Ipo in India

CHAPTER: 1

THE INDIAN CAPITAL MARKET - AN OVERVIEW

Capital market in any country plays an important role in supporting technological progress

and in economic development by channeling funds for investment in productive assets,

contributing to long term growth prospects of the economy. The direct influence of capital

market is seen in the growth of corporate sector, that have reduced the dependent on bank

as a source of finance to raise in the capital market.

It consists of primary and secondary markets. The primary market deals with the issue of

new instruments by the corporate sector such as equity shares, preference shares and debt

instruments. Central and State governments, various public sector industrial units (PSUs),

statutory and other authorities such as state electricity boards and port trusts also issue

bonds/debt instruments.

The primary market in which public issue of securities is made through a prospectus is a

retail market and there is no physical location. Offer for subscription to securities is made

to investing community. The secondary market or stock exchange is a market for trading

and settlement of securities that have already been issued. The investors holding securities

sell securities through registered brokers/sub-brokers of the stock exchange. Investors who

are desirous of buying securities purchase securities through registered brokers/sub-brokers

of the stock exchange. It may have a physical location like a stock exchange or a trading

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floor. Since 1995, trading in securities is screen-based and Internet-based trading has also

made an appearance in India.

The secondary market consists of 23 stock exchanges including the National Stock

Exchange, Over-the-Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) and Inter Connected Stock

Exchange of India Ltd. The secondary market provides a trading place for the securities

already issued, to be bought and sold. It also provides liquidity to the initial buyers in the

primary market to re-offer the securities to any interested buyer at any price, if mutually

accepted. An active secondary market actually promotes the growth of the primary market

and capital formation because investors in the primary market are assured of a continuous

market and they can liquidate their investments. The securities market moved from T+3

settlement period to T+2 rolling settlement with effect from April 1, 2003

1.1 CAPITAL MARKET PARTICIPANTS:

There are several major players in the primary market. These include the merchant bankers,

mutual funds, financial institutions, foreign institutional investors (FIIs) and individual

investors. In the secondary market, there are the stock brokers (who are members of the

stock exchanges), the mutual funds, financial institutions, foreign institutional investors

(FIIs), and individual investors. Registrars and Transfer Agents, Custodians and

Depositories are capital market intermediaries that provide important infrastructure

services for both primary and secondary markets.

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1.2 MARKET REGULATION:

It is important to ensure smooth working of capital market, as it is the arena where the

players in the economic growth of the country come together. Various laws have been

passed from time to time to meet this objective.

The financial market in India was highly segmented until the initiation of reforms in 1992-

93 on account of a variety of regulations and administered prices including barriers to

entry. The reform process was initiated with the establishment of Securities and Exchange

Board of India (SEBI).

The legislative framework before SEBI came into being consisted of three major Acts

governing the capital markets:

1. The Capital Issues Control Act 1947, which restricted access to the securities market and

controlled the pricing of issues.

2. The Companies Act, 1956, which sets out the code of conduct for the corporate sector in

relation to issue, allotment and transfer of securities, and disclosures to be made in public

issues.

3. The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, which regulates transactions in

securities through control over stock exchanges. In addition, a number of other Acts, e.g.,

the Public Debt Act, 1942, the Income Tax Act, 1961, the Banking Regulation Act, 1949,

have substantial bearing on the working of the securities market.

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1.3 PRIMARY MARKET:

Companies raise funds to finance their projects through various methods. The promoters

can bring their own money of borrow from the financial institutions or mobilize capital by

issuing securities. The funds maybe raised through issue of fresh shares at par or premium,

preferences shares, debentures or global depository receipts. The main objectives of a

capital issue are given below:

To promote a new company

To expand an existing company

To diversify the production

To meet the regular working capital requirements

To capitalize the reserves

Stocks available for the first time are offered through primary market. The issuer may be a

new company or an existing company. These issues may be of new type or the security

used in the past. In the primary market the issuer can be considered as a manufacturer. The

issuing houses, investment bankers and brokers act as the channel of distribution for the

new issues. They take the responsibility of selling the stocks to the public.

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1.3.1 THE FUNCTION OF PRIMARY MARKET:

The main service functions of the primary market are origination, under writing and

distribution. Origination deals with the origin of the new issue. The proposal is analyzed in

terms of the nature of the security, the size of the issue, timing of the issue and floatation

method of the issue. Underwriting contract makes the share predictable and removes the

element of uncertainty in the subscription (underwriting is given in the latter part of this

chapter). Distribution refers to the sale of securities to the investors. This is carried out with

the help of the lead managers and brokers to the issue.

1.3.2 FACTORS CONSIDERED BY THE INVESTORS:

Promoter’s Credibility

Promoter’s past performance with reference to the companies promoted by them earlier.The integrity of the promoters should be found out with enquiries and from financial magazines and newspapers.

Efficiency of the Management

The managing director’s background and experience in the field.The composition of the Board of Directors is to be studied to find out whether it is broad based and professionals are included.

Project Details The credibility of the appraising institution or agency.The stake of the appraising agency in the forthcoming issue.

Product Reliability of the demand and supply projections of the product.Competition faced in the market and the marketing strategy.If the product is export oriented, the tie-up with the foreign collaborator or agency for the purchase of products.

Financial Data Accounting policy.Revaluation of the assets, if any.Analysis of the data related to capital, reserves, turnover, profit, dividend record and profitability ratio.

Litigation Pending litigations and their effect on the profitability of the company. Default in the payment of dues to the banks and financial institutions.

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Risk Factors A careful study of the general and specific risk factors should be carried out.

Auditor’s Report A through reading of the auditor’s report is needed especially with reference to significant notes to accounts, qualifying remarks and changes in the accounting policy. In the case of letter of offer the investors have to look for the recently audited working result at the end of letter of offer.

Statutory Clearance

Investor should find out whether all the required statutory clearance has been obtained, if not, what is the current status. The clearances used to have a bearing on the completion of the project.

Investor Service Promptness in replying to the enquiries of allocation of shares, refund of money, annual reports, dividends and share transfer should be assessed with the help of past record.

1.4 INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS:

The first offering of a company’s shares to the public. The shares offered may be existing

ones held privately, or the company may issue new shares to the public.

1.4.1 PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE IPO:

The promoters also should have a clear idea about the agencies to coordinate their activities

effectively in the public issue. The various parties involved are:

The manager to the issue,

The registrars to the issue,

Underwriters,

Bankers,

Advertising agencies,

Financial Institutions and

Government /Statutory Agencies.

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The Managers To The Issue:

Lead managers are appointed by the company to manage the initial public offering

campaign. Their main duties are:

Drafting of prospectus

Preparing the budget of expenses related to the issue

Suggesting the appropriate timings of the public issue

Assisting in marketing the public issue successfully

Advising the company in the appointment of registrars to the issue, underwriters,

brokers, bankers to the issue, advertising agents etc.

Directing the various agencies involved in the public issue.

The merchant banking division of the financial institutions, subsidiary of commercial

banks, foreign banks, private sector banks and private agencies are available to act as lead

mangers. Such as SBI Capital Markets Ltd., Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, DSP Financial

Consultant Ltd. ICICI Securities & Finance Company Ltd., etc.

The Registrar To The Issue

After the appointment of the lead managers to the issue, in consultation with them, the

Registrar to the issue is appointed. Quotations containing the details of the various

functions they would be performing and charges for them are called for selection. Among

them the most suitable one is selected. It is always ensured that the registrar to the issue has

the necessary infrastructure like Computer, Internet and telephone.

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The Registrars normally receive the share application from various collection centers. They

recommend the basis of allotment in consultation with the Regional Stock Exchange for

approval. Usually registrars to the issue retain the issuer records at least for a period of six

months from the last date of dispatch of letters of allotment to enable the investors to

approach the registrars for redressal of their complaints.

The Underwriters

Underwriting is a contract by means of which a person gives an assurance to the issuer to

the effect that the former would subscribe to the securities offered in the event of non-

subscription by the person to whom they were offered. The person who assures is called an

underwriter. The underwriters do not buy and sell securities. They stand as back-up

supporters and underwriting is done for a commission. Underwriting provides an insurance

against the possibility of inadequate subscription. Underwriters are divided into two

categories:

Financial Institutions and Banks

Brokers and approved investment companies.

The company after the closure of subscription list communicates in writing to the

underwriter the total number of shares/debentures under subscribed, the number of

shares/debentures required to be taken up by the underwriter. The underwriter would take

up the agreed portion. If the underwriter fails to pay, the company is free to allot the shares

to others or take up proceeding against the underwriter to claim damages for any loss

suffered by the company for his denial.

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The Bankers To The Issue:

Bankers to the issue have the responsibility of collecting the application money along with

the application form. The bankers to the issue generally charge commission besides the

brokerage, if any. Depending upon the size of the public issue more than one banker to the

issue is appointed. When the size of the issue is large, 3 to 4 banks are appointed as bankers

to the issue. The number of collection centers is specified by the central government. The

bankers to the issue should have branches in the specified collection centers.

