Reserved
111Next
112Next
113Next
126APnic
059APnic
058APnic
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014Reserved
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041AFRNic
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Next
174Next
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Reserved
182Reserved
185Reserved
186LACnic
180Reserved
183Reserved
184Reserved
187LAcnic
179Next
178Next
189LACnic
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Next
176Next
177Next
190LACnic
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AFRnic
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
15© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2010
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085RIPE
084RIPE
083RIPE
080RIPE
079RIPE
078RIPE
065ARIN
086RIPE
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076ARIN
077RIPE
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089RIPE
088RIPE
093RIPE
094RIPE
075ARIN
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Reserved
050Reserved
090RIPE
091RIPE
092RIPE
095RIPE
074ARIN
073ARIN
070ARIN
069ARIN
101Next
100Next
099ARIN
096ARIN
117APnic
118APnic
121APnic
122APnic
102Next
103Next
098ARIN
097ARIN
116APnic
119APnic
120APnic
123APnic
105Next
104Next
109Next
110Next
115APnic
114APnic
125APnic
124APnic
106Next
107Next
108Next
111Next
112Next
113Next
126APnic
059APnic
058APnic
005Reserved
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Reserved
002Reserved
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014Reserved
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Reserved
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Reserved
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Reserved
036Reserved
027Reserved
024Cable
023Reserved
020CsC
127Loopback
042Reserved
041AFRNic
038PSI
037Reserved
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Next
174Next
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Next
182Next
185Next
186LACnic
180Next
183Next
184Next
187LAcnic
179Next
178Next
189LACnic
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Reserved
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Next
176Next
177Next
190LACnic
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AFRnic
197Reserved
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
16© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv4 Address Fractal Map Jan-2011
Fra
cta
l ma
p: L
ayo
ut b
y R
an
da
ll Mu
nro
e, T
ime
Se
qu
en
ce
by T
on
y H
ain
, Hig
hlig
hte
d b
y J
eff A
pca
r
085RIPE
084RIPE
083RIPE
080RIPE
079RIPE
078RIPE
065ARIN
086RIPE
087RIPE
082RIPE
081RIPE
076ARIN
077RIPE
066ARIN
064ARIN
063ARIN
060APnic
067ARIN
062RIPE
061APnic
089RIPE
088RIPE
093RIPE
094RIPE
075ARIN
072ARIN
071ARIN
068ARIN
049Next
050Next
090RIPE
091RIPE
092RIPE
095RIPE
074ARIN
073ARIN
070ARIN
069ARIN
101Next
100Next
099ARIN
096ARIN
117APnic
118APnic
121APnic
122APnic
102Next
103Next
098ARIN
097ARIN
116APnic
119APnic
120APnic
123APnic
105Next
104Next
109Next
110Next
115APnic
114APnic
125APnic
124APnic
106Next
107Next
108Next
111Next
112Next
113Next
126APnic
059APnic
058APnic
005Next
004L3
003GE
000Reserved
056US Postal
057SITA
006US DoD
007Next
002Next
001Reserved
055US DoD
054Merck
009IBM
008L3
013Xerox
014Next
048Prudential
051UK DSS
052El duPONT
053Cap Debis
010Private
011US DoD
012AT&T
015HP
047Bell North
046Next
033US DoD
032AT&T
031Next
030US DoD
017Apple
016DEC
044Radio
045Interop
034Haliburton
035MERIT
028US DoD
029US DoD
018MIT
019Ford
043Inet
040Eli Lily
039Next
036Next
027Next
024Cable
023Next
020CsC
127Loopback
042Next
041AFRNic
038PSI
037Next
026US DoD
025UK Defense
022US DoD
021US DoD
149Various
148Various
150Various
151Various
153Various
152Various
154Various
155Various
147Various
144Various
146Various
145Various
157Various
158Various
156Various
159Various
165Various
164Various
166Various
169Various
170Various
167Various
168Various
171Various
163Various
160Various
162Various
161Various
173Next
174Next
143Various
142Various
140Various
141Various
139Various
136Various
138Various
137Various
129Various
128Various
130Various
135Various
134Various
131Various
132Various
133Various
181Next
182Next
185Next
