IOTAND FOURTH ORDER CYBERNETICS - GISFI Kumar - Reliance Jio... · 2018-04-01 · John and the...

IOTAND FOURTH ORDER CYBERNETICS

GISFI - 5G “NETWORKED SOCIETY”SEPTEMBER 01, 2014

Bipin Pradeep Kumar [[email protected]]

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Cybernetics

"the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine.”

John: “You're like a machine underneath, right? But sort of alive outside?”Terminator: “I'm a cybernetic organism. Living tissue over a metal endoskeleton”

Norbert Wiener (Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 1948)

Κυβερνητική: kyverni ̱tikí̱ - steer, navigate, govern

“the study of self-governance”Plato (Alcibiades, 350 BC)

John and the Terminator (Terminator II, 1991)

Bipin.Kumar[[email protected]]

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Presenter

Presentation Notes

Long ago when I was growing, I heard the term Cybernetics around 1991. It was in the cult movie Terminator 2 – Judgement Day, where after a bike ride where the Terminator rescues John Connor, the terminator says the line – “I’m a cybernetic organism”. Lots of cyber in that movie – The company was called Cyberdyne, they were cyborgs, etc. I was fascinated with it and it stayed sublimally. More low level, the term cybernetics – like the etymology of most words, is attributed to a Greek word - kyverni̱tikí̱ which means to steer, govern, navigate. And if it is an ancient Greek work, it is old.. And undoubtedly, yes, the earliest usage of the word is attributed to Plato in his dialogues ‘Alcibiades’ in 350 BC, in the context of ‘The study of self-governance’. There are other usages since then, but in a more recent context, Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine.“ Norbert Wiener is a 20th century prodigy. He is considered the originator of cybernetics as a formalization of the notion of feedback, with implications for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. For those interested in India trivia, Norbert advised the Indian government during the 1950s. And Amar Bose, the founder of BOSE is one of his doctoral students. Wiener helped develop the theories of cybernetics, robotics, computer control, and automation.

Automatic Regulatory System(Self Regulatory Mechanisms)

Water Clock(Ktesibios)

250 BC

Steam Engine(James Watt)

1781Negative Feedback

Amplifier(Harold Stephen)

1927Meta-materials

EmergenceMedical Cybernetics

Autopoiesis

20XXLearning Thermostat

(Nest Labs)

2011

Feedback loop


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Presenter

Presentation Notes

a water clock, invented by the mechanician Ktesibios, is the first artificial truly automatic self-regulatory device that required no outside intervention between the feedback and the controls of the mechanism

Types of Cybernetics

“Principles of Systems and Cybernetics: an evolutionary perspective”, Heylighen

6 principles and 2 Laws ( subsumed from Laws of Control Systems)

Two major types of Cybernetic systems

System

System

New System State

• System internally dynamic• Structurally Stable• Governed by negative

feedback loops• Feedback loops contained

within system

Ex: Thermostat

• System internally dynamic• Dynamic structure• Governed by negative &

positive feedback loops• Feedback loops to

external systems

Ex: Living organisms, human society

MorphogeneticMorphostatic

Evolving new structure

4 Orders of Cybernetics


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Holons and Holarchies

Holon - Is something that is simultaneously a part of a whole and a whole itself

“Ghost in the machine”, Arthur Koestler, 1967

Holons are autonomous, self-reliant units that possess a degree of independence and handle contingencies without asking higher authorities for instructions.

Holarchy – A form of hierarchy. Is a whole that is also a structure of parts that are in themselves wholes.

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Me


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Presenter

Presentation Notes

The Ghost in the Machine is a non-fiction work in philosophical psychology written by Arthur Koestler and published in 1967. Describes the dualist account of mind–body relationship. Being a whole and a part of a whole creates a dualism. Some philosophical systems regard an individual as a totally independent and self-determined unit that can and has to be fully in control of its own destiny. Other philosophical systems would regard an individual as totally a product of biological and environmental factors beyond its control.