Advertising Agents:

Advertising plays a key role in promoting the public issue. Hence, the past track record of

the advertising agency is studied carefully. Tentative program of each advertising agency

along with the estimated cost are called for. After comparing the effectiveness and cost of

each program with the other, a suitable advertising agency if selected in consultation with

the lead managers to the issue. The advertising agencies take the responsibility of giving

publicity to the issue on the suitable media. The media may be newspapers/ magazines/

hoardings/press release or a combination of all.

The Financial Institutions

Financial institutions generally underwrite the issue and lend term loans to the companies.

Hence, normally they go through the draft of prospectus, study the proposed program for

public issue and approve them. IDBI, IFCI & ICICI, LIC, GIC and UTI are the some of the

financial institutions that underwrite and give financial assistance. The lead manager sends

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copy of the draft prospectus to the financial institutions and includes their comments, if any

in the revised draft.

Government And Statutory Agencies

The various regulatory bodies related with the public issue are:

Securities Exchange Board of India

Registrar of companies

Reserve Bank of India (if the project involves foreign investment)

Stock Exchange where the issue is going to be listed

Industrial licensing authorities

Pollution control authorities (clearance for the project has to be stated in the prospectus)

1.4.2 COLLECTION CENTERS

Generally there should be at least 30 mandatory collection centers inclusive of the places

where stock exchanges are located. If the issue is not exceeding Rs.10 Cr (excluding

premium if any) the mandatory collection centers are the four metropolitan centers viz.

Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkatta and Chennai and at all such centers where stock exchanges are

located in the region in which the registered office of the company is situated. The regional

divisions of the various stock exchanges and the places of their locations are given in the

following table:

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Table 1.2: Collection centres

Region Exchange City

Northern Region

Ludhiana Stock ExchangeDelhi Stock ExchangeJaipur Stock ExchangeU P Stock Exchange

LudhianaDelhiJaipurKanpur

Southern Region

Hyderabad Stock ExchangeBangalore Stock ExchangeMangalore Stock ExchangeMadras Stock ExchangeCoimbatore Stock ExchangeCochin Stock Exchange

HyderabadBangaloreManagloreChennaiCoimbatoreCochin

Eastern Region Calcutta Stock ExchangeGawahati Stock ExchangeMagadh Stock ExchangeBhubaneswar Stock Exchange

KolkattaGawahatiPatnaBhubaneswar

Western Region

Bombay Stock ExchangeNational Stock ExchangeOTCEL Stock ExchangeM P Stock ExchangePune Stock ExchangeVadodara Stock ExchangeAhmedabad Stock ExchangeSauashtra Kutch Stock Exchange

MumbaiMumbaiMumbaiIndorePuneVadodaraAhmedabadRajkot

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In addition to the collection branch, authorized collection agents may also be appointed.

The names and addresses of such agent should be given in the offer documents. The

collection agents are permitted to collect such application money in the form of cheques,

draft, and stock-invests and not in the form of cash. The application money so collected

should be deposited in the special share application account with the designated scheduled

bank either on the same day or latest by the next working day.

The application collected by the bankers to the issue at different centers are forwarded to

the Registrar after realization of the cheques, within a period of 2 weeks from the date of

closure of the public issue. The applications accompanied by stock-invests are sent directly

to the Registrars to the issue along with the schedules within one week from the date of

closure of the issue. The investors, who reside in places other than mandatory and

authorized centers, can send their application with stock-invests to the Registrar to the issue

directly by registered post with acknowledgement due card.

1.4.3 PLACEMENT OF THE IPO

Initial public offers are floated through Prospectus; Bought out deals/offer for sale; Private

Placement and Book Building.

OFFER THROUGH PROSPECTUS

According to Companies (Amendment) Act 1985, application forms for shares of a

company should be accompanied by a Memorandum (abridged prospectus). In simple

terms a prospectus document gives details regarding the company and invites offers for

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subscription or purchase of any shares or debentures from the public. The draft prospectus

has to be sent to the Regional Stock Exchange where the shares of the company are to be

listed and also to all other stock exchanges where the shares are proposed to be listed. The

stock exchange scrutinizes the draft prospectus. After scrutiny if there is any clarification

needed, the stock exchange writes to the company and also suggests modification if any.

The prospectus should contain details regarding the statutory provisions for the issue,

program of public issue – opening, closing and earliest closing date of the issue, issue to be

listed at, highlights and risk factors, capital structure, board of directions, registered office

of the company, brokers to the issue, brief description of the issue, cost of the project,

projected earnings and other such details. The board, lending financial institutions and the

stock exchanges in which they are to be listed should approve the prospectus. Prospectus is

distributed among the stock exchanges, brokers and underwriters, collecting branches of

the bankers and to the lead managers.

Table 1.3: Salient Features of the Prospectus

Salient Features of the Prospectus:

General Information

Name and address of the registered office of the company.The name(s) of the stock exchange(s) where applications have been made for permission to deal in and for official quotations of shares/debentures.Opening, closing and earliest closing dates of the issue.Name and address of lead managers.

Capital Structure of the Company

Issued, subscribed and paid-up capital.Size of the present issue giving separately reservation for preferential allotment to promoters and others.Paid-up capital – After the present issue Details regarding the promoter’s contribution.

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Terms of the Present Issue

Authority for the issue, terms of payment, procedure and time schedule for allotment, issue of certificate and rights of the instrument holders.How to apply – availability of forms, prospectus and mode of payment.Special tax benefits to the company and share holders under the Income Tax Act, if any.

Particulars of the Issue

Object of the issueProject costMeans of financing (including promoter’s contribution).

Company, Management and Project

History, main objects and present business of the company.Subsidiary (ies) of the company, if any.Promoters and their background.Names, addresses and occupation of managing directors and other directors including nominee directors and whole-time directors.Location of the project.Plant and machinery, technological process etc.Collaboration, any performance guarantee or assistance in marketing by the collaborators.Infrastructure facilities for raw materials and utilities like water, electricity etc.Schedule of implementation of the project and progress so far, giving details of land acquisition, civil works, installation of plant and machinery, trail production, consumer production etc.The Product – (a) Nature of the products – Consumer or Industrial and the end users; (b) Approach to marketing and proposed marketing set-up; (c) Export possibilities and export obligations, if any.Future prospects – expected capacity utilization during the first three years from the date of commencement of production and the expected year when the company would be able to earn cash profit and net profit.Stock market data for shares, debentures of the company (high – low price for each of the last years in consideration).Particulars regarding the other listed companies under the same management, which have made any capital issues during the last three years.

Outstanding Litigations

Details of the outstanding litigations pertaining to matters likely to affect the operations and finances of the company including disputed tax liabilities of any nature, any other default and criminal prosecution launched against the company.

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Risk Factors Management perception of risk factors like sensitivity to foreign exchange rate fluctuations, difficulty in the availability of raw materials or in marketing of products, cost, time over-run etc.

Justification of the issue premium

The justification for price is given, taking into account the following parameters:Performance of the company – reflected by earnings per share and book value of shares for the past five years.Future projections in terms of EPS and book value of shares in the next three years.Stock market data.Net asset value as per the latest audited balance sheet.If the projections are not based on the past data, appraisal made by a banker or financial institution should be specifically stated.

Financial Information

Financial performance of the company for last five years should be given from the audited annual accounts in tabular form.Balance sheet date – equity capital, reserves (revaluation reserve, the year of revaluation and its monetary effect on assets) and borrowings.Profit and loss data – sales, gross profit, net profit, and dividend paid, if any.Any change in the accounting policy during the last three years and its effect on the profit and reserves of the company.

Statutory and other information

Minimum subscription.Details of the fee payable to Advisers, Registrar, Managers, and underwriters.Details regarding the previous issues, if any.

BOUGHT OUT DEALS (OFFER FOR SALE)

Here, the promoter places his shares with an investment banker (bought out dealer or

sponsor) who offers it to the public at a later date. In other works in a bought out deal, an

existing company off-loads a part of the promoters’ capital to a wholesaler instead of

making a public issue. The wholesaler is invariably a merchant banker or some times just a

company with surplus cash. In addition to the main sponsor, there could be individuals and

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other smaller companies participating in the syndicate. The sponsors hold on to these

shares for a period and at an appropriate date they offer the same to the public. The hold on

period may be as low as 70 days or more than a year.

In a bought out deal, proving is the essential element to be decided. The bought out dealer

decides the price after analyzing the viability, the gestation period, promoters’ background

and future projections. A bough out dealer sheds the shares at a premium to the public.

PRIVATE PLACEMENT

In this method the issue is placed with a small number of financial institutions, corporate

bodies and high net worth individuals. The financial intermediaries purchase the shares and

sell them to investors at a later date at a suitable price. The stock is placed with issue house

client with the medium of placing letter and other documents which taken together

contribute a prospectus, giving the information regarding the issue. The special feature of

the private placement is that the issues are negotiated between the issuing company and the

purchasing intermediaries. Listed public limited company as well as closely held private

limited company can access the public through the private placement method. Mostly in the

private placement securities are sold to financial institutions like Unit Trust of India,

mutual funds, insurance companies, and merchant banking subsidiaries of commercial

banks and so on. Through private placement equity shares, preference shares, cumulative

convertible preference shares, debentures and bonds are sold.

