Data, Information, KnowledgeData raw facts; numbersInformation data in context; readily captured in documents and databasesKnowledge information in context plus experience to act upon

IPR and licensing

Information ValueHow can a firm enhances informations value?

IPR and licensing

KNOWLEDGE IS LIKE LIGHTWeightless and intangible, it can easily travel the world, enlightening the lives of people everywhere.

IPR and licensing

Intellectual Assets

Knowledge is produced by humans who are able to produce information from data, and then merge information and experience into knowledge.

Knowledge is often undocumented. It easily can be lost when the individual who has certain knowledge is unavailable.

IPR and licensing

Intellectual AssetsSocial capital relationships with customers, employees, business partners and external expertsStructural capital patents; brand names; systems and processes; management philosophyHuman capital education; experience; skills; attitudes

IPR and licensing

Types of knowledgeExplicit knowledge what is recorded; easily identified, articulated, shared and employedTacit knowledge personal; wisdom and experience; context-specific; more difficult to extract and codify

IPR and licensing

Explicit knowledgeExplicit knowledge, can be expressed in words and numbers and shared in the form of data, scientific formulae, product specifications, manuals, universal principles, and so forth. This kind of knowledge can be readily transmitted across individuals formally and systematically.

IPR and licensing

Tacit knowledgeTacit knowledge is highly personal and hard to formalise, making it difficult to communicate or share with others. Subjective insights, intuitions and hunches fall into this category of knowledge. Furthermore, tacit knowledge is deeply rooted in an individual's action and experience, as well as in the ideals, values or emotions he or she embraces.

IPR and licensing

Two dimensions of tacit knowledgeTechnical" dimension, encompasses the kind of informal and hard-to-pin-down skills or crafts often captured in the term "know-how". A three-star chefs, for example, develop a wealth of expertise at their fingertips, after years of experience. Highly subjective and personal insights, intuitions, hunches and inspirations derived from bodily experience fall into this dimension.

Cognitive" dimension consists of beliefs, perceptions, ideals, values, emotions and mental models so ingrained in us that we take them for granted. They cannot be articulated very easily, this dimension of tacit knowledge shapes the way we perceive the world around us.

IPR and licensing

Other Types of KnowledgeProceduralDeclarativeEpisodic/case-basedMeta-knowledgeAnecdotes, war stories, heuristics, best practices, insights, lessons learned, cases, etc.

IPR and licensing

Further Attributes of Knowledge Know-howKnow-whyKnow-whatKnow-whoKnow-whereKnow-when

IPR and licensing

KM focusesKM focuses on:people who create and use knowledge.processes and technologies by which knowledge is created, maintained and accessed.artifacts in which knowledge is stored (manuals, databases, intranets, books, heads).

IPR and licensing

Knowledge Management Process ModelAcquisitionRefinementStorage/RetrievalDistributionPresentation Expertise Domain Model Business Rules Ownership;Data Sources. Politics External Sources and Formats.

Data Cleansing Metadata Tagging/Indexing Concept Formulation Data Mining, Analysis and Integration Nugget creation and indexing Curation and Evolution.

Storage and indexing of Knowledge Nuggets Concept-based Retrieval Retrieval Author, Content, Threads, etc. Knowledge Security.

Internet Knowledge Portals Standard Formats & XML Metatags Active Subscriptions Knowledge Sharing via Discussion Groups.

MyPortal.com User Profiles for dynamic tailoring of links and topic weights. Knowledge creation, annotation and update.

IPR and licensing

Knowledge CreationYes, it can be created, discovered, transformed and shared!Its a cyclic process in the orgn contextIts a system feeds on itself for creation of re-usable knowledge baseAction is based on receiving external inputsRefreshing of personal and collective knowledge through new insight.

IPR and licensing

Organizational Knowledge CreationNonakas (1994) dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation holds that organizational knowledge is created through a continuous dialogue between tacit and explicit knowledge via four patterns of interactions, socialization, combination, internalization and externalization. Explicit knowledge is codified knowledge transmittable in formal, systematic language whereas tacit knowledge is personalized knowledge that is hard to formalize and communicate and deeply rooted in action, commitment and involvement in context

IPR and licensing

PROCESSPersonal knowledge creation cycle

Know howExperienceConsolidationInformationExperiential exposure to informationVerbal commn, documents, reports etc.

IPR and licensing

PROCESSCollective knowledge creation cycle

Knowledge SharingActionKnowledge AcquisitionApplication of context sensitive knowledgeProcedures, processes, technology etc.

