IONIZATION ENERGIES
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Transcript of IONIZATION ENERGIES
IONIZATION ENERGIES
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Isonization Energies, what is it?
energy required to remove outer electrons from atoms and form positive ions
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
M (g) IE M+ (g) e-+ → +atom Ionisation
Energy
electron
+11
n=1 n=2 n=3
2e- 8e- 1e-
11Na :
Positive Nuclear Charge
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Things to be considered:
1. Atomic radius
2. Positive nuclear charge
3. The number of electrons in the inner shell (shielding effects)
r IE
z IE
e IE
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Increases IE
Decre
ases I
E
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
C
1090
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
C
1090
N
1400
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
C
1090
N
1400
O
1310
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
C
1090
N
1400
O
1310
F
1680
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
C
1090
N
1400
O
1310
F
1680
Ne
2080
Na
494
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
C
1090
N
1400
O
1310
F
1680
Ne
2080
Na
494
Mg
736
Al
577
Si
786
P
1060
S
1000
Cl
1260
Ar
1520
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
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H
1310
He
2370
Li
519
Be
900
B
799
C
1090
N
1400
O
1310
F
1680
Ne
2080
Na
494
Mg
736
Al
577
Si
786
P
1060
S
1000
Cl
1260
Ar
1520
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
I
II III IV V VI VII
0
stable electronic configuration
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Successive Ionisation Energies
M (g) IE M+ (g) e-+ → +IE1:
M+ (g) IE M2+ (g) e-+ → +IE2:
M2+ (g) IE M3+ (g) e-+ → +IE3:
M3+ (g) IE M4+ (g) e-+ → +IE4:
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group
Na 496 4560
Mg 738 1450 7730
Al 578 1820 2750 11600
Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100
P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200
S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group
Na 496 4560 I
Mg 738 1450 7730
Al 578 1820 2750 11600
Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100
P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200
S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group
Na 496 4560 I
Mg 738 1450 7730 II
Al 578 1820 2750 11600
Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100
P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200
S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group
Na 496 4560 I
Mg 738 1450 7730 II
Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III
Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100
P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200
S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group
Na 496 4560 I
Mg 738 1450 7730 II
Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III
Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100 IV
P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200
S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group
Na 496 4560 I
Mg 738 1450 7730 II
Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III
Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100 IV
P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200 V
S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100
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Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5 IE6 IE7Group
Na 496 4560 I
Mg 738 1450 7730 II
Al 578 1820 2750 11600 III
Si 786 1580 3230 4360 16100 IV
P 1012 1900 2910 4960 6270 22200 V
S 1000 2250 3360 4560 7010 8500 27100 VI
inner electron shell
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In which group of periodic table would you place the element with the following successive ionisation energies?
1680, 3370, 6040, 8410, 11000, 15200, 17900, 92000, 106000 kJ mol-1
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
Answer:
Group VII (the element is fluorine)
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The pattern of successive ionisation energies was used to:
1. Provide evidence for the general pattern of electron shells.
2. Predict the simple electronic configuration of an element.
3. Confirm the position of an element in the PTE
Ionization energies and group numbersIonization energies and group numbers
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Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbersSuccessive ionisation energies for potassium
Potassium is in group 1
Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 2nd electron
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
electron removed
log10 of ionisation
energy
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Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbersSuccessive ionisation energies for potassium
The different “jumps” are evidence for the arrangement of electrons in energy levels and sub-levels
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
electron removed
log10 of ionisation
energy
level 1
level 2
level 3
level 4
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Which group is this element in?
Group 4
Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 5th electron
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
electron removed
kJ/mol
Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbers
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Which group is this element in?
Group 2
Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 3rd electron
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
electron removed
kJ/mol
Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbers
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Which group is this element in?
Group 3
Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 4th electron
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
electron removed
kJ/mol
Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbers
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Which group is this element in?
Group 5
Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 6th electron
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
electron removed
kJ/mol
Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbers
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Which group is this element in?
Group 1
Notice the “jump” in energy needed to remove the 2nd electron
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
electron removed
kJ/mol
Ionization energies and group Ionization energies and group numbersnumbers
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