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BOOK BUILDING

Book building is a mechanism through which the initial public offerings (IPOS) take place

in the U.S. and in India it is gaining importance with every issue. Most of the recent new

issue offered in the market has been through Book Building process. Similar mechanisms

are used in the primary market offerings of GDRs also. In this process the price

determination is based on orders placed and investors have an opportunity to place orders

at different prices as practiced in international offerings.

The recommendations given by Malegam Committee paved way for the introduction of the

book building process in the capital market in Oct 1995. Book building involves firm

allotment of the instrument to a syndicate created by the lead managers who sell the issue

at an acceptable price to the public. Originally the potion of book building process was

available to companies issuing more than Rs.100 cr. The restriction on the minimum size

was removed and SEBI gave impression to adopt the book building method to issue of any

size. In the prospectus, the company has to specify the placement portion under book

building process. The securities available to the public are separately known as net offer to

the public. Nirma by offering a maximum of 100 lakh equity shares through this process

was set to be the first company to adopt the mechanism.

Among the lead managers or the syndicate members of the issue or the merchant bankers as

member. The issuer company as a book runner nominates this member and his name is

mentioned in the draft prospectus. The book runner has to circulate the copy of the draft

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prospectus to be filed with SEBI among the institutional buyers who are eligible for firm

allotment. The draft prospectus should indicate the price band within which the securities

are being offered for subscription.

The offers are sent to the book runners. He maintains a record of names and number of

securities offered and the price offered by the institutional buyer within the placement

portion and the price for which the order is received to the book runners. The book runner

and the issuer company finalize the price. The issue price for the placement portion and

offer to the public should be the same. Underwriting agreement is entered into after the

fixation of the price.

One day earlier to the opening of the issue to the public, the book runner collects the

application forms along with the application money from the institutional buyers and the

underwriters. The book runner and other intermediaries involved in the book building

process should maintain records of the book building process. The SEBI has the right to

inspect the records.

Book building as discussed is a process of offering securities in which bids at various

prices from investors through syndicate members are collected. Based on bids, demand for

the security is assessed and its price discovered. In case of normal public issue, investor

knows the price in advance and the demand is known at the close of the issue. In case of

public issue through book building, demand can be known at the end of everyday but price

is known at the close of issue.

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An issuer company proposing to issue capital through book building has two options viz.,

75% book building route and 100% book building route. In case of 100% book building

route is adopted, not more than 60% of net offer to public can be allocated to QIBs

(Qualified Institutional Buyers), not less than 15% of the net offer to the public can be

allocated to non-institutional investors applying for more than 1000 shares and not less than

25% of the net offer to public can be allocated to retail investors applying for up to 1000

shares. In case 75% of net public offer is made through book building, not more than 60%

of the net offer can be allocated to QIBs and not less than 15% of the net offer can be

allocated to non-institutional investors. The balance 25% of the net offer to public, offered

at a price determined through book building, are available to retail individual investors who

have either not participated in book building or have not received any allocation in the

book built portion. Allotment to retail individual or non-institutional investors is made on

the basis of proportional allotment system. In case of under subscription in any category,

the un-subscribed portions are allocated to the bidder in other categories. The book built

portion, 100% or 75%, as the case may be, of the net offer to public, are compulsorily

underwritten by the syndicate members or book runners.

Other requirements for book building include:

Bids remain open for at least 5 days.

Only electronic bidding is permitted.

Bids are submitted through syndicate members.

Bids can be revised.

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Bidding demand is displayed at the end of every day.

Allotments are made not later than 15 days from the closure of the issue etc.

The 100% book building has made the primary issuance process comparatively faster and

cost effective and trading can commence from T+16.

The SEBI guidelines for book building provides that the company should be allowed to

disclose the floor price, just prior to the opening date, instead of in the Red herring

prospectus, which may be done by any means like a public advertisement in newspaper etc.

Flexibility should be provided to the issuer company by permitting them to indicate a 20%

price band. Issuer may be given the flexibility to revise the price band during the bidding

period and the issuers should be allowed to have a closed book building i.e. the book will

not be made public. The mandatory requirement of 90% subscription should not be

considered with strictness, but the prospectus should disclose the amount of minimum

subscription required and sources for meeting the shortfall. The Primary Market Advisory

Committee recommended the practice of ‘green-shoe option’ available in markets abroad

which is an ‘over allotment’ option granted by the issuer to the underwriter in a public

offering. This helps the syndicate member to over allocate the shares to the extent of option

available and to consequently purchase additional shares from the issuer at the original

offering price in order to cover the over-allotments.

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FIXED VERSUS BOOK BUILDING ISSUES

The main difference between offer of shares through book building and offer of shares

through normal public issue can be identified on the following parameters:

Price at which securities will be allotted is not known in case of offer of shares

through Book Building while in case of offer of shares through normal public issue, price is

known in advance to investor. Under Book Building, investors bid for shares at the floor

price or above and after the closure of the book building process the price is determined for

allotment of shares.

In case of Book Building, the demand can be known everyday as the book is being

built. But in case of the public issue the demand is known at the close of the issue.

1.4.4 ON-LINE INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERS (IPO)

A company proposing to issue capital to public through on-line system of the stock

exchange has to comply with Section 55 to 68A of the Companies Act, 1956 and SEBI

Guideline, 2000. The company is required to enter into an agreement with the stock

exchange(s), which have the requisite system for on-line offer of securities. The agreement

should cover rights, duties, responsibilities and obligations of the company and the stock

exchanges inter-se, with provision for a dispute resolution mechanism between the

company and the stock exchange. The issuer company appoints a Registrar to the Issue

having electronic connectivity with the stock exchanges. The issuer company can apply for

listing of its securities at any exchange through which it offers its securities to public

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through on-line system, apart from the requirement of listing on the regional stock

exchange. The stock exchange appoints brokers for the purpose of accepting applications

and placing orders with the company. The lead manager would co-ordinate all the activities

amongst various intermediaries connected in the system.

In addition to the above, the SEBI guidelines also provide details of the contents of the

offer document and advertisement, other requirements for issues of securities, like those

under Rule 19(2)(b) of SC(R) Rules, 1957. The guidelines also lay down detailed norms for

issue of debt instruments, Issue of capital by designated financial institutions and

preferential/bonus issues.

1.4.5 ELIGIBILITY TO ISSUE SECURITIES

The issues of capital to public by Indian companies are governed by the Disclosure and

Investor Protection (DIP) Guidelines of SEBI, which were issued in June 1992. SEBI has

been issuing clarifications to these guidelines from time to time aiming at streamlining the

public issue process. In order to provide a comprehensive coverage of all DIP guidelines,

SEBI issued a compendium series in January 2000, known as SEBI (DIP) Guidelines,

2000. The guidelines provide norms relating to eligibility for companies issuing securities,

pricing of issues, listing requirements, disclosure norms, lock-in period for promoter’s

contribution, contents of offer documents, pre-and post-issue obligations, etc. The

guideline applies to all public issues, offers for sale by listed and unlisted companies.

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Eligibility Norms: Any company issuing securities through the offer document has to

satisfy the following conditions:

A company making a public issue of securities has to file a draft prospectus with SEBI,

through an eligible merchant banker, at least 21 days prior to the filing of prospectus with

the Registrar of Companies (RoCs). The filing of offer document is mandatory for a listed

company issuing security through a rights issue where the aggregate value of securities,

including premium, if any, exceeds Rs.50 lakh. A company cannot make a public issue

unless it has made an application for listing of those securities with stock exchanges(s). The

company must also have entered into an agreement with the depository for

dematerialization of its securities and also the company should have given an option to

subscribers/ shareholders/ investors to receive the security certificates or securities in

dematerialized form with the depository. A company cannot make an issue if the company

has been prohibited from accessing the capital market under any order or discretion passed

by SEBI.

An unlisted company can make public issue of equity shares or any other security

convertible into equity shares, on fixed price basis or on book building basis, provided:

(i) It has a pre-issue net worth of not less than Rs.1 crore in 3 out of the preceding 5

years and has minimum net worth in immediately preceding two years,

(ii) It has a track record of distributable profits in terms of section 205 of the

Companies Act, 1956, for at least 3 out of immediately preceding 5 years, and

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(iii) The issue size (offer through offer document + firm allotment + promoters

contribution through the offer document) does not exceed five times its pre-issue net worth.

(iv) A listed company is eligible to make a public issue, on fixed price basis or on book

building basis, if the issue size does not exceed five times its pre-issue net worth.