IPR and licensing

Knowledge Acquisition

IPR and licensing

Knowledge RepresentationNeed to get knowledge from (human?) sourceRepresent it in a form usable by a machineNeed to representFactsRelationships between factsProperty inheritance

All men are mortalSocrates is a manSocrates is mortalProcedural knowledge

IPR and licensing

Knowledge Representation

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IPR and licensing

Knowledge sharingKnowledge sharing is an activity through which knowledge (i.e. information, skills, or expertise) is exchanged among people, friends, or members of a family, a community or an organization. The sharing of knowledge constitutes a major challenge in the field of knowledge management because some employees tend to resist sharing their knowledge with the rest of the organization.Organizations have recognized that knowledge constitutes a valuable intangible asset for creating and sustaining competitive advantages. Knowledge sharing activities are generally supported by knowledge management systems. However, technology constitutes only one of the many factors that affect the sharing of knowledge in organizations, such as organizational culture, trust, and incentives

IPR and licensing

Knowledge sharing TransmitterReceiverTechnology and structureBehaviorCognitive skills

IPR and licensing

Knowledge sharingSharing of accumulated knowledge enhances the productivity of KM systemsSharing helps in creating the environment to accept and manage the system effectively

Hire people who will share Develop trust Vary motivations Show public recognition Reorganize for sharing Create communities Develop leaders

IPR and licensing

AdvantagesAvoid redundancy in knowledge productionSecure diffusion of best practices Enable problem solvingCreate new knowledge EtcDisadvantagesIncreased risk for involuntary spillover Path dependency reduce learning and creativityStuck with inefficient routines

Knowledge sharing

IPR and licensing

Bringing Knowledge to the Market:IPR, Licensing and Collaborative Research

IPR and licensingSummaryThis presentation, which is based in part on the conclusions of an expert group[1] assembled by the Research Directorate General of the European Commission, will review the challenge of making the knowledge transfer from universities and other public research organisations (PROs) in Europe more effective. A new model, termed the Innovation Model, wherein intellectual property is used merely as the basis for collaboration with industry and for the creation of new spinout companies, is emerging as good practice. In many ways, this model is consistent with the Open Innovation model of innovation in enterprises [2]. These guidelines have been endorsed by ProTon Europe at the Valencia conference in November 2003. They will be used as a guide to develop and disseminate good practices and tools.The implementation of the Innovation Model is considerably more difficult than the classical linear licensing model practiced by most Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) in the USA. It implies the development of a new profession of knowledge transfer officers with business development skills in order to interface between the PROs and the many stakeholders, including industry. [1] Management of Intellectual Property in publicly-funded research organisations: Towards European Guidelines, October 2003, http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/era/pdf/iprmanagementguidelines-report.pdf[2] Henry Chesbrough: Open Innovation : The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology Harvard Business School Press 2003

Important trends relevant to the Knowledge EconomyIndustry is moving to Open InnovationIncreased involvement of public research in the innovation process in EuropeDevelopment of collaborative research and strategic alliancesDevelopment of regional clusters as a way to involve SMEs

IPR and licensing

Classical (Closed) InnovationCompany ACompany BCurrent MarketCurrent Market

Research Development

IPR and licensing

Open (collaborative) InnovationCompany ACompany BCurrent MarketCurrent Market

New MarketNew MarketNew MarketResearch Development

IPR and licensing

Contrasting closed and open models

The smart people in our field work for usNot all smart people work for us. We need to work with smart people inside and outside the companyTo profit from R&D, we must discover it, develop it and ship it ourselvesExternal R&D can create significant value. Internal R&D is needed to claim some portion of that valueThe company that gets innovation to market first will winBuilding a better business model is more important than getting to market firstIf we create the most and the best ideas in the industry, we will win.If we make the best use of internal and external ideas, we will win.We should control our IP, so that our competitors cannot profit from it.We should profit from others use of our IP (license out) and we should license in others IP whenever it advances our business model.We will own all results from contract research with universitiesWe will partner with universities to create knowledge and encourage use outside our field

Closed innovationOpen innovation

IPR and licensing

The world of innovation has changed2 driving forces:Low cost of accessing vast knowledgeMulti-technology nature of new products Economies of scale in R&D have disappeared

New model of innovation (Open Innovation) Networking, collaborative researchBusiness model has become more important than technology edge (opportunity for SMEs)Revisiting the use and function of IPR to facilitate exchange rather than protecting market shares

A change of mindset is required to benefit from Knowledge Economy

IPR and licensing

Most of the potential is not visible.IntellectualProperty available for licensingCollaborativeResearchOpportunitiesOcean of KnowledgeSpin-outsPatentsCopyrights

Know howResearch tools

IPR and licensing

SummaryThis presentation, which is based in part on the conclusions of an expert group[1] assembled by the Research Directorate General of the European Commission, will review the challenge of making the knowledge transfer from universities and other public research organisations (PROs) in Europe more effective. A new model, termed the Innovation Model, wherein intellectual property is used merely as the basis for collaboration with industry and for the creation of new spinout companies, is emerging as good practice. In many ways, this model is consistent with the Open Innovation model of innovation in enterprises [2]. These guidelines have been endorsed by ProTon Europe at the Valencia conference in November 2003. They will be used as a guide to develop and disseminate good practices and tools.The implementation of the Innovation Model is considerably more difficult than the classical linear licensing model practiced by most Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) in the USA. It implies the development of a new profession of knowledge transfer officers with business development skills in order to interface between the PROs and the many stakeholders, including industry. [1] Management of Intellectual Property in publicly-funded research organisations: Towards European Guidelines, October 2003, http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/era/pdf/iprmanagementguidelines-report.pdf[2] Henry Chesbrough: Open Innovation : The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology Harvard Business School Press 2003