186LANnic
180Next
183Next
184Next
187LANnic
179Next
178Next
189LACnic
188Various
213RIPE
214US DoD
217RIPE
218APnic
212RIPE
215US DoD
216ARIN
219APnic
211APnic
210APnic
221APnic
220APnic
208ARIN
209ARIN
222APnic
223Next
229Multicast
228Multicast
227Multicast
224Multicast
230Multicast
231Multicast
226Multicast
225Multicast
233Multicast
232Multicast
237Multicast
238Multicast
234Multicast
235Multicast
236Multicast
239Multicast
207ARIN
204ARIN
203APnic
202APnic
206ARIN
205ARIN
200LACnic
201LACnic
245Class E
246Class E
244Class E
247Class E
243Class E
242Class E
240Class E
241Class E
192RIPE
194RIPE
199ARIN
198Various
249Class E
248Class E
253Class E
254Class E
172Various
175Next
176Next
177Next
190LACnic
191Various
192Various
195RIPE
196AFRnic
197Next
250Class E
251Class E
252Class E
255Class E
17© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
RIR Annual /8 Equivalent Delegations
AFRINIC
AFRINIC
LACNIC
LACNIC
ARIN
ARIN
APNIC
APNIC
RIPENCC
RIPENCC
Solid => Actual
Dotted => Annual Pace
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
IANA /8 Allocations per month to RIR'sSliding-window 36 month average
41
16
16
4
2
6
26
26
29
90
0 20 40 60 80 100
IANA - Pool
Experimental
Multicast
Defined
AfriNIC
LACNIC
APNIC
RIPE NCC
ARIN
Central
IPv4 address allocations by /8
• Consumption is accelerating despite increasingly intense conservation efforts.
• Growth is occurring in all regions
While many argue that North America is not affected due to historical allocations, consumption of the remaining IPv4 free pool continues globally.
16.0% remaining
18© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
0
32
64
96
128
Jan-9
5
Jan-9
7
Jan-9
9
Jan-0
1
Jan-0
3
Jan-0
5
Jan-0
7
Jan-0
9
Jan-1
1
IPv4 lifetime IANA PoolJan '00 history basis
Update to: http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_8-3/ipj_8-3.pdf
Tony Hain
0
32
64
Jan-0
7
Jan-0
8
Jan-0
9
Jan-1
0
Jan-1
1
IPv4 lifetime IANA PoolJan '00 history basis
Remaining IANA IPv4 pool
19© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Denial
Anger
Negotiation
Depression
Acceptance
20© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Impact on IPv4 Routing
• Trading smaller and smaller blocks will cause the global IPv4 routing table to explode.
• Small blocks make it difficult for large service providers to acquire enough space to sustain the business needs.
• The IPv4 address shortage will disproportionately harm the access providers relative to the content providers due to their imbalanced needs for additional addresses.
• If content providers require growth beyond the availability of IPv4, they can deploy IPv6, and then wait for the access providers to connect the content customers.
• Shortage driven IPv4 address block hijackings will become routine, which in turn will result in the routing table being politicized.
21© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
IPv6-only events
• Distraught ‗IPv4 experts‘ are having difficulties:
– IPv6-only exposes IPv4 dependencies in applications and middleware.
―Thunderbird and Firefox disable IPv6 dns by default‖
– Failures when translating between versions exposes the invalid assumptions that some ISPs have been making.
―Linux NAT-PT (naptd) has stability issues and wedges‖
– Provisioning model assumptions are exposed by new ways of handling addressing.
―it's a real pain in the ass to get DHCPv6 working‖
―why doesn‘t the RA include the DNS service‖
– Typing ‗ : ‘ instead of ‗ . ‘ in a literal address exposes how resistant people are to change.
―why do we have to type colon instead of dot like in a real address‖
22© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Denial
Anger
Negotiation
Depression
Acceptance
23© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Carrier-Class IPv4/nat
• Several proposed approaches for carrier-class nat
IPv4-IPv4-IPv4 IPv4-IPv6-IPv4 IPv4-tunnel-IPv4
NAT-PT NAT-PT-bis
• These will be short term approaches for adding customers after the IPv4-free-pool is exhausted.
• Goal is to minimize changes to the customer routers.
• IPv4/nat traversal technologies like UPNP-IGD fail because they are limited to the local link for security reasons.
24© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distributed NAT Deployment Model
Home GatewayNAT 4->6
Home GatewayNAT 4->6
Home GatewayNAT 4->6
AccessRouter
AccessRouter
Translator FarmNAT 6->4
ISP
IPv6
IPv4
Legacy Device
Dual Stack Device
IPv6-only Device
Internet
Source: Comcast
25© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Denial
Anger
Negotiation
Depression
Acceptance
26© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple connection applications
Source: Shin Miyakawa , Ph.D. NTT Communications Corporation
Max 20 Connections
27© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple connection applications
Source: Shin Miyakawa , Ph.D. NTT Communications Corporation
Max 15 Connections
28© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple connection applications
Source: Shin Miyakawa , Ph.D. NTT Communications Corporation
Max 10 Connections
29© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple connection applications
Source: Shin Miyakawa , Ph.D. NTT Communications Corporation
Max 5 Connections
30© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Multiple connection applications
• Google Maps opens ~ 70 parallel connections
• iTunes store has been shown to open as many as 300 parallel connections
• New apps that have not emerged yet ???
• IPv4/nat multiplexes multiple users through the port range, so 64k divided by 300 parallel connections results in ~200 customers per ISP based nat address (assuming each customer is only allowed to run one simultaneous instance of iTunes or similar apps).
• Services generally don‘t allow connections from the same host to span multiple public side addresses, so use of more ports on another address will cause the application to fail.
• Reuse of port pairs can‘t be guaranteed with a high rate of churn in the port pool, so the likelihood of matching src/dst port pairs to popular sites will expose the probability of TCP sequence number overlap between unrelated connections.
31© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Agenda
Denial
Anger
Negotiation
Depression
Acceptance
34© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sensor arrays
• Sensors on aging infrastructure.
• Adhoc networks of fire sensors.
6LoWPAN (RFC 4919 & 4944) based networksRouting Over Low power and Lossy networks http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/roll-charter.html
FF
F
accelerometer laser LVDT strain gauge crack gauge tilt gauge AE detector
35© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enterprise deployment Case Study -Bechtel
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/iosswrel/ps6537/ps6553/prod_case_study0900aecd806d89d5.pdf
http://www.cisco.com/ipv6 Case Studies Bechtel
36© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Microsoft P2P Frameworkhttp://blogs.msdn.com/p2p/archive/2007/03/12/writing-peer-to-peer-applications-using-net-part-1-pnrp.aspx
• Marketed to app developers
• P2PF apps IP version agnostic
• Focus on person to person
• PNRP bypasses DNS roadblock
• Preference for IPv6 when it works
• Some new apps will be IPv6-only
• Opportunity for service providers
to deploy discovery servers
37© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Content sites are taking initial steps
ipv6.google.com - IPv6 enabled search page
38© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Innovative Opportunity –Power consumption management
1/06 – Panasonic HD-PLC chip which provides 190Mbps broadband connectivity with electric outlets … AES 128-bit encryption …
Power-line as local distribution
Statewide Blackouts Ordered As Heat Strains California Grid By TODD S. PURDUM Published: May 8, 2001An early hot spell and a high number of power plants out of service for maintenance forced the first rolling power blackouts since March in California late today. Operators of the state's power grid suddenly ordered utilities to cut power to tens of thousands of customers at the evening rush hour, officials said. The blackouts, imposed shortly before 5 p.m. and lasting an hour or so in most places, came just hours after power officials said they believed they had avoided blackouts by asking large commercial users to scale back their use…
Opportunity for remote management of specific high power consumption devices, rather than blacking out the entire community.
Look beyond using the power cable as a network wire replacement, to find the new applications and services that are possible for directly addressable appliances.
39© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Innovative Opportunity –Agriculture
• Wireless Sensor Network Research Group, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
CNGI: IPv6 Based Sensor network Application Demonstration By cooperating with Chinese University of Sciences and Technology, we are going to develop a sensor application system by integrating wireless sensor network technology, control technology and precision agriculture technology. The applications of the integrated system are two-folded: accurate watering of farmland and water/soil pollution monitoring.
http://www.sixxs.net/misc/toys/
Opportunities exist beyond farming in smaller scale uses.
40© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Innovative Opportunity –Wide access to information
• Improved crop yields through access to current farming research & weather information.
• Distribution to more markets through wide advertising at low cost.
41© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco IPv6 Solutions
• Long standing support for IPv6 by Cisco
IETF Working Group Chairs: IPv6; ngtrans; v6ops; dhcpv6; mipv6; roll; softwire
Cisco engineers originated many IETF proposals
IPv6, MP-BGP4, NAT-PT, 6PE/6VPE, DHCPv6 PD, …
Founding member of the IPv6 Forum
Founding partner of 6Net
IPv6 Ready Logo
Mobile Networking demo – IPv6 Promotion council
―Jun Murai award‖
42© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco IPv6 Solutions High Capacity Forwarding
• Cisco CRS-1
OC-768, OC-48, 10GE and GE line cards
• Cisco 12000 series
Internet Service Engine 3 – up to 3.8Mpps per LC
Internet Service Engine 5 – Up to 16Mpps per LC
• Cisco 10000 PRE2/PRE3/PRE4
• Cisco ASR 1000 series
• Cisco 7600 and Catalyst 6500 series
Sup. Engine 720, 720-3BXL, 32W, 32/PISA, RSP720 – up to 200Mpps (EANTC report)
IPv6 tunneling—Configured, Automatic, 6to4 and ISATAP tunnels in hardware
• Nexus 7000 series, MDS 9500 series
• Catalyst 4500 series
Supervisor Engine 6E
• Catalyst 3750/3560 & 3750E/3560E series
43© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco IPv6 Solutions Cisco IOS IPv6 on Broadband Access
Video
IPv6 Multicast
Distributed
Computing (GRID)
Enterprise
Internet
ISP A
802.11
Mobile RAN
Head-end
Layer 2 Encapsulation(s)
DOCSIS 3.0
proposalCable
NAS
PSTN
Dial
BNGDSLAMDSL
AccessFTTH
ATM RFC 1483 Routed or Bridged (RBE)PPP, PPPoA, PPPoE, Tunnel (Cable), L2TP
Dual-Stack or
MPLS (6PE) CoreIPv4/IPv6
IPv4/IPv6FirewallPIX, IOS FW
IPv6 Prefix PoolsIPv6 Radius(Cisco VSA & RFC 3162)DHCPv6 Prefix DelegationStateless DHCPv6DHCPv6 RelayGeneric Prefix
44© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco IPv6 Solutions IPv6 enabled CPE routers
• The Linksys WRT600N; RVS4000; & WRVS4400 include 6to4 capability to enable IPv6 home and small business networks today, while service providers complete their deployments.
• Cisco has been instrumental in helping CableLabs define IPv6 capabilities for the next generation Docsis 3 devices.
45© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Host Based Mobility devices - MIPv6 (IPsec or Lite Authentication)
Mobile Networks
NEMO, MANEMO
Layer 2 Wireless Access Infrastructures – must know
how to forward IPv6
Layer 3 Infrastructures + IP Mobility Management IPv6 + MIPv6 Home Agent
Mobile clients and Services Service Exchange IPv6 attributes
Content and Datacenter Infrastructures/Services Dual-stack services
CMX
SSGCSGAAA
HA
AAA
AAA
Cisco IPv6 Solutions Layered Mobility Model
46© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco IPv6 Solutions A Lifecycle Approach to IPv6 Services
Coordinated Planning and StrategyMake Sound Financial Decisions
Prepare
Assess ReadinessCan Your Network Support the Proposed System?
Plan
Maintain Network HealthManage, Resolve,
Repair, Replace
Operate
Implement the SolutionIntegrate Without Disruption or Causing Vulnerability
Implement
Design the SolutionProducts, Service, Support Aligned to Requirements
Design
Operational ExcellenceAdapt to Changing
Business RequirementsOptimize
CISCO&PARTNERS
48© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cisco Press Books
NEW May 2008
49© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
More Information
• CCO IPv6 - http://www.cisco.com/ipv6
• The ABC of IPv6
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/ios_abcs_ios_the_abcs_ip_version_6_listing.html
• IPv6 Application Notes
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/Tech/ipv6/ipv6_techdoc.shtml
• ICMPv6 Packet Types and Codes TechNote:
http://www.cisco.com/warp/customer/105/icmpv6codes.html
• Cisco IOS IPv6 Product Manager – [email protected]
50© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
0
32
64
96
128
160
192
224
256
IPv4 Address Pool
IANA
Pool
RIR
TOTAL
ARIN
Historic
RIPE
APNIC
LACNICAFRINIC
IANA Policy - RIRs Allocated Pool for 12-24 Months Distribution
Projections based on Jan 2000 to current
Collective RIR
Pool Window
Update to: http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_8-3/ipj_8-3.pdfExhaustion of the central IANA pool - orangeExhaustion of the collective RIR pools - magentaRelative distribution rates between the RIRsTime depth of collective RIR pools on pub date - whiteTime depth between exhaustion events - diff between orange & magenta Tony Hain