If the company, listed or unlisted, does not meet the above criteria, then the issue will have

to be compulsorily made through book building route. In such a case, 60% of the issue size

will have to be allotted to the ‘Qualified Institutional Buyers’ (QIBs) failing which the full

subscription money shall be refunded.

Infrastructure companies are exempt from the requirement of eligibility norms if their

project has been appraised by a public financial institution or infrastructure development

finance corporation or infrastructure leasing and financing services and not less than 5% of

the project cost is financed by any of the institutions, jointly or severally, by way of loan

and/or subscription to equity or a combination of both. Banks and rights issues of listed

companies are also exempt from the eligibility norms.

Thus the quality of the issue is demonstrated by track record/appraisal by approved

financial institutions/credit rating/subscription by QIBs.

1.4.6 PRICING OF ISSUES

The Controller of Capital Issues Act governed issue of capital prior to May 27, 1992 1947.

Under the Act, the premium was fixed as per the valuation guidelines issued. The

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guidelines provided for fixation of a fair price on the basis of the net asset value per share

on the expanded equity base taking into account, the fresh capital and the profit earning

capacity.

The repealing of the Capital Issue Control Act resulted in an era of free pricing of

securities. Issuers and merchant bankers fixed the offer prices. Pricing of the public issue

has to be carried out according to the guidelines issued by SEBI.

At Premium: Companies are permitted to price their issues at premium in the case of the

following:

First issue of new companies set up by existing companies with the track record.

First issue of existing private/closely held or other existing unlisted companies with

three-year track record of consistent profitability.

First public issue by exiting private/closely held or other existing unlisted companies

without three-year track record but promoted by existing companies with a five-year track

record of consistent profitability.

Existing private/closely held or other existing unlisted company with three-year track

record of consistent profitability, seeking disinvestments by offers to public without issuing

fresh capital (disinvestments).

Public issue by existing listed companies with the last three years of dividend paying

track record.

25

At Par Value: In certain cases companies are not permitted to fix their issue prices at

premium. The prices of the share should be at par. They are for:

First public issue by existing private, closely held or other existing unlisted

companies without three-year track record of consistent profitability and

Existing private/closely held and other unlisted companies without three-year track

record of consistent profitability seeking disinvestments offer to public without issuing

fresh capital (disinvestments).

1.4.7 How to evaluate an IPO ?

Whether you are buying stock from the secondary market or subscribing to an initial public

offering (IPO), make sure you have all the facts. That means going through the small print

in the IPO document with a fine-toothed comb. Don't let market hype, investment trends or

media reports influence you. Following these parameters should help:

Promoters. Who runs the company? Professionals or a family? If the directors are

well known, it gives a company credibility. Check the credentials of the promoters,

directors and key managerial persons. See if they have at least five years' experience in the

company's line of business,

Industry outlook. There should be demand for the company's product or service,

with adequate profit potential.

26

Business plans. Check the progress made, and the money invested in aspects such as

land/office space, plant and machinery, utilities, regulatory clearances, personnel,

financing, projects in hand, sales and marketing, technical and marketing tie-ups. High

investments from promoters lend credibility to the IPO plan, as do project appraisals by

merchant bankers.

Financials. Check if the company is over-leveraged in terms of the equity and debt

on its books, and whether the additional issue of equity is justified.

Check for consistency in revenue, profit growth and margins for at least three years before

the IPO. A steady growth rate suggests a fundamentally sound company.

More important, scale the historic trend into future projections: A company with a PAT

(profit after tax) of Rs 10 lakh will find it difficult to reach a projected PAT of Rs 15 crore.

Projections are based on assumptions, which give promoters leeway to manipulate figures.

A good way to check if projections are true is to see whether the assumptions are realistic,

given the company's scope of operations, and check how it compares with competitors'

figures.

Risk factors. This is the most relevant part of the offer document. General risk

factors are not as damaging as specific ones. Check for contingent liabilities, disputed tax

claims, litigation against promoters and directors, and delay in government clearances.

Assume a worst-case scenario, and see how such factors could impact the company's

operations.

27

Key names. An issue's lead managers and merchant bankers are the people who

manage the issue, from vetting the company's prospectus to seeing the issue through.

Check their track record. You could look up the Sebi website (www.sebi.com) for the

issues the merchant banker has managed in the recent past to see how they fared.

Pricing. For valuation purposes, compare a company's issue price-earnings (P/E)

multiple with that of similar players. Check if the earning projections are achievable. If so,

discount the issue price for the next two years to arrive at the growth-adjusted P/E multiple.

You invest in a company purely for returns. In the case of primary equity issues, this can be

a tricky proposition because there are no benchmarks in the form of secondary market

prices to go by.

When a stock is listed, market sentiment, technical factors and investor interest influence

share prices. But in the medium- to long-term, fundamentals take over, which is what

should matter to you if you're in for the long haul.

Listing. Ensure you have access to brokers of stock exchanges where the company

proposes to list. If you reside in, say, Delhi, and subscribe to an IPO that is likely to be

listed on the Hyderabad Stock Exchange, the time lag in selling can eat into your returns.

28

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Ranjan, Madhusoodanan (2004) examines whether the introduction of Bookbuilding has an

impact on IPO pricing. The results suggest that IPOs are underpriced. The results also

suggest that bookbuilt IPOs show less underpricing than fixed price issues. A more detailed

study suggests that this has to do more with the size of the issue than the issue process. A

model describing the IPO process in the presence of asymmetric information and

heterogenous beliefs is presented. This model suggests that IPO underpricing can be avoided

in the presence of selectively informed investors. The model includes the choices on

signaling cost, homogenous and heterogeneous beliefs among the investors, entrepreneur

holding dilution and issue size that exist for a firm while coming for an IPO. The model

suggests that a larger amount of money is left on the table if the entrepreneur holds a lesser

amount with herself post IPO.

Despite asymmetric information, the high value firm can place an issue without leaving

money on the table. The model also suggests that IPO underpricing is unavoidable in a

market with information asymmetry and homogenous beliefs among investors. The models

predict that underpricing is more severe in the case of smaller issue sizes. This is consistent

with the empirical findings.

Guo, Lev, and Shi (2004) investigated the initial underpricing and long-term

underperformance of IPOs generally attribute these phenomena to information asymmetry

and investors’ misevaluations. Here, we identify a widespread source of information

29

asymmetry and valuation uncertainty—the R&D activities of issuers—and document that

these activities significantly affect both the initial underpricing of IPOs (R&D is positively

correlated with underpricing) and their long-term performance (R&D is positively related to

long-term performance). Given the pervasiveness and constant growth of firms’ R&D

activities in modern economies, our identification of R&D as a major factor affecting IPO’s

performance contributes to the understanding of this important economic and capital market

phenomenon.

Lian (2006) investigated that second time IPOs (issuers that return to the IPO market

successfully after withdrawing their first IPOs) sell at a significant discount relative to

similar contemporaneous first time IPOs (IPOs that succeed in their first attempts). This

result indicates that the withdrawal event, which is public information, is incorporated into

offer prices when withdrawn-IPO firms come back for second IPO attempts. We also find

that, 1) on the first trading day, second time IPOs experience the same magnitude of initial

returns as comparable first time IPOs, 2) in the long run, second time IPOs do not

underperform their contemporary first time IPOs in either stock price or operating

performance. These findings suggest that the discount is appropriate and that the market fully

adjusts the offer price of second time IPOs to reflect the negative information conveyed by

their previous withdrawals.

TEKER , EKIT (2000) assessed that Initial public offering (IPO) may be the lowest cost

financing for firms to obtain funds from small and institutional investors. The commissions,

30

fees and other related expenses incurred are considerably small compared to those of short or

long term loan or bond financing. This empirical study examines the performance of all IPOs

in Istanbul Stock Exchange during the year of 2000. The study employs standard event study

methodology for 34 IPOs over a 30 day event window. The empirical findings are consistent

with most of the previous literature. The results support that the first two days of IPOs

generally provide positive abnormal returns.

Ritter, Welch (2002) interpreted the theory and evidence on IPO activity: why firms go

public, why they reward first-day investors with considerable underpricing, how underwriters

choose these first-day investors, and how IPOs perform in the long run. Our perspective on

the literature is three-fold: First, we believe that many IPO phenomena are not stationary. The

long-run performance of IPOs is particularly sensitive to choice of sample period, but not

necessarily how one would expect it to be. Second, we believe research into IPO share

allocation issues is the most promising area of research in IPOs at the moment. Third, we

argue that asymmetric information is not the primary driver of many IPO phenomena.

Instead, we believe future progress in the literature will come from non-rational and agency

conflict explanations. We describe some promising such alternatives.

Shah Ajay (2004), This article studies India's vibrant IPO market, via a data set of the 2056

IPOs which took place in the last 4.5 years. We study the overall underpricing, the delay

between issue date and listing date, the time-series of monthly volume of IPO issues and

average underpricing in a given month, the cross-section of underpricing across companies,

31

the post-listing trading frequency, the long-run returns to new listings, and price discovery by

the market shortly after first listing.