Holons and IoTA Holon will look as a whole to those parts beneath it in the hierarchy, but it will look as a part to the wholes above it.

Individual/ Wearables

Smart Homes/offices

Smart Infrastructure

Smart Cities

Smart Nation(Digital India)

Part vs. Whole creates dichotomies of:• Independence versus integration, • Individuality versus unity,• Competition versus cooperation,• Cause versus effect,

• To an individual, s/he is a whole.• A home/office/industry is a whole• Civic infrastructure is a whole• A City is a whole• A Nation is a whole


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Orders of CyberneticsLevel The kind of systems that are

applicable at this levelDefining characteristics

First Order Cybernetics

Self regulated mechanisms. No act of observation

Negative feedback; homeostasis;isolated/closed process

Second Order Cybernetics

The process of self regulation is affected by observer/s, but this is insufficiently complex to encourage new values to emerge

Positive and negative feedback can lead to morphogenesis

Third Order Cybernetics

The process is understood as an interaction that affects or is affected by the observer, but does not address what this means for the response-ability or responsibility of the participant observer

The system acknowledges its surroundings

Fourth Order Cybernetics

Multiple realities emerge by the freedom of choice of the creative observer, that determine the outcome for both the system and the observer.

4th order systems are Holarchic. The system is contextualised, embedded and integrated into the context


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Complex Interacting Systems; Adaptive Systems

Individual/ Personal Wearables

Smart Homes/Industries/Malls

Smart Infrastructure/ Utilities

Smart Cities/ Villages(Digital India)

Smart Water Mngmt

Perennial water

Smart Grid

Sufficient Energy for all

Evolving new structure

Integrated City Ops

Trans-disciplinary; Collaborative

Other civic/ environmental/ social/ cultural systems


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Concluding: Bringing it all together

5G: ???

For 5G to succeed:• Not enough to just build high

speed networks, • Not enough to create fixed-

mobile convergence, • Not enough to think about small

cells• Not enough to say ‘I will give you

4K quality video communication’

1. We need software, applications, ecosystems that will leverage these

2. We need I. Complex Interacting Systems, II. Large Adaptive SystemsIII. Creation of Massive Multi-Agent

Ecosystems IV. Terra’mous’ Transdisciplinary Systems

3. We need Interconnected Ambient Intelligence-Intelligence at the periphery as much as at the core

4. There is more value in Interconnected Ambient Intelligence than individual intelligent systems

5. We need more Holons; more socially beneficial Emergence

6. We need large systems that interact with themselves and with each other and even produce for themselves


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THANK [email protected]

Bipin.Kumar[[email protected]] 10

DATA AND BACK UP SLIDES

Bipin.Kumar[[email protected]] 11

6 principles of Cybernetics1. The Principle of Selective Retention

• Stable configurations are retained, unstable ones are eliminated. 2. The Principle of Autocatalytic Growth

• Stable configurations that facilitate the appearance of configurations similar to themselves will become more numerous

3. The Principle of Asymmetric Transitions: entropy and energy • A transition from an unstable configuration to a stable one is possible, but the converse is not.

4. The Principle of Blind Variation • At the most fundamental level variation processes “do not know” which of the variants they

produce will turn out be be selected 5. The Principle of Selective Variety

• The larger the variety of configurations a system undergoes, the larger the probability that at least one of these configurations will be selectively retained.

6. The Principle of Recursive Systems Construction • BVSR processes recursively construct stable systems by the recombination of stable building

blocks


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2 Laws of Control Systems• The Law of Requisite Variety

• The larger the variety of actions available to a control system, the larger the variety of perturbations it is able to compensate.

• The Law of Requisite Knowledge • In order to adequately compensate perturbations, a control system must

“know” which action to select from the variety of available actions.


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IOTAND FOURTH ORDER CYBERNETICS - GISFI Kumar - Reliance Jio... · 2018-04-01 · John and the...

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