IP addresses and address management

Miwa FujiiAPNIC, Training Officer

Contents

• Introduction to IP addressing– IP addresses– Routing

• IP address management– History of address management– The role of RIRs– About RIPE NCC and APNIC

• The future– IPv6

What is an IP Address?

“On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog…”

by Peter Steiner, from The New Yorker, (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)

www.google.com

www.redhat.com

www.ebay.com

www.dogs.biz

www.apnic.net

www.gnso.org

www.ebay.com

www.doggie.com

www.ietf.org

216.239.39.99

66.187.232.50

66.135.208.101

209.217.36.32

202.12.29.20

199.166.24.5

66.135.208.88

198.41.3.45

4.17.168.6

“On the Internet…”you are nothing but an IP

address!

202.12.29.142

What is an IP address?

• An IP address is NOT a domain name• It is an identifier that includes necessary

information to reach a network location• Each network location has an IP address• Reaching a location is achieved via the

Internet routing system

IP addresses

• Are either IPv4 or IPv6• IPv4: 32-bit* number

– 4 billion different host addresses– E.g. 202.12.29.142

• IPv6: 128-bit* number– 16 billion billion network addresses– E.g. 2001:0400:3c00:a:b:c:d:1

* bit = binary digit

My Computer www.gov.uz2001:0C00:8888:: 2001:0600::

www.gov.uz ? 195.158.5.1002001:0600::

IP addresses are not domain names

The Internet

DNS

What else is an IP address?

• Internet infrastructure address• Uniquely assigned to infrastructure

elements• Globally visible to the entire Internet• A finite “common resource”• Never “owned” by address users

• Not dependent upon the DNS

Where do IP addresses come from?

IPv4 IPv6

Allocation

Allocation

Assignmentend user

* In some cases via an NIR such as KRNIC

*

Routing

What is a router?• A device in the network that processes and

routes data between two points• A device that routes data between

networks using IP addressing • A layer 3 device• Hardware or software used to connect two

or more networks

How does routing work?

• The routing system is normally hierarchical• Each part of the hierarchy provides specific

detail • This detail enables traffic to flow from one

network to another• It works in a similar manner to telephone

routing

Telephone network routing

Global

Local

National

Prefix table

+1+44+61+886+91…

Prefix table

237…

Prefix table

…

Internet address routing

The Internet

Traffic202.12.29.142

Announce202.12.24.0/21

Global Routing Table

4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…

Global Routing Table

4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16202.12.24.0/21…

202.12.29.128/25

Internet address routing

Local Routing Table

202.12.29.0/25202.12.29.128/25

Traffic202.12.29.142

202.12.29.128/25202.12.29.142

Global Internet routing

The InternetGlobal routing table

4.128/960.100/1660.100.0/20135.22/16…

Net

Net

Net

NetNet

NetNet

Net

Net

Net

Net

IP address aggregation

ISP D ISP C

ISP A ISP B

Internet

Aggregation

(Non-portable Assignments)

(4 routes)

ISP D ISP C

ISP A ISP B

Internet

(Portable Assignments)

No Aggregation

(21 routes)

Regional Internet Registries

What are RIRs?

• Industry self-regulatory structures– Open membership-based bodies– Representative of ISPs globally– Service organisations– Non-profit, neutral and independent– 100% self-funded by membership

• First established in early 1990s– Voluntarily by consensus of community– To satisfy emerging technical/admin needs

• In the “Internet Tradition”– Consensus-based, open and transparent

The early years: 1981 – 1992

“The assignment of numbers is also handled by Jon. If you are developing a protocol or application that will require the use of a link, socket, port, protocol, or network number please contact Jon to receive a number assignment.” (RFC 790)

1981:

The boom years: 1992 – 2001

“It has become clear that … these problems are likely to become critical within the next one to three years.” (RFC1366)

“…it is [now] desirable to consider delegating the registration function to an organization in each of those geographic areas.” (RFC 1338)

1992:

Recent years: 2002 – 2005

2004:Number Resource Organization

What do RIRs do?• Internet resource allocation

– Primarily, IP addresses – IPv4 and IPv6– Receive resources from IANA/ICANN, and redistribute

to ISPs on a regional basis– Registration services (“whois”)

• Policy development and coordination– Open Policy Meetings and processes

• Training and outreach– Training courses, seminars, conferences– Liaison: IETF, ITU, APT, PITA, APEC

• Publications– Newsletters, reports, web site

RIR policy development process

OPEN

TRANSPARENT‘BOTTOM UP’

Anyone can participate

All decisions and policies documented and freely available to anyone

Internet community proposes and approves policy

Need

DiscussEvaluate

Implement Consensus

What is APNIC?• RIR for Asia Pacific region

– Established 1993, Tokyo– 1472 members in 49 of 62 AP economies– 52 staff, 19 nationality/language groups

• Membership and community services• Other activities

– Outreach– Liaison: IETF, APT, PITA, APEC, ISP-A’s– ITU Sector Member– UN ECOSOC consultative status– Deployment of root servers

• www.apnic.net

APNIC services• Internet resource allocations

– “MyAPNIC” secure membership portal– Multilingual helpdesk – email, phone, chat, VOIP*

• Open Policy Meetings– Twice annually– Webcast and remote participation– Stenocaptioning

• Training and education– Technical workshops: Routing, DNS, Security

• Internet support– Fellowships– R&D grants funding– ORDIG – ISP support website

What is RIPE NCC?• RIR for Europe and the Middle East

– Established 1992, Amsterdam– More than 5000 members from throughout Europe and the

Middle East– Around 100 staff, from a broad range of nationality/language

groups• Membership and community services• Other activities

– Outreach with governments and industry-related organisations– Management of one of the 13 root name servers (K-root)– Deployment of a routing database– Co-ordination support for ENUM delegations– Neutral measuring network, providing public and authoritative

Internet operation statistics• www.ripe.net

RIPE NCC services• Internet resource allocations

– Secure LIR portal• RIPE meetings

– Twice annually– Webcast and remote participation– Regional meetings

• Training and education, including E-Learning– Technical training on Routing Registry and DNS for

LIRs• Internet support

RIR Open Policy Meetings

APNIC 24 – New Delhi, India

APNIC 25 - Taipei, Taiwan

With APRICOT 2008With APRICOT 2008– http://www.apricot2008.net– 25 - 29 February 2008

Taipei

RIPE 55 - Amsterdam

RIPE NCC Regional Meetings

• Moscow, Russia2 – 3 October 2007

Moscow, Russia

The future: IPv6

IPv4 lifetime - UPDATE

http://bgp.potaroo.net/ipv4

IANA allocations

RIR allocations

Addresses routed

Historical Data Projection

Reclamation?

Rationale for IPv6• IPv4 address space consumption

– Now 3-5 years space remaining– These are today’s projections – reality will definitely be

different• Alternative solutions examined- Recover unused historical IPv4 address space

– De-aggregation– Would only extend IPv4 lifetime a few years– Legal ramifications – Ability to recover is limited under current policies

- Use of Network Address Translator (NAT) – Originally designed to extend life of IPv4 – Cannot cater for large networks– Road blocks: Peer to peer, security (IPsec), QoS ( VoIP and real time video)

Questions?

ncc@ripe.nethelpdesk@apnic.net