Shachmurove (2004), investigated the incredible profits of Initial Public Offerings have

often been emphasized in the media as a popular investment for the public. This paper takes a

few steps towards refuting such an assertion by investigating the performance of 2,895

venture capital backed IPOs between 1968 and September 1998. The paper finds that it is

incorrect to assume that investors demand very high annualized and cumulative rates of

return to compensate for the risks they are taking by financing ventures in different sectors of

the economy. The mean rates of return are found to be, in practice, very moderate, and often,

negative.

Pandey, A. (2002) compared fixed priced and Book Building IPO’s in terms of issuers,

initial returns and long run performance and found that Book Building process for IPO was

associated with lower underpricing or initial returns. Keeping into consideration the present

review and need of conduct of comparative study of fixed priced and Book Building tools

used in pricing the issue, following specific objectives were undertaken in conducting this

study:

CHAPTER 3

32

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To evaluate can immediate performance of an IPO be relied upon for the equity in the

long run.

To analyze that More the subscription (times of issue size) of the IPO, more is the

immediate performance.

To study the factors affecting IPO purchase decision of the Retail Investors.

3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the problem. It includes all those

steps that are generally adopted to solve the research problem. Thus, it refers to the

systematic method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating a hypothesis,

collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusion either in the

form of solutions towards the concerned problems or in certain generalizations for some

theoretical formulation.

3.3 RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design in this study is Descriptive. Descriptive research studies are those

studies, which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or

of a group. The studies concerned with narration of facts and characteristics concerning

individual, group or situation are all examples of descriptive research studies.

33

3.4 DATA COLLECTION

Collection of data is a very important step because accuracy in data is a factor of the method

used for data collected. Thus there are two ways of collecting appropriate data:

Primary Data

Secondary Data

Primary Data are those, which are collected for the first time, thus happen to be original in

character. For the purpose of collection of primary data personal interview of respondents

were conducted. An unbiased, undisguised structured questionnaire was prepared which was

administered to the respondents for the purpose of getting the information.

Secondary Data are those, which have already been collected by someone else. For the

purpose of the study, the data were collected from secondary sources like Websites of NSE,

Economic Times & related companies, Journals like The Chartered Accountant, the Dalal

Street, The Financial Analyst, Newspapers like The Economic Times, The Times of India,

The Financial Express etc. All of the 260 Companies were considered which had raised their

public issues only in National Stock Exchange (NSE) from 1 January 2003 To 31 December

2007 (compiling 5 years). Company’s current stock price was taken as closing price at 3.30

pm on 31st December 2007.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE

In this research, a sample of 100 persons is taken.

34

3.7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

All the respondents who were easily accessible and willing to share the information were

administered the structured questionnaire to get the desired information. A non-probability

sampling technique i.e. convenience sampling technique was used.

3.8 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED

Different statistical tools have been used in the study.

Eg. Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation, Standard Error, Z Test, Likert Scale.

3.9 LIMITATIONS

The study was to be completed in a short time; the time factor put a considerable limit

on the scope and the extensiveness of the study.

The unsupportive attitude of the respondents while responding to the questions,

requiring the qualitative information may have affected the final findings and

outcomes.

Because of the diversity of nature of respondents as well as due to conduction of the

study on very small scale, the findings of the survey could not be generalized.

It was tried very harder to include the best of information from published and

unpublished sources available on internet, books and magazines but some of the data

required for the detailed study was not available freely.

As it is only the share’s market price that played a major role in this study and market

price changes with the change in Indian market condition which is depicted by two

indices i.e. SENSEX & NIFTY.

35

When the market is in bull run the market price will increase and when in bear run

market price decreases. In this study, the market price is taken as on 31st December

2007. So this study was conducted keeping apart the major decline/increase in the

market trend..

CHAPTER : 4

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

The whole study has been divided into 2 parts:

Part I focuses on performance of the IPO’s, whereas,

Part-II shows the investors perception of evaluating the Initial Public Offerings.

36

4.1 PERFORMANCE OF THE IPO:

The performance of the IPO can be determined by;

I. The immediate and long run performance of the IPO’s,

II. The effect of subscription on immediate performance of the issue,

4.1.1 IMMEDIATE AND LONG TERM PERFORMANCE:

This segment of the study analyses the immediate and long term performance of 260 IPOs

which were issued from 1st January 2003 to 31st December 2007, a tenure of 5 years. This

section also focuses on the aspect that; Can the immediate performance of the IPO be taken

as indicator of its success in secondary market? For this purpose, coefficient of correlation

(Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation) was calculated between percentage change in the

issue price & list price and percentage change in the issue price & current market price of the

same.

The coefficient of correlation(Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation) was calculated in MS

Excel 2003 using correlation function.

Co-efficient of correlation( r) = 0.14595

PROBABLE ERROR

Here Probable Error is also introduced in order to access the significance of the degree of

correlation. Probable Error is a sort of instrument which confirms and measures the reliability

and dependability of the value of r, the Karl Pearson’s co-efficient of correlation.

Probable Error of “r” = 0.6745 1 – r2

√N

Probable error = 0.6745 1 – (0.14595)2

√260Probable Error = 0.0409

37

Table 4.1.1 coefficient of correlation and probable error for immediate performance &

long term performance.

Further, using Probable Error method, significance of the degree of correlation has been

tested. Results revealed that there is positive correlation between the immediate performance

and the long term performance. The co-efficient of correlation was 0.14595.

The probable error existed at 0.0409. However degree of correlation was not significant as it

was not 6 times greater than its Probable Error which was 0 .0409.

As for , 6 times probable error is equal to 6 * 0.0409, gives result 0.2454, Which is greater

than the degree of correlation.

Inference:

Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant correlation between immediate

performance and long term performance.

4.1.2 SUBSCRIPTION AND IMMEDIATE PERFORMANCE.

This part is devoted to the impact of over subscription of the issue on its immediate

performance.

Here over subscription means the times that the issue size of the IPO is being applied for. We

can say that the over subscription is the times of the issue size for which application is being

received.

Number of IPO

(N)

Coefficient of correlation

(r)

Probable Error (PE)

260 0.14595 0.0409

38

When there over subscription exists then all the applicants does not get the desired number

of shares that they applied for, but the company decides to allot the shares according to “

PRORATA BASIS”. And here immediate performance is referred to as the initial return the

issue is giving at the time of its listing viz. the difference between issue price and list price.

The initial return of the issue largely depends on the demand and supply factor. Demand of

the issue will only increase when the investor sees some growth opportunity in the company

or its past growth. And supply of the issue is being given in the market when the company

needs capital for its future projects. So all the things are interrelated.

For the purpose of this section, a total of 260 IPOs have been taken from 1 st January 2003 to

31st December 2007 (listed between these dates). Coefficient of correlation (Karl Pearson’s

coefficient of correlation) was calculated between percentage change in the issue price & list

price and subscription of the same.

The coefficient of correlation(Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation) was calculated in MS

Excel 2003 using correlation function.

Co-efficient of correlation( r) = 0.6566

PROBABLE ERROR

39

Here Probable Error is also introduced in order to access the significance of the degree of

correlation. Probable Error is a sort of instrument which confirms and measures the reliability

and dependability of the value of r, the Karl Pearson’s co-efficient of correlation.

Probable Error of “r” = 0.6745 1 – r2

√N

Probable error = 0.6745 1 – (0.6566)2

√260Probable Error = 0.0238

Table 4.1.2 coefficient of correlation and probable error for immediate performance

& subscription.

Further, using Probable Error method, significance of the degree of correlation has been

tested. Results revealed that there is positive moderate degree of correlation between the

subscription and the immediate performance. The co-efficient of correlation was 0.6566.

The probable error existed at 0.0238. Thus, degree of correlation was significant as it was 6

times greater than its Probable Error which was 0 .0238.

As for , 6 times probable error is equal to 6 * 0.0238, gives result 0.1428, Which is less than

the degree of correlation.

Inference:

Therefore, it can be concluded that there is significant positive correlation between

Subscription and Immediate performance of the issue.

Number of IPO

(N)

Coefficient of correlation

(r)

Probable Error (PE)

260 0.6566 0.0238

40

4.2 Factors Affecting the IPO Purchase Decision of Retail Investors:

In order to access the investors perception of evaluating the Initial Public Offerings, a

Questionnaire was filled in by 100 respondents. The question wise analysis is as under:

41

4.2.1 Number of years investors have been in the market.

Table 4.2.1 Number of years investors have been in the market.

YEARS NO. OF PERSONS

0-1 yrs 402-10 yrs 5310+ yrs 7

TOTAL 100

Fig 4.2.1 Number of years investors have been in the market.

INTERPRETATION

Out of 100, 53 investors i.e. Maximum Investors are in share trading for 2 to 10 years.

4.2.2 Average Yearly Investment

Table 4.2.2 Average Yearly Investment

YEARLY INVESTMENT

NO. OF PERSONS

42

40

53

70

10

20

30

40

50

60

0-1 yrs 2-10 yrs 10+ yrs

YEARS

NO

. O

F P

ER

SO

NS

Upto Rs. 1,00,000 62Rs. 1,00,000 &

above38

TOTAL 100

Fig 4.2.2 Average Yearly Investment

INTERPRETATION

Out of 100, 62 investors i.e. Maximum Investors are investing Less than Rs. 1,00,000

in the share market.

4.2.3 Primary Area of Interest:

Table 4.2.3 Primary Area of Interest

43

38

62

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Upto Rs. 1,00,000 Rs. 1,00,000 & above

INVESTMENT

NO

. O

F P

ER

SO

NS

AREA OF INTEREST

NO. OF PERSONS

IPO 30Secondary Securities

43

Others 27

TOTAL 100

Fig 4.2.3 Primary Area of Interest:

INTERPRETATION

Out of 100, 43 investors i.e. Maximum Investors are interested in investing

Secondary Securities than IPOs.

4.2.4 Type of Investment:

Table 4.2.4 Type of Investment

44

30

43

27

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

IPO Secondary Securities Others

AREA OF INTEREST

NO

. O

F P

ER

SO

NS

NO. OF PERSONSMARGIN

INCOME FUNDING SELF HYBRID TOTAL

Less than Rs. 2,00,000

24 2 4 30

Rs.2,00,000 - Rs.5,00,000

3 10 37 50

Rs. 5,00,000 & above

1 16 3 20

TOTAL 28 28 44 100

Fig 4.2.4 Type of Investment

INTERPRETATION

Maximum of the Investors who have yearly income less than Rs. 2,00,000 opt for

Margin Funding.

Maximum of the Investors who have yearly income between Rs. 2,00,000 to Rs.

5,00,000 opt for Hybrid Type of Investment consisting of margin funding and self.

Maximum of the Investors who have yearly income more than Rs. 5,00,000 opt for

self.

4.2.5 Purpose of IPO Investment:

Table 4.2.5 Purpose of IPO Investment

45

24

312

10

16

4

37

3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Less than Rs. 2,00,000 Rs.2,00,000 -Rs.5,00,000

Rs. 5,00,000 & above

YEARLY INCOME

NO

. O

F P

ER

SO

NS

MARGIN FUNDING SELF HYBRID

PURPOSEPURPOSE OF IPO

INVESTMENTNO. OF

PERSONS

Listing Gains 77Long Term Gains 23

TOTAL 100

Fig 4.2.5 Purpose of IPO Investment

INTERPRETATION

Out of 100, 77 investors i.e. maximum of the Investors invest in IPOs for Listing

Gains.

4.2.6 Professional Knowledge of Stock Market:

Table 4.2.6 Professional Knowledge of Stock Market

46

23

77

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Listing Gains Long Term Gains

PURPOSE OF IPO INVESTMENT

NO

. OF

PE

RS

ON

S

PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE

NO. OF PERSONS

YES 69NO 31

TOTAL 100

Fig 4.2.6 Professional Knowledge of Stock Market

INTERPRETATION

Out of 100, 69 investors i.e. maximum of the Investors who invest in the share market

have Professional Knowledge about Share Market.

Please specify views about investing in an IPO:

47

69

31

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

YES NO

HAVE PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE?

NO

. OF

PE

RS

ON

S

S. NO. FACTORS

Strongly Agree Agree

Neither Disagree Nor Agree Disagree

Strongly Disagree

4.2.7 Financial statements 34 15 30 12 9

4.2.8 Business 22 46 21 10 1

4.2.9 Suppliers 5 9 39 31 16

4.2.10 Promoters 67 23 2 5 3

4.2.11Past Growth of Industry 13 35 5 29 18

4.2.12Future Prospects of Ind. 37 22 2 19 20

4.2.13 Objective of the Issue 9 19 48 20 4

4.2.14 Price Band 41 27 11 19 2

4.2.15 Issue Size 15 61 7 14 3

4.2.16 Underwriter 1 14 66 13 6

4.2.17 Inflation 5 26 52 10 7

4.2.18

Interest Rates of other Investment Avenues 9 36 40 12 3

Z TEST:

Fig. 4.2.7 Factors affecting IPO Purchase Decision of Retail Investors

48

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Financialstatements

Business Suppliers Promoters Past Growth ofIndustry

FutureProspects of

Ind.

FACTORS

NO

. OF

PE

RS

ON

S

Strongly Agree Agree Neither Agree Nor Disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree


4.2.7 FINANCIAL STATEMENT

49

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Objective of theIssue

Price Band Issue Size Underwriter Inflation Interest Rates ofother Investment

Avenues

FACTORS

NO

. OF

PE

RS

ON

S


Table 4.2.7 Financial Statement

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 34 170 2 68 4 136

4 15 60 1 15 1 15

3 30 90 0 0 0 0

2 12 24 -1 -12 1 12

1 9 9 -2 -18 4 36

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 353 ∑fd = 53 ∑fd² =199

X = ∑fx = 353 = 3.53 ∑f 100

Z TESTN =100 Ho: Xs ≤ Xp µ =5 H1: Xs > Xp X =3.53SE = σ √ N

σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 199 - 53 * 1 = 1.99 – 0.53 = 1.208 100 100

SE = σ = 1.208 = 0.1208 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.53 -5 | = 12.168 SE 0.1208Zc = 12.168 > 1.65 = Zt

Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted

4.2.8 BUSINESS

50

Table 4.2.8 Business

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 22 110 2 44 4 88

4 46 184 1 46 1 46

3 21 63 0 0 0 0

2 10 20 -1 -10 1 10

1 1 1 -2 -2 4 4

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 378 ∑fd = 78 ∑fd² =148

X = ∑fx = 378 = 3.78 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 148 - 78 * 1 = 1.48 – 0.78 = 0.8366 100 100

SE = σ = 0.8366 = 0.08366 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.78 -5 | = 14.5828 SE 0.08366Zc = 14.5828 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.9 SUPPLIERS

Table 4.2.9 Suppliers

51

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 5 25 2 10 4 20

4 9 36 1 9 1 9

3 39 117 0 0 0 0

2 31 62 -1 -31 1 31

1 16 16 -2 -32 4 64

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 256 ∑fd = -44 ∑fd² =124

X = ∑fx = 256 = 2.56 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 124 - (-44) * 1 = 1.24 + 0.44 = 1.296 100 100

SE = σ = 1.296 = 0.1296 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 2.56 -5 | = 18.827 SE 0.1296Zc = 18.827 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.10 PROMOTERS

52

Table 4.2.10 Promoters

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 67 335 2 134 4 268

4 23 92 1 23 1 23

3 2 6 0 0 0 0

2 5 10 -1 -5 1 5

1 3 3 -2 -6 4 12

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 446 ∑fd = 146 ∑fd² =308

X = ∑fx = 446 = 4.46 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 308 - 146 * 1 = 3.08 -1.46 = 1.27279 100 100

SE = σ = 1.27279 = 0.127279 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 4.46 -5 | = 4.24 SE 0.127279Zc = 4.24 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.11 PAST GROWTH OF INDUSTRY

Table 4.2.11 Past Growth of Industry

53

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 13 65 2 26 4 52

4 35 140 1 35 1 35

3 5 15 0 0 0 0

2 29 58 -1 -29 1 29

1 18 18 -2 -36 4 72

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 296 ∑fd = -4 ∑fd² =188

X = ∑fx = 296 = 2.96 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 188 - (-4) * 1 = 1.88 + 0.04 = 1.385 100 100

SE = σ = 1.385 = 0.1385 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 2.96 -5 | = 14.729 SE 0.1385Zc = 14.729 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.12 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF INDUSTRY

Table 4.2.12 Future Prospects of Industry

54

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 37 185 2 74 4 148

4 22 88 1 22 1 22

3 2 6 0 0 0 0

2 19 38 -1 -19 1 19

1 20 20 -2 -40 4 80

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 337 ∑fd = 37 ∑fd² =269

X = ∑fx = 337 = 3.37 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 269 - 37 * 1 = 2.69 - 0.37 = 1.523 100 100

SE = σ = 1.523 = 0.1523 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.37 -5 | = 10.7025 SE 0.1523Zc = 10.7025 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.13 OBJECTIVE OF THE ISSUE

55

Table 4.2.13 Objective of the issue

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 9 45 2 18 4 36

4 19 76 1 19 1 19

3 48 144 0 0 0 0

2 20 40 -1 -20 1 20

1 4 4 -2 -8 4 16

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 309 ∑fd = 9 ∑fd² =91

X = ∑fx = 309 = 3.09 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 91 - 9 * 1 = 0.91 - 0.09 = 0.9055 100 100

SE = σ = 0.9055 = 0.0905 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.09 -5 | = 21.104 SE 0.0905Zc = 21.104 > 1.65 = Zt

Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted4.2.14 PRICE BAND

Table 4.2.14 Price Band

56

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 41 205 2 82 4 164

4 27 108 1 27 1 27

3 11 33 0 0 0 0

2 19 38 -1 -19 1 19

1 2 2 -2 -4 4 8

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 386 ∑fd = 86 ∑fd² =218

X = ∑fx = 386 = 3.86 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 218 - 86 * 1 = 2.18 - 0.86 = 1.148 100 100

SE = σ = 1.148 = 0.1148 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.86 -5 | = 9.93 SE 0.1148Zc = 9.93 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.15 ISSUE SIZE

Table 4.2.15 Issue size

57

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 15 75 2 30 4 60

4 61 244 1 61 1 61

3 7 21 0 0 0 0

2 14 28 -1 -14 1 14

1 3 3 -2 -6 4 12

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 371 ∑fd = 71 ∑fd² =147

X = ∑fx = 371 = 3.71 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 147 - 71 * 1 = 1.47 - 0.71 = 0.8717 100 100

SE = σ = 0.8717 = 0.08717 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.71 -5 | = 14.79 SE 0.08717Zc = 14.79 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.16 UNDERWRITER

58

Table 4.2.16 Underwriter

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 1 5 2 2 4 4

4 14 56 1 14 1 14

3 66 198 0 0 0 0

2 13 26 -1 -13 1 13

1 6 6 -2 -12 4 24

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 291 ∑fd = -9 ∑fd² =55

X = ∑fx = 291 = 2.91 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 55 - (-9) * 1 = 0.55 +0.09 = 0.8544 100 100

SE = σ = 0.8544 = 0.08544 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 2.91 -5 | = 24.46 SE 0.08544Zc = 24.46 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.17 INFLATION

59

Table 4.2.17 Inflation

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 5 25 2 10 4 20

4 26 104 1 26 1 26

3 52 156 0 0 0 0

2 10 20 -1 -10 1 10

1 7 7 -2 -14 4 36

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 312 ∑fd = 12 ∑fd² =92

X = ∑fx = 312 = 3.12 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 92 - 12 * 1 = 0.92 -0.12 = 0.8944 100 100

SE = σ = 0.8944 = 0.08944 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.12 -5 | = 21.019 SE 0.08944Zc = 21.019 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.18 INTEREST RATES OF OTHER INVESTMENT AVENUES

60

Table 4.2.18 Interest Rates of other Investment Avenues

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 9 45 2 18 4 36

4 36 144 1 36 1 36

3 40 120 0 0 0 0

2 12 24 -1 -12 1 12

1 3 3 -2 -6 4 12

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 336 ∑fd = 36 ∑fd² =96

X = ∑fx = 336 = 3.36 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 96 - 36 * 1 = 0.96 -0.36 = 0.7745 100 100

SE = σ = 0.7745 = 0.07745 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.36 -5 | = 21.174 SE 0.07745Zc = 21.174 > 1.65 = Zt


61

INTERPRETATION

Since null hypothesis is rejected in case of all the Factors so sample mean > population

mean.

Investors evaluate an IPO maximum from Promoters of the company & Issue Size of the IPO

and minimum from Suppliers of the company.

62

Please specify views about investing in an IPO:

S. NO. FACTORS

Strongly Agree Agree

Neither Disagree Nor Agree Disagree

Strongly Disagree

4.2.19Involvement of Co. in Legal Hassels 18 52 10 12 8

4.2.20Duration of Co. in Business 21 12 39 18 10

4.2.21Foreign Collaboration of Co. 16 37 19 20 8

4.2.22Prevailing Trend of the Market 65 21 5 4 5

4.2.23 Co. is MNC or Not 16 23 26 20 15

4.2.24 Recent IPO Performance 50 11 9 18 12

4.2.25Top Fund Managers Opinion 11 27 31 22 9

4.2.26 Ratings of IPO 14 49 10 21 6

4.2.27Listing in well known Stock Exchanges 8 21 23 41 7

4.2.28 Past Performnce of IPO 13 38 28 16 5

4.2.29 Media Advertisements 1 11 24 45 19

4.2.30 Market Volatility 27 39 6 18 10

63

Z TEST:



64

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Involvement ofCo. in Legal

Hassels

Duration ofCo. in

Business

ForeignCollaboration

of Co.

PrevailingTrend of the

Market

Co. is MNC orNot

Recent IPOPerformance

FACTORS

NO

. OF

PE

RS

ON

S


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Top

Fun

dM

anag

ers

Opi

nion

Rat

ings

of I

PO

List

ing

in w

ell

know

n S

tock

Exc

hang

es

Pas

tP

erfo

rmnc

e of

IPO

Med

iaA

dver

tisem

ents

Mar

ket V

olat

ility

FACTORS

NO

. OF

PE

RS

ON

S


4.2.19 Involvement of Co. In Legal Hassels

Table 4.2.19 Involvement of Co. in legal Hassels

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 18 90 2 36 4 72

4 52 208 1 52 1 52

3 10 30 0 0 0 0

2 12 24 -1 -12 1 12

1 8 8 -2 -16 4 32

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 360 ∑fd = 60 ∑fd² =168

X = ∑fx = 360 = 3.60 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 168 - 60 * 1 = 1.68 – 0.60 = 1.039 100 100

SE = σ = 1.039 = 0.1039 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.60 -5 | = 13.4745 SE 0.1039Zc = 13.4745 > 1.65 = Zt

65


4.2.20 Duration of Co. in Business

Table 4.2.20 Duration of Co. in Business

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 21 105 2 42 4 84

4 12 48 1 12 1 12

3 39 117 0 0 0 0

2 18 36 -1 -18 1 18

1 10 10 -2 -20 4 40

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 316 ∑fd = 16 ∑fd² =154

X = ∑fx = 316 = 3.16 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 154 - 16 * 1 = 1.54 – 0.16 = 1.1747 100 100

SE = σ = 1.1747 = 0.11747 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.16 -5 | = 15.6636 SE 0.11747Zc = 15.6636 > 1.65 = Zt

66

Ho is rejected and H1 is Accepted

4.2.21 Foreign Collaboration of Co.

Table 4.2.21 Foreign Collaboration of Co.

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 16 80 2 32 4 64

4 37 148 1 37 1 37

3 19 57 0 0 0 0

2 20 40 -1 -20 1 20

1 8 8 -2 -16 4 32

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 333 ∑fd = 33 ∑fd² =153

X = ∑fx = 256 = 3.33 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 153 - 33 * 1 = 1.53 - 0.33 = 1.095 100 100

SE = σ = 1.095 = 0.1095 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.33 -5 | = 15.251 SE 0.1095Zc = 15.251 > 1.65 = Zt

67


4.2.22 Prevailing Trend of the Market

Table 4.2.22 Prevailing Trends of the Market

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 65 325 2 130 4 260

4 21 84 1 21 1 21

3 5 15 0 0 0 0

2 4 8 -1 -4 1 4

1 5 5 -2 -10 4 20

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 437 ∑fd = 137 ∑fd² =305

X = ∑fx = 437 = 4.37 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 305 - 137 * 1 = 3.05 -1.37 = 1.2961 100 100

SE = σ = 1.2961 = 0.12961 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 4.37 -5 | = 4.86 SE 0.12961Zc = 4.86 > 1.65 = Zt

68


4.2.23 Co. is MNC or Not

Table 4.2.23 Co. is MNC or Not

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 16 80 2 32 4 64

4 23 92 1 23 1 23

3 26 78 0 0 0 0

2 20 40 -1 -20 1 20

1 15 15 -2 -30 4 60

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 305 ∑fd = 5 ∑fd² =167

X = ∑fx = 305 = 3.05 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 167 - 5 * 1 = 1.67 - 0.05 = 1.273 100 100

SE = σ = 1.273 = 0.1273 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.05 -5 | = 15.318 SE 0.1273Zc = 15.318 > 1.65 = Zt

69


4.2.24 Recent IPO Performance

Table 4.2.24 Recent IPO Performance

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 50 250 2 100 4 200

4 11 44 1 11 1 11

3 9 27 0 0 0 0

2 18 36 -1 -18 1 18

1 12 12 -2 -24 4 48

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 369 ∑fd = 69 ∑fd² =277

X = ∑fx = 369 = 3.69 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 277 - 69 * 1 = 2.77 - 0.69 = 1.442 100 100

SE = σ = 1.442 = 0.1442 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.69 -5 | = 9.085 SE 0.1442

70

Zc = 9.085 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.25 Top Fund Managers Opinion

Table 4.2.25 Top Fund Managers Opinion

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 11 55 2 22 4 44

4 27 108 1 27 1 27

3 31 93 0 0 0 0

2 22 44 -1 -22 1 22

1 9 9 -2 -18 4 36

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 309 ∑fd = 9 ∑fd² =129

X = ∑fx = 309 = 3.09 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 129 - 9 * 1 = 1.29 - 0.09 = 1.9055 100 100

SE = σ = 1.9055 = 0.1905 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.09 -5 | = 10.026 SE 0.1905

71

Zc = 10.026 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.26 Ratings of IPO

Table 4.2.26 Rating of IPO

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 14 70 2 28 4 56

4 49 196 1 49 1 49

3 10 30 0 0 0 0

2 21 42 -1 -21 1 21

1 6 6 -2 -12 4 24

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 344 ∑fd = 44 ∑fd² =150

X = ∑fx = 344 = 3.44 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 150 - 44 * 1 = 1.50 - 0.44 = 1.029 100 100

SE = σ = 1.029 = 0.1029 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.44 -5 | = 15.16 SE 0.1029

72

Zc = 15.16 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.27 Listing in well known Stock Exchanges

Table 4.2.27 Listing in well known Stock Exchanges

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 8 40 2 16 4 32

4 21 84 1 21 1 21

3 23 69 0 0 0 0

2 41 82 -1 -41 1 41

1 7 7 -2 -14 4 28

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 282 ∑fd = -18 ∑fd² =122

X = ∑fx = 282 = 2.82 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 122 - (-18) * 1 = 1.22 + 0.18 = 1.1832 100 100

SE = σ = 1.1832 = 0.11832 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 2.82 -5 | = 18.42 SE 0.11832

73

Zc = 18.42 > 1.65 = Zt

Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted4.2.28 Past Performance of IPO

Table 4.2.28 Past Performance of IPO

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 13 65 2 26 4 52

4 38 152 1 38 1 38

3 28 84 0 0 0 0

2 16 32 -1 -16 1 16

1 5 5 -2 -10 4 20

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 338 ∑fd = 38 ∑fd² =126

X = ∑fx = 338 = 3.38 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 126 - 38 * 1 = 1.26 - 0.38 = 0.9381 100 100

SE = σ = 0.9381 = 0.09281 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.38 -5 | = 17.27 SE 0.09381

74

Zc = 17.27 > 1.65 = Zt


4.2.29 Media Advertisements

Table 4.2.29 Media Advertisement

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 1 5 2 2 4 4

4 11 44 1 11 1 11

3 24 72 0 0 0 0

2 45 90 -1 -45 1 45

1 19 19 -2 -38 4 76

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 230 ∑fd = -70 ∑fd² =136

X = ∑fx = 230 = 2.30 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 136 - (-70) * 1 = 1.36 +0.70 = 1.4353 100 100

SE = σ = 1.4353 = 0.14353 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 2.30 -5 | = 18.81 SE 0.14353

75

Zc = 18.81 > 1.65 = Zt

Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted4.2.30 Market Volatility

Table 4.2.30 Market Volatility

X f fx d = X-3

1

fd d² fd²

5 27 135 2 54 4 108

4 39 156 1 39 1 39

3 6 18 0 0 0 0

2 18 36 -1 -18 1 18

1 10 10 -2 -20 4 40

∑f = 100 ∑fx = 355 ∑fd = 55 ∑fd² =205

X = ∑fx = 355 = 3.55 ∑f 100


σ = ∑ fd² - ∑fd * i ∑f ∑f

= 205 - 55 * 1 = 2.05 -0.55 = 1.2247 100 100

SE = σ = 1.2247 = 0.12247 √ N √ 100

Z = | X - µ | = | 3.55 -5 | = 11.84 SE 0.12247Zc = 11.84 > 1.65 = Zt

76


INTERPRETATION

Since null hypothesis is rejected in case of all the Factors so sample mean > population

mean.

Investors evaluate an IPO maximum from prevailing Market Trend & Recent IPO

performance and minimum from Listing in Well Known Stock exchanges & Media

Advertisements.

CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

From the forgoing analysis followings were the findings:

Immediate performance of IPO can be relied upon for the equity in the long run was

rejected. It was proved from the fact that over last five years, there existed

statistically insignificant positive correlation between percentage change in the issue

price & list price of the IPO and percentage change in the issue price & current

market price of the same. Therefore, We can conclude that immediate performance of

a particular IPO can not be relied upon for the equity in the long run.

77

More the subscription (times of issue size) of the IPO, more is the immediate

performance, was accepted. As there existed statistically significant positive

correlation between subscription (times of issue size) of the IPO and its immediate

performance at the time of listing. Thus, we can judge that the IPO will give high

immediate returns, by the times of its oversubscription.

Out of 100, 53 investors i.e. Maximum Investors are in share trading for 2 to 10 years.

Out of 100, 62 investors i.e. Maximum Investors are investing Less than Rs. 1,00,000

in the share market.

Out of 100, 43 investors i.e. Maximum Investors are interested in investing

Secondary Securities than IPOs.

Maximum of the Investors who have yearly income less than Rs. 2,00,000 opt for

Margin Funding.

Maximum of the Investors who have yearly income between Rs. 2,00,000 to Rs.

5,00,000 opt for Hybrid Type of Investment consisting of margin funding and self.

Maximum of the Investors who have yearly income more than Rs. 5,00,000 opt for

self.

Out of 100, 77 investors i.e. maximum of the Investors invest in IPOs for Listing

Gains.

Out of 100, 69 investors i.e. maximum of the Investors who invest in the share market

have Professional Knowledge about Share Market.

Since null hypothesis is rejected in case of all the Factors so sample mean >

population mean.

78

Investors evaluate an IPO maximum from Promoters of the company, prevailing

Market Trend & Recent IPO performance & Issue Size of the IPO and minimum from

Suppliers of the company, Listing in Well Known Stock exchanges & Media

Advertisements..

RECOMMENDATIONS

Initial return given by the IPO should not be treated as indication of its success or

failure in the long run.

Investors of the secondary market must take part in the primary markets as it has been

seen that IPO activity in Indian Stock Market has been tremendously growing. And

IPO is the safest stock market investment.

Over subscription should be treated as indication of success of the issue.

Whole amount for shares applied should be received in advance from QIB’s just like

retail investor so that they can quote real worth of the company in terms of money

that they are ready to pay for it.

79

Investors must analyze all the sectors before investing in the IPO, in order to get

maximum returns.

Investors should take into consideration the promoters of the business, the prevailing

market trend & Recent IPO performance before investing in an IPO.

QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Mam/Sir,

This information provided by you will be utilized in completion of my MBA project report on “IPO in India: Performance Evaluation & Investors Perception” which will enable me to study the factors affecting IPO purchase decision of retail investors.___________________________________________________________________________

PERSONAL DETAILS

Name: Mr./Ms________________

Address: ________________________________

________________________________

Contact Number: _________________

Gender:

Male Female

Age Group:

18-25 Years 26-40 Years 40+ Years

Yearly Income:

< Rs 2, 00,000

Rs. 2, 00,000 – Rs. 5, 00,000

> Rs. 5, 00,000

80

1. How long have you been active in the market (In terms of trade done in years)?

0-1 2-10 10+

2. Average Yearly Investment:

Up to Rs.1, 00,000 Rs.1, 00,000+

3. Primary Area of Interest

IPO Secondary Securities Others __________________

4. Type of Investment:

Margin funding Self hybrid

5. Purpose of IPO Investment:

Listing gains Long Term gains

6. I have professional knowledge in Stock Markets: Yes No

Please specify your views about investing in an IPO:

5:-Stronly Agree 4:-Agree 3:-Neither Disagree nor Agree 2:-Disagree 1:-Stronly

Disagree

5 4 3 2 1

7. I look at the Financial statements of the company.

8. I look at the business of the company.

9. I look at the suppliers of the company.

10. The reputation of the promoters doesn’t affect my decision.

11. I look at the Past growth of the Industry.

12. I look at the Future Prospects of the Industry.

13. I consider the objective of the issue very important.

14. The price band is an important consideration for me.

15. I consider the issue size very important for IPO.

16. I consider the underwriter of the issuing company.

17. Inflation is an important consideration.

18. I tend to invest more in IPOs when interest rates in other

investments are lower.

81

Please specify your views about investing in an IPO:

5:-Stronly Agree 4:-Agree 3:-Neither Disagree nor Agree 2:-Disagree 1:-Stronly

Disagree

5 4 3 2 1

19. Involvement of companies in legal hassles does not affect

my purchase decision of its IPOs.

20. The duration for which the company has been in business

does not affect my purchase decision of IPOs.

21. Foreign collaborations of a company do not matter when

I decide for purchasing IPOs.

22. I do not focus on the prevailing trend (uptrend/downtrend)

of the market before investing in an IPO.

23. I prefer to invest in IPO of an MNC.

5 4 3 2 1

24. Recent IPO performances does not affect my decision of

investing in an IPO.

25. I get influenced by Top Fund managers’ opinions of an IPO.

26. I follow the ratings provided by a research analyst

before investing in IPO.

27. Listing in well known Stock exchanges (like BSE, NSE)

influences my decision in investing for an IPO.

28. The performance of IPOs in the market in recent past

is a good indicator of future.

29. My purchases are greatly affected by media advertisements.

30. Market volatility is not an important factor to me to make

my purchase decision of IPOs.

I am thankful for the time and effort you have spent in filling this questionnaire.

________________________________________________________________________

82

Ipo in India

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